HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 31 No. 1, 무릎밑동맥의혈관내치료 : Critical Limb Ischemia 를중심으로 Endovascular Management for Infrapopliteal Stenocclusive Les

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HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 31 No. 1, 2011 17 무릎밑동맥의혈관내치료 : Critical Limb Ischemia 를중심으로 Endovascular Management for Infrapopliteal Stenocclusive Lesions Manifestating Critical Limb Ischemia 박상우건국대학교병원영상의학과 Sang Woo Park, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea Key Words: Arteries, Interventional Radiology, Fluoroscopy, Angiography, Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty 서론 책임저자주소 : 143-729, 서울시광진구화양동 4-12 건국대학교병원영상의학과 Tel: 02-2030-5523, Fax: 02-2030-5549 E-mail: psw0224@kuh.ac.kr 투고일자 : 2010 년 11 월 20 일, 심사일자 : 2010 년 12 월 16 일, 게재확정일자 : 2011 년 1 월 8 일 Abstract Critical limb ischemia reporesents the most severe clinical manifestation of peripheral arterial disease, defined as the presence of ischemic rest pain, ischemic lesions or gangrene attributable to objectively proven arterial occlusive disease. Typically the atherosclerotic disease process is diffuse, in the majority of patients involving the below-the-knee arterial tree. The cornerstone of therapy is vascular reconstruction and limb salvage. Revascularization should be attempted without delay in all patients presenting with critical limb ischemia, whenever technically possible and if clinical status is not hopelessly non-ambulatory. Therefore endovascular treatment will become the gold standard for the full range of patients including below-the- knee, the need for classically trained surgeons will shrink. Critical limb Ischemia 는동맥경화성말초동맥질환의가 장심한임상양상중하나로서 Ischemic resting pain, non- healing foot wounds or gangrene 의형태로나타나는것을 말한다. 이경우동맥경화질환의진행은미만성 (diffuse) 으 로나타나며많은수에서무릎밑동맥 (Below the knee arterial tree) 을침범한다. 1 최근에 critical limb ischemia 의 빈도가매우증가하고있는데이는고령화및당뇨병의증가 때문으로생각되며, 특히당뇨병은 5 mm 이하의작은직경 의혈관을주로침범하는경향이있어서무릎밑동맥의협착 및폐쇄를자주동반하고이에따른 critical limb ischemia 의빈도를증가시켜종국에는하지의절단을가져오게한다. 