UNIT 1 문장은 문장의구성 크게주성분과수식어로구성되어있다. 주성분에는주어, 동사, 목적어, 보어가있으 며이와비교해이들을수식하는기타나머지요소들을수식어라한다. 기초문법확인 1 주성분 문장에서주가되는성분이다. 문장의역할에서특히중요한주어, 동사, 목적어, 보어가이에해당된다

UNIT 1 문장은 문장의구성 크게주성분과수식어로구성되어있다. 주성분에는주어, 동사, 목적어, 보어가있으 며이와비교해이들을수식하는기타나머지요소들을수식어라한다. 기초문법확인 1 주성분 문장에서주가되는성분이다. 문장의역할에서특히중요한주어, 동사, 목적어, 보어가이에해당된다. 1 행위의주체인주어 (Subject) 주어로는명사, 대명사뿐만아니라명사절 ( 의문사절, 접속사절, 관계사 what 절등 ), 명사구 ( 동명사구, to 부정사구등 ) 도 가능하다. 1 The cashier believed her honest. 명사주어 2 To do homework is difficult. to 부정사구가주어 주어가길기때문에실제로는 It is difficult to do homework. 을더많이쓴다. 가주어 진주어 2 동작이나상태를설명하는동사 (Verb) 동사에는크게목적어를필요로하는타동사와목적어를필요로하지않는자동사가있다. The cashier believed her honest. 타동사 3 She will arrive soon. 자동사 3 행위의대상인목적어 (Object) 목적어에는명사, 대명사, 명사절, 명사구등이있다. 4 The cashier believed her innocence. ( 명사 ) 목적어 5 That is exactly what I want you to say. ( 대명사 ) 목적어 36 문법ㆍ Chapter 1

4 주어나목적어의상태를설명하는보어 (Complement) 보어에는명사와명사상당어구뿐만아니라형용사, 분사, 동사원형등다양한형태가있다. 6 She is beautiful. 형용사보어 7 That is exactly what I m talking about. 명사절 ( 관계사 what 절 ) 보어 2 수식어 문장에서주성분을수식하는나머지수식성분을의미한다. 형용사, 부사, to 부정사, 분사, 관계대명사등이있다. 1 명사수식 8 Most students in this class got bored. 형용사 2 동사수식 9 Andy loves Mary very much. 부사 3 기타수식어 10 He made an attempt to land. to 부정사 11 Any vehicles parked illegally in this place will be towed away. 분사 12 The woman who lives next door runs every day. 관계대명사 Review 주성분주어 - 행위의주체로 ~ 은 / 는 / 이 / 가 로해석된다. 동사 - 주체의동작또는상태를설명하며 ~ 하다 등으로해석된다. 목적어 - 행위의대상으로 ~ 을 / 를 로해석된다. 보어 - 주어나목적어를보충설명해주는역할을한다. 수식어형용사적수식 - ( 대 ) 명사를수식한다. 부사적수식 - 동사, 형용사, 다른부사, 문장전체를수식한다. UNIT 1 37

EXERCISE 3 minutes 정답및해설 p.2 A 다음문장에서지칭하는주성분 ( 주어, 동사, 목적어, 보어 ) 을찾아쓰시오. Ex Jason loves Cathy very much. 목적어 목적어 Cathy 1 The air is so fresh here. 보어 2 What do you want for lunch today? 동사 3 Can you tell me how to get to the airport? 동사 4 I spent some time in the United States. 목적어 5 Can you tell me the time, please? 목적어 B 다음밑줄친부분의성분 ( 주어, 목적어, 보어, 수식어 ) 을밝히시오. 1 How can that be possible? 2 The man who lives next door runs every day. 3 To do the ironing is always difficult. 4 Any vehicles parked illegally will be removed. 5 More than 20 scientists work in the research center. 6 Did you enjoy your trip to Busan? 7 No one can know what the future holds. 8 Did you spend a good time on your vacation? 9 I didn t have time for doing the wash yesterday. 10 The schoolchild committed a crime. 38 문법ㆍ Chapter 1

PRACTICE 3 minutes 정답및해설 p.3 다음빈칸에들어갈적절한응답을고르시오. PART 1 1 A Hi, Jason, How s your father? B He s fine. And (a) his (b) him (c) he (d) himself will be released from the hospital soon. PART 2 2 The executive the award to Mr. Lee is the vice president of the company. (a) presenting (b) presented (c) is presented (d) presents 다음에서잘못된부분을찾으시오. PART 3 3 (a) A: Emma, is there a problem? You look pale. (b) B: It s my daughter. She wants to move out and get her own apartment. (c) A: She s now grown up. So don t worry! (d) B: I know. But I hard to accept her idea, though. PART 4 4 (a) Alcoholic beverages are available for the Cedar Park. (b) However, all alcohol must be provided by Cedar Park Store. (c) Beer is sold throughout the park. (d) All individuals must be TWENTY YEARS OLD to buy. UNIT 1 39

