Symposium J Korean Orthop Assoc 2019; 54: Management of Elderly Patients with Spinal Diseas

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Symposium J Korean Orthop Assoc 2019; 54: 9-17 https://doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.2019.54.1.9 www.jkoa.org Management of Elderly Patients with Spinal Disease 9 pissn : 1226-2102, eissn : 2005-8918 고령척추질환자의치료 : 중재적비수술치료 박수안 가톨릭대학교의정부성모병원정형외과 Management of Elderly Patients with Spinal Disease: Interventional Nonsurgical Treatment Soo-An Park, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu St. Mary s Hospital, Uijeongbu, Korea Owing to the upward shift in age structure, there is an increasing number of spinal diseases specific to elderly patients. Elderly spinal patients typically have a poor general condition with several medical comorbidities, low bone mineral density, more extensive and severe degeneration, and less effective treatment outcomes than young patients. This is why spinal physicians need to establish interventional nonsurgical treatment modalities for elderly patients with spinal disease. The objective of this study was to define the spinal disorders problematic to elderly patients and discuss the nonsurgical treatments for each subject. Key words: elderly, spinal disease, treatment 서론 모든인간은고령화과정을통해서육체적, 정신적기능이쇠퇴 하고재생, 치유능력이감소하는자연적, 생리적인노화과정을 거치게된다. 출산율감소와기대수명의증가로인하여전세계 인구의연령별구조또한저연령인구감소와고령인구증가의 고령화과정이진행되고있다. 전세계인구의출산율변화는 1950 년대의한여성당 5.0 명출 산이 2000 년대에는 2.5 명으로감소하였고, 향후에는더욱감소할 것으로예상된다. 그에반해출생이후의기대수명은 1950 년대에 Received January 27, 2018 Revised February 22, 2018 Accepted March 13, 2018 Correspondence to: Soo-An Park, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu St. Mary s Hospital, 271 Cheonbo-ro, Uijeongbu 11765, Korea TEL: +82-31-820-3945 FAX: +82-31-847-3671 E-mail: sooan.park@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-5973 Soo-An Park s current affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Parkweonwook Hospital, 4 Gwangan-ro, Suyeong-gu, Busan 48298, Korea. 46.5세에서 2000년에는 66세로증가하였고, 2045년에는 76세에도달할것으로예측된다. 60세이상인구의기대여명또한 2000년에 18.8세, 2045년에는 22.2세로지속적으로증가하는추세이다. 1) 2000년의세계인구평균나이는 29.7세였고, 2050년에는 38.8 세, 2100년에는 45.5세가될것으로예상된다. 전체인구중 60세이상의인구비율은 2000년에 10%, 2050년 22%, 2100년에는 32% 에이를것이다. 인구구조의고령화에의해서고령인구는수적증가와함께평균나이또한더욱고령화될전망이다. 2) Fehlings 등 1) 은이러한세계인구의고령화로인해서척추질환의역학 (epidemiology) 또한변화하고있다고보고하였으며, 고령환자에서특히문제가될수있는척추질환에서의 5가지주제를발표하였다. 여기에는고령환자의척추외상, 고령환자의퇴행성척추질환, 고령환자의척추를다루기위해서고려해야하는수술술기적문제, 고령환자척추질환치료에대한노력대비성과의경제적문제, 그리고고령환자의척추변형문제가포함된다. 본연구에서는척추질환중에서고령환자에서빈번히발생하며, 특히문제가될만한척추질환을선별하고이에대하여적용 The Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association Volume 54 Number 1 2019 Copyright 2019 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

