3 2004 1..,,,..,. 2. 1.. 1.. LCD ( )? () ( ) 2. 100. () () 3... < > (1). (2). (3) ( ) < > < >(1)(3). < > (), <> (3)< >()? <> ()... () A.. B.. C.. (3), A, B, A, B, C 4. (), (). < >? < >? [2] <>..,.,,,,, <>......,,,,,
2 5.. < > (1),. (2). (3). (4) (1)(3). < >? [2] <>......,,,, 7.. < >? <>.....,,.,, 8., A, B, C, D.. 6.. < > (1). (2) A. (3) ph. (4) (2), B. (5) B, ph. < > (3)pH (5)pH 3.2 7.4 7.0 5.7 < >? <>. B.. A B...,,, < >? (,.) [2] <>. AB.. BC CD...,, 9. ABC AB, AC. 1 ( ) 2. < >? <>. B C.. BC.. 2 1 2.,,,,
3 10. (), (). 12. () A, B, C, () A, B, C. (, A, B, C.) < >? < >? [2] <>. A.. B D...,, 11.. <>. A, B, C.. C.. AB (- 15), B.,,,, 13..? (mm) (mm) (cm 2 ) 25 2 4.5 4 1 20 0.006 0.001 4500 5 0.5 40 30 1.5 18..... < >? [2] <>. A B.. C.. D...,,,,,, 14.,.?.... 120 m.
4 15.. 1, 17, 18 1. (, AL, (), ().) 2 3 4 5 1 17 18 A E I 181 1342 B 98 883 C ( ) ( ) D 39 688-220 ( ) F - 102-34 G ( ) 59 H 114 184-249 - 246 J - 189-186 K ( ) - 153 L - 112-108 < >? [2] <>. 25 2.. C, G 63 C.. E I.. K - 189-153. 17. (), (). < >? (,.) <>. () ()0.. () ().. ().,,,,, 18.. A, B, C, D ( ).,,,,,,, 16..? A, B A, C B, C A, C, D B, C, D [2] < >? [2] <>. B.......,,,,,,, 19..? [2]. Ab,. Dd..,.
5 20. 8, A, B. ( : ) A B NaCl 22.9 25.3 MgCl2 3.2 3.5 MgSO4 ( ) 1.6 CaSO4 ( ) 1.2 ( ) 1.0 ( x ) 32.6 < >? [2] <>. A.. A.. A x.,,,, 21.. < > (1) (Fe) A () (). (2). 22.,. () 15.8 14 15.0 59 5.9 1014 5.3 15 2.0 1.0 < >? <>... 5.. 1970.,,,,, 23. AB.. A A B B (g) 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 () 20 80 20 20 < >? [2] <>....., AB.,,, < > (), A.?. A. AFeCl2. A.. 24.,. SiO2 7 CaCO3 3 3?.....
6 25.. () (W ) (W ). W (s) W (g ) () (W ) (X 2 ). W (g ) X 2 (g ) W X 2 (g ) () (W X 2 ) (W ) (X 2 ). () (W ). < >? [2] <>. ().. ().. () ().,,, 27., 12. 1 2 (V) (A) (V) (A) 220 3 110 6 < >? [2] <>. 2 2 6 A.. 1 1 2 2.. 1 660 Wh.,,, 28. A, B, C,. db() A B C 1 70 67 64 61 2 73 70 67 64 < >? (, 2 2,.) [2] <>. A, B, C C. 26.,,.. B 1 4.. 1 AB 64 db.,,,, A, B x y < >? (, A.) <> x y...,,,, 29.. < >? <>... E C B D A.. B C.. C B.,,,,,,,
7 30.. (, Zn > Ni > (H) > Cu, Zn 2, Ni 2, Cu 2.) ()() < >? [2] <>. ()().. () ().. ().. ()(). 33..? [2] ( ),. [ ]. ( ),.,,,,,,,, 31.. (),. (). (), 50.? () () () 32.. < > () () AE? [2] A, E B, D A, C, E B, D, E B, C, D, E..... 34.. < >? ( )... ( ).? ( ).. <>........,,,,,
8 35.? [2 ] 38.? [2].,....... 36..?.,,..,..,.. 10. 3 ()...... 39.. < >? () 3. 3. ( ). ( ) ( ).. <>........,,,,, 37.?.,....,...... 40.? [2] 80 cm., 500. ( )........