UNIT 2 동사를 자동사와타동사 크게두개로구분한다면자동사와타동사로나눌수있다. 자동사란목적어를취하지 못하는동사를, 타동사란목적어를반드시취해야만하는동사를뜻한다. 기초문법확인 1 자동사 동사중에서목적어를취하지않는동사를자동사라한다. 자동사에는 < 주어 + 동사 > 의구조만으로도문장구성에전혀 지장이없는완전자동사와보어를취해야하는불완전자동사가있다. 1 완전자동사 (1 형식동사 ) 보어나목적어를필요로하지않는동사를뜻한다. 주어이외에아무런요소가필요없기때문에완전자동사라고한다. 1 The sun shines. S V( 완전자동사 ) 2 A bird sings. S V( 완전자동사 ) 3 This copy machine doesn t work / at all. S V( 완전자동사 ) / 수식어 2 불완전자동사 (2 형식동사 ) 완전자동사와달리보어를반드시필요로하는동사를뜻한다. 주격보어로는형용사, 명사, to 부정사, 동명사, 명사절 등이올수있다. 4 He is an engineer. S V( 상태 ) S.C( 명사가주격보어 ) 5 The woman is beautiful. S V( 상태 ) S.C( 형용사가주격보어 ) 6 She became a professor. S V( 상태의변화 ) S.C( 명사가주격보어 ) 7 You look tired. S V( 외견 ) S.C( 형용사가주격보어 ) 8 The problem is that she doesn t know the fact. S V( 상태 ) S.C( 명사절이보어 ) 40 문법ㆍ Chapter 1

2 타동사 1 완전타동사 (3 형식동사 ) 순수하게목적어만을취하는동사를뜻한다. 3 번의불완전타동사가목적어이외에보어를취해야하는것과는달리, 목적어만필요로하기때문에이동사를완전타동사라고칭한다. 동명사, that 절, to 부정사등다양한형태의목적어가 올수있다. 9 James stopped smoking. S V O( 동명사 ) 10 I know that you like Cathy. S V O(that 절 ) 11 I decided to write poetry. S V O(to 부정사 ) 2 수여동사 (4 형식동사 ) 목적어를두개취하는동사다. 간접목적어는 ~ 에게, 직접목적어는 ~ 를 로해석한다. 12 She gave me the watch. S V IO( 간접 ) DO( 직접 ) 13 My mother made me the cake. S V IO DO 3 불완전타동사 (5 형식동사 ) 목적어이외에도목적어를보충설명하는목적격보어를취하는동사를지칭한다. 동사의성격에따라목적격보어로는 명사, 형용사, to 부정사, 분사, 동사원형등다양한형태가올수있다. 14 My wife considers me a liar everytime I say. S V O O.C( 명사가목적보어 ) 15 I heard him cry. S V O O.C( 동사원형이목적보어 ) 16 I expect him to succeed. S V O O.C(to 부정사가목적보어 ) 17 I saw her playing the violin. S V O O.C( 분사가목적보어 ) Review 1형식동사 - S + V( 완전자동사 ) 2형식동사 - S + V( 불완전자동사 ) + S.C( 주격보어 ) 타동사 3형식동사 - S + V( 완전타동사 ) + O( 목적어 ) 4형식동사 - S + V( 수여동사 ) + IO( 직접목적어 ) + DO( 간접목적어 ) 5형식동사 - S + V( 불완전타동사 ) + O( 목적어 ) + O.C( 목적격보어 ) UNIT 2 41

EXERCISE 3 minutes 정답및해설 p.3 A 주어진문장의동사를보고형식을밝히시오. Ex He walks. 1 형식 1 There is someone near the curb. 2 We should keep quiet. 3 I have two children. 4 Could you bring me the magazines? 5 I heard my name called. B 문장의구조상어울리는것을선택하시오. 1 We elected (him / his) chairman. 2 My uncle (began / bought) me a guitar. 3 This (matters / is) a comfortable apartment. 4 He (costed / became) a famous wrestler. 5 I will (send / do) you the package. 6 She (believes / smiles) what her father told her. 7 It (counts / remains) to be seen. 8 The earth (is / lays) round. 9 She (say / told) me the secret. 10 The coffee (has / is) strong. 42 문법ㆍ Chapter 1