10 Soo-An Park 가능한중재적비수술치료방법에대하여토론하고자한다. 고령환자의척추외상 고령환자에서문제가되는척추외상으로는추체압박골절, 노인성치아돌기골절 (geriatric odontoid fracture), 외상성중심척수증후군 (traumatic central cord syndrome) 등이주로거론된다. 1) 1. 추체압박골절추체압박골절환자에대해서척추보조기를채울수있는데, 단단한보조기 (rigid brace), 덜단단한 (semi-rigid) 보조기, 그리고부드러운 (soft) 보조기를선택적으로사용할수있다. 단단한보조기는척추에가해지는힘을수동적으로줄이는측면에서는가장우수하지만착용하기불편하고, 피부문제같은 2차적문제를만들기때문에점점사용하지않고있다. 그러한이유로요즘에는단단한보조기보다는덜단단한보조기를채우고환자스스로자세를조절하도록하는방식의치료를주로하고있다. 3) 척추보조기는중기의치료기간동안통증과장애를개선하는것으로알려져있고, 그중에서백팩 (backpack) 형태의덜단단한흉요추보조기가추체압박골절에대한최적의보조기로지지를얻고있다. 하지만척추보조기를착용하는것만으로는추체골절의압박이쐐기형으로진행하는것을예방하지못한다는것이일반적의견이다. 4) 척추보조기와더불어적절한물리치료 (physiotherapy) 와조기보행으로침상안정기간을최소화해야한다. 운동이추체압박골절에미치는영향은통증경감측면에서는증거가부족하지만신전근강화와균형감의개선에도움이되고, 더불어골밀도를개선시킴으로써새로운추체압박골절을예방하는데기여하는것으로알려져있다. 5) 치료의예는제3요추이하골절은벨트형 (belt-type) 의요추보조기, 제2요추이상골절은백팩형의덜단단한보조기를 6주간착용시키는것이다. 가능한한조기에감독하보행 (supervised walking) 을시키고, 척추신전근훈련을시작한다. 하지만 6주이상시각아날로그척도 (visual analogue scale, VAS) 4점이상의통증이지속되거나일반방사선검사상 5 이상의추체쐐기화가새롭게진행한경우에는수술적추체보강술 (vertebral augmentation) 을시행하는것이일반적원칙이다. 3) 2. 노인성치아돌기골절활동적인고령인구가증가하면서노인성치아돌기골절발생률이점차증가하고있다. 그중에서도치아돌기기저부에골절이발생하는 Anderson and D Alonso 분류중제2형치아돌기골절이고령환자에서흔히발생하고, 이경우에불유합등의합병증이잘발생하기때문에적절한치료방법에대하여다양한이견이 존재한다. 1) Chapman 등 6) 은제2형노인성치아돌기골절환자의 30일내사망률은 14%, 평균추시기간 2년의사망률은 44% 에달하는것으로보고하였다. 한다기관연구에의하면, 제2형노인성치아돌기골절에대해수술혹은비수술로치료한예중 50% 이상의환자에서사망혹은치료관련중요한합병증이발생한치료실패사례가관찰되었으며, 치료실패와연관된인자로는고령, 비수술치료, 남성, 신경학적이상이동반된경우를선정하였다. 7) 노인성치아돌기골절에대하여수술치료를시행한경우에도사망률이 1개월에 8%, 1년후 22% 로비수술적방법으로치료한경우보다낮긴하지만수술치료후에도여전히높은사망률을보이고있다. 7) 즉제2형노인성치아돌기골절은그자체로사망률이높은매우위험한외상이며이경우에대한즉각적인수술은반드시좋은결과를보장할수없기때문에환자가수술을감당할만한체력적여건이갖춰진경우에만수술을고려해야한다는원칙이지지를얻고있다. 그렇기때문에수술하기에전신적문제가있는환자를대상으로무리한수술을하기보다는경추보조기를착용하고관찰하는것이권장되고있다. 경추보조기에는부드러운고리형경추보조기 (soft cervical collar), 단단한고리형경추보조기 (hard cervical collar), 그리고할로베스트경추보조기 (halo-vest) 가있다. 할로베스트경추보조기는다른경추보조기과비교하여골절부의안정성을유지하는측면에서우수한것으로평가되지만상대적으로합병증발생률이높고고령환자에서는착용만으로도사망위험을높이는것이단점이라고할수있다. 할로베스트경추보조기의흔한합병증은핀고정부감염 (pin-site infection) 같은경미한것들이다. 하지만착용후에도치아돌기골절의불유합발생이 50% 에이를정도로높고, 고령환자에서폐렴, 심정지, 호흡정지와같은합병증을빈번히유발하여 20% 에이르는높은사망률의직접적인원인으로지적되고있다. 8) 이상과같은이유로인하여노인성치아돌기골절에대하여상대적으로호흡기합병증발생이적은단단한고리형경추보조기가보다적합한치료방법으로활용되고있다. 단단한고리형경추보조기를적용한환자의불유합발생률또한할로베스트경추보조기보다오히려적었다는보고도있다. 더불어견고한골유합이반드시좋은임상결과를보장하는필요조건이아니고섬유성유합만으로도좋은결과를얻을수있었다는임상연구도존재한다. 7) 노인성치아돌기골절에대한비수술치료의합병증으로불유합을걱정하지만실제로골절발생이후에지연수술을결정하는가장중요한요소는방사선검사에서관찰되는불유합이아니라환자가호소하는통증과불안정성의증상이라는점이다. 즉비수술치료후에불유합으로인해서지연수술을시행하는이유는

