07 강 1. The traditional mathematics curricula S we see in schools begin V by (that) ~ 로향하다 establishing skills in arithmetic and algebra and lead up to a single point: calculus. 우리가학교에서접하는전통적인수학교과과정들은산수와대수학기술을확립시키는것으로시작하여하나의단계로이어지는데, 바로미적분이다. by ~ing ~ 함으로써 수학교과과정에대한재평가 : 확률과통계의재발견 : 미적분보다는확률과통계가실생활에더유용하고다양한학문분야에활용된다. 성취 Most people view calculus as the highest level of achievement in mathematics. 대부분의사람들은미적분을수학에있어서가장높은수준의성취로여긴다. view A as B A를 B로보다 what (x) While it s no doubt an important subject, I would like to suggest that probability and statistics are in fact the true summits of mathematical study. 물론그것은중요한과목이지만, 나는확률과통계가사실상수학의진정한정점이라고말하고싶다. while ⑴~ 하는동안 ⑵~ 하는반면에 This is because these are the skills we use on a daily basis. 이는이것들이우리가매일사용하는기술이기때문이다. that s [why/because] that s because + 원인 I like him. That s because he is kind. that s why + 결과 He is kind. That s why I like him. They help us analyze trends and predict the future. 그것들은우리가경향을분석하고미래를예측하는데도움을준다. They also help us quantify uncertainty and make a better decision. 그것들은또한우리가불확실성을수량화하고더나은결정을하는데도움을준다. include(x) So they are important in a variety of fields of study, including economics, science and engineering. 따라서그것들은경제학, 과학, 공학을포함하는다양한학문분야에서중요하다. Therefore, I say we should reevaluate our mathematics curricula to give probability and statistics more attention. 그러므로, 나는확률과통계에더많은관심을주도록수학교과과정을재평가해야한다고주장하는바이다 최고를위한최고의교육 - 1 -
2. ~ 을목표로하다 The Honeynet Project is an international project aimed at (that is) Internet security by studying the behavior of hackers. improving 허니넷프로젝트는해커들의행동을연구함으로써인터넷보안을개선시키는것을목적으로하는국제적인프로젝트이다. Honeynet Project 소개 : 해커로부터시스템을지키기위한보안시스템 주격관대 It does this by creating fake versions of the files that tempt hackers then observe (x) and then observing how the hackers break into and use the files. 그것은해커들을유인하는파일의가짜버전들을생성한다음해커들이어떻게그파일에침투해서그것을사용하는지를관찰함으로써이것을수행한다. does this = improves Internet security by studying the behavior of hackers. It then teaches organizations about the kinds of measures they can (that) take to protect their computer networks from hackers. 그러고나서그것은기관들에게해커들로부터컴퓨터네트워크를보호하기위해취할수있는방안의종류에대해교육한다. take measures 조치를취하다 While information S provides (x) provided (that is) have by previous security systems has (x) V limited (x) traditionally been limited to the tools hackers use, the Honeynet ( 형 ) 상세한 Project provides more detailed information about hacking, such as when and why hackers operate, and how they communicate. 이전의보안시스템들에의해제공되었던정보는전통적으로해커들이사용하는도구에만국한되었던반면, 허니넷프로젝트는언제그리고왜해커들이행동을취하는지, 그리고그들이어떻게의사소통하는지와같은, 해킹에대한좀더상세한정보를제공한다. Plus, for organizations interested in starting their own research into (that are) hacking behavior, the Honeynet Project offers the tools and techniques (that) 무료로 it has already developed at no charge. 게다가, 해킹작용에대한독자적인조사를시작하는데관심이있는기관들에게, 허니넷프로젝트는이미개발한도구와기술을무료로제공한다. 최고를위한최고의교육 - 2 -