PRACTICE 3 minutes 정답및해설 p.5 다음빈칸에들어갈적절한응답을고르시오. PART 1 1 A What time do the shows start? B The first show (a) runs (b) makes (c) becomes (d) buys from 11 a.m. PART 2 2 I ve finally to start drawings again. (a) notified (b) thanked (c) avoided (d) decided 다음에서잘못된부분을찾으시오. PART 3 3 (a) A: Sorry, I m late. I was stuck in traffic. (b) B: This time again? It has already three times this week. (c) A: I am terribly sorry, I won t be late again. I promise. (d) B: No, I don t believe you any more. PART 4 4 (a) Different temperatures on the Earth s surface are responsibly for causing the weather. (b) Winds are the cause of the unequal heating of the earth s surface. (c) They can be converted into electrical energy. (d) It is a renewable, but unpredictable, energy source. UNIT 2 43

Chapter 2 시제와태 UNIT 1 UNIT 2 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 UNIT 5 기본시제와시제일치완료와진행시제가정법 Ⅰ 가정법 Ⅱ 태

UNIT 1 시간에 기본시제와시제일치 따라변하는형태를시제라고한다. 동사의기본시제에는현재, 과거, 미래가있다. 각 각의시제는문맥과시점을알려주는시간부사등을통해주로결정된다. 기초문법확인 시제 과거현재미래 대과거 현재완료 미래완료 1 기본시제 일반시제를뜻하며현재, 과거, 미래시제가있다. 시제결정은보통함께쓰는부사나상황을통해결정된다. 1 현재 현재의습관, 반복, 진리등은현재시제로표현해야한다. 1 The earth was round. is ( 과학적인사실 ) 2 Premiere League usually is starting in August. starts ( 습관적인현재의동작 ) 2 과거 역사적사실또는명백한과거시점이드러난경우에는반드시과거시제로표현해야한다. 3 My grandfather dies last year. died ( 과거시점인 last year 가있기때문에동사는과거형 died) 3 미래 앞으로일어날일이나계획인경우반드시동사는미래형으로표현해야한다. 4 The meeting was held tomorrow. will be held ( 미래시점인 tomorrow 가있기때문에동사는미래형인 will be) 46 문법ㆍ Chapter 2

2 시제일치와예외종속절의시제는주절의시제를따르는것이원칙이다. 또한시제일치의예외가있는데불변의진리, 객관적사실, 역사적사실, 가정법등의경우일치가되지않는경우도있다. 1 시제일치종속절의시제는주절의시제를따르는것이원칙이나주절의시제가현재인경우에는종속절의시제는자유롭게쓸수있다. 5 I think she is beautiful. 종속절은주절과같은현재 6 I thought she was beautiful. 종속절은주절과같은과거 7 I thought she had been beautiful. 주절의동사가과거이면종속절의동사가과거완료여도무관하다. 8 I know that she [was / is / will be] busy. 주절의시제가현재인경우사실상종속절의시제는자유롭게쓸수있다. 2 예외 9 They claimed earth moves round the sun. 불변의진리 과거 현재 10 You will know that the Second World War ended in May 1945. 과거의사실 미래 과거 11 If I had known her phone number, I would call her right now. 가정법 과거완료 과거 Review 기본시제현재 - 현재의습관, 반복, 변하지않는진리또는과학적사실과거 - 역사적으로또는명백한과거사실 ( 과거시점을지칭하는시간부사등을통해 ) 미래 - 앞으로일어날일이나계획 ( 미래시점을지칭하는시간부사등을통해 ) 시제일치와예외일치 - 종속절의시제는주절의시제를따르는것이원칙이다. 예외 - 불변의진리, 객관적사실, 역사적사실, 가정법등에서는예외가있다. UNIT 1 47

EXERCISE 3 minutes 정답및해설 p.6 A 다음밑줄친부분을고치시오. Ex The show began soon. will begin 1 I m getting the public bus every day. 2 I have given up smoking 3 years ago. 3 Have a seat. She was right with you in a minute. 4 My mother always said that time was money. 5 Tomorrow s weather was fine. B 문장의구조상어울리는것을선택하시오. 1 I (have rented / rented) a car yesterday. 2 Tomorrow my wife and I (has been / will have been) married 10 years. 3 Iraq is worse than It (is / was) before. 4 Let s wait there until it (will stop / stops) raining. 5 I (was graduating / graduated) from the University of New York in 2002. 6 The weather forecast says It (has rained / will rain) tomorrow. 7 Five times five (is / had been) twenty-five. 8 When I (will see / see) him tomorrow, I will tell him everything. 9 I (sent / send) an email to the secretary an hour ago. 10 We thought we (would / will) win the match. 48 문법ㆍ Chapter 2

