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359 pissn : 1226-2102, eissn : 2005-8918 Case Report J Korean Orthop Assoc 2017; 52: 359-363 https://doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.2017.52.4.359 www.jkoa.org 미추경막외신경주사후발생한 Serratia marcescens 에의한척추경막외농양 유창은 최병열 김경태 박영철 전주예수병원정형외과 Serratia marcescens Spinal Epidural Abscess Following Caudal Epidural Injection Chang-Eon Yu, M.D., Byeong-Yeol Choi, M.D., Kyung-Tae Kim, M.D., and Young-Chul Park, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea Spinal infection due to Serratia marcescens is very rare. A 78-year-old male patient withoutany risk factor was admitted to our hospital with chief complaints of severe back pain, fever, weakness in both legs, and bowel dysfunction, following caudal epidural injection. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed spondylodiscitis with epidural abscess. Surgical decompression was performed and the epidural abscess was removed. The cultures isolated S. marcescens, which can cause nosocomial infection in immunocompromised patient. However, to the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of S. marcescens spinal epidural abscess following epidural injection, with literature review. Key words: spinal epidural abscess, epidural injection, Serratia marcescens 미추경막외신경주사요법은퇴행성요추질환의효과적인치 료방법중하나로술기가간단하고안전하다는장점때문에 1901 년처음보고된이후로오늘날임상현장에서널리시행되고 있는치료법이다. 하지만시술과관련된부작용으로두통, 경막 천자, 방사통의증가, 수막염, 경막외혈종등이발생할수있고 드물긴하지만경막외농양이보고된바있으며이는심각한후 유증을남길수있다. 1) 전체척추경막외농양중신경주사요법 에의해발생하는경우는 0.6%-7.0% 정도로매우드물지만인구 의고령화에따른퇴행성척추질환의이환율증가및이에따른 척추시술의증가로인하여증가하는추세이다. 2-4) 경막외농양을 일으키는주된균주는 Staphylococcus aureus 이며대개는면역저 하, 당뇨, 약물중독, 암등과같은위험인자가존재하는환자에 Received December 6, 2016 Revised December 28, 2016 Accepted January 10, 2017 Correspondence to: Byeong-Yeol Choi, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Presbyterian Medical Center, 365, Seowon-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju 54987, Korea TEL: +82-63-230-8744 FAX: +82-63-230-1439 E-mail: docby@hanmail.net 게서발생하게된다. 2-5) Serratia marcescens에의한감염은면역저하등의위험인자가있는환자에게서주로요로감염이나호흡기감염등의병원내감염형태로나타나는것으로알려져있다. 감염성척추염의원인으로보고되는경우는매우드물며위험인자가없는건강한성인에게서입원환경이아닌외래에서시행된경막외신경주사에의해발생한경우에대한이전의보고는없었다. 저자들은미추접근법을통한경막외신경주사후 S. marcescens에의해발생한척추경막외농양환자의치료경험에대해문헌고찰과함께보고하고자한다. 증례보고 78세남자환자가고열및심한요통을주소로내원하였다. 환자는 5년전제4-5 요추부, 제5 요추-제1 천추부척추관협착증으로제4-5 요추감압성후궁절제술및제4 요추-제1 천추후방고정술및유합술을시행받은적이있었다. 이후간헐적인요통으로 The Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association Volume 52 Number 4 2017 Copyright 2017 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

