pissn 1229-1153 / eissn 2465-9223 J. Food Hyg. Saf. Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 219~226 (2019) https://doi.org/10.13103/jfhs.2019.34.3.219 Review Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety Available online at http://www.foodhygiene.or.kr 한국의잔류농약모니터링프로그램현황과개선 이미경 * 국립안동대학교식품생명공학과 Present Status on the Pesticide Residue Monitoring Program of South Korea and Its Improvement Mi-Gyung Lee* Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Korea (Received March 26, 2019/Revised April 17, 2019/Accepted April 22, 2019) ABSTRACT - This study was conducted to understand the overall status of the monitoring program for pesticide residues in foods of South Korea. Further propositions for its improvement were made, and from this study, the status on this program can be summarized as follows. In South Korea, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) is responsible for overall control of pesticide residue monitoring. Depending on the time of monitoring (sampling at distribution or production step), the government agency responsible for monitoring is different: MFDS, Regional Offices of Food and Drug Safety and local governments are responsible for monitoring of foods at the distribution step, while the National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service (NAQS) and local governments are responsible for monitoring of foods in the production step (partially at sale and distribution steps). According to purpose of monitoring, domestic monitoring programs could be divided into two types: MFDS s Residue Survey and NAQS s National Residue Survey are conducted mainly for risk assessment purposes and various monitoring programs by the Regional Offices of Food and Drug Safety and local governments are conducted mainly for regulation purposes. For imported foods, monitoring should be conducted at both steps of customs clearance and distribution: the MFDS and the Regional Offices of Food and Drug Safety are responsible for the former, and for the latter, local governments are also responsible. However, it appeared that systematic and consistent monitoring programs are not being conducted for imported foods at the distribution step. Based on the information described above and more detailed information included in this paper, the following proposals for improving the monitoring program were forwarded: i) further clarification of monitoring program purpose, ii) strengthening of the monitoring program for imported foods, iii) providing the public with monitoring results by publication of an annual report and database. It is thought that exhaustive review on the pesticide residue monitoring program and efforts for its improvement are needed in order to assure both food safety and the success of the recently begun positive list system (PLS). Key words : Pesticide residue, Monitoring, Korea, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service 식품중유해물질에대한모니터링은식품안전관리에있어서핵심적인책무이다 1). 