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์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ์ž„์ง„์™œ๋ž€์œผ๋กœ ๊ถŒ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ถ”๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์„ ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ช…๊ตฐ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ธ ์ฃผ ์ด์ž ็Ž‹ๆฌŠ์„ ์ง€์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๆ‰ˆ่–ๅŠŸ่‡ฃ๋“ค์„ ๋†’์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๅฎฃๆญฆๅŠŸ่‡ฃ๋“ค์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ ˆํ•˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆญ ์•™๊ณผ ์ถฉ์„ฑ์€

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Transcription:

Editor, ็ทจ่€…, ํŽธ์ž, Redakteur NISHIYAMA Katsuo, ่ฅฟๅฑฑๅ‹ๅคซ 17/7/2014 ๅคš่จ€่ชž็‰ˆ(multilingual version, ๋‹ค์–ธ์–ดํŒ, vielsprachige Version) WAR AND MEDICAL ETHICS ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธŽๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† Translator KOJIMA Somei ็›ฃ็ฟป่ญฏๅ“ก ้‡‘ๆˆๆฐ‘ไธญๆ–‡็‰ˆ, ํŒจ๋„์ง‘ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜(ๅŒป)์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ Krieg und Medizin ๊ฐ์—ญ์ž ไปป็ฅฅ่ตซ Übersetzer: KUBO Schun ichi Publication, ๅ‡บ็‰ˆ, ์ถœํŒ, Veröffentlichung Inaugural Meeting of the Association for the Verification of Inhuman Conduct by Japanese Researchers and Health Care Professionals during the War ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธŽๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† ๆฃ€่ฏๆŽจ่ฟ›ไผš "์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ถ”์ง„์œ„์›ํšŒ Forderungsverein fur die.krieg und medizinische Ethik

WAR AND MEDICAL ETHICS English version Translator KOJIMA Somei 1

WAR AND MEDICAL ETHICS Participation and Responsibility of the Japanese Medical Researchers and Physicians for the Fifteen Years War with Special Reference to Unit 731 Towards the Improvement of Medical Education and Ethics in Future Prospectus Because of recent remarkable progress in medical science and patient care, human beings face new ethical problems. Medical researchers and health care professionals are obliged to tackle those problems as their own. It is essential to the success of this enterprise to look back and reflect seriously on the recent past. In the particular case of Japan, it is essential for Japanese themselves to investigate and to try to learn important lessons from the participation of the Japanese Association of Medical Sciences (JAMS)/the Japan Medical Association (JMA) in the 15 Years War and Unit 731 including the inhuman conduct at the front during the war, such as human experimentation, vivisection, the practice of operating on living human bodies and the case of the vivisection of 8 POWs at Kyushu Imperial University School of Medicine etc. However, the whole picture of these problems is not yet clear and the verification of the facts is not easy because of the destruction and dispersal of contemporaneous documents and the secrecy and concealment of remaining ones. As for Unit 731, in order to acquire its research results, GHQ, which occupied Japan after the defeat of Japan, questioned many medical researchers and health professionals involved in the Unit on the understanding that GHQ would not to raise the issue of their war crimes. Under these circumstances, the truth of the Unit 731 issue has been treated among the circles of JMA/JAMS as obscure or the issue itself as resolved or taboo. In 1951, on its accession to the World Medical Association, the JMA, representing Japanese doctors, issued the statement that as the representative institution of Japanese doctors, JMA, on this occasion, reprimands the violence inflicted upon the people of the enemy countries, and condemns the alleged and in a few cases actually performed cruelties on patients, (The Journal of the Japan Medical Association, vol. 26, p. 71, 1951) and has since treated the issue as resolved. But this statement did not point towards a future for Japanese medical sciences and health care based on the eradication of racism and the protection of human rights, which could have resulted from a serious reflection on the past inhuman conduct by Japanese researchers and health care professionals. Thus, Japan entered the 21 st century without having made serious efforts to confront the inhuman, wartime conduct committed by the Japanese medical profession and to make the best use of the lessons that could have been learned. We must draw from the historical lesson that Those who close their eyes to the past become blind to the present. (Richard von Weizsäcker 1985). Consequently, it is essential for the establishment of medical ethics and the true progress of medical care and sciences in Japan to reveal and further verify the historical facts concerning the atrocities committed by the Japanese medical profession during the war. In this regard, it is vital for JMA/JAMS, which represent Japanese medical circles, and for involved academic associations and universities to tackle the issue as their own. The Executive Committee of the War and Medicine exhibition at the 27 th General Assembly of the Japan Medical Congress (2007) asked the Congress that a verification of the historical facts be undertaken as an official project of the General Assembly, but that request was not approved. Instead, the Congress only permitted a small exhibition booth for a standard fee. Consequently, the Executive Committee implemented a small exhibition on its own a War and Medicine panel exhibition at the assigned exhibition booth, and held an international symposium at another venue. Based on these achievements, we will make a great effort to carry on the activities necessary for the further verification of the historical facts with a view towards the 28 th General Assembly of the Japan Medical Congress (Spring of 2011, Tokyo) among other activities. After the 60 years since the end of the war, it is becoming more difficult to collect the testimony of the relevant survivors and documents from that era. We must, therefore, speed up our efforts for the verification. Furthermore, vital for an objective verification on the basis of historical facts is the cooperation of not just medical researchers and doctors but also co-medicals, such as nurses, and historians, bioethicists and lawyers as well as others. Although the verification of the deeds done during in the war needs to be carried out by all levels of civil society, it is important that medical circles, more than anyone else, carry out seriously their share of the verification and inform the nation of the results because the attitude of medical scientists and doctors can directly affect human lives. In addition, for the successful verification by all levels of the nation to occur, an educational campaign, including mass media, and aimed towards the nation, is also needed. We found this association in order to carry out the activities as explained above in the prospectus. We hope from the bottom of our hearts that the activities of this Association for the Verification of Inhuman Conduct by Japanese Researchers and Health Care Professionals during the War will contribute to: 1) the development of the medical sciences and health care based on human rights and dignity; 2) the improvement of medical ethics; and 3) the eventual realization of a warless and peaceful society in Japan. 2

September 27, 2009 Inaugural Meeting of the Association for the Verification of Inhuman Conduct by Japanese Researchers and Health Care Professionals during the War Introduction In the annual meeting of the House of Delegates of the Japan Medical Association (JMA) held on 30 th March 1949, it was unanimously approved that As the representative institution of Japanese doctors, the JMA, denounces atrocities inflicted upon the people of the enemy countries, and condemns the alleged and in a few cases actually performed cruelties on patients. In this statement, nothing was described specifically about the atrocities allegedly committed against so called patients. Without a more accurate compilation of historical facts, it would be impossible to criticize or to condemn such atrocities. The present exhibition aims to confirm what we know up to now, and to offer some serious reflections and apologies on behalf of the Japanese medical community. In addition, we would also like to provide further evidence in the hope that such crimes against medical ethics will never be repeated. The exhibition consists of five parts and joint displays set out on panels. Part 1: The history of the atrocities committed by Japanese medical researchers and physicians during the Fifteen Years War. Part 2: Japanese colonial medicine and practices: The impact on civilians. Part 3: Military recruitment of medical communities and their resistance. Part 4: The postwar medical establishment in Japan: How medical war crimes were concealed after the war. Part 5: How history helped the establishment of a new medical ethics. Joint Displays: Noborito Institute Museum for Peace Education, Meiji University. Panel 1-1 [Part 1] History of the Atrocities Committed by Japanese Medical Researchers and Physicians during the Fifteen Years War Part 1 shows how Japanese medical researchers and physicians killed thousands of people during the Fifteen Years War starting from 1931. These deaths were largely the result of experiments in surgery and other treatments on a range of POW`s and others. These treatments were carried out in institutes of military medicine, led by Unit 731 which was organized by ISHII Shiro, in army hospitals built in the occupied territories. Other experiments were also performed at prestigious academies such as Manchuria Medical College or Kyushu Imperial University. <Figure 1> Map of Manchukuo, indicating Harbin (where Unit 731 was situated, Arrow 1), and Mukuden (Hotien) (Shenyang) (where Manchuria Medical College existed, Arrow 2). Liutiahu was located at the north of Shenyang. Liutiahu was the site of Manchurian Incident which began the Fifteen Years War. Panel 1-2 ISHII Shiro ISHII Shiro graduated from Kyoto Imperial University School of Medicine in 1920. The prohibition of the use of poisonous gas and biological weapons in war by the Geneva Protocol in 1925 paradoxically encouraged him to realize the potential of biological weapons and to prompt the upper echelons of the army into the research and development of such weapons. In 1930, ISHII returned from studying in the West and began to serve as a teacher at the Japanese Army Medical School. He saw the development of biological weapons as a way not only to create a network of research institutions for military medicine that would surpass already existing imperial medical schools but also to improve the status of army surgeons. <Photo> ISHII Shiro, the last portrait in military uniform (1946). Panel 1-3 Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory of the Japanese Army Medical School In 1931, the Kwantung Army used the Manchurian Incident as a pretest and conquered Northeast China. This provided ISHII with an opportunity to carry out his schemes. In August 1932, he founded the Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory (EPRL) at the Japanese Army Medical School and in October of the next year, when a new laboratory building was constructed at the campus next to the Medical School, he became the principal of the Laboratory. He went to Manchuria together with his staff with the special mission to set up a secret service for epidemic prevention. Large numbers of research reports were published by many doctors and physicians who participated in Unit 731 and the Army Medical School, or joined as non-regular staff from various medical colleges. This work is recorded in the Reports of the Army School Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory (Part II), which was 3

discovered in the Library of Congress of the United States of America. In July, 1989, human bones of about one hundred bodies were discovered from the site of the EPRL. Analysis by experts of anatomy confirmed the fact that the bones were from foreigners of Asian origin and that they had been artificially treated. At present, further excavation is on-going to unearth more human remains from the site. Panel 1-4 Establishment of the Togo Unit From 1932 to 1933, soon after the foundation of the EPRL, ISHII established a clandestine prevention water supply unit, i.e. so called Togo Unit, in a poor village of Beiyinhe near Wuchang, about 70 km southeast of Harbin, thereby initiating some of the research into bacteriological warfare and human experimentation. Most of the victims were Chinese. KURIHARA Yoshio, who worked in the Togo Unit as a nonmilitary employee from 1935 to 1936, was forced to perform endurance experiments in which subjects were allowed to take nothing but water. After the war, he testified as follows: [I was ordered to do experiments under a civilian person, Mr. SUGAWARA Satoshi, to examine how many days men can live on only water alone. In that experiment, the person who was given plain water lived for 45 days, while another given distilled water lived for 33 days. The latter was forced to keep drinking distilled water and as death approached, asked Sir, please give me water with taste! The man who lived for 45 days was a medical doctor named ZUO Guangya. He was a real intellectual and not a bandit at all.] <Photo> KURIHARA Yoshio, drawing a picture of a punishment cage called Lo-Tsu in which two persons of Maruta (a derogatory term for captured Chinese people) were imprisoned. Panel 1-5 Construction of Facilities in Pingfang The facilities of the Togo Unit in Beiyinhe were insufficient to conduct lethal human experimentation extensively and in secret. In addition, 16 inmates succeeded in escaping from the facilities, which became no longer secret. Therefore ISHII and the Kwantung Army left the installation in Beiyinhe and decided to move to Pingfang about 15km southeast of Harbin. In 1935, inhabitants of four neighboring villages were expelled, and by around 1939, a large military base for studying and manufacturing biological weapons had been constructed, with a headquarters building of Unit 731, laboratories for various experiments, jails, and an airfield for exclusive use. In addition, residences for Unit members and their families (commonly known as Togo Village), dormitories for boy soldiers, and power centers for heating were also provided in the base. The number of Japanese members belonging to Unit 731 and their families reached a maximum of as many as 3,000 individuals in 1942. The area surrounding the facilities of Pingfang with a total of 80 km 2 was designated as a special military zone. The central part of 6 km 2 for the headquarters was isolated and surrounded by a mud wall, high voltage wires, and a moat. The main building, which functioned as the experimental research institution and biological weapons plant, was as large as 100 m 2 with three stories and was called the Number Ro Building after its shape of the phonetic Japanese syllabic letter, ใƒญ (read as ro ). Human subjects were kept in two special jails, which were placed in the quadrangle of the building so that captives might be unable to escape. <Photo> Panoramic view of devil facilities of the Unit 731: The picture was taken by the air force and the photography squad, clearly showing the headquarters building with the special jails surrounding it (known as log (maruta) lodges). Panel 1-6 Branches of Unit 731 Unit 731 established in Pingfang, a suburb of Harbin, had its own field experiment sites in Anda, about 150km northwest of Harbin, and in Hailar. In addition, four branches were placed in Mudanjiang, Linkou, Sunwu, and Hailar, respectively, all of which were located along the border with the USSR, providing a war against the USSR. Thus, if a sub branch at Dalian was included, Unit 731 had set up five branches in total. Panel 1-7 Special Transfer Procedure of Maruta (Logs) In Unit 731, victims of human experimentation were called maruta or logs. They were captured as members of resistance against Manchukuo or Japan, and Chinese, Russians and Koreans were included. These people were sent to Pingfang under a system called special transfer procedure, which was specified by the Japanese Army to procure subjects for human experimentation. Surgeon Major KAWASHIMA Kiyoshi, Bacterial Production Director, admitted in response to interrogations at the Khabarovsk Trial (1949) that women and children were also held in the special jails. Thus, at least 3,000 people were sent to the Unit as subjects of the experimentation and none of them was able to return alive. 4

<Photo> Documents of the military police of the Japanese Imperial Army concerning the special transfer procedure discovered in China after the War: The term Socho described in the document means Soviet spy. Panel 1-8 Organization of Unit 731 ISHII Shiro worked as the captain of Unit 731 during most of the Fifteen Years War. KITANO Masaji was his successor from August 1942 to March 1945 but after that, until August 1945, ISHII again occupied the position. Unit 731 consisted of eight sections, but among them four sections from Section 1to Section 4 played important central roles. Sections 1 and 4 were set up in the inside of the main building of the Number Ro House. Section 1 was provided for the Department of Bacteriology (Director: KIKUCHI Hitoshi) which consisted of more than 10 laboratories according to bacterial species, while Section 4 was for the Department of Bacterial Production (Director: KAWASHIMA Kiyoshi). Section 4 had a capacity of producing a huge amount of bacteria, for example, 300 kg of pest bacillus, 800~900 kg of Salmonella typhi, and 1 t of Vibrio cholerae every month, respectively. Thus, bacteria like pest bacillus produced in the section were distributed through more than ten areas in China. Section 2 (Director: OHTA Kiyoshi) carried out operational studies, having departments for studying plant extermination (YAGISAWA Yukimasa), entomology (TANAKA Hideo), and an aviation team (MASUDA Yoshio), so that the section was able to breed fleas used for infection to pest bacillus. Section 3 (Director: EGUCHI Toyokiyo) manufactured the Ishii type water filter, which was set up next to the Army Hospital at Nangang, Harbin, in order to camouflage Unit 731 as if it was an institution specialized only for epidemic prevention and water supply. In fact, however, ceramic bombs (Uji type bombs) were produced as containers for pest bacillus in this Section. Besides the sections mentioned above, the Unit had sections for Education, General Affairs, Materials, and Clinics where human experimentations using maruta (logs) as well as medical examination and treatment of the Unit members were performed. Panel 1-9 Development of Methods for Raising Fleas Infected with Pest Bacilli in Unit 731 It was pest fleas that Unit 731 had developed as the most effective biological weapon. Instead of dispersing the bacteria directly, the Unit developed methods of infecting the vector fleas with pest bacilli, and ways of distributing them by dusting buffers or filling ceramic bombshells with such fleas. After the War, Norbert H. Fell who was dispatched as a US military investigator to interrogate members of the Unit, described in his report of 30 June 1947: A great deal of work was carried out on methods of breeding fleas and infecting them with pest bacilli through rats. It was found that pest fleas were able to survive for about 30 days under the most appropriate conditions and that they could maintain their infecting ability during all that time. When human subjects were allowed to move freely inside of a room where 20 fleas/m 2 had been released, six out of ten subjects became infected and four of them died. Most of the bacteria distributed in China were pest bacilli. <Drawing> A confessed testing method of pest flea-bombs. Panel 1-10 Toxicity Test of Pest Bacilli In his book published in 2004, SHINOZUKA Yoshio (former family name TAMURA), a boy soldier of Unit 731, described human experimentations carried out for vaccine development against pest bacilli as follows: In Karasawa squad, we performed human experimentations and vivisections under the name of the toxicity test in order to confirm the infectivity and toxicity of produced bacilli. We always earnestly worked on how to obtain bacteria strong enough to exert the toxicity and killing power to humans. We used to perform mass killing experiments with animals such as mice or rats, but as a quick and easy way we also performed human experimentations. I murdered five persons by these experiments. The place was used by a special squad. There were dissecting rooms inside the 7 th and 8 th ward of the two-story building in the Number Ro House. There were dissecting rooms also in a place outside connected with a corridor. The place we did vivisections was the room of the 8 th ward. Panel 1-11 Frostbite Experiments in Unit 731 YOSHIMURA Hisato conducted research on frostbite in Unit 731 from 1938 to the defeat in 1945. His experiments were cruel ones in which the limbs of human subjects were artificially frozen. In 1941 at a meeting of the Harbin branch of the Manchuria Medical Association, YOSHIMURA presented his research results in which he demonstrated a graph recording changes of skin temperature and finger volume during the congealing process of the fingers. (Since YOSHIMURA s original drawing was handwritten and illegible, the graph shown below was a copy restored by KARITA Keishiro). After the war, YOSHIMURA published a paper in English in which he described the results obtained from 5

an experiment on a 3-day newborn, although the above mentioned graph, which clearly indicates the freezing of the fingers of the subjects, was not included in the article. Panel 1-12 Anthrax Experiments in Unit 731 Norbert H. Fell, in his report in June 1947, mentioned bombing tests using Anthrax carried out in the field as follows: In most cases, human subjects were bound to a post, being protected with a helmet and a suit of armour. Then various types of bombs were dropped such as those fixed to explode on the ground or those attached with time triggering devices and detonated from airplanes. He also described field experiments using Uji-type bombs (ceramic bombs) that the bacillus was detected from the blood of 6 among 10 subjects; 4 of them were considered to be infected through respiratory organs and all of them were dead. The distance between these four subjects and 9 exploded bombs was in range of only 25 m. Human experimentations with Anthrax were also performed by various infection routes such as subcutaneous injections, oral or oral spray infections, and nasal infections. Panel 1-13 Experiments on Epidemic Hemorrhagic Fever In 1944, KASAHARA Shiro who had joined Unit 731 published an article co-authored with KITANO Masaji who was the captain of the Unit for a certain period of time, describing how they had detected the pathogen of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. This disease was epidemic in northeast China, for enough in Sunwu, near the border with the Soviet Union, where it was called Sunwu fever. After the war, KASAHARA admitted himself that he had performed infection experiments using human subjects. IKEDA Naeo, in his report entitled Experimental studies on pathogenesis of epidemic hemorrhagic fever, also described, I succeeded to cause the disease by putting toxic fleas on the lower abdomen of a healthy person named MARUYAMA. Panel 1-14 Expansion of Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Departments Epidemic prevention and water supply departments like Unit 731 in Harbin were formed in various areas of China. By 1940, such departments were organized in Beijing ( Kou Unit 1855), Nanjing ( Sakae Unit 1644) and Canton ( Nami Unit 8604). As Unit 731 was authorized as a formal army unit under the control of the Commander in Chief of the Kwantung Army, these units were under the command of Commanders of the North China, the Central China, and the South China Expeditionary Armies, respectively. These units had several and sometimes more than ten branches and some had army hospitals or Dojin Association hospitals, and cross linkages with the Manchuria Medical College. (For details, refer to Section 2). Thus, a system for bacteriological warfare was built up throughout the whole of China with a strong network of Unit 731 in terms of human and material resources and therefore members of Unit 731 as well as ISHII Shiro made frequently official visits from Pingfang to other epidemic prevention institutions. The bacteria produced by Unit 731 were sprayed in various parts of China with co-operation with other units, especially Unit 1644 in Nanjing. Furthermore, immediately after the Japanese Army occupied Singapore in February 1942, the Southern Expeditionary Army Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department ( Oka Unit 9420) was built up there. NAITO Ryoichi and KIHOIN Akio were dispatched from Pingfang to teach and help to develop the department. Thus, the bacteriological warfare system had been established under the overall architecture of the Japanese Army, with human experimentations carried out in some of the epidemic prevention institutions or their branches. Panel 1-15 Human Experimentations in Unit 1644 in Nanjing In 1998, a box stuffed with many human cranial bones was discovered from 1.5 m below ground at a site of the bacteria producing factory of the Nanjing Sakae Unit 1644. Careful and thorough studies by specialists of forensic medicine revealed that the total number of cranial bones was 41, consisting of 27 males, one female and 13 of undetermined sex, between the ages of 17 to 38 years old. The cranial bones were black and found to be treated with sulfuric acid. Gene analysis disclosed the enterotoxin gene of Vibrio cholerae, leading to the conclusion that these bones were those of victims of human experimentations with V. cholera (KAO Shinzu and CHU Chengshan, 2000). The research report is kept in the Nanjing Massacre Museum and the excavated bones are displayed so as to reproduce the situation of the excavation. <Photos> Left: Display of human cranial bones (real ones) excavated from the site of bacterial weapons factory. Right: The building where vivisections were carried out. Panel 1-16 Kwantung Army Military Horse Epidemic Prevention Arsenal (Unit 100) In 1936, in the same year as the establishment of Unit 731, the Kwantung Army Military Horse Epidemic 6

Prevention Arsenal (Unit 100) was set up in Xinjing (present Changchun), where experiments were carried out not only on livestock but on humans. MITOMO Kazuo, a sergeant of Unit 100, disclosed in his statement at the Khabarovsk Trial that he assisted after poison administration trials on Russian and Chinese prisoners under the guidance of a research fellow. <Photo> A document of the statement of MITOMO Kazuo at the Khabarovsk Trial, presenting his assistance in poison administration trials. From Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1950, p.109) Panel 1-17 Attacks with Biological Weapons The Japanese Army attacked China with biological weapons, mainly with those of pest fleas, at least 7 or 8 times. Examples included at Nomonhan in July 1939, Nongan in June 1940, Zhejiang Province (Quzhou, Ningbo) in October 1940, Junhua of the same province in November 1940, Chande of Hunan Province in November 1941, on the occasion of the Sekkan (Chekiang-Kiangsi) Operation in May 1942 and Kanzhou in July of the same year. A then staff officer of the China Expeditionary Army, Lieutenant Colonel IMOTO Kumao, wrote in his business log on 7 October 1940 that he received a report by an officer of Unit 731 mentioning that the germ attacks to several places including Ningbo had been carried out 6 times in total until now. IMOTO also described the bombing of Chande with plague-infected fleas by Japanese Army planes on 4 November 1941 and spraying of bacteria on the ground performed as a part of the Sekkan Operation in 1942. Moreover, it was written that the use of these biological weapons was conducted by the cooperation between Unit 731 and the Nanjing Unit 1644 under the guidance of ISHII Shiro. Panel 1-18 Victims of Attacks with Biological Weapons Recent surveys carried out by civil organizations in Japan as well as by the Committees for Survey of Victims of Bacteriological Warfare, which were organized in various parts of China, have exposed the actual situations of victims caused by the spraying of microbes by the Japanese Army. It should be pointed out that the power of the spray of biological weapons depends on their ability to cause secondary or tertiary infections by moving of initially infected individuals. For example, pest bombs dropped down to Cheishen on 4 October 1940 resulted in more than 1,500 deaths while a railroad employee who had returned from a business trip to Cheishen caused more than 200 deaths in Yiwu 120 km from Cheishen. In addition, the plague infected villages near Yiwu and resulted in more than 400 deaths among about 1,200 villagers, i.e. one third of the total population, in Chungshantsun. Furthermore, by pest fleas dropped on Changde on 4 November 1940 infected surrounding villages causing more than 7,000 deaths. As the distribution of victims by bacterial infections might be considered to be a natural occurrence of plague, there was merit in the Japanese Army hiding the facts of pest bombing. The table on the next page shows the number of victims up to 10,000 or more which was confirmed later in the court of the bacterial warfare (the final judgment was made by the Japan Supreme Court in May 2007) by counting numbers reported by inhabitants but not including those whose entire family members were dead nor those who were unclear regarding the cause of death, which suggests the possible existence of further numbers of victims. Accordingly, the numbers listed here must be considered provisional. Further surveys are required to clarify the actual situation (Table). <Explanations of figures> (Upper) Areas dropped down with pollutants, in relation to the areas where plague-infected rats or patients were found. (Lower) Expansion of plague victims toward the surrounding areas of Changde. Panel 1-19 A Newly Disclosed Article on Attacks by Biological Weapons Recently, an inside report of Unit 731 covering attacks with biological weapons was discovered (the Asahi Shimbun, 15 October 2011). This article was entitled A simplified calculation method for evaluation of the PX effects which was submitted by KANEKO Jun-ichi, a member of Unit 731, to the University of Tokyo for application of the thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medical Science in 1948. The original form of this article had been enclosed in the Part 1 (undiscovered yet) of the Japanese Army Military Medical School Epidemic Prevention Research Report. The word PX means pest-infected fleas. The table cited from the article describes a summary of the weight of used fleas and the numbers of infected individuals in 6 operations in China from 1940 to 42, suggesting that the total of the infected had reached up to 25,964 individuals, if secondary infections were included. The presence of this newly discovered work undermines the basis of the Japanese Government s insistence that there was no evidence of the existence of bacterial warfare. 7