2 이와같이당뇨병에의한하지동맥의협착및폐쇄의경우는 간헐적파행 (Intermittent claudication) 의임상증상보다는 critical limb ischemia 의형태로나타나는것이보다일반적 이며, 당뇨병이없는하지동맥질환의경우보다하지절단의비율이 3.5-8.6 배정도높다. 3-5 오래전부터 critical limb ischemia 를나타내는하지동맥 질환의치료목표는동맥혈류재개통과사지구제 (Arterial revascularization and limb salvage) 였으며이는여전히궁 극적치료목표로인정받고있다. 적절한사지구제를위해서 는혈류재개통이빨리이루어져야하며, 실제로환자에게혈 관재건이불가능한특이소견이없다면최대한빠른시간내 에동맥혈공급 (Arterial supply) 이원활하게이루어져야한 다. 이미공격적인외과적혈관재건술 (Surgical arterial reconstruction) 이 1981 년 Veith 등에의하여시행되어사지

18 Hanyang Medical Reviews Vol. 31 No. 1, 2011 구제에효과를보인이래로많은다른연구들에서약 81-95% 의성공적인사지구제를보여왔다. 6-9 그러나상당수의혈관수술적치료가그러하듯이혈류재개통을위한수술적치료법들도우회술 (Bypass surgery) 에적절한정맥을얻지못해서인조혈관을사용하는경우결과가좋지못하다는점이있으며, 재원기간이길며수술에따른상대적으로높은사망률과이환률 (mortality and morbidity) 을보이게된다. 따라서이러한수술적치료의단점을극복하기위하여보다덜침습적이고편리한치료방법에대한요구가증대되어왔다. 경피적혈관재개통술 (Percutaneous revascularization) 은최근각광받는혈관내치료 (endovascular treatment) 중하나로서시술관련사망률과이환률이낮고, 대부분국소마취만으로시술이가능하므로회복이빠르고, 재원기간이짧다는단점이있다. 더나아가경피적혈관재개통술에실패하더라도추후수술적치료를방해하거나결과를더나쁘게하고있지는않는것으로알려지고있다. 최근눈부시게빠른속도로각종치료재료들이개발되어전세계적으로공급되고있어서시술후결과가하루가다르게발전해가고있다. 이에경피적혈관재개통술을 critical limb ischemia 환자에서의일차적치료방법으로선택하는경우가많아지고있으며, 따라서이러한치료법의종류와시술방법및최근보고된결과들을알아보고자한다. 본론대다수 critical limb ischemia 환자들은당뇨병을갖고있는경우가많다. 따라서함께병발한다른혈관질환을포함한합병증들때문에수술에적합하지않는경우가많으며, 수술할상태가된다고해도우회로로사용할혈관이좋지않거나원위부혈관의개통상태가좋지않는등수술을시행하거나시행후좋은결과를얻기에많은장벽들이있다. 이에따라최근혈관내치료에대한관심이집중되고있으며, 특히직경이작고병변의길이가긴무릎밑동맥의치료에있어서그필요성이급증하고있다. Critical limb ischemia 환자에서 foot gangrene과같은병변에대한혈관내치료의목표는무릎밑동맥들중적어도 1개의곧게개통된혈관의혈류가발로전달되는것이다. 과거부터꾸준히사용되어왔던고식적풍선확장술및스텐트설치술과함께최근 atherectomy 기구와약물방출스텐트 (Drug eluting stent) 등의 발달로치료방법이다양하게구축되었다. 1. 풍선확장술과거무릎밑동맥에맞도록고안된적절한기구가없어서관상동맥용풍선카테터나 0.035" 유도철사를사용하도록고안된풍선카테터를사용하여무릎밑동맥의재개통을시행하였다. 그러나 2가지형태의풍선카테터모두풍선의길이가너무짧아서시술시간이상대적으로많이소요되며, 0.035" 유도철사용풍선카테터형태는 profile이커서폐쇄가길거나석회화 (calcification) 가심한병변을통과하는데에어려움이있었다. 이에최근에무릎밑동맥용으로고안된풍선카테터들은 profile을줄여서 4-Fr sheath에삽입이가능하도록하였으며, 풍선의길이를 10-22 cm 이상으로하여시술시간을줄였다. 시술중사용하는유도철사는 0.014"-0.018" 를주로사용하며, 4-5-Fr sheath들의길이가길어지면서 sheath의끝이슬와동맥 (popliteal artery) 에위치할수있게되어조영제의양도줄일수있으며폐쇄가심한무릎밑동맥을유도철사나풍선카테터가통과하기가용이하게되었다. 