농약의경우잔류농약모니터링의목적은우수농업관습 (good agricultural practice, GAP) 에따라농약이적법하게사용되었는지를확인하는동시에잔류허용기준 (maximum residue limit, MRL) 이초과된식품이섭취되지못하도록차단해서국민의건강을보호 *Correspondence to: Mi-Gyung Lee, Andong National University, # 1375 Gyeongdong ro, Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 36729, Korea Tel: 82-54-820-6011, Fax: 82-54-820-6264 Email: leemig@anu.ac.kr 하는데있다. 우리나라는최근수입과일의품목이다양해지고수입량이증가함에따라수입농산물중잔류농약에대한관심이커져왔다. 이에따라식품의약품안전처 2-3) (ministry of food and drug safety, MFDS) 는농산물안전관리강화를목적으로농약허용물질목록관리제도 (positivie list system, PLS) 를도입하였다. 견과종실류와열대과일류는 2016년 12월 31일부터그리고 2019년 1월 1일부터는모든농산물에 PLS가적용되기시작했다. 일본은우리나라에앞서 2006년에 PLS를시작했다. 일본노동후생성 (ministry of health, labour and welfare, MHLW) 은 PLS의목적을 to prohibit the distribution of 219
220 Mi-Gyung Lee any food which contain agricultural chemicals at amounts exceeding a certain level (0.01 ppm) in the Japanese marketplace unless specific maximum residue limits (MRLs) have been set 로명시하고다음의특별조치를취하고있다. 즉 ⅰ) 농약잔류허용기준의설정 (establishment 4) of standards), ⅱ) 잔류농약모니터링과농약식이섭취량연구 (monitoring and intake study), ⅲ) 소비자를위해 MHLW 웹사이트에농약잔류수준정보공개 (providing information for consumers) 와같은조치를취하고있다 (R). 이처럼일본의경우에서보듯이 PLS의시행에있어서는농약기준의확대뿐만아니라잔류농약모니터링, 농약식이섭취량연구, 정보공개에대한조치들이필요한것임을알수있다. 우리나라도일본처럼 국내 외등록된농약에대해서는잔류허용기준을설정하여관리하고그외잔류허용기준이없는농약은일률적으로 0.01 ppm을적용하는제도 로서 PLS를명시하고있다. 그리고현재국내에서는농약사 5) 용등록과수입식품잔류허용기준 (import tolerance, IT) 을비롯한국내잔류허용기준 (maximum residue limit, MRL) 설정이활발히진행되고있다. 그러나 PLS가성공을거두기위해서요구되는일본과같은특별조치, 즉모니터링프로그램의강화, 농약식이섭취량연구의활성화, 정보공개같은조치가취해지지않고있다. PLS 도입에따른농약잔류실태에서의변화를조사한논문이단편적으로발표 6-8) 되고는있지만정부차원에서특히유통식품중잔류농약모니터링프로그램의강화와같은특별조치는발표되지않고있다. 국내식품의약품안전처 (ministry of food and drug safety, MFDS) 는 1998년부터국가잔류농약모니터링사업을실시해오고있고 9-10), 국립농산물품질관리원 (national agricultural products quality management service, NAQS) 도다양한모니터링을실시하고있는것으로알려져있다. 이들기관에서는매년각각 4-6만건이상의시료에대해농약분석을수행하고있지만, 모니터링프로그램의내용이나결 11) 과에대해일반국민이전반적으로이해할수있는발표자료는매우드물다. MFDS가실시한잔류농약모니터링의경우최근 7년동안 2013년조사 9-10) 만이학술지에발표되어있었다. 학술지에발표된다른논문들은대부분지방자치단체보건환경연구원이실시한모니터링으로특정지역, 특정식품으로한정되어있다. PLS의도입에따 12-14) 라잔류농약모니터링의기능이더욱중요해졌지만정부에서수행하는모니터링프로그램에대해전반적으로이해할수있는자료는거의찾아볼수없었다. 따라서이연구는국내정부차원에서실시하는잔류농약모니터링프로그램전반에대해이해하는것을목적으로수행되었다. 더나아가모니터링프로그램에서개선이필요한사항이제안되었다. 이논문에서제공하는정보와 제안은국내잔류농약안전관리를위한모니터링프로그램의개선을위해크게활용될것으로기대된다. Materials and Methods 이연구는국내잔류농약모니터링과관련하여 2011년부터발표된것으로서일반국민에게공개된정보만을사용하여수행되었다. 학술지발표논문은국내데이터베이스 (DBpia) 의검색을통해수집되었고정부기관 (MFDS, NAQS, 보건환경연구원 ) 의자료는기관웹사이트를통해수집되었다. 이연구에서주로활용된자료는식품의약품안전처연구보고서 ( 요약 ), 식품안전관리지침 ( 이후지침으로 15) 줄임 ) 16), 농산물품질관리연보 17), 보건환경연구원보 7-8,18-23) 등이었다. 잔류농약모니터링프로그램에대한이해도를높이기위해이연구에서는모니터링프로그램을그목적에따라구분하였다. 즉위해평가 (risk assessment) 가목적이냐또는규제 (regulation) 가목적이냐에따라모니터링프로그램을구분하였다. 그리고모니터링을담당하는기관을조사했다. 주요모니터링프로그램에대해서는조사식품, 분석농약수, 시료수와수집방법, 조사결과 ( 검출율, 위반율등 ), 조사결과공개와관련하여실시되었던내용을조사하였다. 수입식품의경우는식품안전관리에서통관단계검사등국내산식품과는다른점이있기때문에별도로기술하였다. Results and Discussion 잔류농약모니터링의종류와담당기관국내에서는식품안전관리의일원화정책 (2013년 3. 23 일 ) 에따라 MFDS가농산물안전관리를총괄한다. 이와더불어 MFDS는지방식품의약품안전청, 지방자치단체 ( 시 도 ) 의식품위생부서와함께유통농산물에대한안전관리를맡고있다. 한편농림축산식품부산하의 NAQS도농산물안전관리책임이있기때문에지방자치단체의농산물품질관리부서와함께생산 유통 판매단계안전관리 ( 주로생산단계 ) 를맡고있다. 따라서잔류농약모니터링의경우도 MFDS가총괄하고지방식품의약품안전청, NAQS, 지방자치단체에서모니터링업무를분담하여실시한다. 이러한분담에대해서는 MFDS가매년발행하는식품안전관리지침 16) 에그내용이간략히소개되어있다 (Table 1). 위해평가모니터링 (monitoring for risk assessment) 위해평가모니터링은위해평가 (risk assessment) 를실시하기위한것으로식품중잔류농약이인체의건강에미치는영향을파악하는데목적이있다. 이러한목적달성을위해서는국민이섭취하는대표식품의선정이나시료의수집방법등에있어서통계적으로잘설계된방법이