3. 시도하다 Recently, I attempted to go six weeks without buying anything plastic. 최근에, 나는 6 주동안플라스틱으로된것은아무것도사지않고지내려고애써보았다. The biggest challenge came during trips to the supermarket it seems as if everything comes packed in some kind of plastic. 가장큰난관은슈퍼마켓에있는동안에생겼다. - 슈퍼마켓은마치모든것이일종의플라스틱으로포장되어나오는것처럼보인다. trip ( 어디까지의 ) 이동 [ 오고감 ] 플라스틱사용하지않고살아보기시도 Finding plastic-free shampoo or bottled water was impossible. 플라스틱을쓰지않은샴푸나병에든생수를찾는것은불가능했다. although (x) Despite the difficulty, I managed to do quite well. 이런어려움에도불구하고, 나는제법잘해나갔다. [although/though/despite/in spite of] ⑴ although/though 모두접속사 Though/Although it may sound strange, it is quite true. ⑵ though는부사도가능 The work was hard. I enjoyed it, [though/although] cf) The work was hard, (al)though I enjoyed it. ⑶despite/in spite of 전치사로서뒤에명사 ( 구 ) 가온다. Despite he was sick, he went to work. (X) (Al)though he was sick, he went to work. (O) Despite his sickness, he went to work. (o) where (x) I discovered a sandwich shop near my office that and a fruit shop that sells everything unwrapped. still uses paper bags 나는사무실근처에서아직도종이봉투를사용하는샌드위치가게와모든것을포장하지않은채로판매하는과일가게를발견했다. [which/where] 관계대명사와관계부사중선택 선행사 which V 주어 (x) = 선행사가주어자리에와야 S V 목적어 (x) = 선행사가목적어자리에와야 cf) 관계사절에서명사 (= 주어나목적어 ) 없을때 선행사 where S V 주어 (o) + 목적어 ( 있어야하는데있거나, 목적어필요없을때 ex) 자동사, 수동태 ) cf) 관계사절에서부사없을때관계대명사 : 접속사 + 명사역할관계부사 : 접속사 + 부사역할 This is the house [ which /where] my uncle S built Vt last year. = This is the house and my uncle built the house last year. This is the house [which/ where/in which] my uncle S lived vi last year. = This is the house and my uncle lived in the house last year. I even made a birthday cake without using any plastic at all. 나는심지어플라스틱을전혀사용하지않고생일케이크도만들었다. how people were supportive and interested (x) Best of all was how supportive and interested people were experiment. 무엇보다가장좋았던것은사람들이내시도를얼마나지지하고흥미로워했는가하는것이었다. how 형용사 / 부사 S V 간접의문문의어순주의 in my encouraged (x) They were very encouraging 그들은무척이나힘을북돋아주었고, 많은제안들을해주었다. and offered lots of suggestions. Even though my six weeks are up, I ll continue trying to avoid using plastic whenever possible. 비록나의 6 주는끝이났지만, 나는가능하면언제든지플라스틱을사용하는것을삼가려고계속해서노력할것이다. though, although, even though, even if : ~ 이지만, ~ 일지라도 cf) as if / as though 마치 ~ 처럼 최고를위한최고의교육 - 3 -
4. 악성의 A zombie computer is a computer on which malicious software is installing (x) is installed to control (x) that allows it to be controlled remotely. 좀비 컴퓨터란그것이원격으로조종될수있게해주는악성소프트웨어가설치되어있는컴퓨터이다. A zombie computer is a computer and malicious software that allows it to be controlled remotely is installed on the computer. 관계대명사 = 접속사 + 대명사 allow 목적어 to V Hackers often turn thousands of computers into zombie computers in order to launch massive, coordinated attacks on websites. 좀비컴퓨터를이용한해킹공격 해커들은웹사이트들에대한대규모의조직화된공격에착수하기위해서종종수천대의컴퓨터를좀비컴퓨터로만든다. turn A into B A 를 B 로바꾸다 For example, some years ago, a software package called Trinoo (that was) ~ 에접속하다 enabled hackers to gain access to them all into zombie computers. turned (x) ordinary desktop computers, turning 예를들어, 몇년전에 Trinoo라고불리는소프트웨어패키지가해커들로하여금일반적인데스크톱컴퓨터들에접속할수있게하여, 그것들을모두좀비컴퓨터로바꿔버렸다. enable 목적어 to V These zombie computers particularly those connected to high-speed (computers)(that were) to sasaulting(x) Internet services were then used to assault a particular website. 그러고나서이좀비컴퓨터들, 특히고속인터넷서비스에접속된좀비컴퓨터들은특정웹사이트를공격하는데이용되었다. used to 원형 : 현재는그렇지않지만... 