<Photo> The cover page of KANEKO Jun-ichi s article appeared in Number 60, Part 1 of the Japanese Army Military Medical School Epidemic Prevention Research Report. Panel 1-20 Field Trials of Chemical Weapons In addition to biological weapons, Unit 731 carried out experimental studies on the development of chemical weapons in collaboration with Unit 516. In September 1940, a human experimentation was performed to examine the effects of yperite gas (mustard gas, erosive gas) in the north of Mudanjiang in the presence of the commander of the Kwantung Army Artillery and general supervisor of maneuvers. This was done under the inspection of UMEDU Yoshijiro, the commander of the Kwantung Army, and the leaders. The Unit 731 recorded details of the observation of the effects of shooting with about 10,000 yperite bullets on the bodies of 16 subjects who had been placed in 3 areas with different conditions (see the report shown below). The observation records on the 16 subjects correspond to the note described as mustard gas: examples of humans, appropriate 16 samples in Hill s Report (December 1947) which was completed through surveys done by the USA after the War. <Photo and Figure> A part of the text of the report prepared by the Unit Kamo (1940) and the attached map showing places of subjects set up in the field of the experiment. Panel 1-21 Vivisections Performed in Kyushu Imperial University Faculty of Medicine From May to June of 1945, Prof. ISHIYAMA Fukujiro and his students of the First Department of Surgery at the Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu Imperial University, performed experimental surgery and murdered8 POWs, the crew of a US Military B-29 that had been shot down. May 17: Removal of whole lobes of one side of the lungs from each of 2 POWs. May 22: Total removal of the stomach of 1 POW, arrest of bleeding by compressing the aorta, thus causing cardiac arrest, then open the chest, cardiac massage and cardiac surgery. Incision in the upper abdomen of another POW, cholecystectomy, and excision of a lobe of the liver. May 25: Brain surgery on 1 POW (trigeminal nerve block). June 2: Drawing about 500ml of blood from the right femoral artery of 1 POW, and injecting him with about 300ml of a blood substitute. Mediastinal surgery on another POW. Removal of the gallbladder of the last POW, injecting 200ml of a blood substitute, removal of the liver, open chest, cardiac massage, myocardial incision, suture, and hemostasis by pressing the aorta. Panel 1-22 Research on Hygiene in the Winter Season Surgeon Major TANIMURA Kazuharu at the Datong Army Hospital organized a Winter Hygiene Research Team and conducted a field exercise in Inner Mongolia from 31 January to 11 February 1941. The purpose was to investigate on frostbite, and also surgery, hemostasis and blood transfusion inside a tent. Members of the North China Expeditionary Army Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department also participated in this team. They carried 8 Chinese as living bodies, i.e. experimental materials. These 8 Chinese people were the subjects of the experiments or surgeries as mentioned above, before eventually being executed by vivisection or shooting. <Table> List of experimental materials carried by the research team; on the left are listed the names, ages, and numbers of 8 Chinese referred to as living bodies. <Photo> Victims under watch during setting up of a tent. Panel 1-23 Experiments to Develop Battlefield Surgery Techniques Experiments performed by TANIMURA s team included; 1. Enterectomy, followed by edge to edge anastomosis. 2. Amputation of the left thigh. 3. Treatments after making a penetrating gunshot wound through the soft part of the left brachium and a similar wound through the left lumbo-abdominal area. 4. Transfusion with three kinds of blood, i.e. preserved blood, frozen blood and sheep blood. 5. Causing and treatment of frostbite. 6. Panel 1-24 TANIMURA Team s Frostbite Experiments and Funeral Address for Victims 8

In the early morning of 6 February 1941, TANIMURA and his subordinates conducted frostbite experiments on subjects under different conditions such as forcing them to wear wet socks and gloves, to be intoxicated, hungry, or injected with atropine. After the experiments, TANIMURA killed 8 subjects and read the funeral address for victims at a memorial service which was held on 8 February 1941. Panel 1-25 Surgery Exercises in Military Hospitals Apart from Unit 731, anesthetized Chinese captives were often vivisected to death under the guise of surgery exercises in Japanese army hospitals located in various places in China. These surgical exercises were purportedly intended to provide training for novice surgeons in treatment of soldiers injured in the frontlines. It was the Winter Hygiene Research Team headed by TANIMURA that performed such surgical exercises. Besides TANIMURA s team, Army Surgeon YUASA Ken (one of the organizers of the Association for the Verification of Inhuman Conduct by Japanese Researchers and Health Care Professionals during the War, died in 2010), was dispatched to a military hospital in Luan, Shanxi Province, confessed his own surgical exercise which had resulted in the death of a Chinese captive. Panel 2-1 [Part 2] Japanese Colonial Medicine and Practices: Infliction on Civilians Until defeat in 1945, Japan governed colonies which included the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan, founded Manchukuo, and went so far as to occupy China and Southeast Asia. In the second part, information on colonial medicine and practices Japan offered to these colonies and occupied territories is exhibited. The colonial government introduced Western medicine into Taiwan, Japan s first colony. The Governor-General of Taiwan made provisions for a health system and constructed medical institutions and facilities. The leader of the driving force was GOTO Shinpei, who himself was a physician and Minister of Public Welfare of the Governor-General of Taiwan. He believed in the legitimacy of Japan s colonial rule over Taiwan because of the improved medical services made available. <Photo>GOTO Shinpei (The Who s Who of Today Illustrated, vol. 1. Today Illustrated, 1934) Distribution Society of the Who s Who of Panel 2-2 Taiwan Malaria is a vector-borne disease which is caused by infection of plasmodial parasites transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes, being easily affected by environmental changes such as agricultural developments. Therefore malaria may be regarded as a so called development-generating disease. The Governor-General of Taiwan concentrated his effort in health matters to control malaria. Mortality due to malaria gradually decreased in Taiwan but in some parts of the South, it became endemic again. This might have been due to the development of large scale irrigation systems for the increase of rice production, thus providing the generation of environmental conditions suitable for mosquitoes. If that development led to the disturbance of the environment of Taiwan, malaria control by the Governor-General could be thought of a matter of extinguishing the fire with water after starting it yourself. Panel 2-3 Korea After making Korea a protectorate, Japan established the Korean Medical College in 1907. The Japanese Army Surgeon General Susumu Sato became the first President of the college. Japanese Army Surgeons occupied all the chief positions at the public Jikei Hospital and provincial hospitals. This personnel management was to keep in mind the idea that in time of future emergency hospitals and clinics should be diverted to military purposes. The close relationship between Korean medical society and the Japanese Army appears to be apparent from a souvenir picture at the occasion of a general meeting of the Korean Medical Association, showing many army surgeons with uniforms among participants. <Photo> The Korean Medical College. After the annexation of Korea, the college was called as the Governor-General of Korea Medical College and then, since 1928, it was transferred to the Keijo Imperial University Faculty of Medicine. ( The Final Edition of the History of Showa, Annex I, the Mainichi Press, p.116) Panel 2-4 Micronesia In 1922, New Guinea north of the equator, a former territory of Germany, became a mandated territory of Japan as the result of the Versailles treaty. Japan founded the South Sea Agency and the Nanyo Kohatsu Kabushiki Kaisha (the South Sea Development Company), thereby operating cultivation and development of industries. Japan opened hospitals in each of 7 islands, i.e., Saipan, Palau, Yap, Truk, Ponape (presently, Pohnpei), Jaluit, and Angaur. Leprosaria were also built in Palau, Yap, Saipan, and Jaluit, where local patients were isolated and accommodated. 9

<Photos> Sanatorium for Lepers in Yap Island. Panel 2-5 Manchukuo The South Manchuria Medical School, which was founded by the South Manchuria Railway Co. Ltd., in 1911, developed into the Manchuria Medical College. The College was a core of medical investigation and education in Northeast China, and studies related to the local area were performed as listed in the table. Department Physiology Pathology Microbiology Hygiene Nutrition Topics of Research Significance of psycho-thermoregulatory responses resisting cold climate kala-azar, Kaschin-Bek disease, endemic dermatitis, endemic goiter the plague, relapsing fever spirophete, Pseudomonas mallei, typhus fever, tubercle bacillus house sanitation problems of Japanese agricultural settlers in Manchuria nutritional problems of Japanese agricultural settlers Panel 2-6 Vivisections Performed at the Manchuria Medical College Among researches performed at the Manchuria Medical College were found articles obtained by means of vivisections of Chinese people. One of such articles describes as follows; I often succeeded in obtaining very fresh and healthy brains of Northern Chinese adults without any clinical history of specific psychiatric diseases. Mr. ZHANG Piqing, a former laboratory assistant at the college, had already exposed the fact of these extremely cruel vivisections, saying that after vivisections carried out from autumn of 1942 to spring of 1943, he was engaged in the task of cleaning anatomized remains, carrying corpses to a boiler room to incinerate, and burying them. <Photo> Preparations of sliced brain sections. (Preserved in the archives of the China Medical University). Photographed by the 3rd Visiting Investigation Group to China from the Research Society for the 15 Years War and the Japanese Medical Science and Service. Panel 2-7 Mobile Clinic of the Manchuria Medical College The Manchuria Medical College, officially to confer the benefit of Japanese medicine on locals, started dispatching mobile clinic teams organizing faculty members and medical students to various areas. However, the real purpose of this project was to make a necessary good impression by promoting welfare of local residents along the railroad for an advantageous business development of companies affiliated with the Southern Manchuria Railway Co Ltd.. In addition, medical students were also engaged in the prevention of epidemics such as malaria, cholera, and the plague. When the plague happened to become epidemic in Xinjing (Hsinking) and Nongan in 1940, Unit 731 went into action as an epidemic prevention troop and students of the Manchuria Medical College joined the prevention activities. <Photo> The plague prevention student team dispatched to Nongan. (Preserved in the Jinlin Province Archives). Panel 2-8 Dispatch of Mobile Clinic Teams to Manchukuo under Sponsorship of Newspaper Publishers. The Osaka Mainichi Shimbun and the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun jointly dispatched mobile free clinic teams to the Empire of Manchuria. Actual medical examinations and treatments were performed by staff of the Manchuria Medical College. In 1931, the sixth mobile clinic team made its rounds in the west part of Manchukuo for 50 days and performed free medical services to 8,691 individuals in total. <Photo> The West of Manchukuo: visiting sites of mobile free clinic teams. Panel 2-9 The Shanghai Institute of Natural Science The Shanghai Institute of Natural Science was founded in the Shanghai French Concession in 1931 by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan based on reparations for the Boxer Rebellion (Yihetuan Movement). The purpose of the foundation was to study the pure theory of natural science. After the Japanese Army occupied Shanghai, however, researchers of the institute collaborated closely with the Government, in investigating infectious diseases as well as conducting preventive measures in response to requests from the Army or the Navy. For example, staff members like KOMIYA Yoshitaka and Tao Jhingsun joined prevention activities as personnel necessary for vaccination to prevent cholera at Nanyangmen of the Shanghai fortress. Thus, the initial purpose of the foundation of the institute, i.e., studying the pure theory of 10

natural science, was never fulfilled. <Photo> The former Shanghai Institute of Natural Science. (Photo by SUENAGA Keiko, 2008) Panel 2-10 Dojin Association Clinics in China Japanese political, business, and medical circles played a central role in setting up a foundation called the Dojin Association in1902. The purpose of the foundation was to spread medicine, pharmacy, and their relevant technologies throughout China and other Asian countries. The Association used to operate 4 clinics in China but after the Lugouqiao (Marco Polo Bridge) Incident in 1937, the Association fell under the control of the Japanese Military and began to support the war strongly through medical means. <Photos> 1) Hankou Clinic, picture postcard. 2) Qingdao Clinic, picture postcard. Panel 2-11 Expansion of the Dojin Association After the Lugouqiao Incident, the Dojin Association dramatically expanded its scale of management including clinical teams and epidemic prevention teams as well as affiliated research institutes, with 44 branches in total (3in Menggu-Xinjiang area, 19 in the Huabei area, 17 in Huazhong area, and 5 in Hainandao).. Doctors, pharmacists, nurses and clerks being assigned to the Association were dispatched to China. The number of staff members of the Association reached 1,455 individuals by the end of June 1942. Panel 2-12 Southeast Asia Indonesia Upon occupation of Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia then territory of Holland, and Philippines in 1941, Japan took over research and education institutions of these countries. Japanese scientists became the director of the institution as an army governor general. The Jakarta Medical College was one example. Panel 2-13 Medical Services for the Pacification Pacifications were operated to win the hearts of the people in occupied areas. Especially, a free medical service was expected to be effective in winning the hearts of the people. The telegram below was sent from the military governor general of the Southern Army to the army administrative vice-minister requesting the dispatch of an epidemic prevention team. Panel 2-14 Countermeasures against Hansen s Disease in Colonies The Governor-Generals of Taiwan and of Korea established sanatoria for Hansen s in the colonies. Prison facilities had been provided to confine patients in Sorokdo Rehabilitation Centre in Korea prior to building up such facilities in the Japanese mainland. Patients in the Centre, including Christians, were compelled to worship at a Shinto shrine. Male inmates who refused to worship there or attempted to escape were punished with surgical sterilization. In Losheng Sanatorium in Taiwan, patients were forced to undergo sterilization or abortion. The charnel house there still contains many unwanted urns left to go begging. <Photo> The Chosen-Asahi published on 14 April 1927, reporting SHIGA Kiyoshi, Director of the Korean Governor s Hospital, intends to promote sterilization upon requests of patients in Korea in order to eradicate Hansen s disease. Panel 2-15 Surgeons and Military Comfort Women Since the onset of the war between Japan and China in 1937, military comfort stations built by the Japanese Army rapidly increased in number by the end of the year. Surgeons were commissioned to examine military comfort women for venereal diseases, thus playing a role to prevent transmission among soldiers. A large percentage of the comfort women were girls from the Korean Peninsula. <Photos> 1) Comfort women. (From TAKASAKI Ryuji, Battlefield Reports and Opinions of Medical Officers. Fujishuppan, 1990) 2) Staff performing medical checks on comfort women. (ibid.) Panel 3-1 [Part 3] Recruitment of Medical Communities to the War and Their Resistance. What kinds of roles were expected to be played by individuals or groups engaged in medical science or services under the all-out war regime? And how did the war regime mobilize them to participate? Moreover, in medical communities, how did they handle the matters connected to the war regime? Furthermore, what happened to the actual circumstances of medical services and public health, to which physicians and medical researchers had been 11

involved? In Part 3, after describing how medical researchers and physicians were mobilized for war, the actual circumstances of the medical services for ordinary people at that time will be explored. This part will present the fact that the mobilization of medical research towards the war ranged over the General Assemblies of the Japan Medical Congress, medical associations, and funding of grant-in-aids for medical research. How physicians and nurses were mobilized toward the war will be also described in this part. It should be also noted that despite the nation being under the regime of rule by one political party, there were medical researchers, physicians, and medical students, who had resisted inhuman research as well as the war of aggression. Regarding the actual circumstances of medical and health services, it will be described that focused on the people who were mobilized toward the war, how pressures were given to the people with respect to their health and decisions on reproductive life. In addition, damage given to the people who had been excluded from the war time mobilization regime will be described in this part. Panel 3-2 The Mobilization of Medical Research by the War Regime: The General Assemblies of the Japan Medical Congress during the Period of the Fifteen Years War The Japanese Association of Medical Sciences originated from the first Assembly of Medical Societies held in April 1902. The present name of the Association was adopted at the third Assembly, and since then the general meeting has been held every four years until now. At the occasion of the 12 th General Assembly, the Association s permanent establishment was resolved and in 1948 the Association united with the Japan Medical Association. In the history of the Japanese Association of Medical Sciences, the General Assemblies of the Japan Medical Congress were held three times from the 9 th to 11 th during the period of the Fifteen Years War. <Photo>A group photo taken in front of the Yasuda Hall, the University of Tokyo, at the occasion of the meeting of the 9 th member society (Microbiology) held at the 11 th General Assembly of the Japan Medical Congress (Photo on 29 March 1942). Panel 3-3 The 9 th General Assembly of the Japan Medical Congress (1934) Presentations were made based on medical observations obtained by clinical and hygiene activities during the Manchurian Incident, including those reported by GODA Hitoshi, Army Surgeon General, and ISHII Shiro, Army Surgeon-Major. Military medicine increased its influence. The 12 th member society, the Society of Eugenics (the Japanese Society of Health and Human Ecology), insisted on the enactment of a Sterilization Law. Panel 3-4 The 10 th General Assembly of the Japan Medical Congress (1938) The War Ministry Medical Affairs Bureau asked for the significance of the Japanese Association of Medical Sciences under the wartime regime. In response to this requirement, the Board meeting of the Association decided that the 10 th General Assembly should not be of a purely scientific nature. KOIZUMI Chikahiko, Director of the War Ministry Medical Affairs Bureau, who was one of the special lecturers at the Assembly, worked as the Minister of Health from 1941 to the time of defeat in war. Panel 3-5 Medical Lectures under the Wartime Regime: Special Features in the 10 th General Assembly of the Japan Medical Congress (1938) At the 10 th General Assembly of the Japan Medical Congress, a special series of Medical Lectures under the Wartime Regime were held. Themes of the lectures were lined up with those related to the war and policies on colony management, such as the battle field surgery and issues of aeromedicine and poison gas, matters of pulmonary tuberculosis and pleurisy, issues of physical strength, issues of epidemic prevention, issues of myopia, and issues concerning endemic diseases in Manchuria and Northern China. In this series, Surgeon Lieutenant General Otto Muntsch of the Nazi Army gave a lecture on poison gas and its sequelae. TSUZUKI Masao, who was a former Navy Surgeon and professor at Tokyo Imperial University Faculty of Medicine, gave a lecture on war wounds in the China Incident. After the War, he made site investigations in Hiroshima City as a core member in charge of the Medical Section, the Special Committee for the Investigation of the Effects of the Atomic Bomb, the National Research Council in Japan. However, all of the enormous amounts of data obtained from patients were transferred to the US Army and never used directly for treatment of atomic bomb victims. (Note: General Report Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission January 1947 is available at http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ archives/ ABCCGeneralReport1947.html>). Panel 3-6 The 11 th General Assembly of the Japan Medical Congress (1942) In the opening address the Vice-chairman of the General Assembly, MIYAKAWA Yoneji, placed emphasis on the establishment of military medicine, the proposal for the foundation of the Greater East Asia Medical 12

Association, and the regulation of medical research in accordance with national policy. In member society meetings, many presentations were related to military medicine such as heat and cold resistance, epidemics on the continent, ethnic views of mental disorders, otolaryngology related to aeromedicine, pathology associated with low pressure or acceleration, instruments for bone injuries, all of which reflected changes in the expansion of theaters of operation and occupied territories as well as changes in the usage of sophisticated weapons including fighter aircraft. Panel 3-7 The Japanese Society of Pathology under the Wartime Regime (1) In 1938, at the 28 th General Meeting of the Japanese Society of Pathology, KIYONO Kenji, Professor of the Kyoto Imperial University Faculty of Medicine and a teacher of ISHII Shiro, delivered his opening address as follows: I believe that research materials for the Japanese Society of Pathology should be accumulated in the continent of China from today on. In 1941, at the 31 st General Meeting of the Society, Army Surgeon Lieutenant Colonel HIRAI Masatami of the Department of Pathology of the Army Military Medical School gave a special lecture entitled On the Military Pathology, in which he said: Since the outbreak of the Incident on 11 th July 1937 up to 10 th July 1940, the number of autopsies performed in the whole army forces reported as to be 1886 bodies, and therefore the total number had to reach to about 2000 or more if the number of 218 bodies done by the special research team was added. The materials of 200 bodies corresponding to one tenth of the total were sent to the Army Military Medical School. In addition, about 200 bodies were examined by autopsy to use for research reports although they were not yet published. This presentation by HIRAI is considered to be related to the issue that human bones corresponding to more than 100 bodies were found from the site of the Army Military Medical School at Shinjuku, Tokyo, in 1989.However, the actual picture of the special research team which performed autopsies on 218 bodies has not been clarified yet. Panel 3-8 The Japanese Society of Pathology under the Wartime Regime (2) Among the members of the Japanese Society of Pathology, 19 were involved in Unit 731. The number increases to 32 in total if one counts researchers who had belonged to the Dalian Institute of Hygiene, or to those Army Forces related to Unit 731 such as the Sakae Unit 1644 at Nanjing, as well as those persons believed to be intimately related - such as army surgeons, researchers, or army commissioned employees. After the war the Society ignored Unit 731, and those who had participated in bacteriological warfare got good jobs such as professors in universities or directors of research institutes. Panel 3-9 The Japanese Society of Health and Human Ecology The Japanese Society of Health and Human Ecology was founded in November 1930 (renamed as the Japanese Foundation of Racial Hygiene in 1935), where NAGAI Hisomu, Professor of the Tokyo Imperial University Faculty of Medicine, was a key figure. The purpose of the Society was stated as to purify the basis of the life--- and to bring prosperity to the nation---. Immediately after its establishment, the Society made set up the Subcommittee of Enactment of Sterilization and then adopted a Proposal for Promotion of Racial Hygiene. The Society disseminated its eugenic ideas through giving lectures and exhibitions on marriage hygiene, thereby acting as a society for the promotion of human and racial discrimination. <Photo> A newspaper article entitled Racial flower garden protected by stopping the fountains of dirty blood, reporting the submission of the Enactment of Sterilization to the Diet based on 3 years research by NAGAI Hisomu (Yomiuri Shimbun, 1936). Panel 3-10 The Japanese Society of Leprosy (Present Name: Japanese Leprosy Association) The Japanese Society of Leprosy was founded in 1927 and actively expressed its opinions or requests to the Government as shown below: Year Opinions or requests made by the Japanese Society of Leprosy during the 15 Years War 1932 Views about relief facilities for leprosy patients 1936 Statement requesting construction of facilities capable of accommodating of 10,000 patients with leprosy by Year 2600 of the National Foundation (Ki-Gen) 1939 Requests for the promotion of leprosy eradication 1941 Expansion of facilities for accommodation of 5,000 patients with leprosy 1942 Petition for the dispatch of leprosy specialists to the Southern territories 1943 Views on the eradication of leprosy in Greater East Asia 13

These requests contained accounts of the need for the absolute isolation of patients with Hansen s disease and the Society s cooperation in the construction of the Greater East Asia. The common sense of that time insisted that patients with Hansen s disease should be treated by relative isolation or home care but not by absolute isolation. In 1942, the effectiveness of sulfa was confirmed already. Panel 3-11 The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Medical Research (1) The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science was established in 1932. The Society urged the Army, Navy and the Ministry of Commerce and Industry to submit urgent issues on current affairs, to help research closely related to national policies. Research grants were provided based on reviews which were performed by 12 Standing Committees of experts (e.g., the 8 th Standing Committee for medicine and hygiene). In addition, Special Committees were organized for reviews of research related to more than one working area. Tables below on Panels 3-11 and 3-12 describe research subject titles granted by the Special Committees and the Subcommittees of the 8 th Standing Committee, respectively. Research supported by the Special Committee of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Panel 3-11) No. of the Special Committee Research Title (Chairman) No.2 (Previous No.) Studies on economic issues in Manchuria and Mongolia (TODA Shozo) (Issues on the emigration of farmers in Manchuria and Mongolia) No.4 (OGUMA Kan & FURUHATA Tanemoto) Basic research on heredity No.5 (NISHIKAWA Masaharu) Studies on indirect roentgenography No.11 (Previous No.) (HAYASHI Haruo) Studies on the new population policies of Japan No.21 (Previous No.) (HASHIDA Kunihiko) Studies on hearing ability No.14 (Previous No.) (KAMISHITA Masao) Studies on the establishment of industry (TAMITA Teko) and national land planning No.26 (Chairman unlisted) Studies on living standards and strategy implementation No.29 (Chairman unlisted) Studies on the rational utilization of the national land No.30 (Chairman unlisted) Studies on production and utilization of new animal and plant resources (Ref. Kagakugijutushi Taikei (Compendium of Japanese History on Science and Technology Vol.25, The History of Science Society of Japan, Daiichi Houki Shuppan, 1965, p.210-211). Panel 3-12 The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Medical Research (2) Research agreed by the Subcommittee of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science No. of the Subcommittee Research Title (Chairman) No.3 (Previous No.) (INADA Ryukichi) Epidemic encephalitis No.4 (Previous No.) (TAKADA Yasuma) Social policy on current affairs (FURUYA Yoshio) and protection of laborers No.7 (Previous No.) (ISHIHARA Shinobu) Trachoma (NAGAYO Mataro) No.8 (Previous No.)(NAGAI Hisomu) Medical and ethnobiological research on the Ainu No.8 (KUMAGAI Taizou) Prevention of tuberculosis (BCG vaccination) No.12(KURODA Taizou)(HORITA Kazuo) Organic synthesis and chemical components of sweat and other excreta from the skin No.16(Previous No.)(KAKIUCHI Saburo) Research on national nutritional standards No.20(Previous No.)(KOIZUMI Chikahiko) Research on the improvement of food, clothing and shelter of the Tohoku (northeast) district No.22(Previous No.)(KOIZUMI Chikahiko) Research on the national physical strength No.22 (MIYAKAWA Yoneji) Research on endemics No.26(Previous No.)(MIYAKE Koichi) Eugenic issues No.27(Previous No.)(TODA Shozo) Research on clothing and shelter No.28(Previous No.)(KOIZUMI Chikahiko) Medical and hygienic studies of Manchuria and Mongolia in North China No.37 (SEGAWA Soshoji)(SASAKAWA Kyugo) Studies on electronmicroscopy No.38(Previous No.)(TANAKA Higotaro) Research on aeromedicine No.40(Previous No.)(ISHIHARA Shinobu) Research on myopia No.43(Previous No.)(NISHIO Chujiro) Prevention of cerebral hemorrhage 14