Table 1. Plans of the pesticide residue monitoring for domestic agricultural products included in the 2018 Food Safety Management Guidelines Government agency Applicable law Responsibility Monitoring wok MFDS 1) Food Sanitation Act, Article 22 Overall control for safety assurance Planning a safety control for agricultural products (visits, inspections, collection, etc.) of agricultural products Residue survey for risk assessment 6 Regional Food Sanitation Act, Article 22 Safety control for agricultural products General collection and inspection Offices of Food and Drug Safety at a distribution step 2) (visits, inspections, collection, etc.) - Agricultural products online, focusing on high consumption products 3) and special control products 4) Planned collection and inspection - Agricultural products arisen from risk information - Agricultural and forestry products consumed as both food and drug - Region special agricultural products - Agricultural products (mainly for special control products 4) ) by theme (the time of the year, celebration day, season of kimchi making) NAQS 5) Local governments (city, province) Agricultural and Fishery Products Safety control for agricultural products at production, distribution and Quality Control Act, Article 60 (safety management plans)-article sale steps 68 (risk assessment of agricultural products, etc.) Food Sanitation Act, Article 22 Department of Food Sanitation: (visits, inspections, collection, etc.) Safety control for agricultural products at a distribution step Agricultural and Fishery Products Quality Control Act, Article 60 (safety management plans)-article 68(risk assessment of agricultural products, etc.) Department of Agricultural and Fishery Products Quality Control: Safety control for agricultural products at production, distribution and sale steps At a production step - Agricultural products of the number of approx. 100 with high production and high violation rate - Region special agricultural products - Agricultural products produced by a contract cultivation farmhouse for local foods, direct deals, school cafeteria support center, etc. At distribution and sale steps close to a production step - Agricultural products at gristmill, Rice Processing Complex (RPC), Products Processing Center - Electronic commerce agricultural products that farmer, farming corporation and producer organizations establish and operate directly - Traditional market, direct deals, grain commercial firm, etc. Survey of harmful residues (called as the National Residue Survey) for 38 6) commercial foods selected with bases of production and consumption amounts General collection and inspection - Routine inspection for high consumption products 3) and special control products 4) - Agricultural products of the public whole sale market Planned collection and inspection - Agricultural products arisen from risk information - Agricultural and forestry products consumed as both food and drug - Delivered products to group food service (school, etc) - Region special agricultural products - Agricultural products (mainly for special control products 4) ) by theme (the time of the year, celebration day, season of kimchi making) At distribution and sale steps close to a production step - similar to monitoring works conducted by the NAQS 1) Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 2) Safety controls for distribution and sale steps, close to a production step, are excluded. 