과거의규칙적습관 : ( 과거에규칙적으로 )~했었다 He used to get up early in the summer. 과거의지속적상태 : ( 과거에 ) 이있었다. There used to be a big tree here. would V :( 과거의불규칙습관 ) ( 예전에가끔 ) ~ 하곤했다. He would go to church from time to time. be used to ~ing : ~에익숙해져있다 현재의상태 get used to ~ing : ~에익숙해지다 상태의변화 2형식동사참고 = be[get] accustomed to ~ ing He is used to getting up early now. cf) The woman (who was) used to [be late / being late] was Jane. be used to 원형 : ~하기위하여사용되다 The knife was used to kill her Brushes are used to paint a picture. cf) The knife (which was) used to kill her was found. Hackers are able to launch massive attacks by creating thousands of then wake (x) zombie computers around the world and then waking them up 동시에 simultaneously 마비시키다 to utterly paralyze a target website. 해커들은표적이되는웹사이트를완전히마비시키기위해서전세계적으로수천대의좀비컴퓨터들을만든다음그것들을동시에작동시킴으로써대규모공격에착수할수있다. 최고를위한최고의교육 - 4 -
5. Comparing (x) Compared to other vegetables, potatoes seem less likely to go bad. 다른채소들에비해, 감자는덜상하는것같다. 분사구문 ( 접속사 ) ing, S + V : 하는 S는, 능동의미Living in the country, I was very healthy. ( 접속사 ) pp, S + V : 되는 S는, 수동의미Written in English, this book attracts his attention. be likely to ~ 할것같은 감자보관법 But improper storage can stress potatoes, creating a green-colored that (x) substance called solanine, which (that is) is poisonous. 하지만부적절한보관은감자에스트레스를줄수있고, 이는 ( 감자에 ) 솔라닌이라불리는녹색물질을만들어내는데, 이것은독성이있다. 분사구문 S+V, ( 접속사 ) ing : S가 하면서. 능동의미 He stood on the cliff, watching the sun rising. S+V, ( 접속사 ) pp : S가 되면서. 수동의미 He finished the work completely, satisfied with the result. destroy (x) Solanine can t be destroyed by cooking, so the green parts need 내용일치예상문제 to cut (x) to be cut off before using the potato. 솔라닌은조리에의해파괴되지않아서, 그녹색부분은감자를사용하기전에잘라낼필요가있다. ~ 에노출되다 Solanine also develops when potatoes are exposed to extended time. 솔라닌은또한감자가오랜시간햇빛에노출될때에도생긴다. sunlight for an Not only does V the sunlight S cause the skin to become green, it also to grow (x) makes the potato grow new buds. 햇빛은껍질을녹색으로변하게할뿐만아니라, 감자에새싹이자라게만든다. 부정의부사구 <Not only> 가문두에오면주어와동사가도치된다. He not only heard it; he also saw it. Not only did he hear it; he also saw it. cause 목적어 to V make 목적어동사원형 make가 5형식사역동사로사용 remove (x) These sprouts should also be removed they are full of solanine, too. before cooking the potato as 이싹역시솔라닌으로가득차있기때문에감자를요리하기전에이또한제거되어야한다. 익은 The best way to avoid these problems is to put a ripe with the potatoes. apple in the bin 이러한문제들을피할수있는가장좋은방법은익은사과를감자와함께보관통에넣어두는것이다. 좋은상태를유지하다 This prevents potatoes from sprouting and keeps them in good shape ~ 까지 for up to eight weeks. 이것은감자에싹이나는것을막아주고감자를 8주까지좋은상태로유지해준다. S + 금지동사 + O + from ~ing prevent, keep, stop, ban, block, bar deter, discourage, prohibit, hinder, dissuade, restrain 가 ~하지못하게하다 His wife prevented him from going abroad. 최고를위한최고의교육 - 5 -