No.48 (KOIZUMI Chikahiko) No.50 (KEISHO Katsuzaemon) No.53(Previous No.)(Chairman unlisted) No.60 (Chairman unlisted) No.65 (Chairman unlisted) No.68(Previous No.) (Chairman unlisted) No.73 (Chairman unlisted) No.78(Previous No.) (Chairman unlisted) (Ref. ibid) Psychiatric study of personality Supplement any measures of imported drugs Research on dysentery, diarrhea, enteritis, and food poisoning Research on postwar crimes and their measures Research on visibility Research on influenza Physiology of microorganisms and its application Promotion of laboring efficiency <Photo> Newspaper articles reporting medical research in the Southern Asia under occupation of the Japanese Military Forces and supported by grant-in-aids from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. (The Yomiuri Shimbun, 10 June 1942). Panel 3-13 Grant-in-aids and Medical Research Besides the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the following three policies were enforced for the promotion of science. 1. Increase of grant-in-aids of the Ministry of Education: The Minister of Education, ARAKI Sadao, took the lead by drastically increasing the total amount of grant-in-aids from 60,000-70,000 yen to 3 million yen. In the field of medical science, funds were provided for research subjects such as tuberculosis, infant care, myopia, climatological medicine, aeromedicine, etc. 2. Establishment of the committee for mobilizing science in wartime: For mobilization was to be efficient, the Mobilization Committee for Science and Research was formed under the Science Council of Japan. 3. Establishment of institutes affiliated with universities: <Table omitted> Panel 3-14 Measures to Remedy the Lack of Physicians due to Mobilization Issues on the transfer of physicians from rural to urban areas manifested after the economic panic in the Showa era remained unresolved. The problems of doctorless villages became more severe due to the call up of physicians as battalion surgeons under the long-term war. The number of villages without doctors increased to 3,600 in 1939, compared to 2,909 in 1927. The following measures were introduced to solve the lack of physicians. 1. Establishment of medical colleges temporarily affiliated with universities: The military estimated that based on the assumption of war against the Soviet Union, about 2,700 army surgeons and 5,100 others would be necessary by 1942 and by 1944, respectively. In 1939, medical colleges temporarily affiliated with 7 imperial universities and 6 government medical schools were established after pressure from the military. 2. Foundation of new municipal or prefectural medical colleges: During the war, public medical colleges were opened in 11 municipalities. 3. Foundation of new women s medical colleges: In war time, women were introduced in fields previously considered limited to men. Thus, women s medical colleges were established in 7 municipalities for training of woman doctors who could work in doctorless villages. Panel 3-15 Wartime Mobilization of Medical Students Since 1939 military training became a required course for college students at all universities. In medical schools, it was assigned for students by officers on active service and lectures on military courses were also given. Lectures concerning military medicine such as hygiene, prevention of epidemics, and battle field wounds were also provided. From the same year, student hygiene corps were organized by students of medical schools all over the country and they were dispatched to the North East of China to make a survey on hygiene during their summer vacation. <Photos> 1) Medical students attending military training, around 1939. (Cited from The Graduation Commemorative Album of the Tohoku Imperial University Faculty of Medicine in the Japanese Era 2600 ). 2) A military lecture in the Faculty of Medicine, around 1939. (Ref. ibid.) Panel 3-16 Going to the Battlefield as an Army Surgeon The Japanese Army and Navy had a scholarship system for medical students who were training to be army surgeons. There was also a course in which doctors, who had either graduated from a medical school or a medical college, were able to become army surgeons after this training. In case of the Osaka High Medical College affiliated with the Osaka Medical University, for examples, more than half of the 2,410 graduates from 15

the first year of its establishment in 1932 to the 15 th year of 1944 had a career as an army surgeon. of those who died in the war was 335 (13.9%) in total among the graduates. The number Panel 3-17 Wartime Regime Intensification and Health Care Reform The emphasis of the policy for healthy people was on tuberculosis and measures for maternal and child health, both promoted by the Ministry of Health. The health care reform was implemented alongside this policy. 1. Along with the national policy of Healthy Soldiers, Healthy People, the establishment of the national health insurance association and the expansion of the health insurance coverage were both enforced. 2. The enactment of the National Medical Care Law was a clear indication that physicians were executors of the national mission. The governmental regulation covered a wide range of health issues, including restrictions on opening practices, designation of working locations, and the conscription system of doctors. 3. The Japan Medical Treatment Corporation facilitated the consolidation of hospitals, thereby making a more systematic arrangement of nation-wide medical services. The Japan Medical Association (JMA) was also reorganized and the aim of its foundation was renewed so as to cooperate with the national policy. Panel 3-18 Cooperation of the Japan Medical Association in Wartime The Japan Medical Association (JMA) had always been supportive of the war. For example, as shown in the article (upper photo), the Kumamoto Prefectural Medical Association offered to the Army the Ishii type filtration apparatus, gas protectors, and oxygen inhalators. When maneuvers against air-raids were performed, the Association compelled all the members to join. In 1942, the enactment of the National Medical Care Law led to the reorganization of the JMA along the national policy lines. The JMA was transformed from a profitable association of medical practitioners to having the aim to cooperate with the national policy related to the improvement of the physical strength of the nation. Panel 3-19 Foundation of the Japan Medical Treatment Corporation The war brought about a situation in which medical services should be provided for all the people in order to ensure fitness for the all-out war. The Japan Medical Treatment Corporation was established to increase medical facilities with the aim of the broadest distribution of medical services to be promoted in response to the national policy for the improvement of the physical strength of the people. Its concrete objectives were to construct medical facilities from a central general hospital to local clinics and to arrange 100,000 beds for tuberculosis patients. In fact, however, the project was never completed. Panel 3-20 Mobilization of Nurses Nurses who worked in battlefields used to be called war nurses. They consisted of rescue nurses who were dispatched from the Japanese Red Cross Society in response to call-up duties, and of nurses who had been working in the military hospitals of the Army and Navy. The call-up duties insisted that they could be sent to battlefields even if they had a suckling baby. Panel 3-21 War Nurses in Battlefields Among those nurses sent out to the war between Japan and China and in the Pacific, over 30,000 rescue nurses are said to have been dispatched by the Japanese Red Cross Society. Some of these nurses who worked together with male soldiers in dangerous combat support hospitals were ordered to inject powerful medicine into severely wounded soldiers in the late stage of the war. Some were also forced to attend the vivisection of Chinese captives, while others were driven to commit mass suicide. The figure shown below indicates that the death toll among war nurses increased year by year, reaching half of all fatalities in 1945. It should be noted that the lives of hundreds of war nurses were lost during the chaos around the defeat in 1945. Panel 3-22 Medical Drugs in Wartime Medical institutions had suffered from the lack of medical supplies since the end of the 1930s. Those drugs under control of the government became unavailable to private medical practitioners without purchase tickets issued by a governor. There was also a change in the pharmaceutical industry. In the Tanabe Pharmaceutical Corporation, all the manufacture shifted so as to correspond to the national policy giving priority to military affairs, and the ratio of munitions of war increased year by year. On the other hand, upon request from the Army, the Sankyo Pharmaceutical Corporation manufactured Melanophoren Hormone (melanophore-stimulating hormone) which if injected, was expected to enable soldiers throwing a smoke screen in battlefields or pilots of fighters to gain visual acuity even on a dark night. The war also led to an increased drug induced sufferings or addictions. For example, the drug induced suffering of subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy (SMON) might be attributable to the amendment of the 16

Pharmacopoeia of Japan in 1939 which allowed broader indications of quinoform. In 1941, the Dainippon Pharmaceutical Corporation put philopon on the market as a new product of a fatigue removal stimulant which was used by students or all-night labourers and resulted in a massive number of patients with addiction. The reality of the anti-drug policy of Japan in China was rather to accelerate increase of the addictives. The Kwantung Army allowed cultivation of poppies in Inner Mongolia and other places and sold opium and morphine, as well as cocaine, illegally in Chinese territories to raise military funds, so that the crackdown on opium was only nominal. Panel 3-23 A Medical Researcher Who Resisted the War Regime YOKOYAMA Shomatsu, a physiologist, was called up to the Beijing Ko 1855 Unit as an army surgeon. He was ordered to perform an experiment using a Chinese captive, to whom a penetrating shot wound should be made in the abdomen, in order to develop a drug effective for treatment of a bullet wound. However, he refused to comply as such an experiment would be an outrage against humanity. As a result, he was sent to the front line where bullets were flying about. (YOKOYAMA Shomatsu, When I Was Young, the Mainichi Shimbun, 11 September 1986, morning edition). Panel 3-24 A Physician and Medical Students Who Resisted against the War Regime Even as the freedom of speech was suppressed, some physicians or medical students continued to support the ideals of the medical services. TAKAHASHI Minoru (Research Associate, Tohoku Imperial University Faculty of Medicine, 1942) was arrested twice during the war on a charge of crimes against the Public Peace Preservation Act and he spent over four years in jail. The judgment that found him guilty concluded that his book entitled Medical analysis of a pure farming village of the north-east Japan: A socio-hygienic survey in Shiwa Village of Iwate Prefecture analysed issues on the rural health and hygiene from the view point of communism. IMAMURA Yuichi, TSUDA Yasushi, and TOJIMA Hirotoshi, who were students belonging to the tuberculosis research club of the Kyoto Imperial University Faculty of Medicine, conducted mass examination of tuberculosis and living surveys in Katsuyama district of Fukui Prefecture in 1941 and published a report in Shirankai Zasshi. This report caught the eyes of the Special Higher Police (Tokko) and these students were punished in different ways including imprisonments for violations of the Public Peace Preservation Act. Panel 3-25 Real Situations of the Medical Care and Health: Mobilization of People s Life One of the emphases in the promotion of national health was placed on tuberculosis control. In order to build up bodies protective against tuberculosis infection, the National Physical Strength Law was enacted in 1940, with the first provision saying that the Government supervises the physical strength of the people to promote their health. This law obliged mainly underage males to take physical examinations and to record the results on the national health passbook until their examination for conscription. Panel 3-26 Examinations for Conscription The examinations included checks on the physique and strength required for soldiers. The Army emphasized endurance because of its peculiar system of local procurement of food supplies. It downplayed food supplies so that strength was necessary for soldiers in order to bear marching with heavy baggage while endurance was required to combat the food shortage. Such real situations of soldiers in the war between Japan and China led to a special view of physical strength. Tuberculosis was an important examination item and a chest X-ray examination was introduced for new recruits in 1942. <Photo> A chest X-ray examination was introduced for conscription. ( The Final Edition of Showa History, vol.10, the Mainichi Newspapers Co., Ltd., p.115) Panel 3-27 The End of Mobilization FUJIWARA Akira has confirmed the fact that more than half of the war dead of the Japanese Military starved to death: Lack of food supply resulted in malnutrition, which caused a decrease of physical strength, thereby leading to death by malaria, dysentery, beriberi and so on; this was the reason why death by starvation, in a broad of sense, occurred on a large scale. ( Hero Spirits Starved to Death, FUJIWARA Akira, Aoki Shoten, 2001). According to FUJIWARA, lack of food was partly the result of those in charge of military operations, who ignored logistics, supplies for survival, and hygiene, but gave the highest priority to imperative operations. He also pointed out that the loss of soldiers lives due to illness or starvation produced no sense of guilt in the Military leaders who ignored soldiers lives and human rights. <Photo>The wounded evacuated by boat. ( Unapproved Photos Kept in Secret, No.1, the Mainichi Newspapers Co., Ltd., p.117) 17

Panel 3-28 Eugenic Policy Japan enacted the National Eugenic Act in 1940. Article 1 describes that the aims of the Act are to eradicate the increase of the number of individuals who have a predisposition to vicious genetic disorders as well as to promote the increase of those who have healthy traits, thereby accomplishing the enhancement of the capabilities of the people. To accomplish these aims, people suffering from schizophrenia, manic depression, congenital deaf-mutism, and other conditions that might lead to inferiority in the Japanese gene pool became targets of compulsory sterilization. The consent of the individual or family was required for the sterilization. However, the Act had a byroad through which sterilization could be performed without consent, if a director of a mental hospital permitted it. <Table> The number of people who were subjected to compulsory sterilization under the National Eugenic Act (1941-1947) Male: 217 Female: 321 ( The Centennial History of the Medical Care System, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Medical Bureau, 1976, p.335) <Photo> Campaign for eugenic marriage and patriotism. ( The Final Edition of Showa History, vol.10, the Mainichi Newspapers Co., Ltd., p.230) Panel 3-29 Population Policy under the War Regime Under the all-out war, the nation intervened in what had been private matters of the family. In 1941, the cabinet meeting approved the Outline for the Establishment of a Population Policy which declared the aim of an urgent but everlasting developmental growing of our nation. The Outline intended to increase the birth rate and set up a numeral target. Marriage ages to be brought 3 years forward within 10 years from now on compared to the current situation as well as one married couple to bear 5 children on average. The Ministry of Health formulated the outline for honouring superior families bearing many children, thereby encouraging a growing tendency of parturition and patriotism. <Photo> Triplet babies: Superior families bearing many children were commended. Families bearing more than 10 children exceeded 12,000 households in the whole country in 1941. ( The Final Edition of Showa History, vol.10, the Mainichi Newspapers Co., Ltd., p.150) Panel 3-30 Enforcement of the Isolation of Patients with Hansen s Disease The war compelled patients with Hansen s disease to suffer enforced isolation, which worsened their living environment. In 1938, special sickrooms, i.e. strictly observing cells, were installed in the Kuryu Rakusenen Leprosarium, the purpose of which was to forcibly manage discontents among isolated patients. In the last stage of the war, facilities of the Miyako Nanseien Leprosarium in Okinawa Prefecture were seriously ruined by American air raids. All of the staff members including the director walked out. Isolated patients went to shelters of the nearby sea side but the number of the dead reached 110 due to exhaustion, malnutrition, aggravation of the disease, and air attacks day after day. <Photo> The concrete block wall of the Miyako Nanseien Leprosarium, showing bullet marks of machine gunning from US fighters. (by SUENAGA Keiko, 2009) Panel 3-31 Mental Patients Starved to Death The figure on the right shows the annual number of registered mental patients as well as that of the dead among them in the Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital from 1936 to 1956. The mortality in the hospital increased rapidly in 1938 and reached 21.9% with the number of the dead being as many as 352 persons in 1940. The death toll also rapidly increased from 1944 and 478 among 1,169 registered patients (nearly 41%) died in 1945. TAKETSU Seijun analyzed these changes of mortality and mentioned that the main causes of the patients death were malnutrition and chronic enteritis, the rates of which were dominant and increased year by year. A control system of the staple food for patients started in 1939 as well as the rice control system launched in the next year. These resulted in a continuous decrease of the amount of rice, and the daily intake per person in the hospital became 297 g (1,034 calories) in July 1945. Thus, it was impossible for patients to maintain their lives in such conditions. Panel 4-1 [Part 4] Postwar Medical Establishment in Japan 18

--- Covering up of medical war crimes after the war by the Japanese authorities In the previous parts, we have demonstrated Historical Facts of Infliction Committed by Japanese Medical Researchers and Physicians during the Fifteen Years War, Japanese Colonial Medicine and Practices: Infliction on Civilians, and Recruitment of Medical Communities to the War and Their Resistance, all of which could be represented by the Unit 731 issue. Medical science and medical care systems were mobilized by the Japanese Military and the medical communities had been participating in their organizations. This was the result of the close relationship between the medical communities and the war, in which many physicians and medical researchers were involved either intentionally or unwillingly. There were some doctors who tried to resist to war crimes, but they were very limited in number. The historical facts demonstrated on the panels from Part 1 to Part 3 contain only those having been confirmed by testimonies after the war or evidence disclosed by scientific verifications. However, these facts are only fragments of historical incidents while the whole picture has not yet been clarified even 67 years after the war ended. Details of the postwar situation of the medical establishment seem to raise more important issues of verification of the war and medical ethics in addition to the historical crimes against human dignity and rights performed by Japanese doctors during wartime. From these viewpoints, we would like to present in the following panels what happened to the medical establishment in postwar Japan, including those people who should be considered responsible for medical crimes carried out in Unit 731. Panel 4-2 Immunity to Medical Crimes in the Fifteen Years War Japanese medical researchers and physicians, such as those who belonged to the Unit 731 and committed atrocities against Asian people, should have been convicted as war criminals as was done against the Nazis. However, all members of the Unit, including Commander ISHII Shiro, were granted immunity from prosecution for war crimes. To be granted immunity, the following ways were cooked up at the end of the war: First, a complete cover-up of the Unit was perpetrated in order to Preserve the National Polity. This was done to dismiss the responsibility of the Emperor who was the supreme commander, and to help the Emperor system survive after the war. Second, at the time of escape, members and their families were ordered to keep silent, definitely forever. Commander ISHII Shiro told them, Carry the secret of the Unit to your grave! If you ever leak anything about it, I will leave no stone unturned until I find you wherever you are and by means of whatever I can. He also ordered them neither to make contact with each other nor to take public office. Third, to prepare for the Cold War with the Soviet Union, the General Headquarters (GHQ) made a deal to conceal the facts. Because of this deal, the offences of Unit 731 were not prosecuted as war crimes in the Tokyo Trial. Meanwhile, the US military was provided with the research data from the Unit. Later, when the testimony of the members of Unit 731 at the Khabarovsk Trial in the Soviet Union and the Special Military Tribunal in China clarified the facts about the Unit, they had already been offered immunity by GHQ at the Tokyo Trial. Panel 4-3 Destruction of the Evidence of Unit 731 With the participation of the Soviet Union in the war on 9 August 1945, the central facilities of Unit 731 were blown up, and all of the imprisoned human subjects called maruta (404 individuals according to Blaze of Pingfang by MIZOBUCHI Toshimi, 1991) were all killed with gas in order to cover up the secrets of the Unit. Most of the documents and research materials were also disposed of by burning and at the same time all the members of the Unit and their families were ordered to leave China. ASAEDA Shigeharu (General Staff Operations` Section Chief) issued Directions of the Commander of the Kwantung Army to ISHII Shiro, the Commander of Unit 731, mentioning the orders as described above (ref. Figure below). Among the orders listed in the figure, there is a description regarding captives: Maruta in the building must be disposed of by the electric motors and burned in the boilers, all ashes of which should be washed away in the Songhua River. (3 in the figure). Panel 4-4 Immunity Granted by the USA At the Tokyo Trial, where Class-A war criminals during the aggressive war against China and the Pacific War were judged, Unit 731 issue should also have been prosecuted. Around October 1946, the realities of the Unit 731 had already been clarified by the questioning of military personnel committed to bacteriological warfare and taken as POWs into the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union demanded of the United States through the prosecuting counsel of the Tokyo Trial that three officers of the Unit, including ISHI Shiro, be questioned. However, Japan, in exchange for the presentation of research data to the USA, had already been promised by GHQ immunity from prosecution for bacterial warfare personnel. With the coming of the Cold War, the monopoly of such data suited the global strategy of the United States and its national interests. On 1 August 19

1947, immunity for the war criminals was affirmed by the US Government. The report of Edwin Hill, who visited Japan for the investigation in December 1947, concluded as follows: It represents the data which have been obtained by Japanese scientists at the expenditure of many millions of dollars and years of work. Information has accrued with respect to human susceptibility to some specific bacterial infections and such information could not be obtained in our own laboratories because of scruples attached to human experimentation. These data were secured with a total outlay of 250,000 yen to date, a mere pittance by comparison with the actual cost of the studies. (Edwin V. Hill s Report in 1947, Sheldon H. Harris, Factories of Death: Japan s Biological Warfare 1932-45 and the American Cover-up. Routledge, 1994, p.190) Thus, in the Tokyo Trial, Unit 731 escaped prosecution. Panel 4-5 Khabarovsk Trial (December 1949) While America granted immunity to Unit 731, the Soviet Union independently brought the captives to trial. Twelve persons were tried, including General YAMADA Otozo, Surgeon Lieutenant General KAJITSUKA Ryuji, Surgeon Major General KAWASHIMA Kiyoshi (Director, the Fourth Department of Bacteria Production of Unit 731), Surgeon Major KARASAWA Tomio (Chief, Division of Bacteria Production of the Fourth Department), and Surgeon Lieutenant Colonel NISHI Toshihide (Director, Department of Education of Unit 731 and concurrently Director of the Sunwu Branch). The detailed testimony of the defendants included KAWASHIMA s evidence of germ-bomb experiments, NISHI s on the physiological experiments, and FURUICHI Yoshio s description of bacterial experiments. It was a public trial and its record was translated into Japanese and published in 1950. The 738 page report should be considered as one of the few valuable documents that described in detail the Japanese Army s operations and actions toward the development of biological weapons. <Figure> Part of the examination of KAJITSUKA (Record of the Khabarovsk Trial, 1950). Panel 4-6 Special Military Tribunal of the People s Republic of China (1956) In China, the former members who had been taken POWs were put on trial in 1956, ten years after the war. In the previous year, 1955, pardons for the Japanese military personnel in the Chinese war criminal camp were proposed by Premier Zhou Enlai, resulting in limitation of the number of the defendants to five. In addition, even Surgeon Major SAKAKIBARA Hideo, who had been given the most severe 13-year sentence, was granted a pardon the next year and returned to Japan. Some of the witnesses other than physicians and medical researchers, including TAMURA (afterward SHINOZUKA) Yoshio, a boy soldier of Unit 731, formed the Association of Returnees from China (Chuu Ki Ren) after their return home, and have been continuing to confess their wartime misdeeds throughout Japan. <Photos> (Left upper): Surgeon Major SAKAKIBARA Hideo, the Unit 731 Linkou Branch Commander, under testimony at the Special Military Tribunal. (Right upper): A scene from the Military Tribunal in China. (From Awaking, Chan Cheng Xiang Gang Wen Hua Chu Ban Gong Si, 1991). (Left lower): Record of the Supreme Court of the People s Republic of China Special Military Tribunal, 2005. Panel 4-7 Postwar Prosecution of Vivisections at Kyushu Imperial University School of Medicine Vivisections performed at Kyushu Imperial University School of Medicine (cf. Panel 1-21) were brought to the US military court (the International Military Tribunal for the Far East) in Yokohama in 1948. Of 14 people involved in the issue, 3 were sentenced to be hanged, and the rest received imprisonment including 2 for life time sentences. However, the prison terms of the 14 convicts were reduced because of the onset of the Korean War in 1950 and all of them were released in a short period of time. Soon after the involved personnel were arrested by the occupation army, Kyushu University School of Medicine set up a Basic and Clinical Committee and the committee asserted that they had appropriated the university facilities, and that the school itself had no responsibility for these events. Professor HIRAMITSU Goichi, who had offered a room of the Department of Anatomy for the vivisection, described and suggested that Professor ISHIYAMA daring in performing such surgeries as courageous as if before committing suicide, ISHIYAMA had set down his research findings on a piece of paper, it could have been helpful to the development of medicine. (Bungeishunju, December, 1957). This description sounds as if he affirms the vivisection itself. In addition, the History of Kyushu University: in Commemoration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of Its Foundation (1911-1961) (1967) ambiguously states that many aspects of the event remain to be investigated. However, nothing has been done thereafter regarding any role which the University might have played. <Photo> Military Tribunal in Yokohama (from TOONO Toshio, Infamy). 20