3) As high consumption products, 171 agricultural products are presented in the 2018 Food Safety Management Guidelines. 4) As special control products, 15 agricultural products are presented in the 2018 Food Safety Management Guidelines. 5) National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, under the ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 6) Usually, 54 agricultural products are surveyed. Present Status on the Pesticide Residue Monitoring Program 221
222 Mi-Gyung Lee 사용되어야한다. 위해평가모니터링으로서잘알려진모니터링프로그램으로미국 USDA에서실시하는 Pesticide Data Program (PDP) 이있다. 24) 국내의경우 MFDS가지방식품의약품안전청과함께실시하는 위험평가를위한농산물잔류실태조사 ( 이후잔류실태조사로줄임 ) 가있다. 이조사에서보면국민다소 16) 비식품을인구분포를반영하여전국적으로시료를수집하는조사방법이사용되고있다. 따라서 MFDS의잔류 15) 실태조사는위해평가를위한모니터링에해당하는것으로볼수있다. 한편국내 NAQS에서도 국가잔류조사 라는유해물질모니터링프로그램 ( 잔류농약, 중금속, 곰팡이독소에대한조사 ) 을실시하고있다. 이조사가다소비식품에대한 25) 전국적인실태조사라는점그리고조사결과가잔류허용기준, 안전사용기준설정등관련제도개선및정책수립등에활용되어야한다는점을고려할때 NAQS의국가잔 25) 류조사도위해평가모니터링에가까운것으로판단된다. 규제모니터링 (monitoring for regulation) 규제모니터링의목적은농약의잔류허용기준의준수 (compliance with maximum residue limit) 를확인하는데있으며모니터링과정에서나타난위반식품의유통을즉시차단시킴으로써국민의건강을보호하는데있다. 규제모니터링프로그램의대표적인예로미국 FDA에서실시하는 Regulatory Monitoring 을들수있다. FDA의 26) Regulatory Monitoring은조사시료를수집하는데있어통계적으로설계된방법을사용하지않는다. 그대신에과거의부적합정보, 농약사용정보, 식이의중요성등과같은여러요인에근거해시료를수집한다 26). 국내의경우 6개지방식품의약품안전청, NAQS, 지방자치단체에서각각여러종류의규제모니터링을실시하고있는것으로파악된다. 2018년식품안전관리지침 16) 에근거해각기관에서실시하는모니터링을보면다음과같다. 지방식품의약품안전청의경우 일반수거 검사 와 기획수거 검사 로나누어모니터링을실시하는데전자로서는온라인판매농산물조사가, 후자로서는위해정보에따른모니터링, 식약공용농 임산물에대한모니터링, 지역특화및테마별 ( 계절별, 명절및김장철 ) 농산물에대한조사가있었다. 한편 NAQS가실시하는잔류농약모니터링에는두가지유형, 즉생산단계조사와생산단계와밀접한유통 판매단계조사가있다. 생산단계조사로서는생산량이많고부적합율이높은 100개내외농산물, 지역특화농산물, 계약재배농가의농산물 ( 로컬푸드, 직거래, 학교급식지원센터등 ) 에대한모니터링을실시하고있고, 생산단계가아닌조사로서는정미소, 미곡종합처리장, 산지유통시설등에서수거하는시료에대한조사를실시하고있다. 지방자치단체 ( 시 도 ) 의경우식품위생부서에서는지방식품의약품안전청과유사하게, 그리고농수산물품질관리부서에서는농산물품질관리원과유사하게모니터링을실시하고있는것으로보인다 (Table 1). 지방자치단체에서실시하는각종모니터링은지방자치단체의보건환경연구원에의해수행되고있다. 모니터링프로그램의실시내용 MFDS의잔류실태조사 MFDS는앞에서이미설명한바가있는잔류실태조사를 1998년부터실시해왔다. 2011년부터의수행내용을보면 2015년까지는농산물에대해조사를실시하였으나 2016 년에는수입식품에대해그리고 2017년에는농산물뿐만아니라축산물에대해서도조사를실시하였다 (Table 2). 최근 7년동안 (2011-2017) 의잔류실태조사를보면다소비 15) 식품 15-30종 (2016년수입농산물은 10종 ) 을전국 9-13개지역 ( 인구수등을고려하여선정한지역 ) 에서시료를수집하여매년총 232-630건의시료를분석해왔다. 식품한종류에대해한지역에서대략 1-2개의시료를수집한것으로계산된다. 조사농약성분의수는 2011년에는 236개, 2017년에는 487개성분으로계속증가해왔다. 조사결과 (2011-2017) 를보면국내산농산물의농약검출률은 29.8-43.0%(2016년수입농산물의검출률은 17.5%), 부적합률은 0.9% 이하, 농약추정섭취량 (estimated daily intake) 은일일섭취허용량 (acceptable daily intake, ADI) 대비 1% 이하이었다. MFDS의농약잔류실태조사는 MFDS 산하식품의약품안전평가원의자체연구개발과제로서수행되고있는데잔류실태조사에대한연간보고서 (annual report) 는발간되지않고있다. 다만일반국민에게공개되는간행물인 식품의약품안전처연구보고서 ( 요약 ) 에한페이지분량으로발표되고있다. 잔류실태조사의자세한내용은자체연구개발과제최종연구보고서에서찾아볼수있는데이보고서는연간보고서의기술형식이아니라연구개발과제최종보고서의기술형식에따라서술되어있고더욱이정식발간물이아니기때문에 ( 식품의약품안전처의사전허락없이인용할수없도록하고있으며 신문, 방송, 참고문헌, 세미나등에인용시에는해당주관부서또는연구책임자와사전에상의하여주시기바랍니다 라는주의내용이보고서에포함되어있음 ) 일반국민이보고서를활용하는것에큰제한이있다. 학술지를통한발표도공식적으로그리고지속적으로이루어지지않고있어서최근 7년동안학회지를통한발표를찾아보기어려웠다. 단지 2013년한해조사만이학회지에발표되어있는 9-10) 것을볼수있었다.
