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1 Printed in the Republic of Korea 초등학교과학수업에서게임을이용한협동학습의효과 *Ášü Ášw w w ( ) The Effects of the Cooperative Learning Using Games in Elementary School Science Classes Sukjin Kang*, Naiyoung Go, and Hanjoong Koh Departiment of Seience Education, Jeonju National University of Education, Jeonju , Korea (Received January 27, 2005). w x w w 6w w w w w» e w w. w w 6w 2 w 68 w m e w w. w w» w w. ½ ƒ» w 16 e w. eƒ óù z, ƒ w w w w» z w. œ, w w z ƒ ù kù ù, ƒ» m w z ƒ ùkû. w w» e ƒ m w. : x w,,, w w» ABSTRACT. In this study, we investigated the effects of the cooperative learning using games on the 6th graders' achievement and their science learning motivation. Two classes (68 students) from an elementary school were respectively assigned to a control group and a treatment group. A science learning motivation test was administered as a pretest. Students were taught about structure of our body and gases units for 16 class periods. A researcher-made achievement test and the science learning motivation test were administered as posttests. ANCOVA result indicated that there was no statistically significant effect in the achievement test scores. However, there was a statistically significant effect in the scores of the gases subcategory of the achievement test. The scores of the treatment group were also significantly higher than those of the control group in the science learning motivation test. Keywords: Cooperative Learning, Games,GAchievement, Science Learning Motivation w w y w. w, x» ù x p w y v ƒ». ù 1 w x. w ƒ k y y w m k w w. 2 w w w w. z w, w ù w y mw. 3 w ƒ y 417
2 418 Ášü Ášw mw w ù (, w ) w» w y w y ù y v w x š. w y w x k w w»» w. ù ü w y w, ù w ƒ, y w ö š wk ƒ. 4 x y w w y w y ù w y x» w». w y w m w -w y k y w x w w ƒ y š. x w m w w x w š. x w y, y,, z», (group processing) d m w p. 5 x w ƒ j p œ w t w x w y 6., w œ w œ v Á š, w. x w x k w w w. w y w ƒ xw w k w. w, x w m», w w k w. w, x w w k, w, w», w e, z š w. 7 w, x w w, w, š z. 8 p, x w w e z w,, d w ƒ, x w w w w w z š š. 9,10 w x w z ƒ š. w d x w 11,12 z,, w, w z ƒ w š. 1,4,13,14 wr, w w, x w w w z ƒ ù, w z ƒ š. 15,16 w x w z ƒ yw, w pw w x y ƒ. 17, wù e w w x y w w w» w w ƒ jš, y» j y x w. w, ƒw., d» w wš z» w w w, x mw y xw w. w w x w z w» w w w y w w w ƒ w. ûš w w x w w» w w ü w k w y w w» v w. ½ w w ü 18, w w w k š w., z ù v w k, w x ñ ü» w w» w š. w, (ego-involvement)ƒ w ü w w jš w w g, w 19
3 w y w. w m w ³ w, w, x w, m» w x w w ƒ. 20 w w w y y w» w -w x w w w. w w 6w w w w x w w, z w w w» d w. w w 6w 2 w 68 w w. w 2 w e m ewš, w w» w. 1 ƒ e w x w wš, m m w. e z w» w z w w w» w. w x w e w 6w ½ ( ) ƒ» ( ) w 5 16 w. e m d 4 1 w. e, x w x ƒ w» w ƒƒ p w w w. e x x w ww w y w w. y w w w w š w y n w w ü» w w. w, y w 1 w wì w x w. m x k m w w. x w w w x w z 419 ü w m w. wr, e w w e x w w l 1 2 ƒƒ w. l x w ³e, y w, y t, š»k w w. ½ wš, w w x w xw ww. w x w w w x w STAD(Student Teams Achievement Division) x 10» w. STAD y mw x w x, y, š w w ³ w œ»z œ w p. ù ƒ w x w w š w, w ñ ý w y y w y y w. y w w ü w» w. w x w, y, w, y, i 5. z w w w j» w w» w.» e m w w. w tƒ, 10 w ü w., x ù p w y w ƒ w w w. ü óù, x w y. y j y w ƒ w. y w w ü w w w, w w y ü» w. y óù, w w ü wš w w ƒ w. w