6. Nepal s climate is defined by a wet and a dry season, the former (that is) running from June to September and the latter from October to May. (that is running) 네팔의기후는우기와건기로뚜렷하게나타나는데, 전자는 6월에서 9월까지계속되고후자는 10월에서 5월까 지계속된다. the former ~ the latter 전자는 ~ 후자는 = the one ~ the other A ~ B... this... that ~ : 후자는 전자는 ~ what (x) Most travelers think that the beginning of the dry season, when the monsoon has just finished and everything is lush and green, is the perfect time to visit. 대다수여행자들은건기의시작, 즉우기가막끝나고모든것이우거지고푸르를때가방문하기에더할나위없이좋은시기라고생각한다. 네팔의기후 = 네팔관광하기좋은계절 = 네팔의건기와우기 내용일치예상문제 You should have a crystal-clear view of the Himalayan mountains during this time of year. 당신은일년중이시기에히말라야산맥의수정처럼맑은풍경을봐야한다. consider (x) The end of the dry season from February to April is considered the next-best time to visit Nepal. 2 월에서 4 월까지인건기의끝무렵이네팔을방문할그다음으로좋은시기로간주된다. which (x) The high altitudes, where most of the country s popular trekking routes are locating(x) are located, are at their warmest during this period. 이나라의인기있는트레킹경로들의대다수가위치해있는고지대들은이기간동안가장온난하다 [where/which] 구별 최고를위한최고의교육 - 6 -
7. We humans use considerably more than just our ears to understand speech. 우리인간들은말을이해하기위해단순히귀보다상당히더많은것을이용한다. considerable : 상당한, 중요한 (= substantial, important) considerate : 이해심이많은, 사려깊은 (= thoughtful) 시각정보와청각정보가다를경우에사람들은두정보를혼합하여이해한다. 어휘예상문제 ~ 하는경향이있다. When someone speaks, we tend to note the facial movements of the speaker. 누군가가말을할때, 우리는말하는사람의얼굴의움직임에주목하는경향이있다. A good example of this is known as the McGurk Effect. 이것의좋은예는 McGurk 효과라고알려져있다. be known to + 대상 : ~에게알려져있다 be known for + 이유 : ~로유명하다 be known as + 자격 : ~로서알려져있다 be known by + 판단 : ~로써알수있다 He is known to everybody. He is (well) known for the poem. He is known as a poet. A man is known by the company he keeps. were showing (x) In a study, people were shown a video of a speaker overdubbed with a different audio. 한연구에서, 사람들은다른소리로 ( 화면에 ) 겹쳐녹음된한연설가의비디오를보게되었다. overdub ( 원래녹음된것에 ) 다른녹음을추가하다 was sounded (x) At the moment when the audio sounded was appeared (x) like ba, the face appeared to be saying va. 소리가 ba 처럼났을때, 그얼굴은 va 라고말하고있는것으로보였다. caused (x) The participants brains took in this conflicting information, causing them to hear a combination of the two sounds, da. 참가자들의뇌는이상충되는정보를받아들여, 그들로하여금그두소리의결합인 da 로듣게했다. take in ( 듣거나읽는것을 ) 이해하다 [ 기억하다 ] Halfway through the chapter I realized I hadn't taken anything in. 그장을절반쯤읽어가다가나는내가아무것도이해하지못했음을깨달았다. It is believed that the reason we integrate speech in such a way is that it allows us to understand others more easily. 우리가그러한방식으로말을통합하는이유는그것이우리로하여금다른이들을좀더쉽게이해하도록해주기때문이라고여겨진다. 최고를위한최고의교육 - 7 -
8. Insomnia sufferers face a vicious cycle. 불면증환자들은악순환에직면한다. 불면증의인지행동치료법 : 불면증에대한생각을바꿈으로써행동의변화를유도 연속해서 then (x) First they fail to sleep well for a few nights in a row, and then they begin to experience stress about their lack of sleep. 처음에그들은연속으로며칠밤동안잠을잘못자고, 그런다음수면부족에대한스트레스를겪기시작한다. 이끌다 This stress, in turn, leads to further trouble sleeping. 이스트레스는결국더극심한수면장애를초래한다. far - farther - farthest < 거리 > far - further - furthest < 정도 > As I was tired, I couldn't walk any farther. We must get further information. While many patients feel medication is the only remedy for their problem, doctors disagree. 많은환자들이약물치료가자신들의문제에대한유일한치료법이라고생각하지만, 의사들은이에동의하지않는다. 책임이있는 They believe that a psychological condition is often responsible for insomnia. 그들은심리적상태가종종불면증의원인이된다고믿는다. They = doctors can treat (x) This condition can be treated that (x) with cognitive behavioral therapy, which focuses on changing the way these people think about insomnia, thereby enabling a change in behavior. 이증상은인지행동요법으로치료될수있는데, 그것은이사람들이불면증에대해생각하는방식을바꾸는데집중하며, 그렇게함으로써행동상의변화를가능하게한다. who (x) The therapy involves showing patients that they can still be healthy 가끔 even if they fail to get a good night s sleep once in a while. 그치료법은가끔씩숙면을취하지못하더라도여전히건강할수있음을환자들에게알려주는것을포함한다. 최고를위한최고의교육 - 8 -