Present Status on the Pesticide Residue Monitoring Program 223 Table 2. The MFDS s Residue Survey on the pesticide residue in foods 1) Year of survey No. of No. of No. of Ratio (%) commodity type sampling region pesticide analysed Detected sample Violated sample EDI/ADI 2) 2011 17(345) not reported 236 not reported 0.3 Not reported 2012 17(358) 9 237 33.2 0.3 0.7 2013 15(232) 9 283 29.8 0.9 0.90 2014 26(517) 13 356 30.0 0.6 Not reported 2015 30(630) 13 422 43.0 0.5 Not reported 2016 10(114) 3) 9 474 17.5 0 Not reported 2017 15(217) 13 487 36.4 0 5(115) 4) 13 55 0 0 0.67 1) Information came from the R&D Annual Report of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (Abstract). Title of the research project was Risk assessment on pesticide residues in foods in 2011, monitoring of pesticide residues in agricultural products in 2012-2016, and monitoring of pesticide residues in agro-livestock products in 2017. 2) Estimated daily intake (mg/kg bw/day)/acceptable daily intake for human (mg/kg bw/day) 3) For imported foods 4) For livestock products ( ): number of total samples NAQS의국가잔류조사 NAQS가매년실시하는국가잔류조사는 농산물유해물질잔류조사요령 에따라수행된다. 이요령에따르 25) 면국가잔류조사에서는농산물생산량 ( 상위 53개식품선정 ) 과소비현황 (30위내의다소비 다빈도식품 ) 을반영하여총 54개식품종을전국의도매시장과마트에서수집하도록되어있다. 또한부적합률과생산량을고려하여식품종류별로 93-606건 ( 부추 93건, 취나물 606건 ) 의범위에서시료를수집해서 54개식품종에대해총 14,000건의시료를조사하도록되어있다. 조사농약으로는 MFDS 에서고시하는수백종의농약성분을대상으로한다. 17) NAQS의국가잔류조사결과는연간보고서형태로발표되지않았고자체적으로발간하는농산물품질관리연보 (2016년부터는발간되지않고있음 ) 에잔류농약모니터링업무가간략히발표됐었다. 2015년연보에서보면국가 17) 잔류조사를통해 12,106건의시료를분석한결과부적합률이 3.2% 이었던것으로보고되어있다. 그러나이연보에도식품별검출농약의잔류수준과같은정보는포함되어있지않았다. 각종규제모니터링프로그램앞에서기술한바와같이현재국내에서는지방식품의약품안전청, NAQS, 지방자치단체보건환경연구원에의해다양한규제모니터링이실시되고있다. 이러한모니터링에서는식품안전관리지침에포함된다음과같은내용이반 16) 영된다. 즉 i) 다소비농산물 ( 국민영양통계에근거 ), ii) 특별관리대상농산물 ( 다소비농산물및생산 유통단계잔류농약부적합률이높은농산물 ), iii) 유통농산물별잔류농약 부적합현황 ( 검출건수, 검출농약및그부적합횟수 ), iv) 유통농산물중부적합농약현황 ( 농약의검출빈도순위 ) 이반영되어실시되고있다. 식품안전관리지침에는이와같이잔류농약과관련된다양한정보가포함되어있는것을알수있다. 그러나자료의출처 ( 모니터링의종류 ) 가밝혀져있지않고자료의구체성 ( 식품별농약잔류수준등 ) 도부족해정보의활용은매우제한된다. 지방식품의약품안전청에의해수행되는규제모니터링결과도연간보고서등의형태로발표되지않고있다. NAQS 의경우는 2015년까지발간되었던농산물품질관리연보에규제모니터링결과를발표했었다 (2015년연보에는 45,969 건시료에대한결과가포함되어있음 ). 그러나자료의출처 ( 모니터링의종류 ), 농산물별검출농약의잔류수준과같은구체적인정보는포함되어있지못했다. 보건환경연구원의경우여러종류의모니터링을통해수백-수천건의시료를분석하고매년발간하는보건환경연구원보에모니터링결과를발표하고있다. 또한학술지를통해서도단편적이지만모니터링결과를발표하고있다. 보건 3,8,12-14) 환경연구원들의모니터링결과가국가적차원에서충분히활용되기위해서는모니터링결과를모두종합한발간물이필요한것으로생각된다. 수입식품에대한잔류농약모니터링수입식품의안전관리는통관단계와유통단계에서이루어져야한다. MFDS의총괄하에지방식품의약품안전청 27) 은통관단계에서잔류농약을분석하는정밀검사를실시한다. 이검사에서는사전예측수입식품검사시스템 (observation & prediction by endless risk analysis, OPERA) 이활용 28)