11 Nonsurgical Treatment for Elderly Spinal Patients 치아돌기골절로인한거시적불안정성이아니라만성적불안정성이비후성불유합을유발하고그로인한중심성척추관협착증으로인해서지연성척수증이발생하기때문이며, 비수술치료한예에서이러한경우를지연수술하는빈도는약 20%-30% 에이르는것으로알려져있다. 9) 3. 외상성중심척수증후군경추부척추관협착증이동반된고령환자의신전손상에의해서외상성중심척수증후군이발생할수있다 (Fig. 1). 이에대하여과거에는비수술치료가시행되기도했었지만최근에는수술치료가원칙적치료로지지를얻고있다. 하지만외상후에즉각적인수술적감압술을시행하더라도고령환자에서는젊은환자와비교해서신경기능이덜회복되고, 오히려합병증발생빈도가높아지기때문에지연수술을함으로써무리한수술로인한사망률을낮추는것은물론술전환자의전반적건강상태를충분히회복시키고척수손상의기능적회복을기대할만큼의시간이지난후에수술하는것이최근의경향이라고할수있다. 하지만지연수술은급성신부전, 와위욕창 (decubitus ulcer), 정맥주사관련정맥염, 요로감염, 폐렴등과같은비교적덜심각한부작용의빈도는증가시키는것으로알려져있다. 10) 고령환자의퇴행성척추질환 고령환자에서문제가되는퇴행성척추질환에는퇴행성경추척수증 (degenerative cervical myelopathy, DCM) 과퇴행성요추부척추관협착증이주로포함된다. 1) 1. 퇴행성경추척수증 DCM 은일반적인경추증성척수증 (cervical spondylotic myelopathy) 과구별하고자하는의도로사용되는비교적새로운용어라 고할수있는데, 디스크탈출, 척추증 (spondylosis), 후관절병변 (facet arthropathy) 과같은척추증성척수증 (spondylotic myelopathy) 을유발하는척추의골관절변화와더불어후종인대골화증, 황색인대골화증과같은인대의변화로인한척수증까지포함하 며고령환자에서경추척수증을유발하는원인요소를포괄적으 로포함하는경우를지칭하는용어로사용되고있다 (Fig. 2). 11) 비 록경추척수증을유발하는골관절변화와인대변화로인한질 환은각각다른질병이지만나이가들면서생기는변화라는점, 진행성척수압박과신경기능손상을유발한다는측면에서공통 점을갖기때문에 DCM 이라는하나의용어로분류하기도한다. 12) Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) Dura CSF Increased ant-post vertebral body length Osteophyte Loss of vertebral body height Loss of intervertebral disc height with migration of disc material into canal Hourglass reshaping Hypertrophy of PLL Hypermobility and listhesis C5 C3 C4 C2 C6 C7 Dura Ligamentum flavum Hypertrophy of lig. flavum Spinal cord Spinal cord compression with cavitation Dissociation of PLL from vertebra Ossification of lig. flavum Ossification of PLL Figure 2. Artistic depiction of degenerative cervical myelopathy. 11) CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; lig., ligament. A B C D Figure 1. A case of 72-year-old male patient with traumatic central cord syndrome devoloped by the extension cervical injury: (A) Preoperative lateral plain radiograph. (B) Preoperative magnetic resonance sagittal image. (C) Postoperative lateral plain radiograph. (D) Postoperative sagittal computed tomography image, reconstructed.

