Atmosphere. Korean Meteorological Society Vol. 21, No. 1 (2011) pp. 123-130 w EUV-B p k D w w Á½ y* w»y w ( : 2010 12 1, : 2011 2 18, y : 2011 3 19 ) The Radiative Characteristics of EUV-B over the Korean Peninsula and Exposure Time for Synthesizing Adequate Vitamin D Min Kyoung Kwak and Jae Hwan Kim* Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (Received : 1 December 2010, Revised : 18 February 2011, Accepted : 19 March 2011) Abstract : In this study, we have analyzed the radiative characteristics of erythemal ultraviolet- B (EUV-B from 1999 to 2005) over the Korean Peninsula. EUV-B measured at Gangneung, Anmyondo, Mokpo, and Gosan represents the measurements from clean areas and that at Seoul represents from a polluted area. The magnitudes of EUV-B increase in proportion to the latitudinal decrease. Monthly mean variation of EUV-B at noon shows the maximum value of 158.5 mwm -2 in August and the minimum value of 36.4 mwm -2 in December in the clean areas. Seasonal mean diurnal variation of EUV-B shows a peak around noon (12:00 ~ 13:00 hr) and its intensity varies along with a season in order of summer > spring > fall > winter. The maximum value of 56.4 mwm -2 in summer is three times higher than that in winter (14.3 mwm -2 ). The value of EUV-B in the polluted area is lower than that in the clean areas, resulting from the effects of the blocking, reflection, and scattering of EUV-B due to high concentrations of PM10. UV-B is an essential element to synthesize vitamin D in human body. 200 IU(International Unite) of vitamin D can be formed by an exposure of 6-10% of body surface area to 0.5 MED(Minimal Erythemal Dose). In order to form vitamin D, the calculated exposure times to EUV-B are 15 min. in spring, 12 min. in summer, 18 min. in fall, and 37 min. in winter for the clean areas and 16, 16, 24, and 37 min. for the polluted area. Key words : UV, Vitamin-D, Ozone, Health, Atmospheric composition 1. w v w, k l» w. k xk w, Ÿ w q ƒ. ƒ ew 200~400 nm w w UV-A(315~400 nm), UV-B(280~315 nm), UV-C(200- Corresponding Author: Jae Hwan Kim, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea. Phone : +82-51-510-2172 E-mail : Jaekim@pusan.ac.kr 280 nm). q 310 nm k 98% w w UV-B UV-C w 200~310 nm k 1.75% w (Wallace and Hobbs 1977). ù UV-C ƒ ƒ UV-A w { jš e w e. w w UV-C d«d m w w t w. UV-B š 10~30% ƒ t w (Burk 1998). t d 123
124 w EUV-B p k D w w w. k š ƒ j k»» ƒ. w w, ƒ¾ ƒ w (WHO, 2002). š. š ƒ k» m w n ¼ ƒ». š 1000 m 10~12% ƒ ƒwš, 300 m UV-B 3% ƒ ƒw (WHO, 2002: Burk 1998). wr w t ƒ. d 1% t w UV-B 2% ƒ k (Baird 1995). t ƒ w, t t k ƒ j. ( ) 75~95%, ù 25~40%, ( ) 15~25%, š 10~20% (Wallace and Hobbs 1977). wr w», j w w (Eck et al., 1995). r ƒ w (Koepke et al., 2004). v y jš ü v j ù x w y š. ù w w ³, Ÿ z, w yz w. p k D w v ƒ w, w ƒ. k D,, y, š x j w w (Vieth, 1999). x k D x w, y, y ƒ (Holick, 2001),, šx, x ƒw (Glerup et al., 2000). wr k Dƒ w ew Ÿ w w. Garland et al.(1985) w k D3 150IU(International Unite) w w û xš, Janowski et al.