224 Mi-Gyung Lee 되고있다 ( 수입이력, 부적합정보, 국내 외위해정보등을종합적으로분석하여위해도가높게나타난식품을정밀검사조사식품으로선정 ). 이정밀검사결과는 수입식품등검사연보 에실리는데여기에는농약부적합현황 ( 농 29) 약성분별검출된식품과부적합건수 ) 만이간략히발표될뿐이고식품별농약잔류농도와같은결과는포함되어있지않다. 유통단계모니터링은 MFDS가계획하고지방식품의약품안전청과지방자치단체에서실시한다. 유통수입식품에대해실시된조사는 2016년 MFDS의잔류실태조사 (Table 2) 와보건환경연구원에서실시한조사가있었다. 이들조 31) 사만으로국내유통단계수입농산물에대한잔류농약실태를전반적으로파악하기에는정보가충분하지못한것으로판단된다. 외국의경우잔류농약모니터링을실시함에있어수입식품안전관리에중점을두고있는것을볼수있다. FDA 의 Regulatory Monitoring에서는수입식품 ( 보통수입되어미국으로들어올때조사 ) 이 60% 를차지한다 (2016년에는자국산 2,670건, 수입식품 4,276건을조사함 ). 그리고모 26) 든조사결과를국가수준의모니터링결과로서발표한다. 일본도농약잔류정보를각식품에대해자국산과수입산을비교하여제시함으로써수입식품안전관리를강조하고있다. 모니터링프로그램의개선 모니터링프로그램의목적에대한명확성제고 잔류농약모니터링프로그램은효과적이고효율적인조사를위해목적 ( 위해평가또는규제 ) 에따라다른조사방법을사용한다. 따라서목적에부합하는모니터링방법 ( 시료수집방법등 ) 이사용되어야하고이에따라조사결과도목적에맞게활용되어야한다. 현재 MFDS의잔류실태조사는위해평가를주요목적으로하는조사인데부적합결과도많이활용되고있는것으로보인다. 또한국내에서수행되고있는규제목적 9-10) 의모니터링에서위해성을평가 ( 농약섭취량평가 ) 하는경우도많이나타나고있다 12-14,18,31). USDA PDP의주요목적은 EPA 에서위해평가를수행하기위한것이다. 비록 PDP가검출율과위반율에대해서발표하고있지만 USDA는 PDP가 EPA 에서수행하는위해평가를위해설계되었다는점을매우강조한다. 이것은 PDP 24) 결과의활용에주의가필요하다는것을강조한것이다. 미국 FDA의 Regulatory Monitoring은농약기준에위반되는식품을찾아내는데목적이있다. 이때문에 FDA는모니터링결과를위해평가에전혀활용하지않고있다. 이와같은외국에서수행되고있는모니터링프로그램의목적, 방법및결과의활용등을참고하여국내잔류 농약모니터링프로그램전반에대한검토와개선이필요한것으로생각된다. 특히모니터링의목적을분명히하고이에부합하는방법과결과활용에대한철저한검토가필요한것으로생각된다. 수입식품에대한모니터링프로그램의강화수입식품의안전관리를위해통관단계검사는일차적으로매우중요하다. 그러나이것만으로는안전성을보증할수없기때문에다음단계조치로유통단계에서의모니터링이요구된다. 그러나우리나라의경우유통단계수입식품에대한모니터링체계가미국이나일본에비해잘구축되어있지못한것으로생각된다. 수입농산물의안전성확보를위해특히유통단계에서의모니터링이체계적으로, 지 속적으로이루어질수있도록모니터링프로그램을강화할필요가있다. 모니터링결과의공개잔류농약모니터링결과는일반적으로연간보고서형태로공개된다. 미국의 USDA와 FDA는연간보고서 ( 모니터링요약본 ) 뿐만아니라데이터베이스파일 ( 시료별수집정보및분석결과등포함 ) 을웹사이트를통해제공한다. 일본도식품별로국내산과수입산을구분하여검출된농약의잔류수준에대한정보를정부기관웹사이트를통해 32) 제공하고있다. 국내 MFDS와 NAQS의경우잔류농약모니터링연간보고서를발간하고있지않는것으로파악되었으며보건환경연구원은매년발간되는보건환경연구원보를통해발표하고있는것으로파악된다. MFDS는 유해물질모니터링자료통합관리시스템 (Monitoring Information Management System, MIMS and Monitoring database & Assessment Program, MAP; MIMS & MAP) 을운영하지만이것역시일반국민에게공개되지않는다 33). 식품안전관리에있어서투명성 (transparency) 원칙이나위해소통 (risk communication) 의중요성을고려할때우리나라도일반국민에게모니터링결과를충분히제공해야할것으로생각된다. 