12 Soo-An Park 고령화로인한경추의퇴행성변화는척추관의직경을좁게만들어결과적으로척수를압박하게된다. 여러해부학적구조물의변화로인한, 즉정적요소에따른신경압박은환자의움직임에의한동적기전에따라더욱심해진다. 예를들어경추전방굴곡시에는척추전방의골극에의해서척수압박이발생하고경추신전시에는추체와후궁 / 황색인대사이의척추관이좁아지면서척수압박이발생한다. 13) 경추의구조적변화에따른만성적척수압박은척수의경색, 신경염 (neuroinflammation), 세포사멸 (apoptosis) 과같은병태생리학적변화를초래하여척수의축색돌기탈수초화 (axonal demyelination), 신경증 (gliosis), 흉터화 (scarring), 피질척수로 (corticospinal tract) 및척수전각세포 (anterior horn cell) 의퇴행성변화를유발한다. 제5-7 경추간지역이혈관손상으로인한그리고 DCM이가장흔히발생하는분절로거론된다. 12) DCM의진행양상은매우다양하고전형적이지않다. 일부환자는시간이지나면서도임상증상이안정적으로유지되지만또다른일부에서는일단증상이시작되면매우빠르게진행하여임상적으로심한척수증을유발하기도한다. 120명의 DCM 환자를포함한한연구에의하면 75% 의환자에서신경증상이일시적으로만심해졌고, 20% 에서는신경증상이점차로계속심해졌으며, 5% 에서는매우빠른진행을보였다. 14) DCM에대한비수술치료에는물리치료, 약물 (steroids, 비스테로이드성항염증제 [non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, NSAID], gabapentin/pregabalin), 척추주사, 경추보조기, 경추견인치료등이있다. 13) Nakamura 등 15) 은보존적치료를적용했던 DCM 환자를분석한연구에서 Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) 점수중상지점수가 55% 환자에서 4점이상개선되었고, 45% 에서는변화가없었으며, 악화된환자는없었다. 하지기능은 57% 에서개선되었고, 39% 에서는변화가없었으며, 3% 는악화되었다고하였다. 하지만 30% 환자는수술로전환하였다고했다. DCM 환자에대한보존적치료이후수술로전환된예는문헌상 16%-32% 였다. 12) Rhee 등 16) 은체계적분석에포함된 4개의임상연구를분석하여 DCM에대한수술및비수술치료의안정성, 효율성을비교하였고다음과같은지침을제시하였다 : 척수증은전형적으로진행성질환이고, 비수술치료가질병의진행을멈추거나개선시킨다는증거가부족하기때문에 moderate to severe myelopathy로진단된환자에대하여일차적치료방법으로비수술적방법을적용하지않을것을추천한다. 경추척수증의심각성을분류하는근래의기준은일반적으로수정 (modified) JOA 점수를따르는것으로서, 12점미만을심각 (severe), 12-14점을중등 (moderate), 15-17 점을경증 (mild), 18점이상은척수증없음 (no myelopathy) 으로진단하는것이다 (Table 1). DCM에대하여보존치료를적용한예에서경추증성척수증환자중 JOA 점수 13점이상의경증환자에대해 2주동안하루 8 시간이상경추견인치료하고경추손상을유발할수있는위험 한행동이나경추신전을차단하도록한이후에 JOA 점수가더 이상나빠지지않았던좋은결과를보였다. 하지만경추 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 단면영상에서척수주변에서원주형의 척수압박 (circumferential cord compression) 이관찰되는경우에는 수술로전환한경우가많았다고하였다. 17) 또다른연구에서는경 증의척수증환자를대상으로증상시작초기 3 개월동안하루 8 시간이상하악골지지대 (mandibular support) 가포함된경추보조 기를착용시켰고그이후에보조기중단 (weaning) 과정을통해착 용기간을줄이면서보조기사용을중단하였더니 63% 환자에서 수술로전환없이좋은결과를보였고나머지 37% 는수술로전환 된결과를발표하였다. 이때 MRI 시상면영상에서수핵의미만성 탈출혹은 MRI 단면영상에서디스크의중앙부탈출된경우에좋 Table 1. Modified Japanese Orthopedic Association Score 17) Motor dysfunction score of the upper extremities 0 Inability to move hands 1 Inability to eat with a spoon, but able to move hands 2 Inability to button shirt, but able to eat with a spoon 3 Able to button shirt with great difficulty 4 Able to button shirt with slight difficulty 5 No