Panel 4-8 Postwar for Physicians and Medical Researchers Who Committed with Unit 731 Just before and after defeat, 53 physicians who had belonged to Unit 731 returned home by airplanes and other ordinary members of the Unit returned to Japan by special trains. The members strictly obeyed ISHII s orders, being compelled to take a thorny path in their postwar lives. In contrast, returned physicians gained important positions in the medical world without having to confess their wartime roles. However, there were a few doctors who reflected on what they had done in the Unit; for example, AKIMOTO Sueo published a book entitled Inquiry about Medical Ethics: from Experiences in Unit 731 (Keiso Shobo, 1983). <Table> Representative Examples of Important Positions Occupied by the Members of Unit 731. Panel 4-9 Tribunal on Vivisections Performed by the Nazis Germany The first of the 12 Subsequent Nuremberg Trials was conducted independently by the USA on inhuman vivisections and judged 23 defendants, of whom 20 were physicians. Thus, the trial is also known as the Doctors Trial or the Medical Case. The verdict was delivered on 20 th August 1947, by the Nuremberg Code (ref. Panel 4-10) which became the basis for the Declaration of Helsinki, the international ethical principles for human experimentation. The defense of the accused was rejected. Panel 4-10 The Nuremberg Code 1. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him/her to make an understanding and enlightened decision. This latter element requires that before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject there should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment; the method and means by which it is to be conducted; all inconveniences and hazards reasonable to be expected; and the effects upon his health or person which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment. The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent rests upon each individual who initiates, directs or engages in the experiment. It is a personal duty and responsibility which may not be delegated to another with impunity. 2. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature. 3. The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment. 4. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury. 5. No experiment should be conducted where there is a prior reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects. 6. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment. 7. Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities of injury, disability, or death. 8. The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. The highest degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment. 9. During the course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be impossible. 10. During the course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he has probable cause to believe, in the exercise of good faith, superior skill and careful judgment required of him that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject. (from Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law 10, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950; Military Tribunal Case 1, United States v. Karl Brandt et al., October 1946-April 1949.) Panel 4-11 The Statement of the German Medical Association In 1947, the German Medical Association adopted a resolution that accused all of the physicians who had participated in every crime against humanity and war crimes against human beings, and the Association 21

submitted a statement in which they acknowledged the fact that they cooperated with the Nazis in commitment of crimes. The statement was submitted in September 1947, and it was revised in January 1950. The statement was as follows: The German medical profession had to acknowledge with indignation and with deep regret the participation, during the time of the Third Reich, of certain German doctors, both individually and collectively, in numerous acts of cruelty and oppression, and in the organization and perpetration of brutal experiments on human beings without their consent. We acknowledge, that in performing these acts and experiments, which have resulted in the deaths of millions of the human beings, the German medical profession has violated the ethical tradition of Medicine, has debased the honor of the medical profession, and has prostituted medical science in the service of war and political hatred. ------ we solemnly promise the medical profession and the whole world that we will do all we can to prevent in the future such a betrayal of medicine through German doctors. ------ The German medical organization will do its best to prosecute medical men who shall be found guilty of offences against their professional duties by professional jurisdiction. We shall act in the same manner against doctors who are not willing to promise high standards of professional behaviour in the future. (The rest omitted). (From the Journal of the Japan Medical Association, Vol.26, No.1, July 1951) This was the statement that took the Nuremberg Code into account. Based on the Statement, the German Medical Association was admitted to join the World Medical Association. Panel 4-12 Afterward, the German Medical World Kept Silence After the submission of the statement (ref. Panel 4-11), it was not always clear whether the verification of medical crimes were properly proceeded within Germany. In 1947, Medizin ohne Menschlichkeit (Medicine without Humanity) (Alexander Mitscherlich und Fred Mielke, translated into Japanese by KANAMORI Shigenari and ANDO Tsutomu) was published and attention was called for verification of the facts. However, Professor Mitscherlich was avoided by colleagues as a result of this publication, and forced into isolation. Why was the verification not undertaken? Firstly, arguments to deepen research ethics were not sufficient for many doctors; secondly, the political dynamics of the cold war between east and west (Till Bastian Arzte: Medizinische Verbrechen im Dritten Reich, translated into Japanese by YAMAMOTO Keiichi); thirdly, the self-defence of medical researchers and physicians who occupied key positions in postwar German society (Friedlich Karl Kaul Arzte in Auschwitz Nazism und Medizin, translated into Japanese by HINO Shuitsu). <Photo> A warning monument erected at the site of the headquarters of the Nazis euthanasia plan (1989). The site presently belongs to the Berlin Philharmonic Hall. It was here that the first massacre by the Nazis was performed. Those responsible consisted of scientists, physicians, nurses, personnel belonging to justice and police, officers of health and labour ministries. Victims were poor, driven to despair, or rather disobedient, asking for help. They came from psychiatric hospitals, orphanages, nursing homes, welfare facilities, field hospitals, and from concentration camps. The number of victims was many, but the number of those charged with offences against them was so small. Panel 4-13 Verification by the German Medical World In the late 1960s, the growing movements of youth and students pushed the progress of political and social democratization in West Germany and overcoming the past became more serious matters among the people. Not only war criminals were accused but also the responsibility of scholars, physicians, various civil organizations or individuals who had supported Nazism became a matter for verification. On the occasion of the General Assembly of the West Germany Medical Doctors held in 1988, the Berlin Medical Association displayed panels entitled The Value of the Human Being Medicine in Germany, 1918-1945, and declared the statement as shown in this Panel. A book was published to accompany the exhibition with the same title (Christian Pross and Goetz Aly, Der Wert des Menschen: Medizin in Deutschland 1918 1945, translated into Japanese by HAYASHI Kozo). The Medical Association also published a reprinted edition of the Journal of International Physicians (an official journal of the Unified Physicians for International Socialism) from 1934 to 1939, which disclosed some of physicians who had been hidden from history. The participation of the Medical World in Nazi activities both inside and outside Germany was discussed and the issues raised not yet considered to have been over. Panel 4-14 The Value of the Human Being The Value of the Human Being was published by the Berlin Medical Association in November 1988 under the guidance of two medical historians, Christian Pross and Goetz Aly. The outline of the book which traced the history of medicine in Germany includes: 1) Nutrition and health standards of German nationals at the end of the First World War 2) Rise of racial hygiene and eugenics 22

3) Doctors dedication to the National Health (German Medical Practitioners Law, 1926) 4) Founding of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (Institute) as the centre of anthropology, genetics and eugenics (1927) 5) Warning against medical experiments by Julius Moses (1932) 6) Higher Nazification rates among doctors 7) Doctors contribution as agents of the state to the prevention of the birth of babies with hereditary diseases 8) Action T4 (1940-45): Killing of the mentally ill as life unworthy to live ( euthanasia ) 9) Human experimentation in the concentration camps 10) Various human experiments on Jewish people and production of specimens performed by Josef Mengele and others 11) Nuremberg Doctors Trial <Photo> The jacket of the Japanese version of The Value of the Human Being translated by HAYASHI Kozo (Fukosha, 1993). Panel 4-15 The 12 th General Assembly of the Japan Medical Congress just after the War (1947) The attendance and presentations of the US Medical Corps from GHQ were featured at the 12 th General Assembly held at the Osaka Central Public Hall from April 1 st to 6 th, 1947. In this assembly, the general mobilization of the GHQ medical corps and specialists of the army hospitals informed Japanese doctors of contemporary American medicine. Japanese lecturers on the atomic bomb focused on such topics as clinical, pathological, and radiological aspects. They did not criticise the damage brought by the bombs but had to respect GHQ s intentions. It was the very first postwar General Assembly. During the sessions, however, the Japanese medical establishment neither examined nor repented its participation in the war. Panel 4-16 The Japan Medical Association s Repentance Expressed on its Admission to the World Medical Association In 1951, the medical associations of Japan and Germany were allowed to join the World Medical Association on the condition that they would express repentance for the wartime crimes performed by their researchers and physicians. Their respective resolutions and statements, however, explicitly demonstrate the difference between the German and Japanese attitudes toward their war crimes. *Japan Medical Association (March 1949) At the annual meeting of the House of Delegates of the Japan Medical Association, held on March 30, 1949, the following resolution was unanimously passed: That the Japan Medical Association, representing the doctors of Japan, takes this occasion to denounce atrocities perpetrated on the enemy during the war period, and to condemn acts of maltreatment of patients which are alleged and in some cases known to have occurred. A Takahashi, MD President The Japan Medical Association Ref. Panel 4-11 for the statement of the German Medical Association. Panel 4-17 Accusation of Wartime Medical Crimes in the World Medical Association Since the 1970s, Professor Michael J. Franzblau, Clinical Professor of Dermatology at the University of California, whose relatives were killed by Nazis, has been accusing the doctors who had participated in Nazis activities. As a result, Doctor Hans Joachim Sewering, then President of the German Medical Association, was unable to become President of the World Medical Association, because of his wartime work. (Nevertheless, the German Association of Internal Medicine and the German Medical Association continued to defend him until June 2010 when he died.) Professor Franzblau was also aware of the war crimes of Unit 731. He has also been accusing the Japan Medical Association, saying to ignore the issues of Unit 731 is to diminish the dignity of Japanese physicians by themselves. *Accusations of responsibility of the Japan Medical Association for atrocities in wartime at the World Medical Association meeting The six point resolution proposed by Professor Franzblau at the World Medical Association Associate Members Meeting (1995) 1 WEREAS, the crimes of Japanese physicians in the Japanese Imperial Army, from the period 1932 to 1945, are well documented, and 2 WEREAS, there is no record of the Japan Medical Association ever officially repudiating the barbarous and horrific actions of the physicians in this unit, and (3 and 4 omitted) 23

5 [Be it] RESOLVED, that the World Medical Association ask the Japan Medical Association to officially repudiate Unit 731 of the Imperial Japanese Army during the period 1932 to 1945, and be it further 6 RESOLVED, that the Japan Medical Association request the Japanese Government to explain why physicians employed in Unit 731 have never been prosecuted for murder and crimes against humanity. Responding to the above resolution, the Japan Medical Association made a motion, saying that this sort of resolution should never be brought before the associate meeting hereafter since the Japan Medical Association considers this matter has already been talked out. Thus, in the Japanese medical world, there is not only a refusal to verify but also no regret such as described in The Value of Human Being, and such a situation continues, in which medical war crimes remain covered up and disregarded. Panel 4-18 Actions of Persons Concerned with Unit 731 in the Science Council of Japan On 24 th October 1952, the 13 th General Assembly of the Science Council of Japan was held. To the assembly, HIRANO Yoshitaro, FUKUSHIMA Yoichi and others submitted a resolution regarding the promotion of the ratification of the Geneva Conventions on the prohibition of the use of bacteriological weapons as a bill. However, TODA Shozo (President of Kanazawa University, and before the war, Professor of the Kyoto Imperial University School of Medicine besides working as a part-time employee of the Army Medical School Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory) and KIMURA Ren (Vice President of the Japan Medical Congress and President of Nagoya Municipal University, and before the war, Professor of Kyoto Imperial University School of Medicine and a part-time employee of the Army Medical School Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory), who belonged to the 7 th Division of the Council which related to medical sciences, opposed the resolution. Both were professors of the Kyoto Imperial University School of Medicine and academic advisers of ISHII. They were the supervisors who had sent medical researchers to Unit 731 during the Fifteen Years War. The reasons why they opposed the resolution were as follows: It is unreasonable to ratify such conventions concerned with war time, because presently Japan has been renouncing war. Rest assured about bacteria which are not anymore utilized for practical use as weapons nowadays. And so on. As a result, the proposal was rejected. Thus, there is no consciousness of regret for the assaults conducted by medical researchers and physicians. The reasons given are rather like statements of people who wallow in their success in occupying positions after the war as a result of immunity given by the US government. Panel 4-19 Awarding of PhD Degrees to Unit 731 Personnel in the Postwar Japanese Medical Establishment Among the persons who published their articles in Reports of the Army Medical School Epidemic Prevention Research (the 2 nd Part), the following individuals were awarded PhD Degrees from the universities described below. Some of them submitted the articles as doctoral theses just as those appeared in the above mentioned Reports, and were nevertheless accepted. Panel 4-20 YOSHIMURA Hisato s Excuse YOSHIMURA s excuse cited above seems to be the same as If the physicians did not participate in the research, they would be putting their own lives at risk and might be killed, or The physicians were just following orders, the rejected arguments of the defence at the Nuremberg Trials. YOSHIMURA became President after he worked as a professor at the Kyoto Prefectural Medical College. In 1978, he was awarded the Third Rank of the Order of the Rising Sun for his pioneer research in environmental adaptation. (Ref. Panel 1-11 for YOSHIMURA s experiments.) Panel 4-21 Unit 731, the Green Cross Corp and HIV/HV or Hepatitis Virus-tainted Blood (1) The HIV (1989-1996)- and hepatitis virus (1998-2008)-tainted blood scandals are the most recent representative cases of pharmaceutical damage. The Green Cross Corporation (currently, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation) was asked its responsibility in each of the suits against causing damage. NAITO Ryoichi, founder and president of the corporation, had a history of working at the centre of Unit 731 where he had been investigating the production of dried plasma using freeze-drying equipment for the development of bacteriological weapons. NAITO founded the Japan Blood Bank together with KITANO Masaji and FUTAGI Hideo in September 1950, both of whom were ex-members of Unit 731, just three months after the Korean War. The corporation produced blood for transfusion to sell and continued massive use of sold blood which became a global issue of yellow blood as it resulted in hepatitis in many patients. When promotion of blood donation was introduced by the Japan Red Cross in 1964, the corporation immediately changed its name to the Green Cross Corporation and started sales of fibrinogen. The corporation continued to import pooled plasma and to produce for sale non-heated coagulation factor products usable for treatment of hemophiliacs, despite the fact that prohibition of the use of pooled plasma was recommended in the United States in 1968. Furthermore, the corporation 24

continued sales of fibrinogen and non-heated coagulation factor products in Japan, which led to a large number of HIV infections there. Meanwhile approval to manufacture fibrinogen was retracted in the US in 1977, and the first case of AIDS occurred in a patient with hemophilia in the US in 1982. Panel 4-22 Unit 731, the Green Cross Corp (2) It was the National Institute of Health (NIH, currently the National Institute of Infectious Diseases) that labelled the blood products of the Green Cross Corporation as approved by the State, thus continuously giving a guarantee of their safety. In the Institute, many members used to belong to Unit 731 and occupied important positions including director general. The Green Cross Corporation restarted as the Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. However, the Corporation was ordered to suspend business due to a violation of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (April 2010), followed by another accusation regarding no practice of the stability test of injections (January 2011). Panel 4-23 Whereabouts of Materials Taken over by the USA The interrogation of materials related to Unit 731 took place in the Diet soon after the war. The Government of Japan has only once pronounced in favour of the necessity of public disclosure of the materials on Unit 731 but the materials have never been open to public. In 1986, however, on the occasion of a hearing before the Subcommittee on Compensation, Pension and Insurance of the Committee on Veterans Affairs of the House of Representatives, Dr. John H. Hatcher pronounced that the materials were returned to the Government of Japan packed in boxes by the end of the 1950s. Therefore, since the beginning of the year of 2009, AVICJRHCPW was strongly requesting the Minister of Defence to publicize the documents on Unit 731 and bacteriological warfare which had been returned from the USA. Panel 4-24 Abandonment of Poison Gas Bombs The Japanese Army and Navy secretly produced poisonous gas, such as yperite, lewisite, phosgene, etc., on Okunojima Island, an island erased from the map, of the Seto Inland Sea. The gas was filled into bombs in the Sone Plant in Kitakyushu and the bombs were used massively in the battle lines in China. Corresponding to the establishment of Unit 731 at Harbin as a base for bacteriological warfare, Unit 516 (the Kwantung Army Division of Chemistry) was established at Qiqihar as a base for poison gas warfare in cooperation with the Narashino Military School. After the war, many victims were found in China suffering from the effect of gas bombs abandoned by the Japanese Army. One of the typical examples was an incident in August 2003 at Qiqihar where 44 people were exposed to poison gas leaked from abandoned cans and one died. The suit, which the victims filed against the Government of Japan, is currently underway. <Photos> Left: The site of a storage shed for poison gas (Okunojima Island, Hiroshima Prefecture) Right: The action filed by victims of Qiqihar gas leak against the Government of Japan. Panel 4-25 Claims for Compensation for Victims of Unit 731 and Bacteriological Warfare against the Government of Japan Victims and the bereaved family members of vivisections by Unit 731 and active use of bacteriological weapons in various areas of China brought their claims into a Japanese court against the Government of Japan, requesting Japan s apology and compensation. In 1995, Jing Lanzhi, bereaved as a result of vivisection, and in 1997, 180 representatives of victims of bacteriological warfare, took court action. The fact that vivisections and bacteriological warfare yielded victims was concretely recognized. In May 2007, however, the Supreme Court dismissed the request of the plaintiffs together with a series of other claims on postwar compensation because there was no national law for war victims. As a result, the issue continues without any solution. <Photos> Upper: Jing Lanzhi. Her husband, Zhu Ziyin, was arrested on a charge of the Mudanjiang Incident in July 1941 and was sent to Unit 731 as a subject of the Special Transfer Procedure. In 1995, she claimed in court requesting apology and compensation from the Government of Japan. (Photographed at Pingfang, August 1991) Lower: Plaintiffs and their supporters protesting against the judgement. Panel 5-1 [Part 5] From Verification of History toward Future Medical Ethics In Part 5, we would like to express our intention that Japanese medical researchers and physicians would never participate in war, and that we shall continue to explore how clinical practice as well as medical research can be done, thereby contributing to medical education. Summary of participation in the Fifteen Years War 1 Although participation of the Japanese medical world was widely observed in various fields, investigation of the facts of assault has been limited. 2 Inhuman medical experiments, bacteriological warfare, and use of poison gas weapons by Unit 731 as well as surgical trials in Army hospitals and the incident at the Kyushu Imperial University are medical war crimes. 25

3 Participation in the war, including cooperation with the Japanese colonial policy, also contained medical war crimes. 4 Inhuman medical experiments, bacteriological warfare, and use of poison gas were performed systematically. 5 Doctors who denied participation in war crimes or cooperation with the war were very few. 6 The background of thought to all these was racial prejudice, eugenic ideology and sexual discrimination. Summary of the postwar period 1 Doctors who participated in medical war crimes covered up the truth and escaped from prosecution. 2 The Government of Japan covered up the truth in order to maintain the Emperor system and escaped from prosecution. 3 The USA Government, for its own purposes, worked with doctors who participated in medical war crimes, under the condition that if they gave to the US the results of their experiments, they would not be brought to court, thereby covering up the truth. 4 The Government of Japan evaded confirmation of the truth and reflection, and has not yet made an apology or compensation to victims and their families. 5 In the Japanese medical world and establishment, verification of the truth, reflection, or apology has never been done, and thus after the war, the Japan Medical Association and the Japanese Association of Medical Sciences could not make a restart in terms of ethic. 6 Efforts for verification, reflection, and apology have been continuously performed by some doctors and medical researchers, and a kind of solidarity with the victims and their families has come into existence. Panel 5-2 The Significance of Reflecting Today on Medical War Crimes of Yesterday In what kind of situations did medical professionals participate in war crimes in experiments on humans which ignores their rights and dignity, or in developing biological and chemical weapons? Was it only to obey the national policy? Or was it also out of their own curiosity or for their benefit? In causing pharmaceutical damage after the war, doesn t it coincide with issues of human rights and the dignity of patients which medical researchers and physicians have ignored? It is necessary to investigate the past to clarify current problems and get into the truth. In a symposium held in April 2007 by the Executive Committee of the War and Medicine Exhibition at the 27 th General Assembly of the Japan Medical Congress, Professor Wikler, Harvard University, USA, remarked: When an American thinks about dealing with the wrongs of the past, inevitably one thinks about the tragic crime of slavery. Slavery ended in the United States in 1860 but in important ways we are only beginning now to acknowledge what happened. Just to give one example, one of our best universities, Brown University, conducted an investigation of its own past and put out a report admitting that the money that was used to create Brown University came from the profits from slavery. And these events are occurring all over the United States. Some governors of individual states have apologized on behalf of their states to the victims of slavery in the past. This has happened only just recently. Well. It s been almost a century and a half since slavery ended, so why are these apologies occurring now? One might try to give a psychological explanation, but I think there s a good moral explanation too. By doing an investigation, reporting honestly and frankly what, exactly, happened and by confronting the past, we then affirm the values we wish we d always had. Most importantly, it liberates our young from complicity with the past and ends their responsibility for these past wrongs. It means that we do not ask our young people to continue the tradition of secrecy and complicity, but instead make them completely free of any of this responsibility. Panel 5-3 Importance of Medical Ethics The Japanese medical world should have made complete verification and reflection in order never to repeat medical crimes performed in wartime. We have been requesting an opportunity to discuss this on the occasion of the General Assembly of the Japan Medical Congress which is held once every four years but the request has not yet been accepted. The Japan Medical Association says the issues have been solved, because it has the resolution that was unanimously passed at the annual meeting of the House of Delegates of the Japan Medical Association, held in March 1949. The Association s Code of Medical Ethics does not express any reflection nor lesson to be learnt from medical war crimes conducted during the war. Code of Medical Ethics of the Japan Medical Association, adopted on 2 April 2002 Medical science and treatment are not only for treatment of the ill but also for support and promotion of people s health. Therefore doctors recognize the importance of their responsibility to serve all the people based on humanity. 1. A physician shall maintain the spirit of learning through his/her life, always make an effort to obtain medical 26

knowledge and skill, and be dedicated to advance and develop medicine. 2. A physician shall be conscious of the dignity and responsibility of the occupation, and endeavour to deepen his/her culture and to improve his/her personality. 3. A physician shall respect the personality of the people who receive medical treatment, meet them with a kind heart, explain the contents of treatment in detail, and make an effort to gain their confidence. 4. A physician shall respect colleagues, and be dedicated to providing competent medical service in collaboration with other health professionals. 5. A physician shall esteem the public nature of the medical service, be dedicated to the development of society through medical service, and make an effort to obey laws and rules as well as build up the order of law. 6. A physician shall not aim for profit-making in medical practice. Panel 5-4 Inadequate Medical Ethics Medical ethics has been a matter of exploration since ancient times. In Japan, people were taught with an old saying Justice is heavier than a mountain and life is lighter than a feather of a stork and by a military code the subject of the Great Japanese Empire is a baby of the Emperor and a race as leader of Eastern Asia. Thus, people believed so, and their individual dignity and human rights were ignored. Racial discrimination and slight against other races were openly recognized and it was considered natural not to think of those people of the nations that Japan had invaded. Under these trends, medical personnel were placed in an important position in order to accomplish an aggressive war and many inhuman experiments and research were performed as presented in the parts of Inspection of the History. After World War II, the Nuremberg Code (1947, Panel 4-10) was succeeded by the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association in 1964, and ethical principles of medical research involving human subjects was established and its revision has been repeated The currently effective informed consent (treatment with consent, in which the physician should give to the patient a full explanation about the situation of the disease, possible methods for treatment, methods of operation, etc., and after the explanation, the patient agrees to receive the treatment or operation) is derived from the establishment of the right for self-determination in which the patient decides not to entrust the physician with his life. Despite the international trend of medical ethics, its establishment was insufficient in both the medical research and care worlds in postwar Japan. Panel 5-5 Personal Responsibility of Medical Researchers and Physicians Victims of the inhuman vivisections and medical treatments or drug induced sufferings were observed even after the war. The responsibilities of the state, companies, or medical researchers and doctors who had been involved were accused on several occasions. However, it is only recently that a build up of awareness by which one makes clear who should have the responsibility and who should apologize, and how matters should be improved. The World Medical Association (WMA) has declared that ethics requires acts with standards higher than the law, recognizing the responsibility of physicians in the prevention of inhuman conduct such as torture. In addition, the societies of internal medicine of the West have proclaimed a Declaration of Professionalism based on similar ethical views. If the Japanese medical world reflects its participation in the Fifteen Years War and learns the lesson by which the responsibilities of medical researchers and physicians become clear, it would encourage greatly these tidal currents in the world. WMA Declaration of Lisbon on the Rights of the Patient Adopted by the 34 th World Medical Assembly. Lisbon, Portugal, 1981 PREAMBLE The relationship between physicians, their patients and broader society has undergone significant changes in recent times. While a physician should always act according to his/her conscience, and always in the best interests of the patient, equal effort must be made to guarantee patient autonomy and justice. The following Declaration represents some of the principal rights of the patient that the medical profession endorses and promotes. Physicians and other persons or bodies involved in the provision of health care have a joint responsibility to recognize and uphold these rights. Whenever legislation, government action or any other administration or institution denies patients these rights, physicians should pursue appropriate means to assure or to restore them. Panel 5-6 Expression of Apology by the German Association for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (DGPPN) Contrary to the Japanese medical world that keeps closing its eyes to criminal acts performed during the war, on 26 November 2010, breaking a silence of 70 years, the German Association for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 27

(DGPPN) held a commemorative meeting where about 3,000 psychiatrists attended. A memorial address was given by the President of the Association and an apology was expressed for over 250,000 mentally disabled people who were forced to death at the hands of German psychiatrists under National Socialism. The thought of psychiatry and the association as well as the organizational policy was condemned, and the institutional and individual crimes or the involvement of psychiatrists and professional societies were considered to be issues of verification. This kind of effort should be necessary for the Japanese world of medicine. <Photo> The commemorative meeting of the DGPPN. (Aachen), President of the DGPPN. The person at the left end is Prof. Frank Schneider Panel 5-7 Inadequate Education on Medical Ethics In the medical colleges and schools of Japan, Germany, and China, a survey was carried out on the operational situation of education on medical ethics, medical history, overviews on medicine, the Helsinki Declaration, and war crimes performed by physicians, results of which are shown in the figure below. Lectures on overviews of medicine are given to medical students in many schools in Japan, whereas education on medical ethics is performed almost similarly in the three countries. On the other hand, the teaching of medical history, the Helsinki Declaration, and war crimes by physicians is rather low in Japan, and especially it is less than 10% regarding the last, showing a big difference if compared with the situation in Germany and China. Thus, medical education in Japan may reflect a history in which the war crimes of doctors have been covered up and therefore yet verified. Panel 5-8 The Framework for Mobilization of the Nation and the Medical Establishment by the National Emergency Legislation Even in the present day, medicine is not irrelevant to military affairs. It has, rather, a strong relationship with them. In 1999 and thereafter, by the enactment of the National Emergency Legislation, roles of the medical institutions and physicians of the whole country were determined. If we follow the law, we might have to go down such a road as we have come this road someday. The National Emergency Legislation is a framework of laws by which, if armed attack situations are considered despite the real situation like that Japan is not yet attacked, the Self-Defence Force shall be able to start its actions and the nation might be mobilized. Points of the framework by which the nation could be mobilized. 1 The Government could order the duty for defensive mobilization to the governmental institutions, local authorities, and private enterprises, and if they do not obey the order, the Government could take their place. 2 By the order (public written order)of the Self-Defence Force, private lands, facilities and goods could be used, and personnel of the medical establishment, construction industries, and transport industries could be mobilized to defensive actions. If the Government considers that armed attack situations occur, hospitals would be under its control, physicians and nurses would be forced to be mobilized, medical supplies would become the subjects of the procurement, and one who offends the order would become the subject of penalty. <Photos> Left: Call-up notice (a written mobilization notice of the former Japanese army) Right: Public written order to command the engagement of the operation based on the 103 Article of the Self-Defence Force Law. Panel 5-9 War and Medical Research or Medical Technology Development The importance of the relationship between war and medical research or medical technology development has not decreased even in the present time. It can be realistically observed in the fact that the half of all the total amount of scientific research budgets is occupied by military (defence) grants in the US. Biotechnology, a major field in scientific research, cannot exist without a military context today. If the provision of research expense by the US Military Forces is extended in unnoticed ways, the same is true in Japan, especially in medicine. <Table and Figure> Table: There are a certain number of researchers who received the Nobel Prize and later among those obtained grants from the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Global Tokyo. There is a list of 57 researchers on its web site in addition to the Nobel Prizes in the three areas of natural science, i.e., Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine. (Research grants via the US Military Bases, for which many national universities have contracts. The Asahi Shimbun, 8 September 2010) Figure: US Military money inflowing into Japanese universities: Research morals to be continuously groped for. ( The Asahi Shimbun, 10 September 2010) 28