유도철사가무릎밑병변의만성전폐쇄 (chronic total occlusion, CTO) 병변을통과하는방법으로 intraluminal passage와 subintimal passage가있다. Intraluminal passage는말그대로정상적인내막안쪽의막힌내강을통하여유도철사가지나가는것을말하며 subintimal passage 는내막의외측으로유도철사가통과하는것으로인위적으로혈관박리 (dissection) 를발생시켜서진강 (True lumen) 이아닌가강 (False lumen) 을확장시켜서혈류공급을하도록하는것을일컫는다. 10 실제로 Intraluminal 또는 subintimal passage를구별하기는어려우나친수성유도철사 (hydrophilic guide wire) 가폐쇄부위에들어간이후 U shape을형성하면서진행하면 subintimal passage가되고있다고생각하는것이일반적이다. 11-14 고식적풍선확장술의경우풍선을확장한후유지하는시간은 5초-5분정도로다양하다. Subintimal passage가된경우에는풍선유지시간을짧게하는경우도있지만최근에는풍선유지시간을최소 2분정도로하고결과가만족스럽지못할경우에는 5-10분까지도풍선유지를하는방법을많이사용한다. 14 고식적풍선확장술후일차개통율은그다지만족스럽지않으며 15-70% 로결과도너무다양하다. 15-18 그러나 critical limb ischemia에서가장중요한점이다리절단을막는것이라는

Endovascular Management for Infrapopliteal Stenocclusive Lesions Manifestating Critical Limb Ischemia 19 A B C D Fig. 1. A) Initial angiogram shows stenoocclusive lesions of infrapopliteal arteries. B, C). PTA after negotiation over these stenoocclusive lesions was performed. D) Angiogram after PTA shows complete revascularization of anterior tibial and peroneal arteries. 점을본다면일차개통율보다는사지구제율 (limb salvage rate) 이더중요하다고볼수있다. 현재까지발표된대부분의 논문들에서무릎밑동맥의풍선확장술후사지구제율을 14-17, 19 90% 이상으로보고하고있다. 고식적풍선카테터이외에최근 Scoring 풍선, Cryoplasty 풍선및 drug-eluting 풍선카테터등이주목받고있다. Scoring 풍선카테터는풍선표면에 atherotomes 이부착되 어있는것으로서풍선확장시 baro-trauma 를줄여서풍선 확장에의해발생하는혈관박리나탄성재수축 (elastic recoil) 을피할수있도록고안되었다. 1 년사지구제율은약 86%, 일차개통율은 61% 로보고되었다. 20 Cryoplasty 풍선 카테터는풍선확장시혈관벽을섭씨영하 10 도로냉각하여 smooth muscle cell 의 apoptosis 를일으켜신생내막증식 (neointimal hyperplasia) 을줄이도록고안된것으로서 1 년 사지구제율은약 94%, 일차개통율은약 56% 로보고되었다. 21 2. 스텐트 TransAtlantic Intersociety Consensus (TASC) II guideline이 2007년에발표되었을때무릎밑동맥에스텐트설치에대한언급은없었다. 22 실제로다른말초혈관에서스텐트설치술은보편적인시술이되어있지만무릎밑동맥에서는아직까지도논란의여지가있다. 그이유는무릎밑동맥이관상동맥굵기정도로가늘면서도병변이주로미만성또는다발성 (Multi-segmental) 으로발생하며장딴지부위가유속이느린동맥구조라는점때문에초기개통율뿐만아니라중장기추적관찰상개통율이매우저조했었기때문이다. 하지만풍선확장술후사지구제율측면에서의결과가아무리긍정적이라고해도사지구제율에비해일차개통율은매우좋지못하며, 풍선확장술후필연적으로발생할수있는혈관박리나탄성재수축같은경우를해결할수있는방법이스텐트설치술외에는없다는점에서스텐트설치술은여전히중요한치료방법중하나로대접받고있다. 물론그렇다고해도아직까지스텐트의일차설치술이풍선확장술후스텐트설치술보다우수한결과를보였다는보고는찾아보기힘들