dysfunction Motor dysfunction score of the lower extremities 0 Complete loss of motor and sensory function 1 Sensory preservation without ability to move legs 2 Able to move legs, but unable to walk 3 Able to walk on flat floor with a walking aid 4 Able to walk up and/or down stairs with hand rail 5 Moderate to significant lack of stability, but able to walk up and/or down stairs without hand rail 6 Mild lack of stability but walks with smooth reciprocation unaided 7 No dysfunction Sensory dysfunction score of the upper extremities 0 Complete loss of hand sensation 1 Severe sensory loss or pain 2 Mild sensory loss 3 No sensory loss Sphincter dysfunction score 0 Inability to micturate voluntarily 1 Marked difficulty with micturition 2 Mild to moderate difficulty with micturition 3 Normal micturition

13 Nonsurgical Treatment for Elderly Spinal Patients 은결과를보였지만시상면영상에서디스크의국소적탈출, 단 면영상에서디스크의중앙외측으로의탈출 (paramedian bulging) 을보인경우에는수술로전환된예가많았다고하였다 (Fig. 3). 18) 2. 퇴행성요추부척추관협착증 고령환자에서발생하는퇴행성요추부척추관협착증은 DCM 과마찬가지로다분절에걸쳐대부분의척추구조물이오랜기간 동안의퇴행성변화로인해심한척추관협착증을유발한다 (Fig. 4). 1) 퇴행성요추부척추관협착증에대한대표적인중재적치료 에는경막외스테로이드주사술 (epidural steroid injection, ESI) 이 포함된다. 고령환자의 ESI 결과에영향을미치는인자를조사하 였더니환자의나이가얼마나더많은가혹은어떤동반질환이 Sagittal Axial Focal type Median type Hernia Spinal cord Diffuse type Paramedian type Figure 3. Classification of cervical disc herniation to affect clinical outcomes. 18) 있는가하는문제는 ESI 결과에영향을미치지않았고환자의체질량지수 (body mass index) 와정서상태 (emotional status) 가영향을미치는중요한인자로확인되었다. 19) 즉고양된정서상태 (high emotional status) 를보이거나비만한환자에서 ESI 결과가더좋았다는것이다. 비만이어떻게 ESI 결과에영향을미치는지에대한설명은분명하지않지만정서상태가고령의척추환자에게어떤영향을미치는지에대해서는다수의연구를통해확인할수있다. 만성통증, 그중에서도만성요통에대한공포회피모델 (fear-avoidance model) 이라는것이있다. 공포회피모델이란어떤개인이수상과수상후발생하는통증에대해서공포심을갖지않으면회복단계로쉽게가지만수상후발생한통증에대한부정적인식을갖게되면통증파행화과정 (pain catastrophizing process) 이진행되면서특정한신체활동을회피하게되고특정한신체활동의불용으로인한우울증, 장애가생겨서회복단계로넘어가기어렵게하는장애요인으로작용한다는것이다. 특히모든문제에대하여많은경험이축적된고령의환자에서이러한공포회피현상이빈번하게발생한다. 20) 예를들어서만성요통이있는노인환자가자신의건강상태에대해서부정적경험을갖게되면환자가가지고있는통증에대한부정적인식이치료에대한반응에도부정적영향을주게된다. 그렇기때문에노인환자들에대한어떤새로운치료를시도할때에는치료를시작하기전에그환자가가지고있는자신의통증에대한잘못된생각을바로잡는교육과정이필요하다. 이러한교육과정을통증에대한신경과학적교육 (pain neuroscience education) 이라고부르는데, 그환자가경험한통증에대한생물학적, 생리학적현상에대해객관적으로알기쉽게간략한설명을부여하는것이다. 21) 이러 Figure 4. A case of 84-year-old male patient with severe lumbar spinal stenosis developed by the degeneration of all lumbar segments.