4 강석진 고내영 고한중 Checklist for small group activity. Fig. 1. An example of students worksheets. Fig 집단 구성원들이 서로 협력하여 풀어야 하는 게임 형 식의 문제로 구성했는데, 게임 형식을 이용하면 단순 한 형성 평가 방식의 복습에 비해 학생들의 흥미와 적극적인 참여를 유발할 수 있다. 학생들의 적극적인 소집단 활동 참여는 협동학습의 중요한 요소인 긍정 적인 상호의존성과 활발한 대면적 상호작용의 증진 으로 이어질 수 있다. 게임의 한 예를 Fig. 1에 제시 했는데, 이 게임은 학생들이 주어진 복습용 문제의 정 답을 맞힐 경우, 가족들이 좋아하는 스포츠에 대한 힌 트를 얻을 수 있도록 구성했다. 학습지에 사용된 게 임은 다양한 형식을 도입하여 학생들이 쉽게 지루해 지는 것을 방지했다. 개발된 게임 및 문항은 현직 교 사 2인의 검토를 받았다. 학습지 작성 단계에서는 게 임을 빨리 끝내거나 문제를 많이 맞히는 것보다 게임 을 통해 학습한 내용을 점검하고 복습하여 퀴즈에 대 비하는 것이 더 중요함을 강조했다. 이를 위해, 학습 지의 정답을 확인한 후 반드시 소집단별로 학습지와 활동지의 내용을 다시 한 번 점검하고 정리하는 시간 을 갖도록 했다. 수업의 마지막에는 협동학습의 특징 중 집단 과정에 해당하는 조 활동 점검표(Fig. 2)를 작 성하도록 했다. 소집단별로 1장씩 주어진 조 활동 점 검표를 작성하면서, 학생들은 소집단 활동에서 각자 의 행동을 반성하고, 발전적인 소집단 활동을 위한 개 선 방안에 대해 논의하여, 다음 시간의 활동에 이를 반영했다. STAD 수업 모형의 가장 큰 특징 중 하나는 보상 체계의 구조화이다. 이 연구에서는 학습량에 따라 2~3 차시마다 한 번씩 퀴즈를 실시했는데, 퀴즈는 소집단 학습 활동의 결과를 개인별로 평가하는 방법이다. 퀴 즈 결과의 채점에서는 모든 학생의 성공 기회가 동등 해질 수 있도록 향상 점수 체계를 사용했다. 학생 개 개인은 퀴즈를 실시한 후 자신의 기본 점수에서 향상 된 정도에 따라 개인 향상 점수를 받고, 조 점수는 소 집단 구성원들의 개인 향상 점수 합으로 계산된다. 즉, 각 구성원이 좋은 점수를 얻기 위해서는 조 점수가 좋아야 하고, 조 점수가 좋기 위해서는 자신 뿐 아니 라 다른 구성원들도 퀴즈에서 좋은 점수를 얻어야만 하도록 보상 체계를 구조화했다. 또 다른 보상 수단 으로 학급 신문 제도를 이용했는데, 학급 신문은 학 급 게시판에 고정식으로 만들어 학생들이 수시로 볼 수 있도록 했다. 학급 신문에는 성적이 좋았던 소집 단, 조 점수가 많이 향상된 소집단, 그리고 협동을 잘 한 소집단 등을 신문 기사 형식으로 소개하여 학생들 이 보다 적극적으로 협동학습에 참여하도록 유도했다. 검사 도구 이 연구에서는 학생들의 학업 성취도와 과학 학습
5 » d w» w ƒƒ ƒ w w w w» w. w Bloom t t 8 w, w 8 w, 4 w 20 w w w. ü s ½ ƒ» ƒƒ 10 w w. w w w ƒ 2 3 l k. d w ü (Cronbach s α) z w w» IMMS(simplified Instructional Materials Motivation Survey) w 21 w. IMMS (attention), (confidence), (relevance), (satisfaction) 4 w w ƒ 4 w. w y w w (, w )w w. w 5 fp. d w ü (Cronbach s α) 0.90, z w x w z w» w, e wš w w w w» w œ (ANCOVA) w. w w w w x w z 421 œ e 1w» š w. z w w» œ w w» w. w e z m e w s³ s³ œ ƒƒ Table 1 Table 2 w. w w s³ m ù ƒ m w. w Table 2. ANCOVA result on the achievement test scores SS df MS F p Total Knowledge Comprehension Application Biology unit Knowledge Comprehension Application Chemistry unit * Knowledge Comprehension Application * p<.05. Table 1. Means, standard deviations, and adjusted means of the achievement test scores Control group Treatment group M SD Adj. M M SD Adj. M Total Knowledge Comprehension Application Biology unit Knowledge Comprehension Application Chemistry unit Knowledge Comprehension Application
6 422 Ášü Ášw Table 3. Means, standard deviations, and adjusted means of the science learning motivation test scores Control group Treatment group M SD Adj. M M SD Adj. M Total Attention Confidence Relevance Satisfaction w, w m e m w ƒ. ù w s³(6.68) m (6.15) w w (p=.051). wr, w w, m w ƒ ù, e w s³(9.17) m (8.45) w m w ( p<.05). w w» e z w w» s³ s³ Table 3, œ Table 4 w. m e s³ 80 ƒƒ , e ƒ m w ( p<.05). w, e w s³ m w w m w ( p<.05)., e w s³ m w ù, m w. Table 4. ANCOVA result on the science learning motivation test scores SS df MS F p Total * Attention Confidence * Relevance * Satisfaction *p<.05. w x w w e w w w šwš. 4,10,13-15 w x w w m w w w w ƒ, ƒ m w. w x y p w w x w z ƒ w w., x y w y w w y x» w w ƒ j», w x w z ƒ w ƒ e w w w. ù w w ƒ w. x y ( ½ ) e w ƒ m w, x ( ƒ» ) e w ƒ m m w., w x w w e z ƒ w x y w ƒ w w 17 ew. w x w w e w w w w ƒw. ƒ», yk,» w w ü.» e» w w, w ƒ w
7 x e ã» w. ƒ» ƒƒ 2» y x w w ww, w w w w z ƒ., ½, ƒ» w» w, w w w w. ww, w x w w w w z ƒ, w w w w w w x w z ƒ x w ƒ ƒw. w w w x w z ƒ (p=.051). w w w w ƒ, w (p=.071) w (p=.051) w x w w w ƒ w. w x w z w w., x w ù» û š w z, 22,23 w ù k š š w z š š. 24,25 w x w z w ü» w ƒ v w, w w w ù w w t w w» w w w x w z ƒ w. w» w w wš w y yw w. w w» w ƒ. w, x w w ü y š x mw w w w ü» w k š w w w w x w z 423 eƒ w w w» w z ƒ (p<.05), w x w w» w w w ƒ ƒ w. w, w k š w. 18» w w w l y ñ ü» w, x w w v. wr, w w» w, e ƒ m w w., w x w mw w w w w ƒ š, w ü w w. ù w ƒ, w w w w ƒ dw. j - (Yerkes-Dodson) e, y» (arousal) w(performance) U w ùký. 29, w y» w w z, ù y ùe y» w w ww. w w x w w» w ü w p, x, y, w, y t, i, w m w w wš ƒ. w w w» w ƒ, w w, p g w w» w ƒ w. w 6w w w x w w w w w» e w w. w x w w w j w e w ùkû. ù
