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RF Devices 김영석 충북대학교전자정보대학 2011.3.1 Email: kimys@cbu.ac.kr 전화 : 043-261-3137 1

Contents RF Diodes Schottky Diode PN Diode aractor Diode MPATT Diode Tunnel Diode TRAPATT, BARRT, and Gunn Diode Bipolar Junction Transistors Silicon BJT(Bipolar Junction Transistor) HBT(Hetero-Junction Bipolar Transistor) RF Field Effect Transistors MOSFET(Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) JFET(Junction FET) MOSFET(Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET) MESFET(MEtal Semiconductor FET) HEMT(High Electron Mobility Transistor) 2

RF Diodes 용도 : 믹서, Phase Shifting, Switching 등 장점 ( 트랜지시터대비 ): 구조, 공정이간단하여 Yield좋다 구조가간단하여 RC시정수작다 => RF특성우수 Flicker Noise 작다. 면적이작다. DC 바이어스필요없는경우있다. 따라서다이오드는아주높은주파수에서동작가능. 3

Schottky Diode Mixer, Detector, Rectifier 등에사용 Narrow Schottky Finger N Sublayer 저항감소 Recessed Schottky Contact Surface Charge 영향을감소 L=2um, Z=40um, W=0.2um 인경우 C=0.08pFfinger, R=3Ohm => RC<1ps (f ~ THz) 4

Attenuator, Switching Modulator, Limiter Phase Shifter 등에사용 -region을사용하여 Depletion Region Wider => Small Junction Capacitance => Microwave Switch 에적합 PN Diode 5

Electrical Behavior of PN Diode 6

aractor Diode oltage Dependent Capacitance => CO Pulse Generation with a aractor Diode 7

MPATT(MPact ionization Avalanche Transit Time) Diode Millimiter파대역에서가장높은출력이나옴단점 : 이용하기때문에잡음이많다. LO에부적당. 원리: Avalanche Breakdown 에의해생성된전자들의 Transit Time Delay에의해, 전류의 Phase Delay가발생하여 Negative Resistance 발생 8

=0 sin wt =0 sin(wt-pi)= p) -0sin wt Rac = < 0 MPATT Diode 9

Tunnel Diode 다음 2 조건만족하면 Quantum Mechanical Tunneling Thin Barrier <= Thin Depletion Layer by Higher Doping 한쪽은 filled states, 다른쪽은 empty states 10

Gunn Diode(Transferred Electron Devices) 반도체에일정한전계 (Eth) 이인가되면, 자유전자들이 Upper alley Conduction alley 로이동. 여기서전자들은이동도 (mobility) 가감소하여전류가발생. 이것이 Negative Differential Resistance 발생. 11

RF Active Devices: What is the Transistor? 정의및종류 증폭작용및스위칭작용을할수있는반도체소자 바이폴라트랜지스터 : BJT, HBT FET: JFET, MOSFET, MESFET, HEMT CC RL vout vin Transistor 12

Transistor TRANSSTOR = TRANsferred resstor Transferred= 넘어서혹은다른쪽으로, Resistor= ss 저항 Transresistance(rt) = 1Transconductance(gm) v - i=vr i= vcrt = gm v vc - Resistor Trans-Resistor=Transistor vc rc i=gm vc 트랜지스터소신호등가회로 - 13

트랜지스터역할 LNA: 트랜지스터의증폭작용이용, 소신호전압이득 = -gm*rl. (Square-Law) 믹서 : 트랜지스터의 Nonlinear(Square) 성질이용. (Gilbert) 믹서 : 트랜지스터의증폭작용, 스위칭작용이용. CO: 트랜지스터를이용하여 Negative Resistance 를만들어줌. 논리회로 : 트랜지스터의스위칭작용이용. 14

BJT Bipolar Operation RF Transistors Low Noise Linear Power Amplification Power Applications GaAs FET(MESFET) Monopolar Operation ery Low Noise Low Power HEMT Electron Gas ery High Frequency(f > 20GHz) 15