14 Soo-An Park 한교육과정에대한사례를소개하면, 고령의요통환자들은대부분나이가들수록요통의빈도가증가한다고생각하지만나이가들면서관절염의빈도는증가하는반면요통은 40-50대를정점으로그이후에는점점감소한다는사실을도표로설명하는간단한교육과정후에자신이느끼는통증과허리굽히기정도를비교해보면노인환자들은교육후에통증이덜한것으로느끼고 Fear-Avoidance Belief Questionnaire에서더나은점수를보이며허리도더구부리는것으로분석되었다. 22) 즉만성요통을호소하는환자, 그중에서도나이가많은노인환자에대한치료과정, 특히보존적인치료에는심리적치료과정이선행되어야좋은결과를얻을수있다는점을기억해야할것이다. 고령환자의척추변형 고령환자에서가장문제가되는척추변형은 Dowager s hump라고도불리는노인성후만증 (senile kyphosis) 이고, 이는노인환자에서흉추후만정도를점차로심하게하여만성요통과일상생활관련장애를유발하고생활의질을떨어뜨릴뿐만아니라건강에좋지않은영향을초래하고사망률을높이는원인으로작용한다. 23) 어느정도의흉추후만증을병적후만증으로진단할것인가하는문제는논란이있는주제이지만, 일반적으로나이에따라흉추후만각은증가하고, 남성보다는여성에서보다빠른진행을보이는것으로알려져있다. 척추질환이없는정상환자의나이별흉추후만각은한연구에서 40대에평균 44, 50대 54, 60대 64, 70대에는 73 로보고되었다. 24) 척추골다공증, 추체골절, 흉추의과도한후만상태및퇴행성추간판질환과더불어근력변화와같은기능적이상이노인성후만증을유발혹은악화시키는원인인자로알려져있다. 하지만, 셔만씨병 (Scheuermann disease) 과같은특발성원인, 마판씨병 (Marfan disease) 과같은유전적원인, 점액다당류증 (mucopolysaccharidosis) 과같은대사성원인의흉추후만증과는감별이필요하다. 25) 노인성후만증이심해지면추체골절을유발할수있고, 특히심한경우에는흉골골절 (sternal fracture) 을유발하기도한다. 시상면불균형이초래되고, 전신적으로는역류성식도염과폐기능장애를초래하기도한다. 26) 특히고령의여성에서흉추후만증과추체골절이함께발생하는경우에는각각한개의상황만을동반하는환자와비교하여더높은사망률을보이는것으로알려져있다. 27) 노인성후만증에적용할수있는비수술치료로는운동, 보조기, 테이프치료 (taping) 가포함된다. 23) 그중에서유산소운동과더불어시행하는척추유연성증진운동이관련증상을완화시키는면에서효과적인것으로알려져있다. 하지만전문가에의한 지도, 감독하에서만이러한효과가지속되고환자스스로하는 운동은상대적으로유의한효과를얻기어렵다는연구결과가존 재한다. 28) 더불어신전근에대한 3 개월이상의근력운동이보행 시몸통의전방기울어짐을줄이는데효과적이었다는연구도있 었다. 5) 하지만척추굴곡운동만시행할경우에골다공증환자에 서신전운동만한환자보다추체골절위험이더높았다는점은 기억해야할것이다. 5) Pfeifer 등 29) 은 60 세이상의여성을대상으로 6 개월동안매일 2 시간동안복부지지대 (abdominal pad) 와척추배부를지지하는 후방지지대를결합한보조기를착용시키고 (Fig. 5) 기간별흉추 후만정도, 신전근의근력, 요통의정도를관찰한결과착용후 1 년동안그리고착용중단후 6 개월기간동안모든지표가개선 되었음을보고하였다. 하지만이러한수동적방법의치료로증 상개선이어느정도지속될지에대해서는회의적으로생각된다. Greig 등 30) 은흉추배부에대한테이프치료로도흉추후만증을 개선시킬수있었다고보고했지만, 역시장기간적용하기어렵다 는제한점이있다. 결론 인구구조의고령화로인하여고령환자에서호발하고문제가되 는척추질환에대한정리가필요한시점이다. 고령의척추환자 는대부분내과적질환을동반하기때문에전신상태가불량할 수있고골다공증을동반하기도하며보다넓은범위에걸친심 한퇴행성변화를보이기도하고치료에대한효율성이떨어지는 측면이있어서고령척추환자에특화된치료및수술을대체할 Figure 5. An example of spinal brace designed for counteracting forward bending of the trunk that was used in a study by Pfeifer et al. 29)

15 Nonsurgical Treatment for Elderly Spinal Patients 수있는비수술치료의정립이필요하다. 고령환자척추에는골다공증으로인한추체압박골절이흔히발생하기때문에치료방법의선택에대한알고리듬을잘이해하여신경손상등의이차손상을예방해야한다. 고령인구의적극적사회생활증가로인해노인성치아돌기골절의빈도또한점차증가추세에있다. 하지만젊은환자에게적용하는일반적이고보다적극적인치료는고령환자에서오히려합병증과사망률을높이는요인으로작용하기때문에일차적으로비수술치료를적용한후경과를관찰하는것이권장되고있다. 젊은척추환자와비교하여보다장기간에걸쳐퇴행성변화가심화되는고령의척추환자에서는보다넓은범위에걸쳐대부분의척추구조물이심한퇴행성변화를보임으로써보다심한척추관협착증의형태로발생하는 DCM 및퇴행성요추부척추관협착증이발생할수있다. 더불어노인성후만증과같은고령환자의특징적인척추변형이발생할수있다. 