8 424 Ášü Ášw, x w x w w w x w z w. w x w e w, w 17 w x y p w w w d w ƒ. wr,, w e w z w w e z ƒ ùkû ƒ w. w, w w w d, p ù x w d p š. w w w x w z q w» w m w z ƒ w. w x w z w û š w z w 22,23 š w z w 24,25 ƒ y. w w w w ù w w x w z w. w w x w ù w w tƒ w z ƒ w. w x w w ƒ wƒ w k, z x w w ¾ x x w w d z ƒ w w v. w w x w w w w» z ùkû. ù w w» w z ƒ w,» w v w. w ƒ ùkù wù ƒ» ƒ ƒw. x w w p m w w w (, y t, i, w ) w. w w x w ƒ ƒ w», w w ƒ» w d ùe w p ƒ ƒ. w w w w»» w ƒ š, k w w w» k w k w. x 1. Lazarowitz, R.; Hertz-Lazarowitz, R.; Baird, J. H. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1994, 31, Johnson, R. T.; Johnson, D. W.; Scott, L. E.; Ramolae, B. A. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1985, 22, Vygotsky, L. S. Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Chang, H. P.; Lederman, N. G. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1994, 31, Slavin, R. E. School and classroom organization; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, Johnson, D. W.; Johnson, R. T.; Holubec, E. J. Circles of learning (4th ed.); Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development: Alexandria, Johnson, D. W.; Johnson, R. T.; Holubec, E. J.; Roy, P. Circles of learning; Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development: Alexandria, ; ½ w x w ; x q :, w, 1985, 23, Slavin, R. E. Cooperative learning: Theory, research, and practice; Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, Lazarowitz, R.; Karsenty, G. Cooperative learning and students self-esteem in tenth grade biology classroom. In S. Sharan (Ed.), Cooperative learning: Theory and research; Praeger: New York Tingle, J. B.; Good, R. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1990, 27, k ; ; ; y w w wz, 1998, 18, 61.
9 w w w x w z Webb, N. M. Student interaction and learning in small groups: A research summary. In R. Slavin, S. Sharan, S. Kagan, R. Hertz-Lazarowitz, C. Webb, & R. Schmuck (Eds.), Learning to cooperate, cooperating to learn; Plenum Press: New York, ; ½ x; ; k w, 1997, 16, Slavin, R. E. Educational Leadership, 1990, 47, ; ; k w w wz, 1999, 19, ½, 2003, 24, Parry, S. B. Training and Development Journal, 1980, 34, x ù, 1983, 3, Song, S. H. The effects of motivationally adaptive computer-assisted instruction developed through the ARCS model. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, Johnson, D. W.; Maruyama, G.; Johnson, R. T.; Nelson, D.; Skon, L. Psychological Bulletin, 1981, 89, Slavin, R. E. Psychological Bulletin, 1983, 94, Basili, P. A.; Sanford, J. P. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 1991, 28, Lazarowitz, R.; Hertz-Lazarowitz, R.; Baird, J. H.; Bowlden, V. Science Education, 1988, 72, Charbonneau, N. L.; Ribar, L. L. Increasing students motivation though the use of multiple intelligences and cooperative learning techniques. Master s action research project report, Saint Xavier University and Skylight Field-based Masters Program Ginsburg-Block, M. D.; Fantuzzo, J. W. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1998, 90, Lin, C.-C. Effects of goal structure on Chinese elementary school students goal orientation, achievement, intrinsic motivation, and belief about success/failure. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University, Keller, J. M.; y :,,, š ; w :, 1999.
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