20 Hanyang Medical Reviews Vol. 31 No. 1, 2011 다. 따라서무릎밑동맥의스텐트설치술의적응증으로가장 받아들여지고있는것은풍선확장술후잔여협착이 50% 이 상이거나혈류제한적혈관박리 (flow-limiting dissection) 가발생한경우이다. 과거에는무릎밑동맥용으로고안된 스텐트가없어서관상동맥용스텐트를사용했으나최근에는 풍선확장형및자가팽창형스텐트가무릎밑동맥용으로고 안되어있어관상동맥용스텐트를사용한경우보다앞으로 좋은결과가기대된다. 관상동맥용스텐트, 무릎밑동맥용풍선확장형또는자가 팽창형스텐트를사용한모든보고들에서 1 년사지구제율은 88-100% 의좋은결과를보였으며, 일차개통율은 53-71% 의 결과를보였다. 22-27 풍선확장술에서와마찬가지로무릎밑 동맥의스텐트설치술의일차개통율은만족스럽지못하나 가장중요한목적인사지구제측면에서보면치료효과는매 우우수하다고볼수있다. 3. Drug-eluting 스텐트 무릎밑동맥의풍선확장술과스텐트설치술이사지구제 율에서우수한성적을보였다고는하지만개통율에있어서 는두가지치료방법모두여전히실망스럽다. 관상동맥질 환의치료에 drug-eluting 스텐트가기존의치료법보다현 저히우수한결과를낸이후에일부연구에의해 drug- eluting 스텐트가말초혈관에도적용이되었으며, 결과가관 상동맥에서처럼좋을것으로기대했었다. 특히무릎밑동맥 의경우관상동맥용 drug-eluting 스텐트를그대로사용할 22, 23, 28, 수있는직경이므로보다활발히연구가진행되었다. 29 Siablis 등이 drug-eluting 스텐트와 bare metal 스텐트를 비교하는단일병원전향적연구 (single center prospective study) 를통하여 3 년추적결과까지보고하였는데 drug- eluting 스텐트집단이 bare metal 스텐트집단에비하여일 차개통율이높았으며재협착의빈도및재시술의빈도를현 22, 29 저히줄이는것으로나타났다. 최근에는 sirolimus- eluting 스텐트와풍선확장술을비교하는 ACHILLES trial 과 다른 drug-eluting 스텐트와 bare metal 스텐트를비교하는 DESTINY trial 등과같은 randomized controlled trial 이진 행되고있어서 drug-eluting 스텐트의무릎밑동맥에서의 중요성이점점입증될것으로기대된다. 그러나무릎밑동맥에서 drug-eluting 스텐트의사용은 몇가지문제점을갖고있다. 일단, 스텐트길이가짧아서보 통 40 mm 를넘지못한다. 이는관상동맥용으로제작되어 있기때문인데무릎밑동맥과같이길이가긴병변의경우는 스텐트사용에제한적일수밖에없다. 또, 현재의관상동맥 용 drug-eluting 스텐트는모두풍선확장용스텐트인데자 가팽창형스텐트와달리 recoil 현상이없어서외력에의해 스텐트가변형이될수있다. 실제로장딴지근위부의경우는 별문제가되지않으나발목부근과발부위는스텐트의변형 의위험이상당히높다. 그외에관상동맥용 drug-eluting 스 텐트를사용한후에는 early or late thrombosis 를막기위하 여장기간항혈소판제치료 (antiplatelet therapy) 를필요로 하는데이와같은방식이무릎밑동맥에함께적용되어야하 는지에대한연구는아직진행된점이없다. 따라서혈전에 의한스텐트폐쇄의가능성이여전히남아있다고볼수있 다. 마지막으로가격적인측면을고려해볼수있다. 일반적 으로 drug-eluting 스텐트의가격은 bare metal 스텐트보다 높다. 병변의길이를고려할때무릎밑동맥의경우스텐트 를여러개사용할수있는데, 과연많은수의 drug-eluting 스텐트를사용하여일차개통율을높이는것이환자의사지 구제율과삶의질측면에서봤을때가격대비효용성이있는 지에대해서는아직까지논란의여지가있다. 4. Atherectomy 풍선확장술과스텐트설치술중또는후에발생하는가장 큰문제들이바로 plaque 에의하여내강직경을적절하게확 보하지못하는것과재협착이다. Atherectomy 기구들은만 성전폐쇄의경우재개통을돕거나 plaque 또는두꺼워진 내막을물리적으로직접제거하여성공적으로내강직경을 확보하도록하는역할을하고이론적으로는재협착의가능 성도줄일수있다고한다. Excimer laser 를이용한결과에서는 48 명에서 6 개월사지구제율이 90.5% 를보였고, 30 SilverHawk (ev3, Plymouth, MN, USA) 를이용한결과에 서는일차개통율과사지구제율측면에서좋은결과를보였 으나 subintimal angioplasty 보다결과가좋지못하다는보고가있어서추후더많은연구가진행되어야할듯하다. 31 결론 무릎밑동맥에서의혈관내치료는아직연구의양과질적 인면에서관상동맥을비롯한다른혈관에미치지못하지만 치료의기술적방법이발전하고있고무엇보다치료기구의

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