PRACTICE 3 minutes 정답및해설 p.7 다음빈칸에들어갈적절한응답을고르시오. PART 1 1 A What you say? B I said, You should turn left over there. (a) would (b) could (c) made (d) did PART 2 2 It cheaper for visitors to make an advance reservation last year. (a) will be (b) was (c) is (d) had been 다음에서잘못된부분을찾으시오. PART 3 3 (a) A: Excuse me, is this 411 Pine Blvd? (b) B: Yes, right. Is there anything I can do for you? (c) A: I will look for a person called Dr. Lee. (d) B: Oh, he is my father. PART 4 4 (a) I want to thank you for the wonderful job you do for us in New York on May 24th, 2007. (b) It was a very pleasant experience working with you. (c) I did not have any contact information for a limo services in New York so I looked on the internet and found your company. (d) Our president said it was a very pleasant experience. UNIT 1 49

UNIT 2 완료란 완료와진행시제 시제간연결성에의미를두는시제표현방식이며과거현재미래완료가있다. 한편, 어느한시점에진행되고있는동작을묘사할때는진행형을쓴다. 기초문법확인 1 완료시제완료시제에는과거 현재 미래완료가있다. 현재완료는과거의어느시점에서현재까지의연결된시간을, 과거완료는과거의시점과그이전과거의어느시점의연결을, 미래완료는현재와미래시점간의연결을표현한다. 1 현재완료 1 My son has just cleaned his room. 완료 2 Tony has lost his car. 결과 3 I have been in France. 경험 4 I have waited for your call since this morning. 계속 2 과거완료 5 I had lost my wallet when I checked my cell phone for my text messages. 잃어버렸다는완료의의미 < 완료 > 6 I had never seen him until then. ( 과거 ) 그때까지 ~ 한적이없다 [ 있다 ]. < 경험 > 7 I knew the book because I had seen the book before. 이전과거 ( 대과거 ) 표시 < 대과거 > 3 미래완료 8 I will have completed the report by 7 o clock. 완료 9 I will have gone on a trip by the time you arrive. 결과 50 문법ㆍ Chapter 2

2 진행시제일정시간동안진행중인동작은진행시제로표현할수있다. 1 일시적인동작 I took a shower when the phone rang. 10 I was taking a shower when the phone rang. I couldn t answer the door because I talked on the phone. 11 I couldn t answer the door because I was talking on the phone. 2 습관적인행위 Jay will always be telling lies. 12 Jay is always telling lies. 3 진행시제를쓸수없는경우인식동사 (know), 소유 (have 등 ), 감정 (like 등 ), 감각 (see 등 ), resemble, remember 등의동작동사가아닌상태동사는진행형을쓸수없다. Are you knowing the Simpsons? 13 Do you know the Simpsons? Review 완료시제현재완료 - 현재와과거의어느시점사이를표시과거완료 - 과거의어느시점과그이전시점사이를표시미래완료 - 현재와미래의어느시점사이를표시진행시제일시적인동작을표현한다. 때때로습관적인행위를표현하는방식으로쓰이기도한다. UNIT 2 51

EXERCISE 3 minutes 정답및해설 p.8 A 다음밑줄친부분을고치시오. Ex He is living in Italy since he was born. has lived 1 I was to Paris twice. 2 It is raining for two weeks if it rains tomorrow. 3 I m finally quit smoking after 30 years of smoking. 4 She will be waiting when he walked out of the building. 5 Greg bought cigarettes since he was 17 years old. B 문장의구조상어울리는것을선택하시오. 1 He looked sleepy because he (had been / will be) studying all night. 2 The teacher (always will tell / is always telling) us to study biology more. 3 She (has been / was) studying Spanish for five years. 4 I (walked / was walking) when I saw the accident. 5 (Have you ever been / Are you ever) to London? 6 I (am hating / hate) a roach. 7 I wasn t shocked because I (have seen / had seen) the animal before. 8 My fiance and I (will be / have been) married next month. 9 By the time you read this letter, I (will have / have) left for London. 10 All humans (are possessing / possess) a special spirit called the soul. 52 문법ㆍ Chapter 2

PRACTICE 3 minutes 정답및해설 p.9 다음빈칸에들어갈적절한응답을고르시오. PART 1 1 A Excuse me, before? You look familiar. B I think we are taking the same class. (a) haven t we been met (b) weren t we meeting (c) aren t we met (d) haven t we met PART 2 2 They each other in many ways. (a) are resembling (b) resemble (c) are resembled (d) have been resembling 다음에서잘못된부분을찾으시오. PART 3 3 (a) A: Cathy, I finally am finding another flight for you to ride standby. (b) B: Awesome, what time is it? (c) A: The flight leaves at 7:30 p.m. (d) B: That would be great. Thank you so much, Ross. PART 4 4 (a) Persistent rain falls over Northern California since November 2006, causing devastating floods and landslides. (b) Overflowing rivers have flooded many small communities. (c) The floods have caused at least 40 deaths and are being called the worst floods to strike California in 40 years. (d) The floods have also surrounded the capital city of Sacramento. UNIT 2 53