기본연구보고서 11-08
2011 년경제 인문사회연구회녹색성장종합연구총서 신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업 활성화방안연구 1. 협동연구총서일련번호 연구보고서명 연구기관 11-02-17 녹색성장에너지산업의고용창출및전문인력양성방안연구 11-02-18 배출권할당이거래가격에미치는영향분석 : EU-ETS 를중심으로 11-02-19 배출규제가탄소누출에미치는영향분석및전망 11-02-20 11-02-21 온실가스감축행동의국내적측정 보고 검증 (MRV) 체계연구 신재생에너지의무할당제와온실가스감축규제정책믹스방안연구 11-02-22 스마트그리드시범사업성과평가기준설정연구 11-02-23 신재생에너지지역별지원정책개선방안연구 에너지경제연구원 11-02-24 신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업활성화방안연구 11-02-25 11-02-26 11-02-27 차세대에너지공급시스템기반구축연구 : 수소인프라투자행태의예측 - 에이전트기반모델링 차세대에너지공급시스템기반구축연구 : 미래수소경제경쟁력확보를위한수소공급가격및공급방안연구 차세대에너지공급시스템기반구축연구 : 가정용연료전지의에너지효율성및경제성분석연구 11-02-28 에너지이용효율을촉진하는에너지요금의설계 11-02-29 친환경 고효율자동차보급정책평가
협동연구총서일련번호 연구보고서명 연구기관 11-02-30 원자력발전의신규원전건설투자재원확보방안연구 11-02-31 한국의에너지빈곤규모추정에관한연구 11-02-32 11-02-33 11-02-34 11-02-35 11-02-36 11-02-37 에너지부문의기후변화대응과연계한녹색성장전략연구 : 녹색성장정책수단의성장동인화방안연구 에너지부문의기후변화대응과연계한녹색성장전략연구 : 녹색에너지산업의국제경쟁력강화방안 에너지기술수출산업화전략연구 : 그린에너지산업육성전략연구 에너지기술수출산업화전략연구 : 전력기술부문의동남아지역진출전략사례연구 저소비 고효율경제사회구축을위한국가에너지효율화추진전략연구 : 제조업업종별에너지효율평가및에너지절감잠재량추정 Ⅱ 시장친화형에너지가격체계구축종합연구 : 탄소세 배출권거래제도입의에너지가격파급효과 에너지경제연구원 2. 연구기관연구책임자참여연구진 주관연구기관 에너지경제연구원 이유수연구위원 협력연구기관 성신여자대학교 원두환교수
CO 2. CO 2..,...,.. 요약 i
.,.,,..,,.,,,,.. ii
., 50%,.,,,. 1 3%,,.,..,..,,., 요약 iii
...... LNG,.. RPS. RDF LNG. iv
. LNG. 2012.,..,.. 요약 v
.,.,., 2012 RPS.,.,.. vi
The efforts of each country all over the world which is trying to reduce the CO 2 emission related to combating climate change is increasing the proportion of investment in the facility of renewable energy. District heating and cooling(dhc) has also made contribution to the CO 2 reduction and efficient utilization of energy by supplying heat and electricity in the specific area using clean fuel. Recently, with increase in renewable energy use, DHC sector also is increasing the supply of heat and electricity using waste renewable energy instead of natural gas. However, the DHC in Korea has focused on the combined heat and power(chp) primarily using natural gas. This reason is that in metropolitan area, fuel and total amount of gas emission are regulated at the same time and the choice of fuel is limited. In addition, owing to increase in unstability of natural gas price, the development of low cost heating resource and unemployed energy are required. Under this circumstance, to substitute renewable energy thrown away for natural gas or invest related facility is expected to play an important role in DHC afterwards. Currently, DHC using renewable energy in Korea is in the initial stage, and waste incinerator and wood chip CHP only are under Abstract i
operation. But recently, many cases shows that DHC using renewable energy is in cooperation with municipality and DHC company. In Korea, in order to contribute to combating the designation of the obligatory greenhouse gas emission reduction and climate change agreement, we need to positively push forward with the use of renewable energy and the development of unemployed energy. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to develop renewable energy available in DHC, evaluate its feasibility, and prepare for appropriate measures for policy improvement. In Korea, DHC using renewable energy primarily supplies heat and electricity converting biomass and waste into energy. It needs to be expand because it improve the efficiency of energy use and solve the environmental problem by utilizing resources laid aside or thrown away among renewable energies. If we look at the example of the fuels utilization corresponding to this area, we can combust wood chip or wood pallet directly or use bioenergy producing methane gas by using food waste, livestock excretion, and swage sludge with high moisture content. In addition, we can utilize by burning waste and combusting refuse derived fuel(rdf). In Europe and Japan, the level of technology for the utilization of renewable energy based CHP is so high that DHC using renewable energy is widely spread across the country. However, DHC using ii