콜렉터전류 N 에미터전자들의베이스주입 Diffusion하여콜렉터로이동 C=0*exp(BET) 베이스전류 P 베이스정공들의에미터주입 (Back njection) B=Cbeta BJT: 구조및동작 16

BJT 레이아웃 BJT Noise BC Shot Noise RB Thermal Noise How to Reduce the BJT Noise? Decrease BC Decrease RB Finger Structure gives Low RB Reduce Current Density => Low Noise 17

가장많이사용하는 BJTHBT 모델 모델특징: 저전류전류이득감소모델 Base-Width Modulation High-Level njection RB(B) CJCi=XCJC*CJC CJCx=(1-XCJC)*CJC τ = function, ) FF Gummel-Poon Model(1) ( C BC 총 40 개변수 (DC18, C11,AC6, 기타 5) 18

Gummel-Poon Model(2): Large-Signal Model Active 영역에서동작할때 1) ( 1) ( T NE T NF E B E B SE S 1) ( 1 1) ( 1) ( T NF C T NE T NF B E B E B E B e AF AR S e SE e BF = = ) (24 144 1 1 ), tan tan )( 3( 1 2 2 2 B B bb B C E B RB RB z z z z z RBM RB RBM r AF AR = = π π ) (1 ) ( MJE E B JE B JE CJE C = ] ) ( [1 ) ( 1 44 2 TF CC E B CC FF E B DE DE XTF TF d d d dq C = = τ ] ) ( [1 1.44 2 TF CC CC FF B C e TF XTF TF = τ 19

Gummel-Poon Model(3): Small-Signal Model Transconductance: i = i = exp[( v ) ] ( ) v = C C c 0 BE be T C C T be C g m v be 2 nd Order Effects: r r π o = v = v BE CE i i B C Cπ = Qn vbe = ( icτ FF ) v C = BCJunctionCap μ BE - B Cmu vbe rpi Cpi gm vbe C ro ic E 20

Gummel-Poon Model(4): 주파수특성 Cutoff Frequency(f T ): Short Circuit Current Gain =1인주파수 12πf T =RC 시정수 Transit Time Miller Capacitance 시정수 C C 1 JE JC CC 2 TF TF XTF e B C 1.44 = [1 ( ) ] ( RE RC f TF ) T g m CC 2π Transit Time=(Emitter Delay) (Emitter-Base Space Charge Region Delay) (Base Transit Time) (Base-Collector Space Charge Region Delay) Maximum Oscillation Frequency: f TF T XTF Power Gain=1인주파수 CE2 ft fmax = TF CE1 8πr bb C μ C JC C 21

Si BJT 주파수특성향상방법 12πf T =RC 시정수 Transit Time Si BJT 의동작주파수를증가시키기위해서는 (1) RC 시정수감소 (2) Transit Time 감소 전자의베이스통과시간을감소시켜야함 즉, 베이스폭을감소시켜야함 PunchThrough 쉽게발생 베이스도핑증가시켜야함 Back njection 발생 B 증가, 전류이득감소 이문제를 HBT 에서해결 22

HBT(Hetero Junction Bipolar Transistor) HBT 는에미터와베이스의 Eg 가다름. 베이스폭감소 베이스도핑증가 에미터의 Eg가커서 Back njection Barrier 증가 B는증가치않음. 전류이득일정유지. =>HBT의 ft는보통 50-100GHz임 (Si BJT 의 ft 는보통20GHz 정도임 ) 용도 : LNA(SiGe HBT), Power Amp(nGaP,AlGaAs) AlGaAs) 23

MOSFET(Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET): 구조및동작 D D 게이트전압에의해 ( 수직전계 ) 채널전자형성드레인전압에의해 ( 수평전계 ) 전자는드레인으로 Drift함 DS>DSat(Saturation Region) 이면드레인근처는높은수평전계형성 => 전자는 elocity Saturation 하여전류포화됨. 1 W = μ [2( ) 2 ncox GS t DS DS ] DS GS t 2 L 1 2 W L 2 = μncox [ GS t ] DS > GS 24

