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ISSN(print) 1226-5012. 18(4):503-507, December 2013 < 초청논문 > http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2013.18.4.503 주변부상의왜곡을보정한모바일광각카메라의광학적설계 김세진 1, 정혜정 2, 임현선 3, * 1 백석대학교보건학부안경광학과, 천안 330-704 2 LG 이노텍광학솔루션사업부, 안산 426-791 3 강동대학교안경광학과, 이천 467-900 투고일 (2013 년 11 월 6 일 ), 수정일 (2013 년 12 월 3 일 ), 게재확정일 (2013 년 12 월 14 일 ) 목적 : 4 매의비구면렌즈를사용하여 optical distortion 과 TV distortion 을감소시켜주변부상의왜곡을줄인광각의모바일카메라를설계하였다. 방법 : 광학적설계는화각 95 o 에서 ±1% 내의 optical distortion 을만족하도록하였으며, 광학계전체길이는모바일카메라의두께를고려하여 4.5 mm 이내로하였다. 센서는 1/3.2" 의 5M 급 CCD 를사용하였으며 MTF 는 140 lp/mm 에서 20% 이상을만족하도록설계조건을설정하였다. 결과 : 최적화설계된모바일광각카메라는화각 95 o 의 full field 에서 optical distortion 은모든 field 에서 ±1% 내의결과를보였으며 TV distortion 도 0.46% 로주변부상의왜곡이감소되었다. MTF 성능은모든 field 에서 20% 이상으로나타났다. 광선수차와비점수차모두적은양으로안정된성능을보였다. 결론 : 기존의모바일카메라의화각보다더큰화각을갖는광각의모바일카메라의 distortion 을광학적으로개선하여주변부의상의왜곡을감소시켜보다쾌적한넓은시야를얻을수있었으며소프트웨어로보정할때발생하는단점을보완할수있었다. 이는안경과접목되는카메라의연구에활용될수있으리라사료된다. 주제어 : 광각, 모바일카메라, 왜곡수차 서론스마트폰의보급률이높아감에따라부가기능의일부로만여겼던모바일카메라기능이기대이상의성과를거두자많은기업들은모바일폰의성능업그레이드에힘을쏟고있다. 이에따라모바일카메라생산업체들은다기능, 고화소의제품의출시로경쟁력을높이고있다. [1] 최근출시되는모바일폰의일반적인카메라모듈 FOV(field of view) 는 60 o ~70 o 가량을선호하고있다. 일반적인모듈이이와같은화각을선호하는이유는가장안정적인성능을내기때문이다. 모바일카메라에서광각을구현하게되면왜곡수차가커지게되어화면의가장자리의휘어짐이심해져서주변부상의왜곡이발생하여보는이로하여금불편함을느끼게할수있다. [2,3] 광각의모바일카메라는동일한시야안에서보다넓은영역의이미지를촬영할수있는장점이있지만, 영상의중심으로부터멀어질수록주변부에서의왜곡의정도가심하여왜곡의보정이필요하다. 이는다양한광각렌즈들의특성과초점거리로부터나타나는현상이다. 자동차후방카메라의경 우이러한문제를해결하기위해왜곡영상에대한많은보정기술들이연구되어오고있다. [4] 모바일카메라에서는저전력을위해일반적으로소프트웨어보정을지양하고있다. 이에반해고객은한화면에여러명의사람이나넓은시야각의풍경을담을수있기때문에광각을선호하는추세이다. 그러므로본연구에서는광각에서발생하는왜곡수차를최적화설계로감소시켜서왜곡된상의소프트웨어보정에필요한배터리의전력소모를줄이는모바일카메라를설계하였다. 방법 1. Distortion 모바일카메라에서찍힌영상은액정화면을통해서확인된다. 이때의왜곡수차는일반적인왜곡수차가아닌 TV distortion으로상의왜곡을판단한다. TV 모니터에서의상의일그러진정도를 TV distortion이라하며, Fig. 2 에서나타내었다. TV distortion을계산하는식은다음과같다. *Corresponding author: Hyeon-seon Lim, TEL: +82-43-879-3387, E-mail: limhyeonseon@gangdong.ac.kr 본논문의일부내용은 2013년 DIOPS OPTOMETRY CONFERENCE에서포스터로발표되었음. 503