renewable energy is in the intial stage in Korea, although waste incinerator and wood chip CHP are under operation. Moreover, the bio and waste energy is practically not so much used in this area. The reason why we have trouble in converting these resources into energy is that there are a few problems related to the technology level, feasibility, institutional and policy support etc. The core technology is not sufficient to utilize these resources fully in this area, small size CHP has a problem concerning feasibility, and the legal regulation on waste resource needs to be amended. Despite this fact, the renewable energies we can utilize in DHC in the future are wood chip and RDF. These resources are well suited to DHC in Korea. So we conducted the analysis of feasibility on wood chip and RDF CHP compared to LNG CHP. The upper limit of the fuel price with competitiveness in wood chip and RDF CHP is far above the current fuel price in specific area not determined in the market and increase with the subsidy such as feed-in tariff(fit) and under renewable portfolio standard(rps). In particular, with the implementation of RPS in 2012, the maximum fuel price with competitiveness will be set higher because the renewable energy certificate(rec) can be traded in the market. From this result, DHC using renewable energy will have a incentive to be expanded in the related market with subsidy or grant increase. Abstract iii
The implication we can get through the feasibility analysis on wood chip and RDF is that the fuel price traded in the potential market may be higher than the current fuel price in specific area. The results show that it is important to secure the related fuel at the stable price by estimating what high fuel price can have the competitiveness in wood chip and RDF CHP compared to LNG CHP. In addition, owing to the possibility of increase in fuel price by demand increase with the implementation of RPS, we need to prepare for the policy measures for the promotion of DHC using renewable energy. However, these resources were used as the recycling of the material instead of converting into energy for a long time and they have no choice but to compete with each other in order to implement DHC using the renewable energy effectively. Accordingly, we should come up with a way to promote DHC converting biomass and waste into energy considering their recycling. In the first place, it has to do with institutional and legal regulation on waste. the current legal regulation classifies waste wood as only waste. If this waste wood is used as biomass energy, we need to apply other regulation unlike waste as other countries' cases. In addition, we need to select solid fuel through the test of waste wood and classify the remaining as only waste. Second, since there are changes in the amount of supply and demand to be caused iv
by the application of weighting by renewable in RPS, we need to adjust the allotment between the recycling of biomass and waste, and their energy use by carefully reviewing the weighting on them. For example, we need to control the demand between them by introducing quota system. Third, in order to solve the problem of stable fuel supply, we need to continue the fuel supply by expanding the scope of biomass or its imports from foreign countries. Abstract v
1 4 1. 4. 4. 5 2. 6. 6. 8 3. 10. 10. 11 13 1. 13. 13. 21 2. 24. 24. 26 차례 i
28 1. 28. 28. 29 2. 32. 32. 38 3. 42. 42. 44 46 1. 46 2. 47. : 47. (Refuse Drived Fuel, RDF) 70 3. 88. 88. 90 93 98 ii
< -1> 14 < -2> 15 < -3> 15 < -4> 18 < -5> 19 < -6> 19 < -7> 22 < -8> 23 < -9> 23 < -1> 3 29 < -2> (2010 ) 30 < -3> (2008 ) 31 < -4> 33 < -5> 33 < -6> 35 < -7> 36 < -8> 37 < -9> 39 < -1> (: ha) 48 < -2> 2010 50 < -3> 52 < -4> 53 차례 iii
< -5> 54 < -6> 2009 55 < -7> 57 < -8> LNG 59 < -9> 60 < -10> 61 < -11> 62 < -12> 63 < -13> ( ) 65 < -14> ( ) 66 < -15> RPS 68 < -16> (RPS ) 68 < -17> 71 < -18> 72 < -19> 73 < -20> 75 < -21> 76 < -22> RDF 78 < -23> RDF 78 < -24> RDF LNG 80 < -25> 81 < -26> RDF 81 < -27> 82 < -28> RDF 83 iv
< -29> RDF( ) 84 < -30> RDF( ) 85 < -31> RDF(RPS ) 87 [ -1] 49 차례 v
CO 2. CO 2..,,,,..,,., 제 Ⅰ 장서론 1
... (Feed In Tariff, FIT) 2012 (Renewable Portfolio Standard, RPS).,.., (RDF).. 2