심한신경학적증상을동반하고영상변화가심한경우에는수술치료만이효과적일수있지만각각의고령척추질환에적용가능한적절한보존적치료또한상당부분수술에대한차선의치료가될수있기때문에각질환별보존치료에대하여숙지할필요가있을것이다. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The author has nothing to disclose. REFERENCES 1. Fehlings MG, Tetreault L, Nater A, et al. The aging of the global population: the changing epidemiology of disease and spinal disorders. Neurosurgery. 2015;77 Suppl 4:S1-5. 2. Lutz W, Sanderson W, Scherbov S. The coming acceleration of global population ageing. Nature. 2008;451:716-9. 3. Slavici A, Rauschmann M, Fleege C. Conservative management of osteoporotic vertebral fractures: an update. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2017;43:19-26. 4. Jin YZ, Lee JH. Effect of brace to osteoporotic vertebral fracture: a meta-analysis. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31:1641-9. 5. Sinaki M, Mikkelsen BA. Postmenopausal spinal osteoporosis: flexion versus extension exercises. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1984;65:593-6. 6. Chapman J, Smith JS, Kopjar B, et al. The AOSpine North America geriatric odontoid fracture mortality study: a retrospective review of mortality outcomes for operative versus nonoperative treatment of 322 patients with long-term follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38:1098-104. 7. Fehlings MG, Arun R, Vaccaro AR, Arnold PM, Chapman JR, Kopjar B. Predictors of treatment outcomes in geriatric patients with odontoid fractures: AOSpine North America multi-centre prospective GOF study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38:881-6. 8. Majercik S, Tashjian RZ, Biffl WL, Harrington DT, Cioffi WG. Halo vest immobilization in the elderly: a death sentence? J Trauma. 2005;59:350-6; discussion 356-8. 9. Smith JS, Kepler CK, Kopjar B. Effect of type II odontoid fracture nonunion on outcome among elderly patients treated without surgery: based on the AOSpine North America geriatric odontoid fracture study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38:2240-6. 10. Samuel AM, Grant RA, Bohl DD, et al. Delayed surgery after acute traumatic central cord syndrome is associated with reduced mortality. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015;40:349-56. 11. Nouri A, Tetreault L, Singh A, Karadimas SK, Fehlings MG. Degenerative cervical myelopathy: epidemiology, genetics, and pathogenesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015;40:E675-93. 