(1999) x ü 1α,25-(OH)2D3 y 1α,25-(OH)2D3 û 1/5 ù x. k D y x w w D2 D3. k D2(ergocalciferol) ü w š l (ergosterol), k D3 w» wz» 21«1y (2011) (cholecalciferol) ü w 7- w g l (7-dehydrocholesterol) (UV-B) ( ) w y (EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 2002)., ƒ k D w w» w UV-B ƒ v w. z 25(OH)D3 y š, x kš w y x 1α,25(OH)2D3ƒ ƒ s w (Norman, 1998: Holick, 2001). w wz 20 49 ¾ d w w 200 IU(5 µg), d, w 400 IU(10 µg) k D «šwš. ù œ,» w w» w w 1,000 IU k Dƒ v w (Glerup et al., 2000: Holick, 2001: Vieth, 1999). UV-B w k D,, v k,,» k, 6~10%ƒ 1 MED(Minimal Erythemal Dose, s w 210 J m -2 ) 600~1,000 IU k D w (Holick, 2001). UV-B w š w k Dƒ w. w, UV-B w w w k D w. UV-B 20~25 k D w ù (Webb et al., 1989). k D t mw ƒ ƒ wù ƒ v w w k D w». k D t w w w t w k D w kw w š x ù y ql š w z». w k D w w wì. w w w k D w w w x w w. š l w j w. ù x v yù v jš, ƒw DNA ¾ w öe š t w, p w ƒ w. 1970 z y ƒ w š»vx ú y š. ƒ w y t» z v w š,
, š p w ƒ w e w. 1970 z d«w. (2000) 1978 11 l 1993 12 ¾ Nimbus-7 TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) w y w š ƒw 50 N 55 S ƒƒ 4%/decade, 5.5%/ decade w þ. wr w ü, ƒ (2001) xš, w œ d 10 s³ 4% (1994). ù ½ (2005) (1997~2004 ) d y š. d«w t ƒx wš. x (2005)» d d w mw 6~8 ƒ wš w ƒ v w v w. y» y(2007)» d w vš ƒ ú w y 30 ü y šw. ù ùe wƒ w w k D w ù w w j. ƒ w ƒ w, wš w. w ü EUV-B p wš, m ƒ k D w w» w w w w. 2. 2.1. UV-B x ù» t EUV-B d,, sw, s, š š 5. UV-Biometer d y ƒ (erythemally weighted ultraviolet B radiation) (Dose rate) t w. 316mm 280mm (Doserate)= E( λ)w( λ)dλ (1)» E(λ) q»(wm -2 nm -1 ) š, W(λ) UV-Biometer v q Á½ y 125 ƒ (action spectrum in weight), (1) Wm -2. wr d (Dose), w w v ƒ k. t 1 t 2 ¾ w w š, Jm -2. 316mm 280mm (Doserate)= E( λ)w( λ)dλ (2) w EUV-B d (2) w, y wš, MED. 1MED k z 24 ü v y k w, s w 210 Jm -2 (Solar Light, 1993: WMO, 1994).» w 5 d EUV-B 10 24 dw. wr (UVI; UltraViolet Index) w ùkü» w, k û dwš w z w. (3). 316mm 280mm UVI = K E( λ)w( λ)dλ», K = 40., û 10 s³ (mwm ) 1 w w -2 25 mwm ù -2. 10 MED t w 14 w š, 5 MED t w 28 w.» w 5 sw. sw UV-Biometer»»š w ƒ û w». wr EUV-B w w e UV-Biometer l d. d» w 5 ù, 5 dw. sww 6 d 37 34 N, (#105) 37 45 N, (#132) 36 32 N, s(#165) 34 48 N, š (#185) 33 17 N š, w ú kw w. 2.2.»» EUV-B s r» w ƒ PM10 w. PM10 ù ƒ (3) Atmosphere, Vol. 21, No. 1. (2011)
126 w EUV-B p k D w w ü e 221» d d. (N37 45 E128 54 ) 27 w ƒ w (N37 33 E126 58 ), s (N37 33 E127 56 ), ûƒ (N37 34 E126 54 ) 3 w. EUV-B w» š, µgm -3. 3. 3.1. w ü EUV-B p 3.1.1» 5 EUV-B d,, s, š š» ü EUV-B w (Fig. 1). ùkù k š ƒ ƒ ƒ k w w. 8 š, 12 sw, ƒƒ 141.3/ 32.1 mwm -2, 158.3/35.8 mwm -2, s 137.6/ 39.1 mwm -2, š 196.6/38.6 mwm -2 ùkû. 7 s³ 90.5 mwm -2, 104.6 mwm -2, s 93.6 mwm -2, š 114.4 mwm -2 s w ù ƒ w eƒ ƒw w. k ƒ w ew w. wr sƒ wš EUV-B ƒ û s û w š û yƒ ewš» œ t w (½, 2006) j s p» w. 3.1.2,, s, š d EUV-B w. ù» EUV-B s³ ù tw w. Fig. 2 ƒ s³ X 5 ƒ l 20 50 ¾, 10. 4 EUV-B k û š ƒ ƒ 12 13 ùkù ƒ s. ƒƒ 112.1 mwm -2, 146.5 mwm -2, ƒ 93.6 mwm -2, š 47.5 mwm -2, w 3 w. ƒ EUV-B s³ ƒ ƒƒ 40.0 mwm -2, 56.4 mwm -2, 30.8 mwm -2, 14.3 mwm -2, - -ƒ - EUV-B ƒ w ùkû. p s³ EUV-B 4 w. k ƒ y» w. k ƒ ƒ š ƒ j, k ƒ ƒw. k ƒ EUV-B, k ƒ j EUV-B ùkù. Fig. 1. Monthly mean variation of EUV-B at noon at four different locations. (i.e., Gangneung, Anmyondo, Mokpo, and Gosan) w» wz» 21«1y (2011)