,.,..,...,.,.. 제 Ⅰ 장서론 3
가. 집단에너지사업의신재생에너지활용필요성.....,. 4
.,,,,.,,,.... 나. 신재생에너지활용연료의분류.,,,,. 1),. 1) Resource Dynamics Corporation(2004), p. 2-2~3. 제 Ⅱ 장신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업의특성 5
,,,,,, (RDF),,..,,. (Coalbed Methane), (Wellhead Gas).,.. 가. 바이오에너지 3,,.. 6
,..,.,.,,... 2)..,.,. 2) (2007A), p. 17. 제 Ⅱ 장신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업의특성 7
36~45%. 60%. 3),..,,.,,,.. 나. 폐기물에너지. 3) (2007A), p. 18. 8
,..,.,.,,. MBT(Mechanical Biological Treatment) 4) (RDF).,. RDF 90%. RDF,. 5) 4) MBT. 5) (2010), p. 124. 제 Ⅱ 장신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업의특성 9
가. 바이오에너지,,,,.,.,,.., (IGCC).,,,.,. 10
. (RPS).,.,. 6) 나. 폐기물에너지,.,...., RDF 6) (2010), p. 114. 제 Ⅱ 장신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업의특성 11
,.,.. 12
가. 바이오에너지활용사례., (2009/20/EC). 2009 2008 4.3% 8.3Mtoe., 2009 2008 17.5% 25.2TWh. 13.2% 171.7ktoe. 7) < -1> (EU),,,,. 7) EurObserv'ER, The State of Renewable Energies in Europe, 2010. p. 57. 제 Ⅲ 장해외신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업사례 13
< 표 Ⅲ-1> 유럽연합주요국가들의바이오가스생산량 1) EU 2) 3) ( : ktoe) 2008 291.7 384.7 3,553.1 4,229.5 2009 265.5 386.7 3,561.2 4,213.4 2008 1,416.9 208.6 0.0 1,625.4 2009 1,474.4 249.5 0.0 1,723.9 2008 379.3 45.5 28.3 453.1 2009 442.3 45.2 38.7 526.2 2008 339.8 3.0 67.2 410.0 2009 361.8 5.0 77.5 444.3 2008 44.4 48.8 132.5 225.7 2009 39.2 48.9 179.8 267.9 2008 2,888.3 955.7 4,155.3 7,999.3 2009 2,996.8 1,008.4 4,340.9 8,346.0 < -2>,.. < -3>.,. 14
< 표 Ⅲ-2> 유럽연합의주요국가들의바이오가스에의한전력생산량 ( : GWh) 1) CHP 2008 8,837.0 1,142.0 9,979.0 2009 11,325.0 1,237.0 12,562.0 2008 4,844.9 460.0 5,304.9 2009 5,064.7 526.8 5,591.5 2008 1,290.8 308.7 1,599.5 2009 1,374.1 365.5 1,739.6 2008 83.0 651.0 734.0 2009 82.0 833.0 915.0 2008 605.6 94.7 700.3 2009 671.4 175.0 846.4 EU 2008 17,364.9 4,049.7 21,414.6 2009 20,394.0 4,773.4 25,167.4 < 표 Ⅲ-3> 유럽연합주요국가들의바이오가스에의한열생산량 ( : ktoe) 1) CHP 2008 8.2 10.9 19.1 2009 15.2 15.4 30.6 2008 5.4 19.5 24.8 2009 4.6 21.8 26.4 2008 21.8 1.0 22.8 2009 18.7 1.2 19.9 2008 0.4 12.7 22.1 2009 0.5 19.0 19.5 2008 0.0 16.4 16.4 2009 0.0 19.4 19.4 EU 2008 52.2 108.3 160.5 2009 52.0 121.8 173.8 제 Ⅲ 장해외신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업사례 15
,. 3,700, 120, 70.,. 8), 50.5%, 49.9%. 4,984, 1,093 2009 1,893MW. (feed in tariff). 2009 kwh 0.079 0.1167. 2008 2., 2009 4 444.3ktoe. 2009 200MW 200, 5 2,000MW. 2009 7 8) (2010), p. 108. 16
., 1MW kwh 0.28,. 9). (Department of Energy and Climate Change) 2009 1,723.9ktoe 85.5%. (Renewable Obligation Certificates).,. 10),.,. 300 65. 2009 74 90 6. 846.4GWh. kwh 0.078~0.093, 0.02 9) EurObserv'ER, The State of Renewable Energies in Europe, 2010, pp. 55~57. 10) EurObserv'ER, The State of Renewable Energies in Europe, 2010, p. 57. 제 Ⅲ 장해외신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업사례 17
0.00~0.031., 2009 72.5Mtoe. 2001 20.8TWh 2009 62.2TWh 14.7%. 5 2. 7.1GW 800. < 표 Ⅲ-4> 유럽연합주요국가들의고형바이오매스생산량 ( : Mtoe) 2008 2009 10.007 11.217 9.551 9.795 8.306 8.608 7.412 6.473 4.739 5.191 EU 70.300 72.500 18
< 표 Ⅲ-5> 유럽연합주요국가들의고형바이오매스에의한전력생산량 ( : TWh) 1) CHP 2008 8.213 3.080 11.293 2009 7.882 3.474 11.356 2008 0.000 8.932 8.932 2009 0.000 10.057 10.057 2008 1.588 8.469 10.057 2009 0.870 7.532 8.402 2008 0.000 3.200 3.200 2009 0.000 4.907 4.907 2008 1.228 1.335 2.563 2009 1.764 1.786 3.550 EU 2008 22.300 35.600 57.900 2009 23.300 38.900 62.200 < 표 Ⅲ-6> 유럽연합주요국가들의고형바이오매스에의한열생산량 ( : ktoe) 1) CHP 2008 0.766 1.413 2.179 2009 0.774 1.328 2.102 2008 0.246 1.019 1.265 2009 0.191 0.942 1.133 2008 0.312 0.223 0.536 2009 0.337 0.269 0.606 2008 0.219 0.314 0.533 2009 0.228 0.292 0.521 2008 0.110 0.149 0.259 2009 0.140 0.196 0.336 EU 2008 1.980 3.454 5.434 2009 1.991 3.483 5.473 제 Ⅲ 장해외신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업사례 19
10. 2005~2010 10~20%, 10% 2009 12.7%. 2010 5 Kaukaan Voima Oy, 385MW 80% 125MW., 2020 12m 3 3. 1991. CO 2 1 27 2009 108, 2008., 2010 2002 2020 25TWh.. 2009 150kW 20