12. Tetreault L, Goldstein CL, Arnold P, et al. Degenerative cervical myelopathy: a spectrum of related disorders affecting the aging spine. Neurosurgery. 2015;77 Suppl 4:S51-67. 13. Tracy JA, Bartleson JD. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Neurologist. 2010;16:176-87. 14. Clarke E, Robinson PK. Cervical myelopathy: a complication of cervical spondylosis. Brain. 1956;79:483-510. 15. Nakamura K, Kurokawa T, Hoshino Y, Saita K, Takeshita K, Kawaguchi H. Conservative treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: achievement and sustainability of a level of "no disability". J Spinal Disord. 1998;11:175-9. 16. Rhee JM, Shamji MF, Erwin WM, et al. Nonoperative management of cervical myelopathy: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38:S55-67. 17. Shimomura T, Sumi M, Nishida K, et al. Prognostic factors for deterioration of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy after nonsurgical treatment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32:2474-9. 18. Matsumoto M, Chiba K, Ishikawa M, Maruiwa H, Fujimura Y, Toyama Y. Relationships between outcomes of conservative treatment and magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with mild cervical myelopathy caused by soft disc herniations. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26:1592-8. 19. Briggs VG, Li W, Kaplan MS, Eskander MS, Franklin PD. Injection treatment and back pain associated with degener-

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17 pissn : 1226-2102, eissn : 2005-8918 Symposium J Korean Orthop Assoc 2019; 54: 9-17 https://doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.2019.54.1.9 www.jkoa.org 노인척추질환의치료 고령척추질환자의치료 : 중재적비수술치료 박수안 가톨릭대학교의정부성모병원정형외과 인구구조의고령화로인하여일반적인척추질환과는구분되는고령환자에서특징적인척추질환이호발하는추세이다. 하지만고령의척추환자는대부분내과적질환을동반하기때문에전신상태가불량한경우가많고골다공증을동반하며보다넓은범위에걸친심한퇴행성변화를보이기도하고치료에대한효율성이떨어지는측면이있어서고령척추환자에특화된비수술치료의정립이필요하다. 이에저자는노인성척추질환중문제가될만한주제를선별하고각각의경우에적용가능한중재적비수술치료방법에대하여살펴보고자하였다. 색인단어 : 고령, 척추질환, 치료 접수일 2018 년 1 월 27 일수정일 2018 년 2 월 22 일게재확정일 2018 년 3 월 13 일책임저자박수안 11765, 경기도의정부시천보로 271, 가톨릭대학교의정부성모병원정형외과 TEL 031-820-3945, FAX 031-847-3671, E-mail sooan.park@gmail.com, ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-5973 박수안저자현소속 : 48298, 부산시수영구광안로 4, 박원욱병원정형외과. 대한정형외과학회지 : 제 54 권제 1 호 2019 Copyright 2019 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.