Á½ y 127 Fig. 2. Seasonal mean diurnal variation of EUV-B. 3.1.3» p Robaa(2004) p e y, z w yƒ t UV-B w w w w. y z t UV-B ƒ w, w ƒ w ù kû. ƒw w ü» EUV-B ƒ š w. tw œ 1,000, w mw 3,100 ù, kw. w» w 5 EUV-B d ƒ ƒ kw. t EUV-B Fig. 3. w ƒ EUV-B ƒ w w ùkû. EUV-B 5 128.2 mwm -2, 12 32.7 mwm -2, š s³ 84.3 mwm -2, w 13 mwm -2 ƒ û. j ƒ wš t EUV-B w w š PM10 d w» k w.» 37 45'N d w š, 27 d UV-Biometerƒ w ƒ w 3 (, s, ûƒ ) s³w w. PM10 s w (Fig. 3). ùkùš ùkù wù, ƒ j. PM10 5 97.4 µgm -3, 8 42.2 µgm -3, s³ 70.0 µgm -3 š, v 4 64.3 µgm -3, 8 43.0 µgm -3, s³ 51.0 µgm -3., s³ PM10 19 µgm -3 y w.» ƒ k Fig. 3. Values of EUV-B and PM10 in a polluted area (Seoul) and a clean area (Gangneung) Atmosphere, Vol. 21, No. 1. (2011)
128 w EUV-B p k D w w j w¾ w t w UV-B k. š PM10 t w UV-B j» w š. 3.1.4 (UVI) w» w t (UVI; UltraViolet Index) w. UVI w w j y w w. y v ù k, wù, v ƒ m w KMAƒ w y» Table 1. UVIƒ 5.0~ 6.9 Moderate w w 60 ƒ y w. w UVI w (Fig. 4). w EUV-Bƒ ƒ w kw» ü 1 365 w s³ w. 1999-2005 s³w, w t EUV-B ƒ w, UVIƒ 7.0 w. UVIƒ 5.0-6.9 w w Moderate 16 w Table 1. Categories of Ultra Violet Index (UVI) determined by Korea Meteorological Administration. UV Categories UV Index Range Average Time to Burn Extremely High 9.0 Less Than 20 Min. High 7.0~8.9 Around 30 Min. Moderate 5.0~6.9 Around 60 Min. Low 3.0~4.9 Around 100 Min. Very Low <3.0 2~3 Hr. or More 4.4%. wr UVI 9.0 Extremely High ù 7.0-8.9 w w High 14, 3.8% w. 13 w,» 14% w w. Moderate w w 75 20.5% w. UVIƒ 3.0, Very Low w w», ƒ l w ¾ š, ƒ l ¾.» 2-3, y w. 3.2 k D w v w Holick(2001) 6~10%(,, q, ) 1MED j 600-1,000IU k D w. ù s³ w ù û ( š, 1991) š w, 6-10% 0.5MED j w wzƒ 1 ««šw 200IU k D w w» w ƒ ù. m w ƒƒ EUV-B w ü k D w wš w v w w. EUV-B w,, s, š s³w w š, EUV-B w. 0.5MED s w 105 Jm -2. (Dose), (Dose Rate) w w w. w ü EUV-B x w ƒ ù w Fig. 4. Variation of Ultra Violet Index (UVI) in a polluted area (Seoul) and a clean area (Gangneung). w» wz» 21«1y (2011)
Á½ y 129 Table 2. The calculated times to EUV-B for form vitamin D. Unpolluted Area Polluted Area Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter UV_B(mWm -2 ) 114.6 146.8 95.0 46.7 108.8 108.1 72.4 47.9 Exposure Time (min.) 15 12 18 37 16 16 24 37 w. s³ EUV-B w w Table 2 ùkü. w j ù, ƒ w ƒƒ 4 6 ¼. ƒ UVI 4.5, 5.9, ƒ 3.7, 1.9 ùkûš, 4.4, 4.3, ƒ 2.8, 2.1 ùkû., UVIƒ ƒ w y w» ¾ 60 ƒ wš, w ù w w 100 w y w. 2~3,. w KMA w y» ü, v ƒ m y v w k D w w w. w, v w öe w ü k D w ƒ w. 4. (UV-B) x šw UV-B š ww. p UV-Bƒ k D w w m, k D w w w j.,, s, š 4 1999-2005 mw w ü EUV-B p w, 8, 12 ùkù ql š, s w ù ƒ w EUV-B ƒ ƒw w. 4 s³w w, EUV-B s³ w 4 e ùkþ. wr 4» s³ w tw š w EUV-B w, w s³ EUV-B ƒ û. š ùkù PM10 w z. w» ü EUV-B UVI y w,» High w w ƒ 3.8% wš Moderate w w ƒ 20.5% w w, High w w x š Moderate w w 4.4% ù. EUV-B ƒ w û w w w. w EUV-B s³ m, w v w k D ƒ w w» w w. 15, 12, ƒ 18, 37 ùkûš, w ƒƒ 16, 16, 24, 37 ùkû. KMA ƒ w y ü, w 20~40 Ÿ v y j v w k D w w w. ù w ƒ w w w, ¾ k Ÿ ƒ wš. y k Ÿ. Ÿ ¼ w w š w j w. x v w. v x j w w. š ƒ ƒ w. UVIƒ š, UVIƒ û. p,, j t ƒw» Ÿ w y mw v w UV-B». w Atmosphere, Vol. 21, No. 1. (2011)
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