kwh 0.1167, 500kW 0.0918, 5MW 0.0825, 20MW 0.0779., 20 1%. 11) 나. 폐기물에너지활용사례..,, RDF MBT. 12) 2009 7.7Mtoe, 15.4TWh, 1.9Mtoe. 11) EurObserv'ER, Solid Biomass Barometer, November 2010. pp. 129~131. 12) (2010), p. 126. 제 Ⅲ 장해외신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업사례 21
< 표 Ⅲ-7> 유럽연합주요국가들의도시폐기물로부터에너지생산량 ( : ktoe) 2008 2009 2,110.5 2,045.5 1,169.6 1,207.7 729.7 774.8 595.1 702.6 639.1 686.0 EU 7,491.6 7,709.3 60% 542.3ktoe. 1 1000 98toe. 1TWh, kwh 0.042. kwh 0.025., 2008 11 6 3.2. 2009 774.8ktoe. 1.6TWh, 2008. 13) 13) EurObserv'ER, Renewable Municipal Waste Barometer, 2010, pp. 95~99. 22
< 표 Ⅲ-8> 유럽연합주요국가들의도시폐기물에의한전력생산량 ( : GWh) 1) CHP 2008 3,360.0 1,146.0 4,506.0 2009 3,083.0 1,083.0 4,166.0 2008 1,205.0 676.0 1,881.0 2009 1,277.0 703.0 1,980.0 2008 634.8 921.4 1,556.2 2009 799.7 816.5 1,616.2 2008 357.0 1.051.0 1,408.0 2009 404.0 1,169.0 1,573.0 2008 952.1 273.8 1,225.9 2009 1,240.7 269.9 1,510.6 EU 2008 8,381.2 6,799.5 15,185.4 2009 8,536.1 6,840.2 15,376.3 < 표 Ⅲ-9> 유럽연합주요국가들의도시폐기물에의한열생산량 ( : ktoe) 1) CHP 2008 147.7 361.2 508.9 2009 169.1 355.8 525.0 2008 91.5 333.4 424.8 2009 110.0 380.1 490.1 2008 52.8 315.6 368.4 2009 35.8 316.9 352.7 2008 57.2 189.4 246.7 2009 58.4 195.1 253.5 2008 65.6 31.5 97.1 2009 81.5 38.1 119.6 EU 2008 455.3 1,405.7 1,861.0 2009 505.8 1,443.4 1,949.2 제 Ⅲ 장해외신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업사례 23
,. 2009 29 645.6ktoe, 1.2TWh 490.1ktoe., kwh 0.07,.,. 2009 69 19, 4.2TWh (kwh 0.04~0.08). 2008 129 13.5, 4. 2009 1.2Mtoe, 2TWh, kwh 0.00~0.03 kwh 0.045~0.05. 14) 가. 바이오에너지활용사례,, 14) EurObserv'ER, Renewable Municipal Waste Barometer, 2010, pp. 99~101. 24
., 90%. 2005 380. 3,420 TOE, 340 TOE, 3,080 TOE.,,.,...,.,,,., 2000 제 Ⅲ 장해외신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업사례 25
(Biomass R&D Act of 2000),,..,. 15) AgSTAR Program 1994 2010 162. 2010 453,000MW.. 나. 폐기물에너지활용사례 1997 2005 RDF 56, RDF 5 15) (2007B), pp. 116~118. 26
. RDF RDF RDF 10 20 RDF. 2005 RDF 315., 1990... Ames, Baltimore, Lakeland.., RDF RDF. RDF. RDF 1972 RDF, 30 RDF, 9 3. RDF,,. 제 Ⅲ 장해외신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업사례 27
가. 국내신재생에너지산업현황및여건,.. 16) 2008 2.58%. 74%, 8% 80%. 3 (2008) 2030 11%.. < -1> 2030 16) 3 2, 2007 1 2009 3, 2010 4.(, 2010, 2011, p. 196.). 28
, 30%. < 표 Ⅳ-1> 제 3 차기본계획에의한신재생에너지공급목표 2008 2010 2015 2020 2030 518 (8.1) 4.688 (73.7) 9 (0.1) 1) 1,144 (18.0) 987 (13.0) 5,097 (67.4) 43 (0.6) 1,440 (19.0) 2,210 (18.8) 6,316 (53.8) 280 (2.4) 2,924 (24.9) 4,211 (24.0) 7,764 (44.3) 544 (3.1) 5,001 (28.5) 10,357 (31.4) 11,021 (33.4) 1,261 (3.8) 10,388 (31.5) 2008~2030 (%) 6,360 7,566 11,731 17,520 33,027 7.8 2) 2.58% 2.98% 4.33% 6.08% 11.0% - ( : TOE) 14.6 4.0 25.5 10.5 나. 집단에너지사업관련신재생에너지연료의잠재량.,,., 제 Ⅳ 장국내사업현황및문제점 29
..,,, 141,855 TOE., 11,656 TOE., 6,171 TOE. 17) < -2>. < 표 Ⅳ-2> 바이오매스에너지잠재자원량 (2010년) ( : TOE/ ) 141,855 11,656 6,171 (%) 100 8.2 4.4 17), 2010, 2011, pp. 165~167. 30
,, 863 TOE 577 TOE. 369 TOE. 18),. < 표 Ⅳ-3> 폐기물에너지잠재자원량 (2008년) ( : TOE/ ) 863 577 369 (%) 100 67 14.. 18), 2010, 2011, 191. 제 Ⅳ 장국내사업현황및문제점 31
. 가. 바이오에너지시장과보급현황,,.,,,. 330 toe. 19) 2007 6,400 774, 2.1% 16. 2012 20),.,, 19), RD&D 2030- (), p. 4. 20) 2012, 2013. 32
. 2010 50 2009 1. 2010. < 표 Ⅳ-4> 유기성폐자원에너지화시설현황및시설처리용량 ( :, / ) 2009 9 2 5 20 (22,468) (298) (1,633) (22,468) 2010 7 2 6 20 (23,595) (298) (1,160) (23,595) 13 (12,905) 15 (15,180) 49 (37,894) 50 (40,743), 2010 157,074 m 3 2009 12.4%. 79.2%, 20.8%. < 표 Ⅳ-5> 유기성폐자원에의한바이오가스생산및이용량 ( : m3/, %) 2009 139,799 18,794 4,798 86,342 109,934 (100.0) - - - (78.6) 2010 157,074 25,811 9,701 88,886 124,398 (100.0) - - - (79.2) 29,865 (21.4) 32,676 (20.8) 제 Ⅳ 장국내사업현황및문제점 33
,,. 21).. 22),.., 69 < -4> 20.,.,.. (80 /, 2004 ), (100 /, 2008 ), (100 /, 2008 ),, 21) (2010), p. 104. 22) (2010), p. 105. 34
.,.,. CDM. < 표 Ⅳ-6> 국내바이오가스생산매립시설현황 (M W ) (m 3 / ) 50 550 2007 5 50 2001 2 20 2003 3.4 64 2003 1 10 2004 1 10 2002 1 10 2005 1 10 2005 2 20 2002 2 20 2003 50G cal/h 232 2002 1.5 130 2006 30 2002 SK : & (2010.12.17), p. 45; (2010), p. 104. 제 Ⅳ 장국내사업현황및문제점 35
250 15. 5MW.., 2004 2009 10%. 50%. 2005. < 표 Ⅳ-7> 매립가스의발전량및신재생발전비중 ( : MWh) (A) 1) (B) A/B(%) 2004 146,927 4,329,362 57,314 4,533,603 3.2 2006 154,521 3,468,233 276,614 3,899,368 4.0 2008 412,996 3,070,457 744,022 4,227,475 9.8 2009 448,728 2,821,530 1,347,628, 4,617,886 9.7 : 1),,,. 2) 2004 95.5% 2009 61.1%. :, 2009, 2010.12. 36