504 김세진, 정혜정, 임현선 Fig. 1. TV distortion. TV distortion (%) = h ----- 100 (1) 2h 여기서 h > 0 이면 pincushion이고 h < 0 이면 barrel 형태의 TV distortion을갖는다. 2. 설계조건본논문에서설계한모바일광각카메라는 4매의비구면을사용하여화각 95 o 에서 ±1% 내의왜곡수차를만족하도록하였다. 1/3.2" 의 5 M급화소의 CCD(charge coupled device) 의이미지센서 (image sensor) 를사용하며, 광학계전체길이는현재시장에서주목받고있는슬림형폰카메라의두께를고려하여전장을최대한콤팩트하게 4.5 mm 이내로설정하였다. [8] 또한 MTF는 140 lp/mm 에서모든 field에서 20% 이상을만족하도록설정하였다. 파장은 656.28 nm, 587.56 nm, 546.07 nm, 486.13 nm, 435.84 nm 을사용하였다. 설계에는 ORA사의 CODE V 설계프로그램을사용하였다. Table 1. Design data of the optimized mobile camera Surface Radius (mm) Thickness (mm) Index Abbe No. 1(stop) 3.0405 0.5544 2-5.4322 0.3010 1.5346 56 3-92.0838 0.4519 4 4.0904 0.2169 1.6355 23.9 5-2.6903 0.7300 6-0.9448 0.2758 1.5346 56 7 1.2658 0.4500 8 0.6886 0.7451 1.5311 56.5 9 Infinity 0.2100 10 Infinity 0.3484 1.523 64.1 Image Infinity 0.0165 Table 2. 1st optical characteristics of the optimized mobile camera Effective focal length 2.8493 Back focal length 0.3665 Front focal length 2.5120 F number 2.6 Image distance 0.3649 Over all length 3.9351 Entrance pupil diameter 1.0959 Exit pupil diameter 1.2431 결과및고찰 4매의비구면으로최적화설계한모바일광각카메라의그림을 Fig. 2에서나타내었고, 광학계의설계제원을 Fig. 2. Drawing of mobile camera. Table 1에서나타내었다. 설계에사용된렌즈는실제모바일카메라에사용되고있는플라스틱 3종류로총 4매를사용하였다. 2번렌즈는고굴절률의열가소성수지로복굴절의발생이적고, 성형가공성이우수하며광학설계의자유도가크므로설계에사용하였다. Table 2에제시한것과같이최적화설계한모바일광각카메라의초점거리는 2.8493 mm이며전장길이는 4.3 mm 로설계조건 4.5 mm를만족하였고, F-number는 2.6으로밝은광학계의성능을갖도록설계되었다. 본논문에서설계한광학계의화각 95 o Full field를 10 등분하여광선수차 (ray aberration) 와 LSA(longitudinal spherical aberration), 비점수차 (astigmatism) 및왜곡수차 (optical distortion) 를분석하였고, 그결과를 Fig. 3와 Fig. 4에서나타내었다. Fig. 3에서보듯이광선수차는모든 field 에서자오면과구결면모두 0.025 mm 이내에들어오며수차량이적게나타났다. Fig. 4에서보듯이상의선명도에영향을주는 LSA와비점수차량도모든 filed에서적게나타났으며이는최적

주변부상의왜곡을보정한모바일광각카메라의광학적설계 505 Fig. 3. Ray aberration of optimized mobile camera. Table 3. Optical distortion of optimized mobile camera. Fig. 4. Field curve of optimized mobile camera. Relative field height Optical distortion(%) 0.1 0.2177 0.2 0.1663 0.3 0.0045 0.4 0.0090 0.5 0.1797 0.6 0.2146 0.7 0.0354 0.8 0.1965 0.9 0.1285 1.0 0.6995 화설계된모바일카메라의광학적성능이우수하다는것을의미한다. 왜곡수차량을정리하여 Table 3에제시하였으며 Fig. 4에서볼수있듯이왜곡수차는모든 field에서설계조건 ±1% 이내를만족하였다. 그러므로최적화설계된모바일카메라는왜곡수차를광학적으로보정함으로써주변부에서의상의왜곡을방지하고, 이로인해주변부상의왜곡을소프트웨어보정할때소모되는전력을줄일수있을것이다. 또한휴대폰화면을보면서불편함을느낄수있는 TV distortion은 0.46% 로광각의광학계에서 발생하는주변부상의왜곡을감소시켰다. Fig. 5과 Fig. 6에서광학계의분해능을나타내는 MTF(modulation transfer function) 를나타내었다. 설계조건으로사용한 1/3.2" CCD image sensor의 pixel size를 1.75 µm로봤을때 Nyquist frequency인 140 lp/mm에서 MTF를분석하였다. 모든 field에서 140 lp/mm의 MTF가설계조건 20% 이상을만족하였다. 이는 1 mm 안에밝고어두운띠를구분할수있는해상력을가졌다는것을의미한다.