Panel 5-10 War and Medical Research or Medical Technology Development Advances in medical research and medical technology development make the medical treatment of the present time to be the hospital-centred one and increase the involvement of medical industries. It becomes common that the medical treatments or researches are used by a large-scale organization and these organizational treatments or researches are distributed rapidly as well as internationally. In association with such a tendency as the relationship between medical researches or technology development and industries is becoming deeper in these days than during the war time, the way of experimental treatments, performed without thinking of human dignity or human rights, or performed by utilizing disparity between north and south, and conflict-of-interest become new important ethical issues. In addition, the situation in which genetic manipulation and organ transplantation become able to be applied in medical treatments arises a variety of new ethical issues in the society. In order to correspond to these issues on bioethics or medical ethics, it is necessary to reconsider the organization and function of the ethical committee, and also the way of education of medical ethics. A Proposal of the Relationship with Military Industries for Biological and Medical Researchers - Never receive financial support from military industries. - Never approve use of his/her research results to military industries. - Never submit his/her research reports for publication in media having financial relationships with military industries. Panel 5-11 Needs for Continuous Exploration of War and Medical Ethics 1 It is necessary to conduct verification of medical war crimes performed during the Fifteen Years War and to make clear lessons and issues to be taken for medical science and treatment in the present. 2 It is essential to raise lessons and issues based on the verification of history from Japan in order to obtain effectiveness of medical ethics in terms of internalization of medical researches and treatments as well as to contribute to world medical societies and establishments. 3 Verification of postwar times is also essential in order for the Japan Medical Association and the Japanese Association of Medical Sciences to reflect and apologise and to proclaim a new declaration on ethics. 4 The enactment of human subject protection law, which protects the rights and safety of patients and human subjects, is necessary regardless of trial cases, clinical trials or clinical researches. 5 The establishment of a system, by which participation of representatives of patients and citizens to the committee of ethics that commits to medical ethics in universities, hospitals, and societies of medical science is to be obligatory, and the human dignity, human rights as well as safety of patients and human subjects are protected by activities of the participants, is necessary. 6 The fulfilment and strengthening of education on medical ethics are necessary based on verification of medical war crimes. 7 In order not to repeat medical war crimes, it is necessary to establish a system by which the right of conscientious refusal against a written mobilization notice (ref. the figure of Panel 5-8) is to be approved so that medical researchers and physicians would be able to stick to medical ethics. 8 For exploration of war and medical ethics, it is essential to learn international experiences and lessons, and to cooperate internationally. Panel co-sponsoring exhibition Meiji University Noborito Institute Museum for Education in Peace Establishment outline The Noborito Laboratory is an extremely valuable example of war ruins regarding learning the war and military forces of Japan in the prewar time. The Noborito Laboratory is a research laboratory that bore a side of "concealed war" (composed of counterintelligence, intelligence, plot, and propaganda) that is always accompanied with any war, and, therefore, activities of the Laboratory could be considered to show the dark side of the war which has been mostly concealed. Serious problems in terms of humanitarian or international regulations were included sometimes as for the content of the research carried out in the Noborito Laboratory as well as arms or materials developed in the laboratory. However, we think that we should look straight at the part of reality that can be called the dark side of such a war, and that it should be necessary to hand down to our future generations at least a part of various 29

activities calmly demonstrating the reality of the war and what the Japanese Army had been doing before and during the war. It is also for our own self-discipline to recognize that the place where the same scientific research was undertaken just as in our universities might become to have a function by which we lose our ability to think rationally as well as humanity according to circumstances such as being urged for the purpose of war. We preserve to utilize this building which was a research facility of the Noborito Laboratory so that we could establish "Meiji University Noborito Institute Museum for Education in Peace" in order to keep the chronicles of what the organization under the name of the Noborito Laboratory did, and that we could make the Institute as the place of dispatch of the education of history, peace, and science in the university. By doing so, we also would like to make the Institute be alive as a place for the cooperation of the local populace and educators who have continued honest activities for a number of years aiming to preserve for utilization of the Institute as a monumental ruin of the war. 29 March 2010, Meiji University Address and where to make contact: Meiji University Ikuta Campus 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki City ( 214-8571) TEL/FAX 044-934-7993 URL http://www.meiji.ac.jp/noborito/index.html (Page 119) What is the Noborito Laboratory? The Noborito Laboratory was a research laboratory established by the former Japanese Army before World War II, where concealed war arms and materials were investigated and developed. In order to be never disclosed the contents of the research and development carried out there, the laboratory, though the formal nomenclature was the Ninth Army Technical Research Institute, was called as "the Noborito Laboratory" under the name of hiding secretly*. The Noborito Laboratory bore the kernel of the concealed war in the Asia-Pacific War and the Laboratory was considered as of importance for the Army. It was closed according to the end of the war. Afterwards, Meiji University was able to buy a part of the Noborito Laboratory site in the 1950's, and the present Meiji University Ikuta campus was made. * After the war, the laboratory became to be recognized somewhat publicly as a "Secret ([with emphasizing dots]) Laboratory" of the former Japanese Army according to such details. <Photos> Aerial photograph of the Noborito Laboratory site in 1947 (owned by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan): The area where a part of the present Meiji University Ikuta campus and the Ikuta junior high school had been included as the ground of the Noborito Laboratory. The area covered about 110,000-tsubo (about 90 acres). Wooden building complex photographed immediately after purchasing by Meiji University in the 1950's (photographed by Mr. MIYAZAKI Ichiro): The picture shows the situation that a lot of buildings belonged to the Noborito Laboratory still remained. A border stone: The stone shows to be carved as "Army". This border stone was paved on the boundary between the Noborito Laboratory and civil residents. This border stone clearly indicates that the Noborito Laboratory was certainly a facility of the Army. The present Meiji University Ikuta campus: Trees of the Japan cedar in the right back side remind the past time. (Page 120) Establishment of the Noborito Laboratory Mobilization of science and technology toward the War World War I was a national all-out war that mobilized the science and technology in a full scale. Although the soldier's battle with conventional arms had been the main in war till then, from World War I it appeared on the stage how to fight with arms that were born from advanced science and technology such as poisonous gas, airplanes, and tanks. 30

The concern for the war mobilization of science and technology was raised also in Japan after World War I, and "the Army Science Laboratory (the predecessor of the Noborito Laboratory)" came to be established by the Imperial Decree No.110. <Photos> "The Imperial Decree No.110" issued on 12 April 1919 (owned by National Archives of Japan): The fact that the Imperial Decree, a method of Emperor's direct order, was chosen to be issued indicates that the extraordinary expectation for mobilization of science and technology had to be so high in the Army. Women who applied poison gas masks: The birth of new arms resulted in involvement of civilians, who had been outside of the war potential till then. Establishment of the Noborito Laboratory As Japan was scarce in resources and national power, the inclination toward the concealed war became deepened when the war started between Japan and China. Under such situations, "Army Science Laboratory Noborito Liaison Office" (Noborito Laboratory) was set up by the Army Secret Law No. 1570 in 1939. In the Noborito Laboratory, while development efforts were focused on electric wave arms at the beginning by referring to the concealed war technology of Europe and America, further efforts were made to develop various concealed war arms including forged notes, balloon bombs, and biological weapons, etc. according to expansion of the war. <Photo and Figure> "The Army Secret Law No.1570": ("Diary of Department of the Army [mitsudainikki]" Vol. 1 in 1939, owned by the National Institute for Defense Studies Library) Noborito Laboratory organization chart in the Army: This organization chart indicates that while the Noborito Laboratory received the capital offer from the Ministry of Army, the Laboratory also received directly the command from the general staff office, and that it supported the accomplishment of the concealed war by formulating the network with the Army Nakano School, the Army Narashino School, the Secret Military Agency and the Military Police. Thus, these facts indicate that the Noborito Laboratory was considered special existence compared to other army laboratories. (Page 121) Content of research and development in the Noborito Laboratory The First Department: Research and development of arms utilizing physics such as electric wave arms and balloon bombs were carried out. Electric wave arms: (Example) The "Ku-gou" (marvelous physical strength) arms to kill men and to destroy airplanes by oscillation of ultra-short waves. They did not meet to practical use. Balloon bombs: Incendiary shells and bombs were attached to balloon bombs made of Japanese paper and paste made from the arum root, and the balloon bombs were released so as to reach to the US mainland by using the west wind. About 9,300 bombs were launched from autumn of 1944 to spring of 1945 and around 1,000 were estimated to have reached to the mainland, killing 6 persons. The balloon bombs were the first transcontinental arm in the world, and became the only example of a direct attack to the US mainland in the 20th century. <Photo> A balloon bomb in a reduced scale of 1:10 (manufactured by Nomura Industry Co. Ltd.) The Second Department: Carried out research and development of the main arms that bore the concealed war such as tools and materials for the military police and spy activities, poison, and chemical arms, etc. Materials and tools for the military police and spy activities: (Examples) Camera for a spy, secret ink, and water-proof match, etc. <Photo> A camera implemented into a bag (left) and a camera imitated to a cigarette lighter (right). (donated by Ms. BAN Kazuko). Poisons: (Examples) Researches on poisons contained in aconite or venomous snakes (amagasahebi), and nitrile cyanide, etc. Human experimentations were carried out in China in order to examine effects of nitrile cyanide, which was said also to be used in a murder case at the Imperial Bank occurred after the war. 31

The Third Department: Carried out manufacturing of forged notes. Forged notes: In order to make people's trust to be lost for legal currency (unified currency) and to cause economic disturbances in China, forged notes were manufactured in the Noborito Laboratory. By the end of the war, forged notes equivalent to four billion yen were printed and out of them notes equivalent to 2.5 billion yen were used for purchase of goods. UK and USA opposed with making legal notes of a large amount of money over one thousand yuen so that the forged notes lost their power. However, rampant inflation occurred in the last stage of the war as well as after the war, political power and confidence of the government of Chiang Kai-shek were lost. <Photo> Forged notes manufactured in the Noborito Laboratory (donated by Mr. WATANABE Kenji). of the notes (top) and their reverse side (bottom). The surface (Page 122) Connection of the Noborito Laboratory with the Kanto Army Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department Connection with ISHI Shiro, unit commander of Kanto Army Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department (the Unit 731 at Manchuria) The aim of the Second Department in the Noborito Laboratory was to develop a new slow poisonous remedy without taste, odor, and color, which did not incur any suspicion even if mixed with a drink. Therefore, various poisons including snake venoms were examined, and finally the Laboratory succeeded in development of a water soluble poison with no taste, odorless, and colorless, which was called as "nitrile cyanide". To confirm the toxicity of these poisons and to put them to practical use, it was necessary to examine their effects on actual human bodies. Thus, SHINODA Ryo, president of the Noborito Laboratory, requested cooperation from ISHII Shiro, unit commander of the Unit 731. ISHII agreed willingly to cooperate in doing human experimentations, and the decision was done between both sides as follows. Date: The Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department of the Central China District specifies the date. Place: Nanjing Hospital. Experimenter: Army surgeons of the Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department of the Central China District (under the attendance of staff of the Noborito Laboratory) Subjects: Captives of Chinese army and general condemned criminals. Thus, in May 1941, seven people in total, such as the top of the second department as a principal, leaders of the first and third research groups, and researchers and engineers of the third group, all of whom belonged to the second department, went over from the Noborito Laboratory to Nanjing in order to carry out human body experiments. <Figure> Map of the main facilities related to human experimentations. Examples of human experimentations. A testimony was left in a note of KAI Bunsuke who investigated a murder case at the Imperial Bank which occurred after the war. This was a testimony of Mr. BAN Shigeo, a group leader of the first group of the second department, who was a witness to human experimentations. The testimony describes vividly how the experiments were carried out and what happened to his state of mind as a scientist when he executed the human experimentations. <Citation> I started the experiment. It became a kind of hobby when I got used to doing experiments, although I disliked it at first. (To test the medicine that I myself developed.) As subjects, I used Chinese captives, and as they had a doubt about examiners, I camouflaged the experiments. For example, in black tea into which I put potassium cyanide and in case I forced him to drink that tea, together with the examiner I told him to drink it without anxiety because I would drink it ahead of him. For the captive, a teacup was filled with tea beforehand, or a waiter put tea in a teacup beforehand, and served tea to each one (The cup without a sign of no poison was given to the captive). By doing such a way, I forced captives to drink poison. 32

Syringes looked like fountain pens, and once the cap was taken out a needle would appear, by which injection could be done through clothes. Such a device was applied for injections. This was mainly used for venom of the yellow spotted pit viper. The subject might be killed within one breath, before the needle was pulled out. The corpse was immediately autopsied and was used for research materials. Excerpt from "KAI's Note" (owned by the new trial defense council for the murder case at the Imperial Bank). (Page 123) About the Museum While movements of citizens and their community for preserving the historic site of the Noborito Laboratory that remained in the Ikuta campus became active more and more, a petition which was prepared by a former staff of the Noborito Laboratory, requesting the preservation and utilization of the historic site, reached to President of Meiji University in October, 2005. This brought an impulse, and by preserving to utilize the building that was a research building of the Second Department, "Meiji University Noborito Institute Museum for Education in Peace" was opened on 29 March 2009. The most distinctive feature of the Museum lies on the fact that the focus is given to "concealed war" which is hardly recorded in history, and that the Museum is the only case in terms of utilizing research facilities of the former Japanese Army. Please visit for study this valuable Museum. Access By Odakyu Bus for Meiji University Main Gate from Odakyu Lines Mukougaoka- Yuen Station North Exit or by 10 minutes-walk from Odakyu Lines Ikuta Station South Exit (on the way there is a rapid sloping road for about five minutes-walk). Information for admission Opening hours: From Wednesday to Saturday, from 10 am to 4 pm. *For mass visiting tour (over 10 persons), reservation will be accepted on Sunday. Admission fee: Free Note: The museum might be closed during summer and winter vacation of Meiji University and during the time of entrance examinations performed in January and February. For details of opening schedules of the Museum, please contact to our office described below. In case of mass visiting tour, reservation is required prior to one month before preferred date of visit. For reservation and inquiry: Meiji University Noborito Institute Museum for Education in Peace Meiji University Ikuta Campus 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture ( 214-8571) TEL/FAX 044-934-7993 E-mail: noborito@mics.meiji.ac.jp URL http://www.meiji.ac.jp/noborito/index.html 33

ๅฑ•็คบ้›† ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธŽๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€… ๅŒป็”Ÿๅ‚ไธŽ ไพตๅŽๆˆ˜ไบ‰ ็š„ๅฎžๆ€ไธŽ่ดฃไปป 1942 ๅนด(ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 17 ๅนด) ็ฌฌ 11 ๅฑŠๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš ็ฌฌ 9 ้ƒจๅพฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆๅˆ†็ง‘ไผš ๅœจไธœไบฌๅคงๅญฆๅฎ‰็”ฐๆ•™ๅญฆๆฅผๅ‰็š„็บชๅฟตๅˆๅฝฑ ไธญๆ–‡็‰ˆ ็›ฃ็ฟป่ญฏๅ“ก ้‡‘ๆˆๆฐ‘ ็ฟป่ญฏๅ“ก ๅผตๅฅ่ฏ ๅฐ้ข ็›ฎๅฝ• ็ฌฌ๏ผ’้ƒจ ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็š„ๆฎ–ๆฐ‘ๅœฐๅŒปๅญฆ ๅŒป็–— ๅŠๅ…ถๅŠ ๅฎณๅฒๅฎž ๅผต้บ— ๅ…ถไป– 34

ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๆŽจ ่ฟ› ไผš ็š„ ๆˆ ็ซ‹ ๅฎ— ๆ—จ ไนฆ ๆœ€ ่ฟ‘ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŒป ็–— ่ฟ› ๆญฅ ๅ‘ ๅฑ• ๆ˜พ ่‘—, ไบบ ็ฑป ็›ด ้ข ๆ–ฐ ็š„ ไผฆ ็† ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไนŸ ไฝœ ไธบ ่‡ช ๅทฑ ็š„ ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ๅฏป ๆฑ‚ ่งฃ ๅ†ณ ไธŽ ๆญค ็›ธ ้… ๅˆ, ่ฎค ็œŸ ๅœฐ ๅ›ž ้กพ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŒป ็–— ่‡ณ ไปŠ ไธบ ๆญข ็š„ ่ฟ› ็จ‹ ๆ˜ฏ ไธ ๅฏ ๆˆ– ็ผบ ็š„ ็‰น ๅˆซ ๆ˜ฏ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ๆƒ… ๅ†ต, ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅฏน ๆ›พ ็ป ๅ‚ ไธŽ ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰, ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅœจ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ,731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๅ’Œ ๅœจ ๆˆ˜ ๅœฐ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ็š„ ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๆดป ไฝ“ ่งฃ ๅ‰– ๆดป ไฝ“ ๆ‰‹ ๆœฏ ็ปƒ ไน , ไน ๅคง ไฟ˜ ่™ ่งฃ ๅ‰– ไบ‹ ไปถ ็ญ‰ ้ž ไบบ ้“ ็š„ ่กŒ ไธบ, ่‡ช ๅทฑ ่ฎค ็œŸ ๅœฐ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ, ๆดป ็”จ ๆ•™ ่ฎญ ๆ˜ฏ ไธ ๅฏ ็ผบ ๅฐ‘ ็š„ ไฝ† ๆ˜ฏ, ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ๆˆ˜ ๆ—ถ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ็š„ ็ƒง ๆฏ, ๆ•ฃ ๅคฑ, ไปฅ ๅŠ ๅ‰ฉ ไฝ™ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ็š„ ๆœช ๅ…ฌ ๅผ€ ้š ่— ็š„ ็ผ˜ ๆ•…, ๅ‚ ไธŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็š„ ๅ…จ ่ฒŒ ่ฟ˜ ไธ ๆธ… ๆ™ฐ, ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ่ฟ˜ ไธ ๅฎน ๆ˜“ ๅ…ณ ไบŽ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ, ๅฝ“ ๆ—ถ ๅ  ้ข† ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ GHO( ่” ๅˆ ๅ†› ๆ€ป ๅธ ไปค ้ƒจ ) ๅฏน ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ็š„ ๅพˆ ๅคš ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ† ่ฏข ้—ฎ, ไฝ† ๆ˜ฏ ไธบ ไบ† ๅพ— ๅˆฐ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆˆ ๆžœ, ไธ ๅŠ  ่ฟฝ ็ฉถ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ไบ† ็”ฑ ไบŽ ไธŠ ่ฟฐ ๅŽŸ ๅง”, ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ่ขซ ่ฎค ไธบ ็œŸ ็›ธ ไธ ๆ˜Ž, ๅทฒ ็ป ่งฃ ๅ†ณ ๆˆ– ่€… ๆ˜ฏ ็ฆ ๅฟŒ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ่ฎพ ็ฝฎ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš, ไบŽ 1951 ๅนด ไธ– ็•Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅŠ  ็›Ÿ ไน‹ ้™…, ไปฃ ่กจ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅ€Ÿ ๆญค ๆœบ ไผš, ่ฐด ่ดฃ ๆˆ˜ ๆ—ถ ๅฏน ๆ•Œ ๅ›ฝ ไบบ ๆ‰€ ๆ–ฝ ็š„ ๆšด ่กŒ, ๅนถ ไธป ๅผ  ๆ–ฝ ๆšด, ๅฃฐ ๆ˜Ž ่ฐด ่ดฃ 2,3 ็š„ ๅœบ ๅˆ, ๅฎž ้™… ไธŠ ๆ–ฝ ่กŒ ไบ† ๅฏน ๆ‚ฃ ่€… ็š„ ่™ ๅพ… ่กŒ ไธบ ( ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๆ‚ ๅฟ— ็ฌฌ 26 ๅท 71 ้กต 1951 ๅนด ), ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ๅทฒ ็ป ่งฃ ๅ†ณ ไบ† ่ฟ™ ็ป ไธ ่ƒฝ ่ฏด ๆ˜ฏ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ่ฎค ็œŸ ๅ ็œ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ ็š„ ่กŒ ไธบ, ๆŒ‡ ๅ‡บ ๅœจ ้‚ฃ ไน‹ ๅŽ ๅŒป ็–— ็š„ ็›ฎ ๆ ‡ ( ไบบ ็ฑป ๆ•‘ ๅ‘ฝ ๅฅ ๅบท ็ปด ๆŒ ๆข ๅค ๅ’Œ ไฟƒ ่ฟ› ), ไบบ ๆƒ ๆ‹ฅ ๆŠค ๆถˆ ็ญ ไบบ ็ง ๅทฎ ๅˆซ ไปฅ ไบบ ็ฑป ๅฐŠ ไธฅ ไฝœ ไธบ ๅŸบ ่ฐƒ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŒป ็–— ็š„ ๅบ” ๆœ‰ ็š„ ็Šถ ๆ€ ่ฟ™ ๆ ท, ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ( ็•Œ ), ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ่ฎค ็œŸ ๅธ ๅ– ๆˆ˜ ๆ—ถ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ้ž ไบบ ้“ ่กŒ ไธบ ็š„ ๆ•™ ่ฎญ ๅฐฑ ่ฟŽ ๆฅ ไบ† 21 ไธ– ็บช ๅฏน ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ่ง† ่€Œ ไธ ่ง ็š„ ไบบ ็ป“ ๆžœ ไนŸ ็œ‹ ไธ ๅˆฐ ็Žฐ ๅœจ ( ้ญ ่Œจ ๆณฝ ๅ…‹ 1985 ๅนด ) ๅ‘ ๅކ ๅฒ ็š„ ๆ•™ ่ฎญ ๅญฆ ไน , ๅฏน ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ้ž ไบบ ้“ ่กŒ ไธบ, ๆพ„ ๆธ… ๅฒ ๅฎž, ๆŽจ ่ฟ› ๆฃ€ ่ฏ, ๅฏน ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ็š„ ็กฎ ็ซ‹ ๅ’Œ ไปŠ ๅŽ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŒป ็–— ไธ ๆ˜ฏ ไธ ๅฏ ๆˆ– ็ผบ ็š„ ๅ—? ้‚ฃ ๆ—ถ, ไปฃ ่กจ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ๅŒป ็–— ็•Œ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ไปฅ ๅŠ ็›ธ ๅ…ณ ็š„ ๅญฆ ไผš ๅคง ๅญฆ ไฝœ ไธบ ่‡ช ๅทฑ ็š„ ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ๆฅ ๅค„ ็† ๆ˜ฏ ไธ ๅฏ ็ผบ ๅฐ‘ ็š„ ็ฌฌ 27 ๅฑŠ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๆ€ป ไผš ๅ‡บ ๅฑ• ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅฑ• ๅง” ๅ‘˜ ไผš ่ฆ ๆฑ‚ ไฝœ ไธบ ็ฌฌ 27 ๅฑŠ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๆ€ป ไผš (2007 ๅนด ) ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๅฎž ๆ–ฝ, ไฝœ ไธบ ๅฎž ่กŒ ๅง” ๅ‘˜ ไผš ๅœจ ๅŒ ๆ€ป ไผš ไผ ๅˆ’ ๅฑ• ็คบ ไผš ๅœบ ๅ†… ็š„ ๅ‡บ ็งŸ ๅฑ• ็คบ ้—ด ้‡Œ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ† ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็š„ ๅฝ• ๅƒ ๅฑ• ็คบ, ไปฅ ๅŠ ๅœจ ๅˆซ ็š„ ไผš ๅœบ ไธŠ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ† ็‹ฌ ่‡ช ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็š„ ๅฑ• ็คบ ๅนถ ไธพ ่กŒ ไบ† ๅ›ฝ ้™… ็ ” ่ฎจ ไผš ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ็ปง ๆ‰ฟ ไบ† ่ฟ™ ไธช ๆดป ๅŠจ, ๅœจ ็ฌฌ 28 ๅฑŠ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๆ€ป ไผš (2011 ๅนด ๆ˜ฅ, ไธœ ไบฌ ), ่ฟ› ไธ€ ๆญฅ ๆŽจ ่ฟ› ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๆ‰€ ๅฟ… ้กป ็š„ ๆดป ๅŠจ ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ 60 ๅคš ๅนด ๅทฒ ็ป ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ไบ†, ๆœ ้›† ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ็”Ÿ ๅญ˜ ่€… ็š„ ่ฏ ่จ€ ๅ’Œ ๅฝ“ ๆ—ถ ็š„ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ไนŸ ๅ˜ ๅพ— ๅพˆ ๅ›ฐ ้šพ, ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๅฟ… ้กป ๆŠ“ ็ดง ๆ—ถ ้—ด ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๅŸบ ไบŽ ๅฒ ๅฎž ็š„ ๅฎข ่ง‚ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ, ไธ ไป… ๅŒป ็–— ๅทฅ ไฝœ ่€…, ่ฟ˜ ้œ€ ่ฆ ๅކ ๅฒ ๅ’Œ ็”Ÿ ๅ‘ฝ ไผฆ ็† ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ่€… ๆณ• ๅพ‹ ไธ“ ๅฎถ ๅŠ ๅฝ“ ๆ—ถ ๅ— ๅฎณ ่€… ็š„ ๅธฎ ๅŠฉ ๅนถ ไธ”, ๅฏน ๅ‚ ไธŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็š„ ๅކ ๅฒ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ่™ฝ ็„ถ ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ๅœจ ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ็š„ ๅ„ ไธช ้˜ถ ๅฑ‚ ่ฟ› ่กŒ, ไฝ† ๆ˜ฏ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ็–— ไบบ ๅฃซ ็š„ ๆ€ ๅบฆ ๅ’Œ ไบบ ๅ‘ฝ ๆฏ ๆฏ ็›ธ ๅ…ณ, ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ๅŒป ็–— ็•Œ ไบฒ ่‡ช ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ, ๅ‘ ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ๆฑ‡ ๆŠฅ ๆ˜ฏ ้ž ๅธธ ้‡ ่ฆ ็š„ ้ข ๅ‘ ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ, ๅŒ… ๆ‹ฌ ๅช’ ไฝ“ ๅœจ ๅ†…, ๅฏน ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ็š„ ๅฎฃ ไผ  ๅ’Œ ๆŠฅ ้“ ๆดป ๅŠจ ๆ˜ฏ ๅฟ… ่ฆ ็š„ ไธบ ๆŽจ ่ฟ› ไปฅ ไธŠ ๅฎ— ๆ—จ ็š„ ๆดป ๅŠจ ่ฎพ ็ซ‹ ไบ† ๆœฌ ไผš ๅธŒ ๆœ› ๆŽจ ่ฟ› ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ็š„ ๆœฌ ไผš ็š„ ๆดป ๅŠจ, ๅฏน ๅฐ† ไบบ ็ฑป ็š„ ๅฐŠ ไธฅ ๅ’Œ ไบบ ๆƒ ไฝœ ไธบ ๅŸบ ๆœฌ ็š„ ไปŠ ๅŽ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŒป ็–— ็š„ ๅ‘ ๅฑ• ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ็š„ ่ฟ› ๆญฅ ๆœ‰ ๆ‰€ ๅธฎ ๅŠฉ, ๅธŒ ๆœ› ่ƒฝ ไธบ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๆˆ ไธบ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็š„ ๅ’Œ ๅนณ ็คพ ไผš ๅฐฝ ๅพฎ ่–„ ไน‹ ๅŠ› 2009 ๅนด 9 ๆœˆ 27 ๆ—ฅ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๆŽจ ่ฟ› ไผš ่ฎพ ็ซ‹ ๅคง ไผš 35

