Development of the Korean Film Industry and Its Spatial Characteristics: Gangnam Region of Seoul as A New Cluster in A New Renaissance?* Sungjae Choo** : Abstract This study aims to explain the emergence of Gangnam Region of Seoul as a new cluster of the Korean film industry in the context of its history of growth, recent development characteristics, and its production system. Statistical analyses of Korean industries and in-depth interview surveys to film producers were conducted. The results of the analyses show that there has been obvious tendency of film makers move from Chungmuro, a traditional cluster of the Korean film industry, to Gangnam and many births of new film makers in Gangnam. This new cluster, however, is operating on informal networking between film makers and related personnel, not on formalized production system composed of specialized functions and labor market. Therefore, it can be called as looselyarticulated cluster. This form of cluster has much to do with production milieu of Gangnam, such as advantages of obtaining information and consumer trend, diverse atmosphere which makes it easier to meet diverse people, favorable environment to embed creativity and fresh idea, etc. This trend of the film industry to orient a specific area can be explained in conjunction with the uniqueness of the film industry, such as uncertainty, project-based work, generation gap between film makers, participation of large companies or increasing size of investment. : film industry, informal network, loosely-articulated cluster, project-based work, Chungmuro, Gangnam 2003 KRF-2003-003-B00399 Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Kyunghee Universitysjchoo@khu.ac.kr 245
1950 21 2004 6 1960 1990 1996 62 27 43 6 2000 61 13 21 3 2002 19 30 6 43 70 5 2004 48 33 68 8 1 2 1990 1992 1999 2004 2001 2003 1 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 246
1992 1999 621 JSA 2000 583 2001 JR 818 2001 580 2003 1 108 1000 2003 570 2003 2004 2004 1 174 2005 800 shooting production 20012002 exhibition 2004 1990 2004 3 5 19 3 1990 20032004 2004 2005 247
2004 2005 2003 2003 2005 1990 2005 49 2004 11 2004 59 66 2005 97 100 2001 2002 1995 2000 2005 200020012000 2001 window effects one-source multi-use urbanization economies 248
Scott 2000 11 12 (Packaging) (Pre-Production) (Production) (Post-Production) (Marketing) (Distribution) Concept Synopsis Staff CG Concept Publicity PPL Tie-in Promotion TVTV CATV TV VOD 2002 3 249
production system TV TV DVD 1 1 Scott, 2000, 19 increasing returns Scott, 2005 9 17 flexible specialization 1980 Scott, 1984 Storper and Christopherson, 1987; Storper, 1989 milieu Scott, 2000 34 35 Scott, 2005, 1 project-based network 1 LA 250
LA 8 4 Scott 2005 11 34 MPCC Motion Picture Parents Co. 1910 MGM 1948 1970 The Hollywood production complex Scott 2005 47 48 2 Scott 2005 48 251
2 1995 2004 8711 8712 2004 81 3 74 7 5 87 7 82 4 8713 1995 2004 3 3 8711 87111 162 114 48 17 62 69 8712 2004 8713 8711 8712 1995 2004 1995 2004 1995 2004 396 76 9 764 81 3 41 69 68 74 7 56 65 9 44 77 2 16 3 1 60 6 4 6 10 2 7 7 7 1 1 2 0 0 0 412 80 0 824 87 7 47 79 7 75 82 4 57 67 1 44 77 2 11 2 1 31 3 3 2 3 4 2 2 2 6 7 1 2 3 5 16 3 1 7 0 7 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 3 5 3 13 2 5 18 1 9 2 3 4 0 0 0 7 8 2 5 8 8 9 1 7 12 1 3 1 1 7 4 4 4 11 12 9 3 5 3 54 10 5 48 5 1 5 8 5 6 6 6 1 1 2 0 0 103 20 0 116 12.3 12 20.3 16 17.6 28 32.9 13 22.8 515 100 0 940 100 0 59 100 0 91 100 0 85 100 0 57 100 0 5 1995 2004 252