506 김세진, 정혜정, 임현선 Fig. 5. MTF of optimized mobile camera (0.0~0.5 field). Fig. 6. MTF of optimized mobile camera (0.6~1.0 field). 본연구에서는주변부상의왜곡을소프트웨어보정으로할때소모되는전력을줄일수있는방안으로왜곡수차를광학적으로보정하는 5 M급고화소의모바일광각카메라를최적화설계하였다. 설계프로그램을이용하여화각 95 o 에서 ±1% 이내의왜곡수차를만족하도록설계하였고, 성능을분석한결과, 광선수차및다른수차들도보정하여모바일카메라의선명도를높였다. MTF 성능은모든 field에서 140 lp/mm에서 20% 이상으로설계목표성능을만족하였다. 앞으로의모바일카메라시장은사용자의더많은요구로인해, 더콤팩트하면서광학적으로더좋은성능을갖는연구가이뤄질것으로생각한다. 또한, 발전하는스마트폰의기술로인해손으로들고찍는모바일카메라가아닌안경에장착한카메라의연구가활발해질것이라생각한다. 이미구글에서는구글안경이라는제품을상용화하고있다. 이처럼안경과카메라가접목되는기기의발전에는반드시사람의시야처럼넓은광각을촬영할수있는카메라의연구가이루어져야할것이며. 또한안경에접목시키려면본연구에서제시한것처럼가볍고배터리의소모를줄이면서주변부상의왜곡수차를광학적으로보정할수있는광학계가필요할것이다. 그러므로본연구에서설계한모바일광각카메라의활용으로광각에서발생하는주변부상의왜곡을광학적으로보정하여소프트웨어보정으로발생하는전력소모를줄이고, 훗날안경과접목되는카메라의연구에활용될수있으리라사료된다. 결 론 REFERENCES 모바일카메라의기술은스마트폰의시장확대로점점발전하여디지털카메라의영역을넘보고있다. 박 [9] 의연구에따르면콤팩트디지털카메라시장이점유율은하락세인반면, 모바일카메라점유율은증가하고있다. 모바일카메라의선호이유로는편하게업로딩이가능하고촬영한사진을손쉽게보정할수있다는점이었다. 이런추세로일반사용자용으로써의콤팩트카메라시장은모바일카메라로대체되거나완성품보다카메라모듈로서의시장이성장률이높을것이라는연구를제시하였다. 이렇듯모바일카메라에대한사용자의요구는점차사람의시야처럼넓은범위를촬영할수있는광각을선호하고있다. 그러나광각의광학계가갖는주변부에서의왜곡수차의영향으로인한상의일그러짐의문제를해결해야한다. 이를해결하기위해많은연구들이진행되고있으며, 모바일카메라에서는왜곡된주변부의상을소프트웨어로보정하는방법을주로택하고있다. [1] Hwang YS. Study on comparison of behavioral usage for camera: Focused on digital camera and camera phone. Graduate of Techno Design. Kookmin University, seoul. 2006;1-86. [2] Choi DJ. A study on correcting distortion and storing of video camera images. Graduate of Multi Media System Engineering, Incheon University, Incheon. 2009;1-52. [3] Cha HS, Park SJ. Driving assistance systems using wide angle lens camera. Transaction of KSAE. 2009:17(6);39-46. [4] Kim BI, Kim DH, Bae TW, Kim YC, Shim TE, Kim DG. An automatic mapping points extraction algorithm for calibration of the wide angle camera. Journal of Korea Multimedia Society. 2010:13(3);410-416. [5] Rahul Swaminathan, Michael D. Grossberg, Shree K. Nayar. A perspective on distortions. Proceeding of the 2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2003. http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/cave/publications/pdfs/swaminathan_cvpr03.pdf

주변부상의왜곡을보정한모바일광각카메라의광학적설계 507 (2013. 11. 01). [6] Robert EH. Optical Design: Military Standardization on Handbook. Washington D,C, USA, 1962:5.1-5.37. [7] Kim SJ, Lim HS. he performance analysis and design of selling spectacle lenses in domestic market. J Korean Oph Opt Soc. 2010:15(4);355-360. [8] Park SC, You BT. Ultra-Compact zoom lens design for phone camera using hybrid lens. Korean Jouranl of Optics and Photonics. 2008:19(5);349-359. [9] Park HW. Study on changes in use of digital cameras according to diffusion of smart phones and SNSs. Graduate of Photography. Chung-ang University, Seoul. 2011:1-89. The Design of Wide Angle Mobile Camera Corrected Optical Distortion for Peripheral Area Se-Jin Kim 1, Hye-Jung Jeong 2, and Hyeon-Seon Lim 3, * 1 Dept. of Visual Optics, Baekseok University, Cheonan 330-704, Korea 2 Optical Solution Division, LG Innotek, Ansan 426-791, Korea 3 Dept. of Optometry, Gangdong University, Icheon 467-900, Korea (Received November 6, 2013: Revised December 3, 2013: Accepted December 14, 2013) Purpose: This study was to design wide angle mobile camera corrected optical distortion for peripheral area, which were reduced optical distortion and TV distortion by using 4 aspherical lenses. Methods: The optical design was satisfied with ±1% optical distortion in viewing angle of 95 o and total length of optical system was less than 4.5 mm which was considering a thickness of mobile camera. 1/3.2 inch (5M) CCD sensor was used in the optical system and set design condition to satisfy MTF which was over than 20% in 140 lp/mm. Results: Optimized wide angle mobile camera showed ±1% optical distortion in full field of 95 o viewing angle and TV distortion was 0.46% so that distortion of peripheral area was reduce. MTF showed over than 20% in every field. Ray aberration and astigmatism were small amount so that it showed stable performance. Conclusions: Obtain wider and clearer view which is reduced image distortion of surrounding area via optical method in wide angle mobile camera which has wider view angle than current mobile camera. And it was able to fix a demerit when it occurred via software correction. It is able to apply to study of camera which is related to spectacles. Key words: Wide angle, Mobile camera, Distortion