360 Chang-Eon Yu, et al. 약물치료및물리치료등의보존적치료를받아왔으나신경차단술이나침술등의침습적인치료는받은적이없었다. 당뇨나고혈압등의내과적질환에대한치료기왕력은없었다. 내원일주일전노동후악화된요통에대하여외부병원에내원하여요추부자기공명영상 (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) 검사를시행하였고검사결과제3-4 요부추의척추관협착증으로진단되어미추접근법을통한경막외신경주사요법을시행받았다. 이후에도환자의요통은호전되지않았고신경주사시행후 3일째부터는고열및하지근력의약화소견을보여주사시행후 5일째본원으로전원되었다. 내원당시혈압은 130/90 mmhg, 맥박은 85회 / 분이었고체온은 39.8 도였다. 이학적검사상장요근, 대퇴사두근, 족관절신전근, 족무지신전근, 족무지굴곡근의근력은 3/1, 3/0, 3/2, 3/0, 3/0이었고좌측하지의감각은저하되어있었다. 항문주위감각 (perianal sense) 과구해면체반사 (bulbocavernous reflex) 의감소또한관찰 할수있었다. 미추부에는발적및피부침연 (maceration) 이관찰되었다. 혈액학적검사상백혈구 154,000/mm 3 ( 호중구 91.6%), 적혈구침강속도 (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) 99 mm/h, C-반응단백질 (C-reactive protein) 23.68 mg/dl로증가되어있었다. 감염성척추염의심하에가돌리늄조영 MRI를시행하였다. MRI상제 2 요추및제3 요추부위에서경막후방에존재하는농양에의한경막낭의압박이관찰되었고제4 요추부위의척추관전방에서도같은양상의병변이관찰되었다 (Fig. 1). 제2-3 요추부추간판및제4-5 요추부추간판의액화 (liquefaction) 및소량의요근농양도발견되었다 (Fig. 2A). 경막외농양에의한마미증후군으로진단하였고응급수술을진행하였다. 제2 요추, 제4 요추후궁절제술을시행하고경막강내에서적갈색의농을제거하였다. 술후전신상태와요통, 하지방사통은호전을보였으나하지근력및감각은뚜렷한회복을보이지않았다. 항생제는처음에는반코마이신을사용하였으나수술중채취한감염조직에서 S. marces- A B C Figure 1. T2-weighted magnetic resonance sagittal image (A) and axial images (B, C) showing abscess located in the posterior epidural space at the L2 3 level and anterior epidural space at the L4 level. A B Figure 2. T1-weighted gadoliniumenhanced axial images at the L2 3 (A) and L4 5 intervertebral disc level (B) show an abscess with rim-enhancement compressing the dural sac.

361 Serratia marcescens Spinal Epidural Abscess Following Epidural Injection A B Figure 3. Red pigmentation of Serratia marcescens discharged from wound blood-red (A) compared with other usual open wounds (B). cens가배양되었고혈액배양에서도같은균이동정되어배양검사에서감수성이확인된 cefepime으로바꾸어 2 g을 1일 2회정주하였다. 수술후 3일째부터 39도이상의발열이지속되고혈액학적검사소견도뚜렷한호전이없어수술후 7일째다시변연절제술및세척술을시행하고수술부위를개방하여치료하였다 (Fig. 3). 이후수차례반복적으로변연절제술및세척술을시행하였고첫번째수술후 62일만에서야수술부위를봉합할수있었다. Cefepime은총 16주간사용하였다. 요통이호전되고혈액학적검사소견이정상화되어수술후 120일째에환자는퇴원할수있었다. 술후 14개월의추시중감염재발의증상이나증후는없었다. 하지의근력은다소회복되었으나독립적인보행은불가능하였으며대소변장애도지속되었다. 고찰 척추의경막외농양은매우드문질환으로발생빈도는만명당 1-2명으로보고되고있다. 치명률이높고치료가지연될경우영구적인신경손상을유발할수있어정확한진단및빠른치료가필요하다. 발생경로는주로혈행성전파에의한것이지만경막외마취등의처치에의한의인성감염도보고되고있다. S. aureus 가가장흔한병원균으로 3분의 2 이상에서원인균으로동정되지만그외에도 coagulase negative staphylococcus나 steptococci, anaerobes, K. pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Sallmonella, Pseudomonas 등다양한원인균에의한경막외농양도보고되고있다. 2-5) S. marcescens는호기성그람음성간균으로원래는토양이나하천등에존재하는비병원성균으로알려졌으나면역력이저하된환자에게기회감염을일으킨다는보고가증가하면서현재는심각한병원내감염균으로인식되고있다. 주로요로감염이나호흡기감염의형태로나타나며심내막염이나뇌수막염의원인으로도보고되었지만뼈나관절의감염을일으키는경우는매우 드물다. Serratia 감염은지역사회에서의발생은드물며대부분병원내입원환자의시술이나수술등의처치에의해발생한다. 현재까지보고된 Serratia 에의한척추감염도대부분디스크수술 6) 이나척추성형술 7) 과같은척추의침습적처치이후에발생한병원내감염이다. Weinstein 등 8) 은 2,391 건의척추수술중수술후감염이발생한 46예에대하여보고하였으며이중 S. marcescens 에의한감염은단한건이었고이것도다른균들과함께동정된혼합감염이었다. 경막외시술후발생한경우는 Perez-Toro 등 9) 이퇴행성척추증에대하여척수강내약물전달장치 (intrathecal drug delivery system) 를이용한통증조절을받던환자에서경막외도관교체후발생한 S. marcescens 경막외농양에대하여보고한정도이다. 본증례와같이외래에서흔하게시행되는미추접근법을통한신경주사에의해발생한 Serrtatia 척추감염에대해서는아직보고된바가없었다. S. marcescens에의한신경계감염은사망률이높고 (25%-52%) 특히균혈증이동반된경우의사망률은더욱증가하게된다. 10) 본증례의경우수술적배농및항생제치료후감염은완치되었으나신경손상의완전한회복은보이지않았다. 이는진단및적절한치료의지연이일부원인으로작용하였을것으로생각된다. 본증례의경우환자가고령이기는하지만증상발생이전에는비교적건강한 (immunocompetent) 상태였으며당뇨나악성종양등의명확한위험인자도존재하지않았다. 더욱이입원상태가아닌통원치료중에외래에서흔히시행되는미추경막외신경주사에의해 Serratia 경막외농양이발생했다는것은의미하는바가크다고생각한다. 인구의고령화와함께퇴행성척추질환으로치료를받는환자가늘고있다. 척추에대한침습적처치가증가함에따라이에대한합병증으로척추감염의발생또한증가할위험이있다. 또한대부분의척추감염의원인인 S. aureus뿐아니라다양한병원균에의한척추감염이새롭게보고되고있다. Serratia 척추감염은