기본적으로잔류농약모니터링결과를제공하는연간보고서가발간되어야하고더나아가정보의공개수준을높이기위해데이터베이스파일로도제공할필요가있다. 잔류농약모니터링에서식품별농약잔류수준에대한정보는가장핵심적이고중요한내용이다. 따라서만일당분간연간보고서로만발표할경우에는식품종류별로농약잔류에대한정보 ( 검출농약, 분석시료수, 검출시료수, 검출농도, 위반시료수, 위반시료의검출농도 ) 가연간보고서에반드시포함되어야할것이다. 결론적으로국내잔류농약모니터링프로그램에대한전반적인현황파악을통해모니터링프로그램의개선을위 한조치로서, i) 모니터링프로그램의목적에대한명확성
Present Status on the Pesticide Residue Monitoring Program 225 제고, ii) 수입식품에대한모니터링프로그램의강화 iii) 일반국민에게모니터링결과의공개 ( 연간보고서와데이터베이스발간 ) 를제안하였다. 식품의안전성을확보하고도입한 PLS가성공을거두기위해서는잔류농약모니터링프로그램에대한철저한검토와개선을위한노력이필요한것으로생각된다. Acknowledgement 이논문은 2016 학년도안동대학교연구비에의하여연구되었음. 국문요약 이연구는식품중잔류농약에대한국내모니터링프로그램의전반적인현황을이해하기위해수행되었으며더나아가개선이필요한사항이제안되었다. 이연구로부터국내잔류농약모니터링프로그램현황은다음과같이요약될수있었다. 국내에서는식품의약품안전처가잔류농약모니터링을총괄한다. 그리고모니터링시점 ( 유통또는생산단계에서시료수집 ) 에따라모니터링책임기관이다른데, 유통단계의식품에대해서는식품의약품안전처, 지방식품의약품안전청, 지방자치단체가, 생산단계에서는국립농산물품질관리원 (NAQS) 과지방자치단체가모니터링을실시한다 ( 부분적으로판매와유통단계에서도실시 ). 국내의모니터링프로그램을목적에따라구분하면위해평가모니터링 (monitoring for risk assessment) 으로 MFDS의 잔류실태조사 와 NAQS의 국가잔류조사 가있고, 지방식품의약품안전청과지방자치단체에서는주로규제모니터링 (monitoring for regulation) 을실시하고있었다. 수입식품의경우통관단계 ( 지방식품의약품안전청책임 ) 와유통단계모두에서모니터링이실시되어야한다. 유통단계수입식품모니터링은 MFDS, 지방식품의약품안전청, 지방자치단체가담당하고있는데아직체계적이고지속적인국가수준의모니터링프로그램이실시되고있지않는것으로보인다. 국내잔류농약모니터링프로그램과관련하여앞에서기술한내용과더상세한내용을토대로모니터링프로그램의개선을위해 i) 모니터링프로그램의목적에대한명확성제고, ii) 수입식품에대한모니터링프로그램의강화 iii) 일반국민에게모니터링결과의공개 ( 연간보고서와데이터베이스발간 ) 를제안하였다. 식품의안전성을확보고시행하기시작한농약허용물질목록관리제도 (positive list system, PLS) 가성공을거두기위해서는잔류농약모니터링프로그램에대한철저한검토와개선을위한노력이필요한것으로생각된다. References 1. FAO/WHO: Assuring Food Safety and Quality: Guidelines for strengthening national food control systems, Joint FAO/ WHO publication, p. 7 (2003). 2. Park, K.A., Lee, J.S., Jung, S.Y., Jo, S.A., Kim, N.H., Kim, Y.H., Park, H.W., Ryu, H.J., Lee, J.M., Yu, I.S., Jung, K.: Monitoring of pesticide residues in peel, fruit and pulp of tropical, citrus and pome fruits. Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Report of S.I.H.E, 51, 71-82 (2015). 3. Cho, Y.S., Kang, J.B., Kim, Y.H., Jeong, J.A., Huh, J.W., Lee, S.H., Lim, Y.S., Bae, H.J., Kang, H.G., Lee, J.H., Jung, E.S., Lee, B.H., Park, Y.B., Lee, J.B.: A survery on pesticide residues of imported fruits circulated in Gyeonggido. Korean J. Pestic. Sci., 16, 195-201 (2012). 4. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: Measures to Ensure Food Safety, Available from http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/ policy. Assessed January 15 (2019). 5. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety: Enforcement of PLS from 1 January 2019. Press Release dated 27 December 2018, Available from http://www.mfds.go.kr/brd. Assessed January 10 (2019). 6. Mun, K.E.: Monitoring Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products for Comparison Before and After Applying the Positive List System, Thesis, Korea University, the Republic of Korea, 63 pp. (2017). 7. Kang, H.R., Park, Y.B., Do, Y.S., Jeong, J.A., Lee, S.B., Cho, S.H., Lee, H.K., Son, J.H., Lee, M.K., Lee, B.H., Park, J.H., Yoon, M.H.: A safety survey on pesticide residues in tropical fruits depending on implementation of positive lise system (PLS). Report of Gyeonggi-Do Institute of Health & Environment, 231-239 (2017). 8. Kang, H.R., Park, Y.B., Do, Y.S., Jeong, J.A., Lee, S.B., Cho, S.H., Lee, H.K., Son, J.H., Lee, M.K., Lee, B.H., Park, J.H., Yoon, M.H.: A safety survey on pesticide residues in tropical fruits depending on implementation of positive list system. J. Food Hyg. Saf., 33, 310-315 (2018). 9. Kim, J.Y., Lee, S.M., Lee, H.J., Chang, M.I., Kang, N.S., Kim, N.S., Kim, H., Cho, Y.J., Jeong, J., Kim, M.K., Rhee, G.S.: Monitoring and risk assessment of pesticide residues for circulated agricultural commodities in Korea-2013. J. Appl. Biol. Chem., 57: 235-242 (2014). 10. Kang, N.S., Kim, S.Ch., Kang, Y.J., Kim D.Y., Jang, J.W., Won, S.R., Hyun, J.H., Kim D.G., Jung, I.Y., Rhee, G.S., Shin, Y.M., Joung, D.Y., Kim S.Y., Park, J.Y., Kown, K.S., Ji, Y.A.: Monitoring and exposure assessment of pesticide residues in domestic agricultural products. Korean J. Pestic. Sci., 19: 32-40 (2015). 11. Kim, Y.S., Lee, G.S., Kim, P.G., KIm J.K., Song, J.Z.: Study on the Safety Control Improvement Measure through a Case Study for Major Countries, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, the Republic of Korea, pp. 33-34 (2017). 12. Han, S.H., Park, S.K., Kim, O.H., choi, Y.H., Seoung, H.J., Lee, Y.J., Jung, J.H., Kim, Y.H., Yu, I.S., Kim, Y.K., Han,
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