็›ฎ ๅฝ• 2-10 ไธญๅ›ฝ็š„ๅŒไปไผšๅŒป้™ข 2-11 ๅŒไปไผš็š„ๆ‰ฉๅคง ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธŽๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† ๅฑ•็คบ้›†ไธŽๅ›ฝ้™…็ ”่ฎจไผšๅผ€ไผš 2-13 ๅฎฃๆŠšๅŒป็–— ๅฎ—ๆ—จไนฆ ๅ‰่จ€ ็ฌฌ๏ผ‘้ƒจ 2-12 ไธœๅ—ไบš ๅฐๅบฆๅฐผ่ฅฟไบš 2-14 ๆฎ–ๆฐ‘ๅœฐ็š„้บป็–ฏ็—…ๅฏน็ญ– ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธญๅŒปๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€… ๅŒปๅธˆๆ‰€็Šฏไธ‹็š„ๅŠ ๅฎณๅฒ 2-15 ๅ†›ๅŒปไธŽๅ†›็”จ ๆ…ฐๅฎ‰ๅฆ‡ ๅฎž 1-2 ็Ÿณไบ•ๅ››้ƒŽ 1-3 ้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปๅญฆๆ ก้˜ฒ็–ซ็ ”็ฉถๅฎค ็ฌฌ๏ผ“้ƒจ ๅŒปๅญฆๅŒป็–—็š„ๅŠจๅ‘˜ๅ’ŒๆŠตๆŠ— 1-4 ไธœไนก้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„่ฎพ็ฝฎ 3-2 ๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ็š„ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅŠจๅ‘˜ ๆˆ˜ๆ—ถๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš 1-5 ๅนณๆˆฟ็š„่ฎพๆ–ฝๅปบ่ฎพ 1-6 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„ๆ”ฏ้˜Ÿ 1-7 ้ฉฌ่ทฏๅคง ็š„ ็‰นๅˆซ่พ“้€ 1-8 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„็ผ–ๆˆ 1-9 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ่ฟ›่กŒ้ผ ็–ซๆ„ŸๆŸ“่ทณ่šคๅผ€ๅ‘ 3-3 ็ฌฌ 9ๆฌกๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš 1934ๅนด 3-4 ็ฌฌ 10ๆฌกๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš 1938ๅนด 3-5 ็ฌฌ 10ๆฌกๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš 193 8ๅนด ๆˆ˜ๆ—ถไฝ“ๅˆถไธ‹ๅŒปๅญฆ่ฎฒๅบง 1-10 ้ผ ็–ซ่Œ็š„ ๆฏ’ๅŠ›ๅฎž้ชŒ 3-6 ็ฌฌ 11ๆฌกๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš 1942ๅนด 1-11 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„ๅ†ปไผคๅฎž้ชŒ 3-7 ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๆ—ถๆœŸๆ—ฅๆœฌ็—…็†ๅญฆไผš 1 1-12 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„็‚ญ็–ฝ่Œๅฎž้ชŒ 3-8 ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๆ—ถๆœŸๆ—ฅๆœฌ็—…็†ๅญฆไผš 2 1-13 ๆต่กŒๆ€งๅ‡บ่ก€็ƒญๅฎž้ชŒ 3-9 ๆ—ฅๆœฌๆฐ‘ๆ—ๅซ็”Ÿๅญฆไผš 1-14 ้˜ฒ็–ซ็ป™ๆฐด้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„ๆ‰ฉๅคง 3-10 ๆ—ฅๆœฌ้บป็–ฏ็—…ๅญฆไผš 1-15 ๅ—ไบฌ 1 644้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„ไบบไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒ 3-11 ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅญฆๆœฏๆŒฏๅ…ดไผšไธŽๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ 1 1-16 ๅ…ณไธœๅ†›้ฉฌๅŒน้˜ฒ็–ซ้ƒจ 10 0้ƒจ้˜Ÿ 3-12 ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅญฆๆœฏๆŒฏๅ…ดไผšไธŽๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ 2 1-17 ไฝฟ็”จ็ป†่Œๆญฆๅ™จ่ฟ›ๆ”ป 3-13 ็ง‘ๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ่ดนไธŽๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ 1-18 ็ป†่Œๆญฆๅ™จไฝœๆˆ˜็š„ๅ—ๅฎณๆƒ…ๅ†ต 3-14 ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅŠจๅ‘˜ๅฏผ่‡ดๅŒปๅธˆไธ่ถณ้—ฎ้ข˜็š„ๅฏน็ญ– 1-19 ๅ…ณไบŽ็ป†่Œๆญฆๅ™จไฝœๆˆ˜็š„ๆ–ฐ่ต„ๆ–™ 3-15 ๅŒปๅญฆ็”Ÿ็š„ๆˆ˜ๆ—ถๅŠจๅ‘˜ 1-20 ๅŒ–ๅญฆๆญฆๅ™จ็š„้‡Žๅค–ๅฎž้ชŒ 1-21 ไนๅทžๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจไบ‹ไปถ 3-16 ไฝœไธบๅ†›ๅŒปๅฅ”่ตดๆˆ˜ๅœบ 1-22 ๅ†ฌๅญฃๅซ็”Ÿ็ ”็ฉถ ็ป„ 1-23 ๆˆ˜ๅœบไธŠ็š„ๆ‰‹ๆœฏๆณ•ๅผ€ๅ‘ๅฎž้ชŒ 3-18 ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅธˆไผšๅๅŠฉๆˆ˜ไบ‰ 1-24 ่ฐทๆ‘็š„ๅ†ปไผคๅฎž้ชŒๅ’Œ ๆ‚ผ่พž 3-19 ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒป็–—ๅ›ข็š„ๅˆ›่ฎพ 1-25 ้™†ๅ†›ๅŒป้™ข็š„ ๆ‰‹ๆœฏๆผ”ไน  3-20 ๆŠคๅฃซ็š„ๅŠจๅ‘˜ ็ฌฌ๏ผ’้ƒจ ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็š„ๆฎ–ๆฐ‘ๅœฐๅŒปๅญฆ ๅŒป็–—ๅŠๅ…ถๅŠ ๅฎณๅฒๅฎž 2-2ๅฐๆนพ 3-21 ๆˆ˜ๅœบไธŠ็š„ไปŽๅ†›ๆŠคๅฃซ 2-3ๆœ้ฒœ 2-4ๅ—ๆด‹็พคๅฒ› 2-5ๆปกๆดฒๅ›ฝ 2-6 ๆปกๆดฒๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆ็š„ไบบไฝ“่งฃๅ‰– 2-7 ๆปกๆดฒๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆ็š„ๅทกๅ›ž่ฏŠ็–— 2-8 ๆŠฅ็คพ็ป„็ป‡็š„ ๆปกๆดฒๅ›ฝ ๅทกๅ›ž่ฏŠ็–— 2-9 ไธŠๆตท่‡ช็„ถ็ง‘ๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ 3-17ๅฅๆฐ‘ๆ”ฟ็ญ–็š„ๅผบๅŒ–ไธŽๅŒป็–—ๆœบๆž„ๅ†็ผ– ๅŒปๅธˆไผšๆ”น 3-22 ๆˆ˜ๆ—ถ็š„ๅŒป่ฏๅ“ 3-23 ๅ‹‡ไบŽๆŠตๆŠ—็š„ๅŒปๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€… 3-24 ๅ‹‡ไบŽๆŠตๆŠ—็š„ๅŒป็”Ÿๅ’ŒๅŒปๅญฆ็”Ÿ 3-25 ๅŒป็–—ไฟๅฅ็š„ๅฎž้™…็Šถๆ€ ่ขซๅŠจๅ‘˜็š„ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘็š„่บซไฝ“ 3-26 ๅพๅ…ตๆฃ€ๆŸฅ 3-27 ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅŠจๅ‘˜็š„็ป“ๆžœ 3-28 ไผ˜็”Ÿๆ”ฟ็ญ– 36

3-29 ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๆ—ถๆœŸ็š„ไบบๅฃๆ”ฟ็ญ– 5-7 ไธๅ……ๅˆ†็š„ ๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† ๆ•™่‚ฒ 3-30 ้บป้ฃŽ็—…ๆ‚ฃ่€…็š„้š”็ฆปๅผบๅŒ– 5-8 ๅˆฉ็”จๆœ‰ไบ‹ๆณ•ๅˆถๅŠจๅ‘˜ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ๅ’ŒๅŒป็–—็š„่ฎกๅˆ’ 3-31 ้ฅฟๆญป็š„็ฒพ็ฅž็—…ๆ‚ฃ่€… 5-9 ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธŽๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถๅ’ŒๅŒป็–—ๆŠ€ๆœฏๅผ€ๅ‘ ็ฌฌ๏ผ”้ƒจ ๆˆ˜ๅŽ็š„ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผš ็•Œ 5-10 ไบงไธšไธŽๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถๅ’ŒๅŒป็–—ๆŠ€ๆœฏๅผ€ๅ‘ 5-11 ็ปง็ปญๅฏน ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธŽๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† ็š„ๆŽข็ฉถ 4-2 15ๅนดๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธญๆˆ˜ไบ‰็Šฏ็ฝช็š„ๅ…่ดฃ 4-3 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„่ฏๆฎๆฏ็ญ ๅ‘ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผš่ฆๆฑ‚ๅฏนๅŒปๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€…ๅŠๅŒป็”Ÿ็š„ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ 4-4 ็พŽๅ›ฝๅฎžๆ–ฝ็š„ๆˆ˜็Šฏๅ…่ดฃ ๅ‚ไธŽ่ฟ›่กŒๆญฃๅผๆฃ€่ฎจไธŽๅ็œ 4-5 ๅ“ˆๅทด็ฝ—ๅคซๆ–ฏๅ…‹ๅฎกๅˆค 194 9ๅนด 12ๆœˆ 2012ๅนดไบฌ้ƒฝ ่จ€ 4-6 ไธญๅ›ฝ็‰นๅˆซๅ†›ไบ‹ๆณ•ๅบญ 195 6ๅนด 4-7 ไนๅทžๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจๆดปไฝ“่งฃๅ‰–ไบ‹ไปถ็š„ๆˆ˜ๅŽๆฃ€ ่ฏ 4-8 ๆˆ˜ๅŽไธŽ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็›ธๅ…ณ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€…ๅ’ŒๅŒปๅธˆ 4-9 ๅ›ด็ป•ๅพทๅ›ฝ็บณ็ฒนไบบไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒ็š„ๅฎกๅˆค ๆŽจๅนฟๆฃ€่ฏ ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธŽๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† ็š„ๅฎฃ ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธŽๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† ๆฃ€่ฏๆŽจ่ฟ›ไผš็š„ๆˆ็ซ‹ๅฎ—ๆ—จไนฆ ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธŽๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† ๆฃ€่ฏๆŽจ่ฟ›ไผš็š„ๅ‚ๅŠ ่€…ๅ่–„ ๅ…ฑๅŒไธปๅŠžๅฑ•็คบ 4-10 ็บฝไผฆๅ ก็บฒ้ข† ๆ˜Žๆฒปๅคงๅญฆๅ’Œๅนณๆ•™่‚ฒ็™ปๆˆท็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€่ต„ๆ–™้ฆ† 4-11 ๅพทๅ›ฝๅŒปๅธˆไผš็š„ๅฃฐๆ˜Ž 4-12 ๅŽๆฅๅพทๅ›ฝๅŒปๅญฆ็•Œ็š„ๆฒ‰้ป˜ ๆ˜Ž-๏ผ‘ ็™ปๆˆท็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ 4-13 ๅพทๅ›ฝๅŒปๅญฆ็•Œ็š„ๆฃ€่ฏ 4-14 ไบบ็ฑป็š„ไปทๅ€ผ 4-15 ๆˆ˜่ดฅๅŽๅฌๅผ€็š„็ฌฌ 12ๅฑŠๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš 194 7 ๅนด ๆ˜Ž-2 ็™ปๆˆท็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€็š„่ฎพ็ซ‹ ๆ˜Ž-3 ็™ปๆˆท็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€็š„็ ”็ฉถๅ’Œๅผ€ๅ‘ๅ†…ๅฎน ๆ˜Ž-4 ็™ปๆˆท็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ไธŽๅ…ณไธœ้˜ฒ็–ซ็ป™ๆฐด้ƒจ็š„ๅ…ณ็ณป ๆ˜Ž-5 ๅ…ณไบŽ่ต„ๆ–™้ฆ† ไปฅไธŠ 4-16 ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅธˆไผšๅŠ ๅ…ฅไธ–็•ŒๅŒปๅธˆไผšๆ—ถ็š„ ๅ็œ 4-17 ไธ–็•ŒๅŒปๅธˆไผšๅฏนๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅŒปๅญฆ็Šฏ็ฝช็š„่ฟฝ็ฉถ 4-18 ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅญฆๆœฏไผš่ฎฎไธŠ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿๆœ‰ๅ…ณไบบๅ‘˜็š„ๆดปๅŠจ 4-19 ๆˆ˜ๅŽๅŒปๅญฆ็•Œๅฏน 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็›ธๅ…ณไบบๅ‘˜็š„ๅญฆไฝๆŽˆไบˆ 4-20 ๅ‰ๆ‘ๅฏฟไบบ็š„่พฉ่งฃ 4-21 731้ƒจ้˜ŸไธŽ็ปฟๅๅญ— ่ฏๅฎณ่‰พๆป‹ ่‚็‚Žโ‘  4-22 731้ƒจ้˜ŸไธŽ็ปฟๅๅญ— ่ฏๅฎณ่‰พๆป‹ ่‚็‚Žโ‘ก 4-23 ็พŽๅ›ฝๆŽฅๆ”ถ่ต„ๆ–™็š„ๅŽปๅ‘ 4-24 ๆฏ’ๆฐ”ๅผน้—ๅผƒ 4-25 ไธŽ 73 1้ƒจ้˜Ÿๅ’Œ็ป†่Œๆˆ˜ๆœ‰ๅ…ณ็š„ๅ›ฝๅฎถ่ต”ๅฟ่ฏ‰่ฎผ ็ฌฌ๏ผ•้ƒจ ไปŽๅކๅฒ็š„ๆฃ€่ฏๅˆฐไปŠๅŽ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† ๅ›ฝ้™…็ ”่ฎจไผš 5-1 15ๅนดๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅ‚ไธŽ็š„ๆ€ป็ป“ 5-2 ๅ็œๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅŒปๅญฆ็Šฏ็ฝชๅฏนไปŠๅคฉ็š„ๆ„ไน‰ 5-3 ๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็†็š„้‡่ฆๆ€ง ไผšๅœบ ไบฌ้ƒฝๅคงๅญฆ ไธ€็™พๅ‘จๅนด้’Ÿๆฅผ็บชๅฟต้ฆ† ๅ›ฝ้™…ไบคๆตๅŽ… 5-4 ไธๅ……ๅˆ†็š„ ๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† ๆ—ฅๆ™‚ 2012 ๅนด 11 ๆœˆ 17 ๆ—ฅ ๆ˜ŸๆœŸๅ…ญ ไธ‹ๅˆ 3 ็‚น 5-5 ๅŒปๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€…ๅ’ŒๅŒปๅธˆ็š„ไธชไบบ่ดฃไปป ่ฎจ่ฎบ่€… 5-6 ๅพทๅ›ฝ็ฒพ็ฅžๅŒปๅญฆ็ฒพ็ฅž็–—ๆณ•็ฅž็ปๅญฆไผš( DGPPN) ็š„ ่ฐข็ฝช่กจ็คบ Till Bastian ๅพทๅ›ฝ็š„ๅŒป็”Ÿ ไฝœๅฎถ ๅ’ŒๅนณๆดปๅŠจๅฎถ ้ƒกไผš่ฎฎๅ‘˜ ่‘—ไฝœๆœ‰ ๅฏๆ€•็š„ๅŒป็”Ÿไปฌ ็บณ็ฒนๆ—ถไปฃๅŒป็”Ÿ็š„ 37

็Šฏ็ฝช ็ญ‰ ๅˆˆ็”ฐๅฏๅฒ้ƒŽ ๅŒปๅญฆ่€… 15 ๅนดๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธŽๆ—ฅๆœฌ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆ ๅŒป็–—็ ”็ฉถไผšๅนฒไบ‹้•ฟ ๅŽŸไธœๅŒ—ๅคงๅญฆๆ•™ๆŽˆ ้ข†ไผš ๅฐๅฒ›่˜ๆ˜Ž ไธœไบฌๅคงๅญฆๅ่ช‰ๆ•™ๆŽˆ ๅทๅถ‹็ปฟ ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ตคๅๅญ—ๆŠคๅฃซๅคงๅญฆๅ่ช‰ๆ•™ๆŽˆ ไธปๆŒ ่ฅฟๅฑฑ่ƒœๅคซ ๆป‹่ดบๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆๅ่ช‰ๆ•™ๆŽˆ ๅฑ•่งˆๅฑ•็คบ ไปฃ่กจๅฑ•่งˆๅฑ•็คบ ไผšๅœบ ๆ˜Žๆฒปๅคงๅญฆๅ’Œๅนณๆ•™่‚ฒ็™ปๆˆท็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€่ต„ๆ–™้ฆ† ๆœŸ้—ด 2012ๅนด 9ๆœˆ 1 2ๆ—ฅ ๆ˜ŸๆœŸไธ‰ 11ๆœˆ 5ๆ—ฅ ๆ˜ŸๆœŸไธ€ ไปฃ่กจๅฑ•่งˆๅฑ•็คบ ไผšๅœบ ็ซ‹ๅ‘ฝ้ฆ†ๅคงๅญฆๅ›ฝ้™…ๅ’Œๅนณๅš็‰ฉ้ฆ† ๆœŸ้—ด 201 2ๅนด 9ๆœˆ 14ๆ—ฅ ๆ˜ŸๆœŸไบ” 10ๆœˆ 8ๆ—ฅ ๆ˜ŸๆœŸไธ€ ไปฃ่กจๅฑ•่งˆๅฑ•็คบ ไผšๅœบ ไธœไบฌ ้ƒฝๅธ‚ไธญๅฟƒ้…’ๅบ— ไฟๅ›ข่ฟžๅŒป็–—็ ”็ฉถ้›†ไผš ๆœŸ้—ด 2012ๅนด 10ๆœˆ 1 3ๆ—ฅ ๆ˜ŸๆœŸๅ…ญ 10ๆœˆ 14ๆ—ฅ ๆ˜ŸๆœŸๆ—ฅ ๅ…จๅฑ•่งˆๅฑ•็คบ ไผšๅœบ ไบฌ้ƒฝๅคงๅญฆ ไธ€็™พๅ‘จๅนด้’Ÿๆฅผ็บชๅฟต้ฆ† ๅ›ฝ้™…ไบคๆตๅŽ… ๆœŸ้—ด 201 2ๅนด 11ๆœˆ 16ๆ—ฅ ๆ˜ŸๆœŸไบ” 21ๆ—ฅ ๆ˜ŸๆœŸไธ‰ 38

ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธญ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€… ๅŒปๅธˆๆ‰€็Šฏไธ‹็š„ๅŠ ๅฎณๅฒๅฎž 1-11. ๅœจ็ฌฌไธ€้ƒจๅˆ†ไธญ ๅˆ—ๅ‡บไปŽ 1931ๅนดๅˆฐ 194 5ๅนด 8ๆœˆๆ—ฅๆœฌๆˆ˜่ดฅ็š„ 15ๅนดๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๆœŸ้—ด ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€…ๅ’ŒๅŒปๅธˆไปฌ ๅœจๆตทๅค–ๅฐ†ๆ•ฐไธ‡ไบบไฝœไธบๅฎž้ชŒๆๆ–™ๅ’Œๆ‰‹ๆœฏ็ปƒไน ๅฐๆ€ๅฎณ็š„ไบ‹ๅฎž ไธป่ฆ็š„่ˆžๅฐๆ˜ฏ็Ÿณไบ•ๅ››้ƒŽ็ป„็ป‡็š„ไปฅ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿไธบ้ฆ–็š„ ๅ†›ไบ‹ๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถๆœบๅ…ณๅ’Œๅ ้ข†ๅœฐๅŒบ็š„้™†ๅ†›ๅŒป้™ข ไนŸๆœ‰ๅœจๆปกๆดฒๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆๅ’Œไนๅทžๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆ่ฟ›่กŒ็š„ๅฎž้ชŒ ๆปกๆดฒๅ›ฝ็š„ๅœฐๅ›พ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿๆ‰€ๅœจๅœฐๅ“ˆๅฐ”ๆปจ( โ‘ ็ฎญๅคด) ๆปกๆดฒๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆๆ‰€ๅœจๅœฐๅฅ‰ๅคฉ ็Žฐๅœจ็š„ๆฒˆ้˜ณ ๅฎƒ็š„ๅŒ—้ขๆ˜ฏ 15ๅนดๆˆ˜ไบ‰็š„ๅผ€็ซฏๅผ•ๅ‘ ไนไธ€ๅ…ซไบ‹ๅ˜ ็š„ๆŸณๆกๆน–( โ‘ก็ฎญๅคด) ๆ‘˜่‡ชๆฃฎๆ‘่ฏšไธ€ ๆถ้ญ”็š„้ฅฑ้ฃŸ 1-2็Ÿณไบ•ๅ››้ƒŽ ็Ÿณไบ•ๅ››้ƒŽไบŽ 1 920ๅนดๆฏ•ไธšไบŽไบฌ้ƒฝๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจ 1 92 5ๅนด็ญพ่ฎข็š„็ฆๆญขๆฏ’ๆฐ”ๅ’Œ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๆญฆๅ™จไฝฟ็”จ็š„ ๆ—ฅๅ†…็“ฆๆก็บฆ ๅ่€Œไฟƒไฝฟไป–ๆ„่ฏ†ๅˆฐ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๆญฆๅ™จ็š„ๆœ‰ๆ•ˆๆ€ง ๅนถ็ฃไฟƒๅ†›้ƒจไธŠๅฑ‚่ฟ›่กŒ็ ”็ฉถๅผ€ๅ‘ 1930ๅนดไปŽๆฌง็พŽ่€ƒๅฏŸๅฝ’ๆฅ็š„็Ÿณไบ• ๅฐฑไปปไธœไบฌ้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปๅญฆๆ กๆ•™ๅฎ˜ ไป–ๅœจๅผ€ๅ‘็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅŒ–ๅญฆๆญฆๅ™จๆ้ซ˜้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปๅœฐ ไฝ็š„ๅŒๆ—ถ ๆขฆๆƒณๆž„็ญ‘่ถ…่ถŠ็Žฐๆœ‰ๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจ็š„ๅ†›ไบ‹ๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถๆœบๆž„ ็Ÿณไบ•ๅ››้ƒŽ ๆœ€ๅŽ็š„ๅ†›ๆœ็…ง ๆ‘„ไบŽ 1946ๅนด 1-3้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปๅญฆๆ ก้˜ฒ็–ซ็ ”็ฉถๅฎค 1931ๅนด ๅ…ณไธœๅ†›ๅˆถ้€ ไบ† ไนไธ€ๅ…ซไบ‹ๅ˜ ๅฐ†ไธญๅ›ฝไธœๅŒ—ๅœฐๅŒบ็ฝฎไบŽๅ…ถ็ปŸๆฒปไน‹ไธ‹ ็Ÿณไบ•ๅพ—ๅˆฐไบ†ๅฎž็ŽฐไธŠ่ฟฐๆž„ๆƒณ็š„ๆœบไผš 1932ๅนด 8ๆœˆ ็Ÿณไบ•ๅœจๆ—ฅๆœฌไธœไบฌ้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปๅญฆๆ กๅ†…ๅผ€่ฎพ ้˜ฒ็–ซ็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ 1933ๅนด 10ๆœˆๅœจไธŽๅ†›ๅŒปๅญฆๆ ก้‚ปๆŽฅๅค„ๆ–ฐ ๅปบ้˜ฒ็–ซ็ ”็ฉถๅฎคๅนถๆˆไธบ่ดŸ่ดฃไบบ ็Ÿณไบ•ๅ’Œ้˜ฒ็–ซ็ ”็ฉถๅฎค็š„ๆˆๅ‘˜ไธ€่ตทๅธฆ็€ ๅปบ่ฎพ้˜ฒ็–ซ็‰นๅŠกๆœบๅ…ณ ็š„็‰นๆฎŠไฝฟๅ‘ฝๅฅ”่ตดไธญ ๅ›ฝไธœๅŒ— ๅœจ็พŽๅ›ฝ่ฎฎไผšๅ›พไนฆ้ฆ†ๅ‘็Žฐ็š„ ้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปๅญฆๆ ก้˜ฒ็–ซ็ ”็ฉถๆŠฅๅ‘Š ็ฌฌ 2้ƒจ ไธญ ๆ”ถๅฝ•ไบ† 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ ๅŒไธ€ๅ†›ๅŒป ๅญฆๆ กไปฅๅŠไฝœไธบ็‰น็บฆ้กพ้—ฎๅ‚ๅŠ ็š„ๅ„ไธชๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆๅคšๆ•ฐๅŒปๅธˆ็š„ๆ•ฐ้‡ๅบžๅคง็š„็ ”็ฉถๆŠฅๅ‘Š 1989ๅนด 7ๆœˆ ๅœจ้˜ฒ็–ซ็ ”็ฉถๅฎคๅœฐไธ‹ๅ‘็Žฐไบ†ๅคง็บฆ 100ๅ…ทๅฐธ้ชจ ไธ“ๅฎถ้‰ดๅฎšๅฐธ้ชจไธป่ฆๆ˜ฏไบšๆดฒไบบ็š„ๅนถ่ฟ›่กŒไบบไธบ ๅค„็† ็ŽฐๅœจไนŸๅœจ้‡ๆ–ฐ่ฟ›่กŒๅฐธ้ชจๆŒ–ๆŽ˜ๅทฅไฝœ ้˜ฒ็–ซ็ ”็ฉถๅฎค 1-4ไธœไนก้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„่ฎพ็ฝฎ ้˜ฒ็–ซ็ ”็ฉถๅฎค่ฎพ็ฝฎๅŽ ็Ÿณไบ•ไบŽ 19 32ๅนดๅˆฐ 1 933ๅนด ๅœจ่ทๅ“ˆๅฐ”ๆปจไธœๅ— 7 0ๅ…ฌ้‡Œ็š„้ป‘้พ™ๆฑŸ็œไบ”ๅธธๅธ‚้™„่ฟ‘็š„ ่ƒŒ่ซ ๆฒณๆ‘ ่ฎพ็ฝฎไบ†้™„ๅฑžๅฎž้ชŒๅœบ ๅผ€ๅง‹ๆดปไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒๅ’Œ็ป†่Œๆˆ˜็š„็ ”็ฉถ ่ขซ็งฐไธบไธœไนก้ƒจ้˜Ÿ ๅœจ้‚ฃ้‡Œๅผ€ๅง‹ไบ†ไธป่ฆไปฅไธญๅ›ฝไบบ ไธบๅฏน่ฑก็š„ๆดปไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒ 1935ๅนดๅˆฐ 19 36ๅนด ๅœจไธœไนก้ƒจ้˜Ÿไฝœไธบ้›‡ๅทฅๅทฅไฝœ็š„ๆ —ๅŽŸไน‰้›„ ่ขซ่ฆๆฑ‚ๅš ไธ€ไธชไบบๅชๅ–ๆฐด่ƒฝๅšๆŒๅคšไน… ็š„่€ ไน…ๅฎž้ชŒ ๆˆ˜ๅŽ ไป–็š„่ฏ่จ€ๅฆ‚ไธ‹ ่‡ชๅทฑๅœจๅ†›ๅฑž่…ๅŽŸๆ•็š„ๆŒ‡ๅฏผไธ‹ ่ขซ่ฆๆฑ‚ๅšๅชๅ–ๆฐด่ƒฝๆดปๅ‡ ๅคฉ็š„ๅฎž้ชŒ ๅœจ้‚ฃไธชๅฎž ้ชŒไธญ ๅ–ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ๆฐด่ƒฝๆดป 45ๅคฉ ๅ–่’ธ้ฆๆฐด่ƒฝๆดป 33ๅคฉ ไธ€็›ด่ฎฉๅ–่’ธ้ฆๆฐด็š„ไบบไธดๆญปๆ—ถ ่ฏด ๅคงไบบ ่ฎฉๆˆ‘ๅ–ๆœ‰ๅ‘ณ ็š„ๆฐด ้‚ฃไธชๆดปไบ† 45ๅคฉ็š„ไบบๆ˜ฏไธ€ไธชๅซๅš ๅทฆๅ…‰ไบš ็š„ๅŒป็”Ÿ ไป–็œŸ็š„ๆ˜ฏ็Ÿฅ่ฏ†ๅˆ†ๅญ ไธๆ˜ฏๅœŸๅŒช ๅœจ็”ปๅ…ณๆŠผ ้ฉฌ่ทฏๅคง ่ขซ็งฐไฝœ ใƒญใƒ„ ็š„็‰ขๆˆฟ็š„ๆ —ๅŽŸไน‰้›„ ๆ —ๅŽŸ็”ป็š„ไบŒไบบ็‰ขๆˆฟ ่ฅฟ้‡Œๆ‰ถ็”ฌๅญ ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๆˆ˜้ƒจ้˜Ÿ 731 ่‰ๆ นๅ‡บ็‰ˆ็คพ 200 2ๅนด P125 1-5ๅนณๆˆฟ็š„่ฎพๆ–ฝๅปบ่ฎพ ่ƒŒ่ซๆฒณไธœไนก้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็”จไบŽ่ฟ›่กŒๅคง่ง„ๆจก็ง˜ๅฏ†ไบบไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒ็š„่ฎพๆ–ฝไธๅคŸๅฎŒๅค‡ 1 934ๅนด 9ๆœˆ 16ๅ ่ขซๅฎž้ชŒ่€… ๆˆๅŠŸ่„ฑ ้€ƒ ๅ› ๆณ„้œฒไบ†ๅ†…้ƒจๆถˆๆฏ ๆ‰€ไปฅๅ…ณ้—ญไบ†้˜ฒ็–ซ็ป™ๆฐด้ƒจ ่ฎกๅˆ’ๆฌ่ฟๅˆฐ่ท็ฆปๅ“ˆๅฐ”ๆปจไธœๅ— 15ๅ…ฌ้‡Œ็š„ๅนณๆˆฟ 1935ๅนด ๅนณๆˆฟๅ‘จ่พน็š„ 5ไธชๆ‘็š„ๆ‘ๆฐ‘่ขซๅผบๅˆถๆ’ค็ฆป ๅœจ้‚ฃ็‰‡ๅœŸๅœฐไธŠ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿๆ˜ฏไธ€ๅบงๆ‹ฅๆœ‰ๆœฌ้ƒจๆœบๅ…ณๅคงๆฅผ ๅ„็งๅฎž้ชŒๅฎค ็›‘็‹ฑ ไธ“็”จ้ฃžๆœบๅœบ ้˜Ÿๅ‘˜ๅ†›ๅฎ˜ๅฎฟ่ˆ ้€š็งฐไธœไนกๆ‘ ๅฐ‘ๅนด้˜Ÿๅฎฟ่ˆ ๆš–ๆฐ”็š„ไพ›็ƒญไธญๅฟƒ็ญ‰่ฎพๆ–ฝ็š„ 39

ไพ›็”Ÿ็‰ฉๆญฆๅ™จ็ ”็ฉถๅˆถ้€ ็š„ๅคงๅž‹ๅ†›ไบ‹ๅŸบๅœฐ ๅคง็บฆไบŽ 19 39ๅนดๅฎŒๆˆ ๅœจๅนณๆˆฟ่ฟ™้‡Œๅฑ…ไฝๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบๅŒ…ๆ‹ฌ็š„ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿๆˆๅ‘˜ ๅŠๅ…ถๅฎถๅฑž ไบบๆ•ฐๆœ€ๅคšๆ—ถๆ˜ฏๅœจ 19 42ๅนด ่ถ…่ฟ‡ 3000ไบบ ๅœจๅนณๆˆฟๅœฐๅŒบ ๆ€ป้ข็งฏ 12 0ๅนณๆ–นๅƒ็ฑณ่ขซๆŒ‡ๅฎšไธบ็‰นๅˆซๅ†›ไบ‹ๅŒบๅŸŸ ๅ…ถไธญไปฅๆœฌ้ƒจไธบไธญๅฟƒ็š„ๅคง็บฆ 6ๅนณๆ–นๅƒ็ฑณ็š„ๅŒบ ๅŸŸ ็”จๅ›ดๅข™ๅ’Œ็”ต็บฟๅŒ…ๅ›ด็€ ไธป่ฆ็”จไบŽ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๆญฆๅ™จ็ ”็ฉถ็”Ÿไบงๅ’Œๅˆถ้€ ็š„ๆ˜ฏๅ ๅœฐ้ข็งฏ 15352ๅนณๆ–น็ฑณ้ซ˜ไธบ 3ๅฑ‚็š„ๅคงๆฅผ ไปŽๅฝข็Šถๆฅ็œ‹ ่ขซ็งฐไธบ ๅ››ๆ–นๆฅผ ๅœจๅบญ้™ขไธญๅคฎ่ฎพ็ฝฎไบ†็”จไบŽๅ…ณๆŠผๅฎž้ชŒๆๆ–™็š„ไธคๅบง ็‰น่ฎพ็›‘็‹ฑ ไปฅ้˜ฒๆญข่ขซ่ฏ• ้ชŒ่€…้€ƒ่ตฐ ๆ‘˜่‡ช ๆฃฎๆ‘่ฏšไธ€ ๆ–ฐ็‰ˆ ็ปญ ๆถ้ญ”็š„้ฅฑ้ฃŸ ่ง’ๅทๆ–‡ๅบ“ 1983ๅนด ๆถ้ญ” 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„ๅ…จ่ฒŒ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ่ˆช็ฉบ็ญ ๆ‘„ๅฝฑ็ญๆ‹ๆ‘„็š„้ƒจ้˜Ÿ่ฎพๆ–ฝๅ…จๆ™ฏ ่ƒฝๆธ…ๆฅšๅœฐ็œ‹ๅˆฐๅ‘ˆ็‰‡ๅ‡ๅ ใƒญ ๅญ—ๅฝข้€š็งฐไธบ ๅ››ๆ–นๆฅผ ็š„้ƒจ้˜Ÿ ๆœฌ้ƒจๅปบ็ญ‘ๅ’Œ่ขซ ๅ››ๆ–นๆฅผ ๅŒ…ๅ›ด็š„็‰น่ฎพ็›‘็‹ฑ ้€š็งฐ ้ฉฌ่ทฏๅคงๅฐๅฑ‹ ๅทฆไธŠๅ›พ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿๆ•ดไฝ“ๅƒ็•ฅๅ›พ ๅณไธŠๅ›พ ๅ››ๆ–นๆฅผๅปบ็ญ‘็•ฅๅ›พ ไธ‹ๅ›พ ็‰น่ฎพ็›‘็‹ฑๅ†…้ƒจๆž„้€ ็•ฅๅ›พ ๅŽŸ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿๅปบ็ญ‘ๅทฅ ่ปๅŽŸ่‹ฑๅคซๅˆถๆˆ 1-6 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„ๆ”ฏ้ƒจ ไฝไบŽๅ“ˆๅฐ”ๆปจ้ƒŠๅค–ๅนณๆˆฟ็š„ 73 1้ƒจ้˜Ÿๆœฌ่บซๅœจไฝไบŽๅ“ˆๅฐ”ๆปจ่ฅฟๅŒ— 150ๅ…ฌ้‡Œ็š„ๅฎ‰่พพๅ’Œๆตทๆ‹‰ๅฐ”่ฎพๆœ‰้‡Žๅค–ๅฎž้ชŒๅœบ ๅนถ ไธ”ๆ นๆฎ 1940ๅนด 12ๆœˆๅ†›ไปค ๅœจ็‰กไธนๆฑŸ ๆž—ๅฃ ๅญ™ๅด ๆตทๆ‹‰ๅฐ”่ฎพ็ซ‹ไบ† 4ไธชๆ”ฏ้ƒจ ่ฟ™ไบ›ๆ”ฏ้ƒจๆฒฟ็€่‹่”่พนๅขƒ ๆ˜ฏ ไธบๅฏน่‹ไฝœๆˆ˜่€Œๅ‡†ๅค‡็š„ ๅŒ…ๆ‹ฌๅคง่ฟžๅŠžไบ‹ๅค„ๅœจๅ†… ๅ…ฑ่ฎพ็ฝฎไบ† 5ไธชๆ”ฏ้ƒจ ไธญๅ›ฝไธœๅŒ—ๅœฐๅŒบ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ ๅ…ณ่”ๅ›พ ๆปกๆดฒๅ›ฝๅœฐๅ›พ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿๆ‰€ๅœจๅœฐๅ“ˆๅฐ”ๆปจ โ‘ ็ฎญๅคด ๆปกๆดฒๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆๆ‰€ๅœจๅœฐๅฅ‰ๅคฉ ็Žฐๆฒˆ้˜ณ ๅ…ถๅŒ—้ขๆ˜ฏ 15ๅนดๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ๅผ€ๅง‹ๅผ•ๅ‘ๆปกๆดฒไบ‹ๅ˜็š„ๆŸณๆกๆน– โ‘ก็ฎญๅคด 1-7 ้ฉฌ่ทฏๅคง ็š„ ็‰นๅˆซ่พ“้€ ๅœจ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ้‡Œ ่ขซ็”จไบŽ ๆดปไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒ ็š„ๅฎž้ชŒ่€…่ขซ็งฐไธบ ้ฉฌ่ทฏๅคง ่ฟ™ไบ›ไบบๆ˜ฏ็”ฑๅฎชๅ…ต้˜Ÿ้€ฎๆ•็š„ๅ‚ๅŠ ๅๆปกๆŠ—ๆ—ฅ ่ฟๅŠจ็š„ไบบ ้™คไบ†ไธญๅ›ฝไบบไปฅๅค– ่ฟ˜ๆœ‰ไฟ„็ฝ—ๆ–ฏไบบ ๆœ้ฒœไบบๅ’Œ่’™ๅคไบบ็ญ‰ ๅฐ†่ฟ™ไบ› ้ฉฌ่ทฏๅคง ไธ็ปๆณ•ๅบญๅฎกๅˆค็ง˜ๅฏ†ๆŠผ้€ ่‡ณๅนณๆˆฟ็š„้šๅŒฟ่กŒไธบ็งฐไธบ ็‰นๅˆซ่พ“้€ ๆ˜ฏไธบ็ญนๅค‡ๅฎž้ชŒๆๆ–™็š„ไบบ ็”ฑๅ†›้˜Ÿ็‰น่ฎพ็š„่กŒไธบ ๅทๅฒ›ๆธ… ็ป†่Œๅˆถ้€ ้ƒจ้ƒจ ้•ฟ ๅœจๅ“ˆๅทด็ฝ—ๅคซๆ–ฏๅ…‹ 1949ๅนด ็š„ๅฎก่ฎฏไธญ ๆ‰ฟ่ฎค็‰น่ฎพ็›‘็‹ฑไธญไนŸๅ…ณๆŠผไบ†ๅฆ‡ๅฅณๅ’Œๅ„ฟ็ซฅ ่‡ณๅฐ‘ๆœ‰ 30 00ไบบ่ขซ่พ“้€ ่‡ณ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿไฝœไธบๅฎž้ชŒๅฏน่ฑก ๆ— ไธ€็”Ÿ่ฟ˜ ๆˆ˜ๅŽ ๅœจไธญๅ›ฝๅ‘็Žฐ็š„ๆ—ฅๆœฌ้™†ๅ†›ๅฎชๅ…ต้˜Ÿ็š„ ็‰นๅˆซ่พ“้€ ็š„ๆ–‡ไปถ ๅ…ถไธญ ๆ–‡ไปถไธญ็š„ ่‹่ฐ ๆ˜ฏๆŒ‡่‹่”็š„้—ด่ฐ 1-8731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„็ผ–ๆˆ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„้˜Ÿ้•ฟๅคง้ƒจๅˆ†ๆœŸ้—ด็”ฑ็Ÿณไบ•ๅ››้ƒŽๆ‹…ไปป 194 2ๅนด 8ๆœˆๅˆฐ 1 945ๅนด 3ๆœˆๆœŸ้—ด ็”ฑๅŒ—้‡Žๆ”ฟๆฌกๆ‹…ไปป ๅœจ ้‚ฃไน‹ๅŽๅˆฐ 194 5ๅนด 8ๆœˆๅ†ๆฌก็”ฑ็Ÿณไบ•ๆ‹…ไปป 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ่™ฝ็„ถ็”ฑๅ…ซไธช้ƒจๆž„ๆˆ ไฝ†ไธญๆžขๆ˜ฏไธ€้ƒจๅˆฐๅ››้ƒจ ๅ››ๆ–นๆฅผไธญๆœ‰็ฌฌไธ€้ƒจ็š„็ป†่Œ็ ”็ฉถ้ƒจ ้ƒจ้•ฟๆ˜ฏ่Šๆฑ ๆ–Ž ๅ’Œ็ฌฌๅ››้ƒจ็š„็ป†่Œๅˆถ้€ ้ƒจ ้ƒจ้•ฟๆ˜ฏๅทๅฒ›ๆธ… ็ฌฌไธ€้ƒจ ๆŒ‰็…ง็ป†่Œ็ฑปๅˆซๅˆ†ๆˆไบ†ๅๅคšไธช็ง‘ ็ฌฌๅ››้ƒจ็š„็ป†่Œๅˆถ้€ ่ƒฝๅŠ› ๆ นๆฎๅทๅฒ›็š„่ฏ่จ€ 2ไธชๆœˆๆœŸ้—ด ๅˆถ้€ ้ผ ็–ซ่Œ 300ๅ…ฌๆ–ค ไผคๅฏ’่Œ 800900ๅ…ฌๆ–ค ้œไนฑ่Œ 1ๅจ ่ฟ™ๆ ทๅˆถ้€ ็š„้ผ ็–ซ่Œ็ญ‰็ป†่Œๅฎž้™…ไธŠๅทฒๆ•ฃๅธƒๅœจไธญๅ›ฝ็š„ 10ๅคšไธชๅŒบๅŸŸ ็ฌฌไบŒ้ƒจ ้ƒจ้•ฟๆ˜ฏๅคง็”ฐๆพ„ ๆ˜ฏ่ฟ›่กŒๅฎžๆˆ˜็ ”็ฉถ็š„้ƒจ ๆค็‰ฉ็ญ็ป็ ”็ฉถ ๅ…ซๆœจๆฒข่กŒๆญฃ ๆ˜†่™ซ็ ”็ฉถ ็”ฐไธญ่‹ฑ้›„ ่ˆช็ฉบ็ญ ๅขž็”ฐ็พŽไฟ ๅฑžไบŽ่ฟ™้‡Œ ๆ„ŸๆŸ“้ผ ็–ซ็—…่Œ็š„่ทณ่šคไนŸๅœจ่ฟ™ไธช้ƒจ่ฟ›่กŒ็นๆฎ– 40