2013 25.,.,,,.,,,,., 2~5kWh/ton 0.5%.,,. 23) < 표 Ⅳ-8> 우드칩을이용한열병합발전현황 (ton/ ) + 25,000 WCF + 60,000 WCF + 80,000 WCF + 200,000 RDF/WCF :, Waste to Energy Report, Vol 1 /Vol, 2009.12. 23) (2009.12), p. 243. 제 Ⅳ 장국내사업현황및문제점 37
.,,., 4,000~5,000kcal/kg, 8~13%.,. 24). 나. 폐기물에너지시장과보급현황 (RDF),.,., 1980 1990. 1990 RDF 24) (2009.12), pp. 243~244. 38
. 25).., 2006 42 552 Gcal 89% 489 Gcal. 23% 113 Gcal, 77%,,. 26) < 표 Ⅳ-9> 생활폐기물소각로폐열회수및이용현황 ( / ) ( / ) (Gcal/ )(a) (Gcal/ ) (b) (b/a, %) 42 12,468 9,081 5,521,278 4,891,184 1,133,708 3,757,476 89 :, 2006, 2007.7;, Waste to Energy Report, Vol 1 /Vol, 2009.12. 80%, 25) (2010), pp. 127~128. 26) (2009.12), p. 26. 제 Ⅳ 장국내사업현황및문제점 39
57% 213 Gcal, 43%.,.. 27) 2013 17, 20 24.,,.,. 2,.,.,, 27) (2010), pp. 128. 40
. 28),, 8 1~3 2013 47% 182. RDF 20(5,455 / ) 6(2,180 / ), 2020 RDF 29(7,855 / ), 10(2,830 / ). RDF 2~10 RDF RDF..,.. 28) (2009.12), p. 28. 제 Ⅳ 장국내사업현황및문제점 41
,..,.,,... 가. 바이오에너지사업의문제. 42
. 2009 7..,,....,..,,...,. 제 Ⅳ 장국내사업현황및문제점 43
. RPS,. 나. 폐기물에너지사업의문제,.,.,,.,. 90%,.,. RDF 44
RDF,.,,. RDF. RDF RDF, RPS. RDF. 제 Ⅳ 장국내사업현황및문제점 45
....,,.,. 2012 RPS, 1.5 46
. (RDF).,. RDF.. 가. 목질계바이오매스 : 우드칩..,,. 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 47
,.. 1980 657 ha 2010 636 ha 660ha., 1980 325 ha 2010 258 ha. < 표 Ⅴ-1> 국내산림면적추이 ( 단위 : ha) 1980 6,567,772 3,249,122 1,148,282 1,898,952 5,360 241,262 1985 6,531,102 3,280,676 1,158,499 1,823,027 5,360 244,403 1990 6,476,030 3,078,827 1,389,215 1,809,717 7,997 174,438 1995 6,451,885 2,876,829 1,668,200 1,710,368 8,056 188,432 2000 6,422,128 2,711,421 1,665,550 1,885,247 6,087 153,823 2005 6,393,949 2,698,574 1,659,128 1,874,586 7,040 154,621 2006 6,389,393 2,695,398 1,660,019 1,868,951 7,039 157,986 2007 6,382,449 2,686,649 1,661,535 1,861,655 7,039 165,571 2008 6,374,875 2,679,803 1,659,173 1,853,447 7,039 175,413 2009 6,370,304 2,671,924 1,657,271 1,844,205 7,039 189,865 2010 6,368,843 2,580,629 1,718,916 1,864,925 7,039 197,334 48
.. 1980 115 ha 2010 171 ha 56 ha 5,360ha 7,039ha.. 1980 1 4,569 m 3 2010 8 m 3.,. ha 1980 22.18m 3 2010 125.61m 3 30 6. 400 350 300 [ 그림 Ⅴ-1] 국내임목축적추이 250 200 150 100 침엽수 활엽수 혼효림 50 0 19801985199019952000200520062007200820092010 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 49
,. < -2> 2010, III IV. 2010 III 140 ha 15,731 m 3, IV 226 ha 30,688 m 3. < 표 Ⅴ-2> 2010 년영급별산림면적및임목축적 I II III IV V VI (ha) (100m3) 161,110 466,062 1,396,294 2,261,794 1,387,726 492,484. 26,672 157,316 306,880 218,074 91,083. II, III, IV. (2005) II, III, IV 30m 3 /ha. 2010 II, III, IV 4,124,150ha 123,745 m 3. 50
.,,,. 29),,,.. 30) III IV, III, IV. 2009 63,657ha 24,0487ha. 31),,,,,. 29) (2005), pp. 35~45. 30) 15 5~10 2~3.,. 31) (2010), p. 213. 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 51
, 2005 2,863ha 2009 11,429ha,,. 32) < 표 Ⅴ-3> 산림폐잔재가발생하는산림사업실적 (ha) (ha) 2005 62541 121537 2863 23349 6343 1587 6638 2006 56287 122937 8125 26056 6140 1754 5639 2007 47173 128917 9473 34161 6738 1589 5512 2008 49627 166366 8959 29161 6674 792 17660 2009 63657 240487 11429 84174 8323 5447 15532.. 33),, ha 2,360, 6cm 1,776, 8cm~12cm 429, 14cm~18cm 117, 20cm 38. 44.6m 3 /ha 32) (2010). 33) (2005), p. 38. 52
20Cm, 31.8m 3 /ha. 34) ha 34.8m 3 (2005).. 35). 0.6, 0.85, 1.29, 1.22, 1.26. < 표 Ⅴ-4> 산림사업별조재율과수종별지상부확장계수 0.85 1.29 0.85 1.22 0.85 1.26 0.6 34) (2004). 35) (2006). 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 53
2009 11,954 m 3 9,672 m 3 2,282m 3.. 200 m 3 764 m 3 3.5. (). 44 m 3, 30 m 3, 29 m 3, 124 m 3., 1 m 3. < 표 Ⅴ-5> 산림폐잔재발생량추정치 2005 1,989 3,865 257 407 184 32 90 6,824 2006 1,790 3,909 243 513 209 24 70 6,759 2007 1,500 4,100 299 709 220 21 90 6,938 2008 1,578 5,290 347 685 228 16 85 8,230 2009 2,024 7,647 448 1,245 300 36 253 11,954 54
.,.,,,. 2009 ( ) 6,121, 2,777, 2,219, 1,124.,, 60%. < 표 Ⅴ-6> 2009 년도심폐목재일일발생현황 2,340 436 2,777 2,219 1,124 6,121 402 0 402 0 0 402 1,125 0 1,125 570 339 2,034 813 436 1,250 1,648 785 3,684 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 55