362 Chang-Eon Yu, et al. 매우드물게발생하지만치사율이높고장기간의치료가필요한만큼척추감염이의심될경우가능한원인균의하나로고려되어야하며이에대한적극적인치료가필요할것으로생각된다. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors have nothing to disclose. REFERENCES 1. Kim SK, Chung JY. Epidural steroid injection. J Korean Med Assoc. 2014;57:318-25. 2. Rigamonti D, Liem L, Sampath P, et al. Spinal epidural abscess: contemporary trends in etiology, evaluation, and management. Surg Neurol. 1999;52:189-96; discussion 197. 3. Darouiche RO. Spinal epidural abscess. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2012-20. 4. Reihsaus E, Waldbaur H, Seeling W. Spinal epidural abscess: a meta-analysis of 915 patients. Neurosurg Rev. 2000;23:175-204; discussion 205. 5. Soehle M, Wallenfang T. Spinal epidural abscesses: clinical manifestations, prognostic factors, and outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2002;51:79-85; discussion 86-7. 6. Hadjipavlou AG, Gaitanis IN, Papadopoulos CA, Katonis PG, Kontakis GM. Serratia spondylodiscitis after elective lumbar spine surgery: a report of two cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002;27:E507-12. 7. Alfonso Olmos M, Silva González A, Duart Clemente J, Villas Tomé C. Infected vertebroplasty due to uncommon bacteria solved surgically: a rare and threatening life complication of a common procedure: report of a case and a review of the literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31:E770-3. 8. Weinstein MA, McCabe JP, Cammisa FP Jr. Postoperative spinal wound infection: a review of 2,391 consecutive index procedures. J Spinal Disord. 2000;13:422-6. 9. Perez-Toro MR, Burton AW, Hamid B, Koyyalagunta D. Two-tuohy needle and catheter technique for fluoroscopically guided percutaneous drainage of spinal epidural abscess: a case report. Pain Med. 2009;10:501-5. 10. Huang CR, Lu CH, Chien CC, Chang WN. Protean infectious types and frequent association with neurosurgical procedures in adult Serratia marcescens CNS infections: report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2001;103:171-4.

363 pissn : 1226-2102, eissn : 2005-8918 Case Report J Korean Orthop Assoc 2017; 52: 359-363 https://doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.2017.52.4.359 www.jkoa.org 미추경막외신경주사후발생한 Serratia marcescens 에의한척추경막외농양 유창은 최병열 김경태 박영철 전주예수병원정형외과 Serratia marcescens에의한척추감염은매우드문질환이다. 위험인자가없는 78세남자환자가미추부경막외신경주사후발생한심한요통및발열, 하지위약및대소변장애를주소로내원하였다. 자기공명영상검사상척추추간판염및경막외농양이확인되어수술적감압및배농을시행하였다. 균동정결과 S. marcescens에의한경막외농양으로밝혀졌다. S. marcescens는면역저하된환자에서병원내감염을일으킬수있으나경막외주사후척추의경막외농양이발생한경우는처음이어서이에대한저자들의경험을문헌고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 색인단어 : 척추경막외농양, 경막외주사, Serratia marcescens 접수일 2016 년 12 월 6 일수정일 2016 년 12 월 28 일게재확정일 2017 년 1 월 10 일책임저자최병열 54987, 전주시완산구서원로 365, 전주예수병원정형외과 TEL 063-230-8744, FAX 063-230-1439, E-mail docby@hanmail.net 대한정형외과학회지 : 제 52 권제 4 호 2017 Copyright 2017 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.