MOSFET: BSM3v3 Model Berkeley 대학에서개발된 Submicron 소자를위한모델 NoiseTemperature 효과를고려. 약 120 개변수 드레인전류및미분치가모두연속성을가짐. Threshold oltage: N LX THN = THN K1( φs SB φs ) K2SB K1( 1 1) φs θ L[2( bi φs) L 0 DS eff K1K2: ertical Nonuniform Doping Effect, K1: Lateral Nonuniform Doping Effect, θ L : Short-Channel Effect Drain Current: D = W v sat C ox ( GS THN DS, sat )[1 DS THN A DS, sat ] ] 25

MOSFET: Small-Signal Model Transconductance: 2 i = i = K ( v ) [2 K ( )] v = D D d GS gs t D GS t gs D g m v gs 2 nd Order Effects: Channel Length Modulation: D K( GS t Gate-Source Cap: 2 CGS = C Gate-Drain Cap: Overlap Cap 3 r = 1 λ 2 = ) (1 λds ) o D ox WL G CGD D id vgs gm vgs ro - CGS S 26

MOSFET: RF 특성 주파수특성 : MOS의경우 f T 가 fmax 가높다. g f m T Ro ft = fmax = π ( C C ) 2 Rs Rg 2 gs gd 그림에서, 0.5um경우 f T =20GHz, 0.35um경우 f T =40GHz, 018um 0.18um 경우 f T =90GHz 로 RF 특성은 BJT, HBT, MESFET보다우수하다. 2-10GHz 대역의 RF 회로는전혀문제가없다. 단점 : Si 기판의 RF손실이심하다. 수동소자, 즉 High Q 인덕터구현이힘들다. 27

MOSFET: RF Modeling(BSM4) 기판저항 (Rsub): RF에서는기판저항을고려하여야함. 출력저항에영향을미침. Substrate Coupling 일어남. Body Potential Fluctuation. Channel Charging Resistance(Rch): NQS Effect (Non-Quasi-Static; 게이트전압변화에따라즉각채널전하가변화못함 ) 고려. Gate Resistance(Rg): Gate Delay. nput mpedancenf 에영향미침. ntrinsic Cap: 정확한모델필요. 28

MESFET(MEtal Semiconductor FET): 구조및동작원리 동작 : Metal Schottky Junction 게이트로전류흐름제어 (JFET과유사 ) T ~ -1.7 High-Frequency 가능 : GaAs μn=6000cm 2 sec(1450 for Si) Gate Length=Short, e.g. 0.5μm, Region : elocity Saturation Region GS>0 GS<0 29

장점 High Electron Mobility MESFET 장점및단점 Schottky Junction 이용 : Low nput Cap ~ 0.2pF, Cgd<0.02pF(10%) fmax ~ 5*f T (f T =20GHz, fmax=100ghz) f 단점 T gm = 2πC C gc f max ft = 2 Ro R R i s High Flicker Corner Frequency(10MHz-100MHz) due to Lack of Surface Passivation(SiN instead of SiO2 for Si) Higher Output Conductance (100 500Ohm) (~Kohm for BJT) Low-Noise Mixer or Oscillator 등에부적합 R g 30

HEMT(High Electron Mobility Transistor) 2DEG(Dimension Electron Gas) 형성 : N-AlGaAs의 Donor들은 Binding Energy~0.01e로상온에서모두 onize=> 전자들 GaAs로이동 Space Charge 고려하면 Triangular Potential Well 형성 ( 깊이 100Α) No onized mpurity Scattering(Doping 거의없음 ) μn=7000cm 2 sec(2500 for Doped Material): High Electron Mobility 게이트전압 (<0) 인가 : N-AlGaAs Depletion 시킴, 더욱증가하면 2-DEG도 Depletion 시킴 -> 전류차단. 장점 : low NF (~0.85dB at10ghz) 31