.,. 2,436 / 899,468. 1 1.67m 3 1,485,412m 3. 1,343 m 3., 10% 1,221 m 3. 2,500kcal/kg, 3,054,408toe 132 toe. 1000 478 CO 2, CO 2 1 19,000, 900 CO 2. 36) 36) (2010, p. 74.). 56
< 표 Ⅴ-7> 목질계바이오매스생산가능량추정및효과 37) 13,439,397 m 3 12,217,633 m 3 3,054,408 TOE 22,633,116 bbl CO 2 9,284,383 CO 2 CO 2 139,266... 38). LNG. 37),. 38). (2007) (2005) 10/, (2007) 24/. 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 57
.. 39) 3MW, 6.2Gcal/h.. 40). (2006). 158/kW..., kw 684, 3MW 205. LNG 1/3. 41) LNG 39) (2007), pp. 323~324. 40) (2006, 2007); (2010), p. 1025. 58
. LNG kw 267 3MW 80. < 표 Ⅴ-8> 우드칩및 LNG 열병합발전설비단가 ( : ) LNG CHP 971 0 971 243 0 243 DH 0 1,638 1,638 0 410 410 HOB 0 330 330 0 83 83 0 311 311 0 311 311 0 727 727 0 727 727 380 1,171 1,582 1,351 4,177 5,527 243 1,530 1,773 90 280 370 90 280 370 204 632 836 102 316 418 27 82 109 27 82 109 24% 1,672 5,171 6,842 462 2,208 2,670 41) LNG, 3MW 200, LNG 1/3. 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 59
(87%),. 6,693TOE, 85% 1 7,874TOE. 42) 22,864MWh 91,454m 3. < 표 Ⅴ-9> 열병합발전설비의에너지생산량 22,864MWh 91,545m 3 6,693TOE 1,966TOE 4,727TOE 25% 60% 85% 1 7,874TOE.. 1,700kcal/kg 4,500kca/kg. 43), 4,500kcal/kg. 2,500kcal/kg. 42) (2009), pp. 39~46. 43) (2007), p. 8. 60
2000kcal/kg, 2500kcal/kg, 3000kcal/kg. 1, 7,874TOE 26,246ton 39,370ton. LNG 10,500kcal/m 3 LNG 750 m 3. < 표 Ⅴ-10> 발열량에따른우드칩의수요량 LNG 2,000Kcal/kg 2,500kcal/kg 3,000kcal/kg 10,500kcal/m 3 39,370,000kg 31,496,000kg 26,246,667kg 7,499,048m 3 4% 3%. 47,251Gcal 45,381Gcal, 22,864MWh 686MWh 22,178MWh. 2010 SMP. 2010 SMP 116.29 /kwh.,,. 2010 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 61
52.4 /Mcal. kwh 15.,. 49 6. 20., LNG. < 표 Ⅴ-11> 열과전기생산량및판매수익 ( /kwh, Mcal) (MWh) 22,864 116.29 () (MWh) 686 (MWh) 22,178 2,579,080 (Gcal) 45,381 52.48 2,381,640 4,960,720 62
< 표 Ⅴ-12> 우드칩열병합발전의연간추가비용 () () 1() 956,631 956,631 2 956,631 911,078 3 956,631 867,693 4 956,631 826,374 5 956,631 787,023 6 956,631 749,546 7 956,631 713,853 8 956,631 679,860 9 956,631 647,486 10 956,631 616,653 11 956,631 587,289 12 956,631 559,323 13 956,631 532,688 14 956,631 507,322 15 956,631 483,164 16 956,631 460,156 17 956,631 438,244 18 956,631 417,375 19 956,631 397,500 20 956,631 378,572 12,517,830 12,517. 5% 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 63
44) 20 956. LNG LNG. 2010 LNG 609.15 /m 3, LNG 4,568. 3,611.. 2,000kcal/kg LNG 91,735 /., 2,500kcal/kg 11,4669 /, 3,000kcal/kg 13,7603 /. 44), 5%. 64
< 표 Ⅴ-13> 경쟁력이발생하는우드칩가격 ( 무보조 ) LNG 609.18 /m 3 LNG 4,568,269 (kcal/kg) 3,611,638 2,000 91,735 / 2,500 114,669 / 3,000 137,603 / (Feed in Tariff),. 15 /kwh. LNG 332,670. 20 4,353,094. 8,164, 20 623,961. 2,000kcal/kg 100,185, 25,00kcal/kg 125,232, 3,000kcal/kg 150,278. 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 65
< 표 Ⅴ-14> 경쟁력이발생하는우드칩가격 ( 발전차액포함 ) LNG 609.18 /m 3 LNG 4,568,269 3,944,308 2,000 100,185 / (kcal/kg) 2,500 125,232 / 3,000 150,278 /, 121,494 /, 45) 93,786 /. 46) (2007) 642,713 / 61,712 /, 24/. 12,, 2,500kcal/kg,., 2012 (RPS). 45) (2007), pp. 2~3. 46) (2005), pp. 40~43. 66
RPS. 332,670. 2012 RPS, (Renewable Energy Certificate, REC). RPS (REC) RPS REC 150%. REC REC. REC 2011 MWh 26AUD. 47) 1,130 REC 29,380 /MWh 1kWh 29.3. RPS RPS. 1.5 RPS. 48) 1.5 REC 44.07 /KWh 977. 47) http://localpower.net.au/recs.htm 48) http://www.knrec.or.kr/knrec/index.asp 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 67
< 표 Ⅴ-15> 우드칩열병합발전소의발전차액지원과 RPS의보조금비교 ( ) () smp+15 332,670 RPS 29.38 651,590 RPS( 1.5) 44.07 977,384 RPS, REC 977,384 20. 20 12,789,383 12,517,830. 2,000kcal/kg 116,561 /, 2,500kcal/kg 14,5701 /, 3,000kcal/kg 17,4842 / RPS. < 표 Ⅴ-16> 경쟁력이발생하는우드칩가격 (RPS 도입시 ) LNG 609.18 /m 3 LNG 4,568,269 4,589,022 2,000 116,561 / (kcal/kg) 2,500 145,701 / 3,000 174,842 / 68
LNG. 3,000kcal/kg 137,603 /. 150,278 /, RPS 174,842 /.,,.. (2007). 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 69
나. 고형폐기물 (Refuse Drived Fuel, RDF) (RDF), RDF. 49) RDF..,,..,. RDF,,. 49) Dong and Lee(2009), pp. 1727~1729. 70