9. Food packaging waste is a troublesome problem in the United States. 식품포장지폐기물은미국에서골치아픈문제이다. are (x) throwing(x) Each year, an enormous amount of packaging is thrown out, while only 먹을수있는포장지로환경오염감소 actual (x) half of it is actually recycling(x) recycled. 매년, 막대한양의포장지가버려지는데, 이중절반만이실제로재활용된다. that (x) This has become a serious environmental problem, which has led some Harvard University scientists to come up with a unique solution: edible packaging. 이것은심각한환경문제가되었고, 이는몇몇 Harvard 대학과학자들로하여금독특한해결책을생각해내게만들었다. - 이는바로식용포장지이다. lead 목적어 to V come up with ( 해답을 ) 생각해내다 can use (x) This packaging can be used to make wrappers or bottles for any food, and it actually takes the taste of whatever it contains! 이포장지는식품의포장지나병을만드는데사용될수있으며, 실제로그것이담는어떤것의맛이든낼수가있다! using(x) This packaging was first used in December of 2012, when a fast-food chain in Brazil introduced edible wrappers for their hamburgers. 이포장지는 2012년 12월에처음사용되었는데, 그때브라질의한패스트푸드체인점이자사의햄버거에식용포장지를도입했다. Customers could simply bite into the wrapper and eat everything inside without needing to unwrap it! 고객들은포장을뜯을필요없이그저포장지를베어물고그안에있는모든것을먹을수있었다! if or not (x) It s unclear whether or not will be using (x) this new packaging will be used by other businesses, but if it is, it will help protect the environment. (used by other businesses) 이새로운포장지가다른사업에서도사용될지아닐지는불확실하지만, 만약그렇게된다면환경을보호하는데 도움이될것이다 최고를위한최고의교육 - 9 -
10. believing (x) People of all cultures laugh, and it s commonly believed what (x) that are (x) they do funny something(x) so when they find something funny. 웃음의의미 : 모든문화권의사람들이소리내어웃으며, 일반적으로는사람들이뭔가를재미있다고생각할때그렇게한다고여겨진다. do = laugh 함께있는사람에게그들과같이있는것을즐기고있다는것을알리는신호역할을한다 instead (x) But a recent study suggests that instead of humor, laughter ~ 와연관이있다 has more to do with social interaction. 하지만최근의한연구는웃음이유머대신에사회적상호작용과더관련이있다는것을시사한다. For example, mildly humorous phrases S uttered among a group of (that are) people are V as (x) 30 times more likely to cause laughter than when we hear them when we are alone. 예를들어, 한무리의사람들사이에서말해지는약간웃긴이야기는우리가혼자서그이야기를들을때보다웃음을유발할가능성이30배더높다. utter ⑴ ( 입으로어떤소리를 ) 내다 ; ( 말을 ) 하다 ⑵ ( 강조의의미로 ) 완전한 [ 순전한 ] That's complete and utter nonsense! 그건그야말로완전순헛소리야! them = the mildly humorous phrases ~ 도역시마찬가지다 The same goes for watching TV sitcoms. TV 시트콤을시청할때도마찬가지이다. People who watch them alone are more likely to smile or even talk to themselves than laugh. 시트콤을혼자서시청하는사람들은웃기보다는미소를짓거나심지어는혼잣말을할가능성이높다. them = TV sitcoms But watching with someone else, whoever it is, is sure to cause giggles. 하지만다른누군가와함께시청하는것은, 그게누구든지간에, 분명히낄낄거리는웃음소리를유발한다. However we find something funny (x) However funny we find something, our laughter is a signal we send to others to show them we re enjoying their company. 우리가어떤것을아무리재미있다고생각할지라도, 우리의웃음은우리가다른사람들과함께있는것을즐기고있음을보여주기위해서그들에게보내는하나의신호이다. them = others 최고를위한최고의교육 - 10 -