8711 87111 8712 8713 1995 2004 1995 2004 1995 2004 1995 2004 33 17 20 4 4 0 2 3 1 2 3 4 10 4 10 0 1 0 0 0 42 32 28 13 7 9 18 19 7 8 7 3 1 2 2 4 15 11 12 7 2 3 10 13 75 49 48 17 11 9 20 22 18.9 6.4 29.6 14.9 26.8 13.2 35.7 50.0 123 228 46 58 9 31 16 12 15 27 7 6 0 4 2 1 1 6 28 2 13 1 1 1 1 2 33 45 4 13 0 8 3 1 1 7 17 2 7 1 3 1 0 1 5 12 4 5 2 0 0 3 2 12 19 5 4 0 2 0 0 1 2 10 2 2 1 3 0 1 1 20 24 11 0 8 2 5 4 48 74 16 11 5 0 10 1 3 6 14 1 2 3 0 1 0 2 4 14 2 2 0 0 0 0 171 302 62 69 14 31 26 13 43.2 39.5 38.3 60.5 34.1 45.6 46.4 29.5 13 12 5 2 1 7 0 0 22 58 9 8 6 3 0 2 1 52 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 1 0 0 40 162 12 5 5 7 4 0 1995 2004 24 13 11 2 0 4 0 1 50 93 14 9 4 5 6 6 150 413 52 28 16 28 10 9 37.9 54.1 32.1 24.6 39.0 41.2 17.9 20.5 396 764 162 114 41 68 56 44 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 14 9 60 5 13 2 45 6 8713 253
3 1980 3 1995 2004 1995 2004 8711 87111 4 48 6 33 68 8 31 4 1995 2004 254
1 2 3 456 7 89 KTB10 201112 131415161718 19 202122 23 24 CJ25 2627 28 293031 spin-off 255
1993 A 1990 A 1996 90 A B 1990 C C 2000 D E 2 2 256
F 2 87111 60 5 12(51.2) 2( 8.7) 9(39.1) 23(100.0) 3(60.0) 1(20.0) 1(20.0) 5(100.0) 3(33.3) 4(44.4) 2(22.2) 9(100.0) 10(66.7) 2(13.3) 3(20.0) 15(100.0) 5(33.3) 2(13.3) 8(53.3) 15(100.0) 9(34.6) 8(30.8) 9(34.6) 26(100.0) 4(12.1) 5(15.2) 24(72.7) 33(100.0) 14(70.0) 6(30.0) 0( 0.0) 20(100.0) C/G 22(75.9) 2( 6.9) 5(17.2) 29(100.0) 9(81.8) 1( 9.1) 1( 9.1) 11(100.0) 1(50.0) 1( 0.0) 0(50.0) 2(100.0) 92(48.9) 34(18.1) 62(33.0) 188(100.0) 257
48 9 4 7 1996 1999 1999 IMM 1999 1990 1998 2000 1999 1997 MVP 2000 CJ 2000 1999 KTB 1981 2000 1998 2004 14 2005 2003 47 G, H 258
5 30 I 20 6 259
institutional thickness 20 6 3 3 3 3 3 4 1 1990 J 260
7 8 K 1 2 1 2 p 3 25 3 67 41 7 66 7 0 317 2 67 3 00 16 7 16 7 1 000 3 33 3 67 50 0 66 7 0 502 3 25 3 67 25 0 50 0 0 289 3 42 3 33 50 0 33 3 0 502 3 83 4 00 66 7 83 3 0 457 3 83 4 00 66 7 83 3 0 457 3 00 3 00 16 7 16 7 1 000 3 67 2 83 58 3 16 7 0 094 3 83 3 83 66 7 50 0 0 494 3 75 4 33 58 3 83 3 0 289 2 67 2 83 0 0 16 7 0 146 2 25 2 83 0 0 16 7 0 146 1 1 2 3 4 5 2 p 3 12 6 1 261
IT L 2000 loosely-articulated cluster 262
untraded interdependency 20042003 2005 2 2 5 30 2005 Scott 2005 48 263
93 transactions cost 1990 30km Scott, 2005 1 48 4 2 3 871 8711 8712 8713 8714 264
4 2005 5 10 21 5 2000 3 1 1995 92111 92112 2004 8711 92111 87111 92113 871292114 8713 2000 3 1 92 921 9211 92111 92112 92113 2000 3 1 87 871 9212 92114 8711 87111 87112 87113 87114 8712 8713 8714 87141 87142 6 1 48 7 2001 20032004 8 18 20031999 2002 5 5~26 2004 2003 2000 2004 20051990 1 37~71 2003 6 145 60 2005 25 123~151 2004 1 14 2005 40 6653 670 2003 21 79 101 2002 Issue Paper 2003 6 77 87 2004 2005 2006 2005 2002 2001 265
2001 37 67 85 2001 2003 2000 2005 8 1107 130 2005 11 289 118 2004 589 104 2004 1995 2004 2001 2000 16 11 22 Scott, A. J., 1984, Territorial reproduction and transformation in a local labor market: the animated film workers of Los Angeles, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 2, 277-307. Scott, A. J., 2000, The Cultural Economy of Cities, SAGE Publications, London. Scott, A. J., 2005, On Hollywood: The Place, The Industry, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Storper, M., 1989, The transition to flexible specialization in the US film industry: external economies, the division of labor and the crossing of industrial divides, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 13, 273-305. Storper, M. and Christopherson, S., 1987, Flexible specialization and regional industrial agglomerations: the case of the US motion-picture industry, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 77, 260-282. 1 sjchoo@khu.ac.kr 02 961 9360 02 961 0251 Correspondence Sungjae Choo, Dept. of Geography, Kyunghee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea (email sjchoo@khu.ac.kr, phone 82-2-961-9360, fax 82-2-961-0251) 266