5. 2005 48,398 / 2009 50,906 /.. 2005 60.3% 2006 37.9% 2009 35%. 2006. 2009 62.2% 2005. 27%. 50) (%) < 표 Ⅴ-17> 국내생활계폐기물발생추이 ( / ) 2005 48,398-3.2 29,213 12,977 5,473 2,262 8,501 4,457 14,728-2006 48,844 0.9 18,520 1,909 5,165 2,308 9,138 4,217 14,644 11,463 2007 50,346 3.1 18,159 698 5,586 2,425 9,450 3,778 14,656 13,754 2008 52,072 3.4 18,493 1,116 5,136 2,430 9,811 4,905 14,648 14,026 2009 50,906-2.2 17,977 417 4,915 2,341 10,304 3,713 15,515 13,701 50) (2010), p. 288. 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 71
. 2005 112,419 / 2009 123,604 /. 2008 2009.,,,,,,,. 2009 29,257 / 3. 2005 27.6% 2009 23.6%. < 표 Ⅴ-18> 국내사업장배출시설계폐기물발생추이 (%) 2005 112,419 7.0 30,876 573 1,368 6,451 2,489 19,067 928 81,543 2006 101,099-1.1 36,076 483 1,258 7,563 7,892 17,115 1,763 65,023 2007 114,807 13.5 30,887 403 1,666 6,882 2,315 17,627 1,994 83,920 2008 130,777 13.9 29,798 252 1,649 6,766 2,388 17,044 1,699 100,979 2009 123,604-5.5 29,257 168 2,219 7,109 2,551 15,275 1,935 94,347 72
.. 2009 15,275 / 52.2%. 51) 5, 2005 134,906 / 2009 183,351 /.,,,.,,,,.,,,,,,. < 표 Ⅴ-19> 국내건설폐기물발생추이 2005 134,906 94,303 3,697 1,009 22 1 4,728 35,377 2006 168,985 132,955 1,773 947 16 2 2,736 32,807 2007 172,005 141,157 727 948 12 1 1,687 28,843 2008 176,447 143,053 923 1,266 14 1 2,203 30,035 2009 183,351 149,715 1,125 901 40 27 2,066 30,740 51) (2010), p. 295. 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 73
2009 81.6% 1.1%... 2009 2,093 / 1,125 / 901 /. < -20>,,,.,.. 65%.., 2012.,. 74
< 표 Ⅴ-20> 폐기물처리현황 2005 48,398 13,402 7,753 27,243 2006 48,844 12,601 8,321 27,922 2007 50,346 11,882 9,348 29,116 2008 52,072 10,585 10,349 31,138 2009 50,906 9,471 10,309 31,126 2005 112,419 16,604 7,326 76,957 11,532 2006 101,099 8,897 7,709 74,761 9,732 2007 114,807 22,503 7,478 76,740 8,086 2008 130,777 24,285 6,937 92,615 6,940 2009 123,604 27,531 6,926 82,155 6,992 2005 134,906 3,491 871 130,451 93 2006 168,985 3,935 1,179 163,871 2007 172,005 3,169 1,131 167,705 2008 176,447 2,914 1,423 172,110 2009 183,351 2,792 1,283 179,276 2009 63,026 /. 50.3%, 13,701 /. 46.4% 29,257 /. 3.3%. 52) 52) (2010). 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 75
< 표 Ⅴ-21> 가연성폐기물발생현황 ( / ) ( / ) 417 43.9 0.11 4,915 97.7 0.02 2,341 813.3 0.35 10,304 663.5 0.06 13,701 13,334.3 0.97 31,678 14,952.7 0.47 168 138.3 0.82 2,219 1,648.8 0.74 7,109 3,916.5 0.55 2,551 2,082.7 0.82 15,275 5,148.9 0.34 1,935 526.5 0.27 29,257 13,461.7 0.46 1,125 785.2 0.70 901 154.2 0.17 40 0.6 0.02 27 0.3 0.01 2,093 940.3 0.45 63,028 29,354.7 0.47 RDF. 76
Dong and Lee(2009) RDF RDF. Dong and Lee,,.. 90% (RDF). 80%. RDF 22,570 RDF 8,397, 6,140, 8,050. RDF RDF 4,937kcal/kg, RDF 6,528kcal/kg, RDF 2,400kcal/kg RDF. RDF 36,780,904Gcal RDF. 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 77
< 표 Ⅴ-22> RDF 생산잠재량추산 + ( / ) RDF ( / ) RDF ( / ) (kcal/kg) (Gcal) 16,725.3 50.1% 8,379.37 3,058,471 4,937 15,099,676 6,821.9 90.0% 6,139.71 2,240,994 6,528 14,629,209 10,126.1 79.5% 8,050.24 2,938,341 2,400 7,052,018 33,673.3 22,569.33 8,237,807 36,780,904 RDF 367 TOE 2,725. RDF CO 2. RDF 301 CO 2 1CO 2 19,000 573. < 표 Ⅴ-23> RDF 바이오매스생산가능량추정및효과 12,290,754 ton RDF 3,678,090 toe 27,254,650 bbl CO 2 3,018,645 CO 2 CO 2 57,354 : (2010, p. 74). 78
RDF. RDF, RDF RDF. RDF LNG RDF. RDF, RDF. RDF. 3MW, 6.2Gcal/h. RDF. RDF, RDF. 53) RDF 487/kW, 3MW 53) (2010), p. 79. 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 79
146. LNG KW 267 3MW 80. RDF CHP LNG CHP CHP 971 0 971 242.75 0 242.75 0.136934 DH 0 863 863 0 409.5 409.5 HOB 0 330 330 0 82.5 82.5 0 311 311 0 311 311 0 727 727 0 727 727 190 585 775 1,161 2,816 3,977 242.75 1,530 1,772.75 90 280 370 90 280 370 < 표 Ⅴ-24> RDF 및 LNG 열병합발전설비단가 102 316 418 102 316 418 27 82 109 27 82 109 ( : ) 24% 1,190 3,684 4,874 461.75 2,208 2,669.75 (87%). 6,693TOE, 85% 1 7,874TOE. 22,864MWh 91,454m 3 80
. < 표 Ⅴ-25> 열병합발전설비의에너지생산량 22,864MWh 91,545m 3 1,966TOE 4,727TOE 6,693TOE 25% 60% 85% 1 7,874TOE RDF RDF. RDF RDF. Dong and Lee(2009) RDF 2,400kcal/kg 6,528kcal/kg, 3,526kcal/kg. RDF RDF 2,500kcal/kg, 3,500kcal/kg, 6,500kcal/kg. < 표 Ⅴ-26> 발열량에따른 RDF의수요량 RDF LNG 2,500Kcal/kg 3,500kcal/kg 6,500kcal/kg 10,500kcal/m 3 31,496,000kg 22,497,143kg 12,113,846kg 7,499,048m 3 7,874TOE RDF 31,496 /, 22,497 /, 12,114 /. LNG 10,500kcal/m 3 LNG 750 m 3. 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 81