9 41.? [2] 43.?............ 42.? [2] 44.. ( : ) 1961197119811991 1970198019902000 3,080 605 3,685 2,839 1,580 4,419 2,249 3,040 5,289 718 3,485 2,767 6,445 6,002 5,975 2,725 1960, 1990. 1980. 1990,. 40,.,. (%) 1996 2003 20 50 60 50 32 71 43 52 56 39 45 56 65 42? [2]., (FT A) 50 20. 50, 50 70%.,,,,,
10 45..? [2]. 200213,055.. :.....,......... 47. 2003.?. 11.,..,..,.....,...... 46.? [2]..... 48. < >? [2] 1 313 [ ], [ ]. 5 322.,. 7 473 3, ( )319. <>.......,.,,,,,
11 49. < >? < > <(2002)> 51.?.,........ <>........,,,,, 50.? [2] (1862) 219,. ( ),.. 11.. ( ).. ( ),,.... 52..? [2 ] (%). 60 42.8 51.0 6.2 70.9 22.2 6.9 50-59 47.3 44.9 7.8 82.0 15.0 3.0 40-49 49.0 43.4 7.6 84.7 13.0 2.3 30-39 49.2 43.4 7.4 82.8 14.4 2.8 20-29 50.3 42.9 6.8 68.5 25.2 6.3 15-19 51.9 41.4 6.7 58.5 31.4 10.1..... 53. < >?,.,.,.. <>....,,,,,
12 54..? [2] 57.? [2] () () () ( ) [ ], ( ).. ( ). () ().. ( ). -, - -, - ()()()() ()()()() ()()()() ()()()() ()()()() 55. ()? [2].,..,...... 56.,? 58. < >?...... ().. <>........,,,,,
13 59.. ()()? (),, (),, (),, (), 5, (), 1960, () () () () () 60. <> <>? [2] <> ( ),. <>., ( )...,.,,. ( ),. 62.?..,.,., 2.,.,.,. 63.?. 5.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 64. ()()? 61..? 3%2( ). 3% 5% 1%... 3%. (). (),. (). () (). ().
14 65.? [2],...,.... ( )... 66. ()(),? [2] (). ( ). (),,.,.,,?..... 67.? (). ( ),. ( ),.. ( ).... 68.,? [2].. 1,. 2,. 3,,,,. (1924. 11. 11.).,,.... 69.?...,...... 70. < >? 65 ( ) (%) ( ) ( ) (ha) 1990 84,000 5.6 8,900 6,300 7,400 ( ) 2002 (A) 6.9 13,000 4,700 6,300 1990 148,000 11.0 16,500 22,200 22,100 ( ) 2002 96,000 20.5 (B) 16,600 22,600 <>. (A) 1990.. (B) 1990.. ().. ()().,,,,,. 71.
15 73.. < >? 71.. < >? 3.88 1 25. <>.....,.,,,,, 74.? <>........,,,,,. 2,... 72.? [2]. 1,,....!,..,.. 75..? [2] A.. B, 55%.,... A B. A, B..
16 76..? [2],,,,,, 77., < >? <>. ().. ().. ().. ().,,,,, 78.? 2002 ( ). ( )() 24...... 79. < >? [2] 2. 3,.,.. <>..... (UNCTAD) 77.. (WT O),.,,,,, 80. < >? [2],.,. <>........,,,,, * ( )...
17 73.? 71... 1. 2. 3. 4.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. 1. 2. 3. 4.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6..? [2] 10,.,...,... 74. < >? (WTO).. <>........,,,,, 72.. < >? 75.. < >? [2] (%) (%) 1500cc 7 5 2000cc 10 2000cc 14 10 (%, ) <>....,,,,, <>..... 2000cc 2500cc...,,,,,
18 76. A. < >? [2] 79. S S '. < >? <>. 2001 2000.. 2002 2001.. 2002 2001.. 2002 A A.,,,,, 77..?(, ) [2] < > A 5,000 40 / B 10,000 20 / C 20,000 200 A 400 B 600 C 300 A 450 B 78.. < >? <>... 1..,..,.,,,,, 80.. < >? [2] (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 22.8 21.8 22.9 23.5 * 67.5 68.5 65.3 64.6 * 9.7 9.6 11.8 11.9 0.57 0.59 0.51 0.49 *, 50%150%. 40% ** 20% <>... 2002..,.,, <>..... A.. B.,,,,, * ( )...
19 73.? 71. < >? [2]. A. B. A, A. <>.,.... A B...,,,,,........ 74. < >? 2. 3., 2. <>........,,,,, 72..? [2], 50...,....,,... 75.. ()()? [2] (),. (). () () () () A B B C C D D A D C
20 [7677].,,, 76.?. 2. 1... 79.?,.,...,...... 80.. < >? [2] 77. < >? [2] <>........,,,,, 78. < >?.,.,,,.. <>....,,,,, <>........,,,,, * ( )...
21 73.? 71.? [2],,.,... 9. 36.. 6. 72.. < >? [2],,,. (1025 ) 3? (Everything ). 3? (Nothing). 3? (Something)., 3 (1789),. (1789) <>... 3.....,,,,,,., 500. ( ),...... 74..? < > <>..... 75..?.....
22 76..? 79. 78? [2]....... ( )... 77. 20. < >? [2] ().. ().. <>. ().. ().. () 3.. ().,,,,, 78. < >?..... 80. 20. < >? [2] () 191110 ( ), (). 1.. (), 1924. ( ). 1926 2. <>. ().. ().. (), ().. (), ().,,,,, < > < > <>........,,,,, * ( )...
23 73. ()()? [2] 71. ()() < >? [2],,, [7475].. <>. (), ().. ()().. ()() 1.. ()().,,,,, 72. ()()? [2] 74. ()() < >? [2] <>. ()().. ()().. ()().. ().,,,,, (). (). (). (),. (),. 75. A?.....
24 76.? 79.? (). (). (). (). (). 77.?...,. () () () () () 78.? [2],....,. 80..? (,.) () () 1.7% 0.8% ( 1 ) 0.45 23.7 ( 1 ) 2kg 111kg ( 1 ) 0.8 21.6 ( 1 ) 43kg 761kg <>. ()().. ()().. ()()1.. ()().,,,,,..... * ( )...