, 4%, 3%. 47,251Gcal 45,381Gcal, 22,864MWh 686MWh 22,178MWh. < 표 Ⅴ-27> 열과전기생산량및판매수익 ( /kwh, Mcal) (MWh) 22,864 116.29 () (MWh) 686 (MWh) 22,178 2,579,080 (Gcal) 45,381 52.48 2,381,640 4,960,720 2010 SMP 116.29 /kwh 52.4 /Mcal. RDF kwh 15.. 49 6 20. 82
< 표 Ⅴ-28> RDF 열병합발전의연간추가비용 () () 1() 505,356 505,356 2 505,356 481,292 3 505,356 458,373 4 505,356 436,546 5 505,356 415,758 6 505,356 395,960 7 505,356 377,105 8 505,356 359,147 9 505,356 342,045 10 505,356 325,757 11 505,356 310,245 12 505,356 295,471 13 505,356 281,401 14 505,356 268,001 15 505,356 255,239 16 505,356 243,085 17 505,356 231,510 18 505,356 220,485 19 505,356 209,986 20 505,356 199,987 6,612,750. RDF 6,612. 20 5% 505. RDF LNG 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 83
RDF. 2010 LNG 609.15 /m 3, LNG 4,568. RDF LNG RDF RDF. RDF 4,062,913 RDF. < 표 Ⅴ-29> 경쟁력이발생하는 RDF가격 ( 무보조 ) LNG 609.18 /m 3 LNG 4,568,269 RDF 4,062,913 RDF (kcal/kg) 2,500 128,997 / 3,500 RDF 180,596 / 6,500 335,394 / RDF RDF. RDF 2,500kcal/kg RDF 128,998 /, 3,500kcal/kg RDF 180,596 /, 84
6,500 RDF 335,394 /. RDF. RDF 15 /kwh RDF. RDF LNG 332,670. 20 4,353,094. RDF RDF 2,259 20 505,356. RDF RDF 2,500kcal/kg 139,560, 3,500kcal/kg 195,384, 6,500kcal/kg 362,856. < 표 Ⅴ-30> 경쟁력이발생하는 RDF 가격 ( 발전차액포함 ) LNG 609.18 /m 3 LNG 4,568,269 RDF 4,395,583 RDF (kcal/kg) 2,500 139,560 / 3,500 RDF 195,384 / 6,500 362,856 / RDF RDF RDF RDF 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 85
. Dong and Lee(2009) RDF RDF $109.9/ton kg 120 RDF 2,500kcal/kg. RDF. (2011) RDF RDF RDF 101,614 /. RDF RDF. RDF RDF RDF, RDF. RDF, RDF RDF. 2012 (RPS) RDF. RPS RDF REC, REC 1kWh 29.3. RDF REC, RDF. REC 86
651,590 LNG RDF 4,714,503. 2,500kcal/kg RDF 149,685 /, 3,500kcal/kg 209,560 /, 6,500kcal/kg 389,183 / RDF. RPS REC RPS < 표 Ⅴ-31> 경쟁력이발생하는 RDF 가격 (RPS 도입시 ) LNG 609.18 /m 3 LNG 4,568,269 RDF 4,714,503 2,500 149,685 / RDF (kcal/kg) 3,500 RDF 209,560 / 6,500 389,183 / RDF LNG RDF. RDF RDF RDF 3,500kcal/kg RDF 180,596 /, RDF 195,384 / 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 87
, RPS 209,560 /. RDF RDF 30%~70%, RDF. Caputo et al.(2004) RDF, RDF. RDF RDF RDF RDF. RDF LNG RDF.. 가. 경제성분석의시사점 RDF. 88
. 54)., RDF LNG.. 2012.. RDF 54), 30,000~40,000, RDF RDF 25,000. 33). 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 89
.., 2012 2%. RDF.. 나. 신재생에너지활용집단에너지사업의활성화방안....,. 90
..,.,,..,., 2002 RPS. 1.5.,... RDF, 제 Ⅴ 장신재생에너지의집단에너지부문활용가능성검토 91
.,. EFB(Empty Fruit Bunch) PKS(Palm Kernel Shell).,.,.. LNG. RPS. 92
. CO 2,.,...,.,,. 제 Ⅵ 장결론및정책적시사점 93
...,,.,.,,..,... 94
. LNG,.. RPS. RDF LNG.... LNG 제 Ⅵ 장결론및정책적시사점 95
. 2012.... 2012 RPS...,..,. 96
, RPS.,.,.,., LNG. RPS. 제 Ⅵ 장결론및정책적시사점 97
, 2005 (2010),, 2010 (2010) "MBT, 420-425. (2008), RDF,. (2010),,. (2010),. (2009),,. (2010),, 2010 (2011), 2010. (2010) 40. (2006), RPS. 98
(2007), -. (2005),,. (2005),. (2010),. (2007A), RD&D 2030 ( ). (2007B), RD&D 2030 () (2007C), RD&D 2030 ( ). (2011), 2010. (2009),,. & (2010.12.17),,. (2010),. (2010) 2010-244. (2007)., :. (2004),, 참고문헌 99
161 2-3. (2005),,:, 4(1):37-46. (2003),. (2009), Waste to Energy Report, Vol 1 /Vol. (2011), RDF,. (2010),. (2010), ( ). (2010), 2009. (2011.7), 2010. (2004),. Bae, Sung-Ho(2011), "A Study on the Economic Analysis and Optical Project Model of Woodchip Cogeneration Systems", Korean J. Chem. Eng 28(4):1023-1028. Caputo, A., Palumbo, M., & Scacchia, F.(2004), Perspective of RDF Use in Decentralized Areas: Comparing Power and Cogeneration Solution, Applied Thermal Engineering, 24: 100
2171-2187. Dong, T. & Lee, B. Y.(2009), Analysis of Potential RDF Resources from Solid Waste and Their Energy Values in the Largest Industrial City of Korea, Waste Management(29): 1725-1731. EurObserv'ER(2010), The State of Renewable Energies in Europe. (November 2010), Biogas Barometer. (November 2010), Renewable Municipal Waste Barometer. Resource Dynamics Corporation(August 2004), Combined Heat and Power Market Potential for Opportunity Fuels, Distributed Energy Program Report, U.S. Department of Energy. 참고문헌 101