็ฌฌไธ‰้ƒจ ้ƒจ้•ฟๆ˜ฏๆฑŸๅฃไธฐๆด ๅˆถ้€ ็Ÿณไบ•ๅผๆปคๆฐดๅ™จ ๅชๆœ‰่ฟ™ไธช้ƒจ่ฎพ็ฝฎๅœจๅ“ˆๅฐ”ๆปจๅธ‚ๅ—ๅฒ—้™†ๅ†›ๅŒป้™ขๆ—่พน ่ฟ™ไธ€ ้ƒจๅค–่กจ็œ‹ไธŠๅŽปๆ˜ฏ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„้˜ฒ็–ซ็ป™ๆฐดๆœบๅ…ณ ๅฎž้™…ไธŠไธป่ฆๅˆถ้€ ่ฃ…ๆœ‰้ผ ็–ซ่Œ็š„้™ถๅœŸ็‚ธๅผน ๅฎ‡ๆฒปๅž‹็‚ธๅผน ็š„ๅฎนๅ™จ ้™คไธŠ่ฟฐ้ƒจ้—จไปฅๅค– ่ฟ˜ๆœ‰ๆ•™่‚ฒ้ƒจ ๆ€ปๅŠก้ƒจ ่ต„ๆ้ƒจๅ’Œ่ฏŠ็–—้ƒจ ่ฏŠ็–—้ƒจไธไป…ๅฏน้ƒจ้˜Ÿๅ‘˜่ฟ›่กŒ่ฏŠ็–— ่ฟ˜่ฟ›่กŒ ้ฉฌ ่ทฏๅคง ็š„ไบบไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็ผ–ๆˆ่กจ ่ฟ‘่—คๆ˜ญไบŒ ๅˆถๆˆ ้€š่ฟ‡ๅฏน 100ๅๅŽŸ้ƒจ้˜Ÿ้˜Ÿๅ‘˜็š„่ฐƒๆŸฅ่Žทๅพ— 1-9 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ่ฟ›่กŒ้ผ ็–ซ่ทณ่šค็š„ๅผ€ๅ‘ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿๅผ€ๅ‘็š„ๆœ€ๆœ‰ๆ•ˆ็š„็”Ÿ็‰ฉๆญฆๅ™จๆ˜ฏ้ผ ็–ซๅผน ้ผ ็–ซ่ทณ่šค ่ฟ™ไธๆ˜ฏๆ•ฃๅธƒๆดป็š„็ป†่Œ ่€Œๆ˜ฏ่ฎฉๅช’ไป‹ๅŠจ็‰ฉ่ทณ่šค ๆ„ŸๆŸ“้ผ ็–ซ่Œ ๆŠŠๅฎƒๆถ‚ๅœจ็ผ“ๅ†ฒ็‰ฉไธŠ ๆˆ–่€…็”จ่ฃ…ๅ…ฅ้™ถ็“ท็‚ธๅผน้‡Œ็š„ๆ–นๆณ• ๆˆ˜ๅŽไธบไบ†ๅฌๅ–้˜Ÿๅ‘˜็š„่ฏ่ฏไปŽ็พŽๅ›ฝๆดพ้ฃ็š„ N H ่ฒๅฐ”ๅœจ 1947ๅนด 6ๆœˆ 30ๆ—ฅ็š„ๆŠฅๅ‘Šไนฆไธญๅฆ‚ไธ‹ๅ†™ๅˆฐ ๅ…ณไบŽ่ทณ่šค็š„็นๆฎ–ๆณ•ๅ’Œ้€š่ฟ‡่€้ผ ่ฎฉ่ทณ่šคๆ„ŸๆŸ“็š„ๆ–นๆณ•่ฟ› ่กŒไบ†ๅคง้‡็š„็ ”็ฉถ ้ผ ็–ซ่ทณ่šคๅœจๆœ€ๅฅฝ็š„ๆกไปถไธ‹ๅคง็บฆ่ƒฝ็”Ÿๅญ˜ 30ๅคฉ ็ ”็ฉถ่กจๆ˜Žๅœจ่ฟ™ไธชๆœŸ้—ดไธ€็›ดไฟๆŒไผ ๆŸ“ๅŠ› ๆฏ ๅนณๆ–น็ฑณๆœ‰ 20ๅช่ทณ่šค็š„ๆˆฟ้—ด้‡Œ ่ฎฉ็”จไบŽๅฎž้ชŒ็š„ไบบๅœจๆˆฟ้—ด้‡Œ่‡ช็”ฑ่ตฐๅŠจ 10ไบบไธญๆœ‰ 6ไบบๆ„ŸๆŸ“ ๅ…ถไธญๆœ‰ 4ไบบๆญปไบก ่ฒๅฐ”ๆŠฅๅ‘Šไนฆ ๅฎž้™…ไธŠๅœจไธญๅ›ฝๆ•ฃๅธƒ็š„็ป†่Œๅคšๆ•ฐๆ˜ฏ่ฟ™็ง้ผ ็–ซ่ทณ่šค ่ถŠๅฎš็”ท ๅคช้˜ณๆ——ๅ˜ๆˆไบ†็บข่‰ฒ็š„ๆณช-731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ้˜Ÿๅ‘˜็š„ๅ‘Š็™ฝ่ฎฐ ๆ•™่‚ฒๅฒๆ–™ๅ‡บ็‰ˆ็คพ 1983ๅนด P127 1-10 ้ผ ็–ซ่Œ็š„ ๆฏ’ๅŠ›ๅฎž้ชŒ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„ๅฐ‘ๅนด้˜Ÿๅ‘˜็ฏ ๅกš่‰ฏ้›„ ๆ—งๅง“ ็”ฐๆ‘ ๅ…ณไบŽ้ผ ็–ซๅ’Œ็–ซ่‹—ไธบ็›ฎ็š„็š„ไบบไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒ ๅ™่ฟฐๅฆ‚ไธ‹ ๆŸ„ๆฒข็ญไนŸๆ˜ฏๅœจๆฏ’ๅŠ›่ฏ•้ชŒ็š„ๅไน‰ไธ‹่ฟ›่กŒไบ†ไบบไฝ“่ฏ•้ชŒๅ’Œไบบไฝ“่งฃๅ‰–่ฏ•้ชŒ ๅฆ‚ๆžœๅˆถ้€ ็š„็ป†่Œไธ่ƒฝไผ ๆŸ“ๅฐฑไธ่ƒฝ ไฝฟ็”จ ๆฒกๆœ‰ๆ€ไผคๅŠ›ไนŸไธ่ƒฝไฝฟ็”จ ๅฐฑ่ฟ™ๆ ท ๆ€ปๆ˜ฏไธ€ๅฟƒๆƒณๅฆ‚ไฝ•ๅˆถ้€ ๆฏ’ๅŠ›ๅผบๆ€ไผคๅŠ›ๅผบ็š„็ป†่Œ ้€šๅธธไฝฟ็”จๅŠจ็‰ฉๅฎž้ชŒ็”จ็š„ๅฐ็™ฝ้ผ ๆˆ–่€้ผ ้€š่ฟ‡ๅคง้‡ๆ€ๆˆฎ่ฟ›่กŒๅฎž้ชŒ ไฝ†ๅฟซ้€Ÿ็š„ๅŠžๆณ•ๅฐฑๆ˜ฏ็”จไบบไฝ“่ฟ›่กŒ่ฏ•้ชŒ ๆˆ‘ 8ๆ ‹ ่ฟ™้‡Œๆœ‰่งฃๅ‰–ๅฎค ่ฟž็€่ตฐ ๅฐฑ่ฟ™ๆ ท ๆ€ๅฎณไบ† 5ไธชไบบ ๅœบๆ‰€ๅœจ็‰นๅˆซ็ญ ๅ››ๆ–นๆฅผไธญ็š„ไธคๅฑ‚ๅปบ็ญ‘็‰ฉ ่ฟ™ๆ˜ฏ 7 ๅปŠ็š„ๅค–้ขไนŸๆœ‰ ๆˆ‘ๆ˜ฏๅœจ 8ๆ ‹็š„ๅฎž้ชŒๅฎค ่งฃๅ‰–ๅฎค้‡Œๅš็š„ ๅ‚็…ง P8 ็ฏ ๅกš่‰ฏ้›„ 2004ๅนด 8ๆœˆ 1-11 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„ๅ†ปไผคๅฎž้ชŒ ๅ‰ๆ‘ๅฏฟไบบไปŽ 1 938ๅนดๅˆฐ 1945ๅนด็š„ๆˆ˜่ดฅ ๅœจ 73 1้ƒจ้˜Ÿ่ฟ›่กŒๅ†ปไผคๅฎž้ชŒ ้‚ฃๆ˜ฏไบบไธบ็š„ไฝฟ่ขซๅฎž้ชŒ่€…็š„ๆ‰‹่„šๅ†ปไผค ่ฟ› ่กŒ่ง‚ๅฏŸๅ’Œ็ ”็ฉถ็š„ๅฎž้ชŒ 1 941ๅนดๅ‰ๆ‘ๅœจๆปกๆดฒๅŒปๅญฆไผšๅ“ˆๅฐ”ๆปจๆ”ฏ้ƒจๅฏน่‡ชๅทฑ็š„็ ”็ฉถๆˆๆžœ่ฟ›่กŒๆผ”่ฎฒ ๅ…ถไธญๅฑ•็คบไบ†ๆต‹ๅฎš ๆ‰‹ๆŒ‡ๅ†ปไผคๆ—ถ ๅ‰ๆ‘ๆˆ˜ๅŽๆŠŠๅŒๆ ท็š„็ ”็ฉถๆˆๆžœ็ฟป่ฏ‘ๆˆ่‹ฑ่ฏญ่ฎบๆ–‡้‡ๆ–ฐๅ‘่กจ ๅ…ถไธญไนŸๅ…ฌๅธƒไบ†ๅฏนๅ‡บ็”ŸๅŽ 3ๅคฉ็š„ๅฉดๅ„ฟ่ฟ›่กŒ่ฏ•้ชŒ็š„ ็ป“ๆžœ ไฝ†ๆ˜ฏๅœจ่‹ฑ่ฏญ่ฎบๆ–‡ไธญๆฒกๆœ‰็™ป่ฝฝๆธ…ๆฅš่กจ็คบ่ขซๅฎž้ชŒ่€…ๆ‰‹ๆŒ‡่ขซๅ†ปไผค็š„่ฟ™ๅผ ๅ›พ่กจ ็šฎ่‚ค็š„ๆธฉๅบฆๅ’Œๆ‰‹ๆŒ‡ๅฎน็งฏๅ˜ๅŒ–็š„ๅ›พ่กจ ๅˆˆ็”ฐๅฏ้ƒŽ ๅ…ณไบŽๆ—งๆ—ฅๅ†› 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ ๅ†ปไผคๅฎž้ชŒๅฎค ไปฅๅŠๅ†ปไผคๅฎž้ชŒ 15ๅนดๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธŽๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆๅŒป็–—็ ”็ฉถไผšไผš่ชŒ ็ฌฌ 6ๅท ็ฌฌ 2ๅท 200 6ๅนด 9ๆœˆ P15 ๆœฌๅ›พ่กจๅœจๅŽŸ่‘—ไธญๅ› ๆ‰‹ๅ†™ไธๆ˜“่พจ่ฎค ๅฑ•็คบ็š„ๆ˜ฏๅคๅŽŸๅŽ็š„ๅ›พ่กจ 1-12 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„็‚ญ็–ฝๆ†่Œ็š„ๅฎž้ชŒ N H ่ฒๅฐ”ๅœจ 1 947ๅนด 6ๆœˆ็š„ๆŠฅๅ‘Šไนฆไธญ ๅ…ณไบŽ็‚ญ็–ฝๆ†่Œ็š„็‚ธๅผนๅฎž้ชŒ ้‡Žๅค–ๅฎž้ชŒ ๅ™่ฟฐๅฆ‚ไธ‹ ๅคงๅคšๆ•ฐ็š„ๆƒ…ๅ†ตๆ˜ฏไบบ่ขซ็ป‘ๅœจๆœจๆกฉไธŠ ็”จๅคด็›”ๅ’Œ้“ ็”ฒไฟๆŠค ็”จๅœฐไธŠๅ›บๅฎš็ˆ†็‚ธ็š„่ฃ…็ฝฎ ๆˆ–่€…ๆ˜ฏไปŽ้ฃžๆœบๆŠ•ไธ‹ ๅฎšๆ—ถ็ˆ†็‚ธ็š„่ฃ…็ฝฎ่ฟ›่กŒๅ„็ง็‚ธๅผน็š„ๅฎž้ชŒ ๅ…ณไบŽๅฎ‡ๆฒปๅผ็‚ธๅผน็š„้‡Žๅค–ๅฎž้ชŒ ็กฎ่ฎค 10ไธชไบบไธญๆœ‰ 6ไธชไบบ็š„่ก€ๆถฒไธญๅญ˜ๅœจ็ป†่Œ ๅ…ถไธญ 4ไธชไบบ่ขซ่ฎคไธบๆ˜ฏไปŽ ๅ‘ผๅธ็ณป็ปŸไผ ๆŸ“็š„ ่ฟ™ 4ไธชไบบๅทฒ็ปๆญปไบก ไฝ†ๆ˜ฏ ่ฟ™ 4ไธชไบบๅ’ŒๅŒๆ—ถ็ˆ†็‚ธ็š„ 9ไธช็‚ธๅผน็š„ๆœ€่ฟ‘่ท็ฆปๅชๆœ‰ 25็ฑณ 41

ไนŸ่ฟ›่กŒไบ†ๅ›พ ่กจๆ‰€็คบ็š„ๅฎž้ชŒ 1-13 ๆต่กŒๆ€งๅ‡บ่ก€็ƒญ็š„ๅฎž้ชŒ ๅฅ”่ตด 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„็ฌ ๅŽŸๅ››้ƒŽๅ’Œๆ‹…ไปป 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ้˜Ÿ้•ฟ็š„ๅŒ—้‡Žๆ”ฟๆฌกๅˆ่‘—็š„็กฎๅฎšๆต่กŒๆ€งๅ‡บ่ก€็ƒญ็—…ๅŽŸไฝ“็š„่ฎบๆ–‡ไบŽ 1944ๅนดๅ‘่กจ ๆต่กŒๆ€งๅ‡บ่ก€็ƒญๆ˜ฏๅญ™ๅด็ญ‰ไธญๅ›ฝไธœๅŒ—้ƒจๅ’Œ่‹่”ไบค็•Œ้™„่ฟ‘ๆต่กŒ็š„็–ซ็—… ่ขซ็งฐไธบ ๅญ™ๅด็ƒญ ็ฌ ๅŽŸ่‡ช ๅทฑๅœจๆˆ˜ๅŽๆ‰ฟ่ฎค็”จไบบไฝ“ๅšๅฎž้ชŒๆๆ–™่ฟ›่กŒไบ†ๆดปไฝ“่ฏ•้ชŒ ๅนถไธ” ๆฑ ็”ฐ่‹—ๅคซไนŸๅœจ ๅ…ณไบŽๆต่กŒๆ€งๅ‡บ่ก€็ƒญๅฎžๆ€็š„ๅฎž้ชŒ็ ”็ฉถ ็š„ๆŠฅๅ‘Šไธญ ๅ†™ๅˆฐ ่ฎฉๆœ‰ๆฏ’็š„่™ฑๅญ้™„็€ๅœจๅฅ ๅบทไบบไธธๅฑฑๆŸ็š„ไธ‹่…น้ƒจ ่ฎฉไป–ๅพ—็—… ๆŠฅ็บธๆŠฅ้“็š„ๆฑ ็”ฐ่‹—ๅคซๅฎžๆ–ฝ็š„ไบบไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒ ๆฏๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ้—ป 1981ๅนด 10ๆœˆ 16ๆ—ฅ ๆ™šๅˆŠ 1-14้˜ฒ็–ซ็ป™ๆฐด้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„ๆ‰ฉๅคง ๅ“ˆๅฐ”ๆปจ ๅนณๆˆฟ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ้‚ฃๆ ท็š„้˜ฒ็–ซ็ป™ๆฐด้ƒจๅœจไธญๅ›ฝๅ„ๅœฐๅปบ็ซ‹ ๅˆฐ 1 940ๅนดไธบๆญข ๅŒ—ไบฌ ็”ฒ 185 5้ƒจ้˜Ÿ ๅ— ไบฌ ่ฃ 1644้ƒจ้˜Ÿ ๅนฟไธœ ๆณข 8604้ƒจ้˜Ÿ ๅปบ็ซ‹ไบ†้˜ฒ็–ซ็ป™ๆฐด้ƒจ ๅ’Œ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿๅœจๅ…ณไธœๅ†›ๅธไปคๅฎ˜็š„ๆŒ‡ๆŒฅไธ‹ๅปบ็ซ‹็š„้‚ฃๆ ท ่ฟ™ไบ›้ƒจ้˜Ÿๅˆ›่ฎพๆ—ถๅˆ†ๅˆซๅœจๅŒ—ๆ”ฏ้‚ฃๆดพ้ฃๅ†› ไธญๆ”ฏ้‚ฃๆดพ้ฃ ๅ†› ๅ—ๆ”ฏ้‚ฃๆดพ้ฃๅ†›ๅธไปคๅฎ˜็š„ๆŒ‡ๆŒฅไธ‹ๅปบ็ซ‹ ๅŒ—ไบฌ ๅ—ไบฌ ๅนฟไธœ็š„้˜ฒ็–ซ็ป™ๆฐด้ƒจๅˆ†ๅˆซๆœ‰ๅ‡ ไธชๅˆฐๅๅ‡ ไธช็š„ๆ”ฏ้ƒจ ๆ”ฏ้ƒจๅฝ“ไธญไนŸๆœ‰ๅ’Œๅฝ“ๅœฐ้™†ๅ†›ๅŒป้™ข ๅŒไปไผšๅŒป้™ข ๆปกๆดฒๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆๅˆไฝœ็š„ ่ฏฆ็ป†ๅ†…ๅฎนๅ‚่€ƒๆœฌๅฑ•็คบ็ฌฌ 2้ƒจ ๅฐฑ่ฟ™ๆ ท ๅœจๅ…จไธญๅ›ฝ่Œƒๅ›ดๅ†…็ป†่Œๆˆ˜็š„็ป„็ป‡ๅฝขๆˆไบ† ๅ’Œ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿไบบๅ’Œ็‰ฉ่ดจ็š„ๅˆไฝœๅพˆ็ดงๅฏ† ไธไป…ๆ˜ฏ็Ÿณไบ•ๅ››้ƒŽ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿๆˆๅ‘˜ไปŽๅนณๆˆฟๅˆฐๅ„ไธช้˜ฒ็–ซ็ป™ๆฐด้ƒจ็›ดๆŽฅๅ‡บๅทฎ็š„ๆƒ…ๅ†ตไนŸ็ปๅธธๆœ‰ ๆ—ฅๅ†›็š„็ป†่Œๆˆ˜ๅฐฑๆ˜ฏๆŠŠ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿๅˆถ้€ ็š„็ป† ่Œ็”ฑ่ฟ™ไบ›้ƒจ้˜Ÿ ็‰นๅˆซๆ˜ฏไธŽๅ—ไบฌ็š„ 1644้ƒจ้˜Ÿ้…ๅˆ ๆ•ฃๅธƒๅˆฐไธญๅ›ฝๅ„ๅœฐ ๅฆๅค– 1 942ๅนด 2ๆœˆๆ—ฅๅ†›ๅ ้ข†ๆ–ฐๅŠ ๅกๅŽ็ซ‹ๅˆปๅปบ็ซ‹ไบ†ๅ—ๆ–นๅ†›้˜ฒ็–ซ็ป™ๆฐด้ƒจ ๅ†ˆ 9420้ƒจ้˜Ÿ ๅนถไปŽๅนณๆˆฟๆดพ้ฃ ไบ†ๅ†…่—ค่‰ฏไธ€ๅ’Œ่ดตๅฎ้™ข็ง‹้›„็ญ‰ไบบๅฏน่ฟ™ไธช้ƒจ้˜Ÿ่ฟ›่กŒๆŒ‡ๅฏผ ๅฐฑ่ฟ™ๆ ท็ป†่Œๆˆ˜ไฝ“ๅˆถๅœจๆ—ฅๅ†›ๆ•ดไฝ“ๆž„้€ ไธญ็กฎ็ซ‹่ตทๆฅ ๅ„ไธช้˜ฒ็–ซ็ป™ๆฐด้ƒจๅ’ŒๅŠๅ…ถๆ”ฏ้ƒจไนŸๆœ‰่ฟ›่กŒไบบไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒ็š„ 1-15 ๅ—ไบฌ 1644้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„ไบบไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒ 1998ๅนด ๅœจๆ›พ็ปๅ—ไบฌ่ฃ 1644้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„็ป†่ŒๅทฅๅŽ‚้—ๅ€ๅœฐไธ‹ 1. 5็ฑณๅค„ ๅ‘็Žฐไบ†่ฃ…ๆœ‰่ฎธๅคšๅคด้ชธ้ชจ็š„็ฎฑๅญ ็ป่ฟ‡ไปฅ ๆณ•ๅŒปๅญฆไธบ้ฆ–็š„ๅ„ไธช้ข†ๅŸŸไธ“ๅฎถ่ฐจๆ…Ž็ผœๅฏ†็ ”็ฉถ ็ป“ๆžœ่กจๆ˜Ž ๅคด้ชธ้ชจๅ…ฑ่ฎก 41ไธช ๅนด้พ„ไปŽ 1 7ๅฒๅˆฐ 38ๅฒ ็”ทไบบ 27 ไธช ๅฅณไบบ 1ไธช ๅ…ถไฝ™็š„ๆ€งๅˆซไธๆ˜Ž ไบบๅคด้ชจๆ˜ฏ้ป‘่‰ฒ็š„ ่กจๆ˜Žๆ˜ฏ็”จ็กซ้…ธๅค„็†่ฟ‡็š„ ๅŸบๅ› ๆฃ€ๆŸฅ็š„็ป“ๆžœ็กฎ่ฎคไบ† ้œไนฑ่Œๆฏ’็ด ๅŸบๅ› ็š„ๅญ˜ๅœจ ๅนถๅพ—ๅ‡บไบ†่ฟ™ไบ›ๅคด็›–้ชจ็š„ไธปไบบๆ˜ฏ็ป†่Œไบบไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒๅ—ๅฎณ่€…็š„็ป“่ฎบ ้ซ˜็ฅ–ๅ…ด ๆœฑๆˆๅฑฑ ไพตๅŽๆ—ฅๅ†› 1644็ป†่Œๆˆ˜้ƒจ้˜Ÿๆดปไบบๅฎž้ชŒๅ—ๅฎณ่€…้—้ชธ็š„่€ƒ่ฏ 200 0ๅนด ่ฟ™ไปฝ็ ”็ฉถๆŠฅๅ‘Šไนฆไฟๅญ˜ๅœจๅ—ไบฌๅคงๅฑ ๆ€็บชๅฟต้ฆ† ่ขซๅ‘ๆŽ˜็š„ๅคด้ชจๅฎž็‰ฉ็ญ‰ไนŸๅœจๅŒไธ€็บชๅฟต้ฆ†้‡Œๅฑ•็คบ ๅ†็Žฐๅฝ“ๆ—ถๅ‘ ๆŽ˜็š„็Šถๅ†ต ไปŽ็ป†่Œๅ…ตๅ™จๅทฅๅœบ้—่ฟนๅ‘ๆŽ˜็š„ไบบ้ชจ ๅ‘ๆŽ˜็Žฐๅœบๅ†็Žฐ ้ชจๅคดไธบๅฎž็‰ฉ 1็ง‘ๆ ‹=่ฟ›่กŒไบบไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒ็š„ๅปบ็ญ‘็‰ฉ ๅฝ“ๆ—ถไธบ 3ๅฑ‚ๅปบ็ญ‘ ไน‹ๅŽๅˆๆ”นไธบ 4ๅฑ‚ ็…ง็‰‡ๆ‘˜่‡ช 15ๅนดๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅ’Œๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆๅŒป็–—็ ”็ฉถไผš็š„็ฌฌ 7ๆฌก่ฎฟไธญ่ฐƒๆŸฅๅ›ข 2009ๅนด 9ๆœˆ ๆŠฅๅ‘Š 1-16ๅ…ณไธœๅ†›้ฉฌๅŒน้˜ฒ็–ซ้ƒจ 100้ƒจ้˜Ÿ 1936ๅนดไธŽ 73 1้ƒจ้˜ŸๅŒๆ—ถ ไปฅๅฎถ็•œ็ญ‰ไธบไธป่ฆๅฏน่ฑก็š„ๅ…ณไธœๅ†›้ฉฌๅŒน้˜ฒ็–ซ้ƒจ 100้ƒจ้˜Ÿ ๅœจๆ–ฐไบฌ ็Žฐๅœจ็š„้•ฟๆ˜ฅ ่ฎพ ็ฝฎ ไฝ†ๆ˜ฏ ่ฟ™ไธช้ƒจ้˜Ÿไธไป…ๅฏนๅฎถ็•œไนŸๅฏนไบบ่ฟ›่กŒไบ†ๅฎž้ชŒ 100้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„ไธญๅฃซไธ‰ๅ‹ไธ€็”ทๅœจ่‹่”ๅ“ˆๅทด็ฝ—ๅคซๆ–ฏๅ…‹็š„ๅ†›ไบ‹ๅฎกๅˆคไธŠ ้™ˆ่ฟฐไบ†่‡ชๅทฑๅๅŠฉๆฏ’็‰ฉๅฎž้ชŒ็š„ๆƒ…ๅ†ต 1-17ไฝฟ็”จ็ป†่Œๆญฆๅ™จ่ฟ›ๆ”ป 42

ๆ—ฅๅ†›ๅœจไธญๅ›ฝไปฅ้ผ ็–ซๅผน ้ผ ็–ซ่ทณ่šค ไธบไธญๅฟƒ็š„็ป†่Œๆญฆๅ™จ่ฟ›่กŒไฝœๆˆ˜ ไป…ๅทฒ็ปๆŸฅๆ˜Ž็š„ไฝœๆˆ˜ๅœฐๅŒบๅฐฑๆœ‰ 1939ๅนด 7ๆœˆ ็š„่ฏบ้—จ็ฝ• 1 940ๅนด 6ๆœˆ็š„ๅ†œๅฎ‰ 1940ๅนด 10ๆœˆ็š„ๆต™ๆฑŸ็œ ่กขๅทž ๅฎๆณข 1 1ๆœˆ็š„ๆต™ๆฑŸ็œ้‡‘ๅŽ 1941ๅนด 11 ๆœˆ็š„ๆน–ๅ—็œๅธธๅพท 1942ๅนด 5ๆœˆ็š„ๆต™่ตฃไฝœๆˆ˜ 1942ๅนด 4ๆœˆ็š„ไบ‘ๅ—ไฟๅฑฑ 19 42ๅนด 7ๆœˆ็š„่ตฃๅทž็ญ‰ๅœฐ ๅ…ฑ 7--8ๆฌก ๅฝ“ๆ—ถๆ”ฏ้‚ฃๆดพ้ฃๅ†›ๅ‚่ฐ‹ไบ•ๆœฌ็†Š็”ทๅœจไธšๅŠกๆ—ฅๅฟ—้‡Œๅ†™ๅˆฐ ๅ…ณไบŽ 19 40ๅนด 10ๆœˆ 7ๆ—ฅๅฏนๅฎๆณข็š„่ฟ›ๆ”ป ๆ›พ็ปๆŽฅๅˆฐ่ฟ‡ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿๅนฒ้ƒจ ่ฟ„ไปŠไธบๆญข่ฟ›ๆ”ปๆฌกๆ•ฐๆ˜ฏ 6ๆฌก ็š„ๆŠฅๅ‘Š ๅฆๅค–่ฟ˜่ฎฐๅฝ•ไบ†ๅ…ณไบŽ 19 41ๅนด 11ๆœˆ 4ๆ—ฅๆ—ฅๆœฌๅ†›ๆœบๅฏนๆน–ๅ— ็œๅธธๅพทๆŠ•ไธ‹ไบ†้ผ ็–ซๅผน 1 942ๅนดไฝœไธบๆต™่ตฃไฝœๆˆ˜็š„ไธ€็Žฏๅ‘ๅœฐไธŠๅฎžๆ–ฝ็ป†่Œๆ•ฃๅธƒ็ญ‰ๆƒ…ๅ†ต ไนŸ่ฎฐๅฝ•ไบ†่ฟ™ไบ›็ป†่Œๆ•ฃๅธƒๆ˜ฏ ๅœจ็Ÿณไบ•ๅ››้ƒŽ็š„ๆŒ‡ๆŒฅไธ‹ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿๅ’Œๅ—ไบฌ็š„่ฃ 1644้ƒจ้˜Ÿๅ…ฑๅŒๅฎž่กŒ็š„ไฝœๆˆ˜ ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅ…ตๅ™จ่ฟ›ๆ”ปๅœบๆ‰€ 1-18็ป†่Œๆญฆๅ™จไฝœๆˆ˜็š„ๅ—ๅฎณๆƒ…ๅ†ต ๆ—ฅๅ†›ๆ•ฃๅธƒ็ป†่Œ็š„ๅฑๅฎณ็š„็œŸๅฎžๆƒ…ๅ†ต ้€š่ฟ‡ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅธ‚ๆฐ‘ๅ›ขไฝ“ๅ’Œไธญๅ›ฝๅ„ๅœฐ็ป„็ป‡็š„ ็ป†่Œๆˆ˜ๅฑๅฎณ่ฐƒๆŸฅๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš ็š„่ฐƒๆŸฅ ่ฟ‘ๅ‡ ๅนดๆ‰ๅผ„ๆธ…ๆฅš ็ป†่Œๆญฆๅ™จๆ•ฃๅธƒ็š„ ๅจๅŠ› ๅœจไบŽ้€š่ฟ‡ๆ„ŸๆŸ“ไธชไบบ็š„็งปๅŠจ ๅผ•ๅ‘ 2ๆฌก 3ๆฌกๆ„ŸๆŸ“ ไพ‹ๅฆ‚ 1940ๅนด 1 0ๆœˆ 4ๆ—ฅๅœจ่กขๅŽฟๆŠ•ไธ‹็š„้ผ ็–ซๅผน ไธไป…ๅผ•่ตทๅฝ“ๅœฐ 1500ๅคšไธชไบบ็š„ๆญปไบก ๅˆฐ่กขๅŽฟ ๅทž ๅ‡บๅทฎ ็š„้“่ทฏๅทฅไฝœไบบๅ‘˜ๆ„ŸๆŸ“ๅŽ ่ฟ”ๅ›žๅˆฐ 12 0ๅ…ฌ้‡Œไปฅๅค–็š„ไน‰ไนŒ ๅœจไน‰ไนŒไนŸๅ‡บ็Žฐไบ† 200ๅคšไบบๆ„ŸๆŸ“ๆญปไบก็š„็—…ไพ‹ ๅนถไปฅไน‰ ไนŒๅ‘จ่พน็š„ๅ†œๆ‘ไธบไธญๅฟƒไผ ๆŸ“ๅผ€ๆฅ ๅœจๅ…ถไธญไธ€ไธชๅซๅšๅด‡ๅฑฑๆ‘็š„ๆ‘ๅญ้‡Œ ๅคง็บฆๆœ‰ 1200ๅๅฑ…ๆฐ‘ ๅ…ถไธญไธ‰ๅˆ†ไน‹ไธ€็š„ ไบบ ็บฆ 400ไบบไปฅไธŠๅ› ้ผ ็–ซ่€Œๆญปไบก ๅนถไธ” 1940ๅนด 11ๆœˆ 4ๆ—ฅๅœจๅธธๅพทๆŠ•ไธ‹็š„้ผ ็–ซๅผน ๅ‘จ่พน็š„ๆ‘่ฝๅฆ‚ๅ›พๆ‰€็คบไผ ๆŸ“ๆ‰ฉๅคง ๅฏผ่‡ดไบ† 7000ๅคšไบบๆญปไบก ๅฐฑ่ฟ™ๆ ท ็”ฑ็ป†่Œๆ„ŸๆŸ“่€Œๅฏผ่‡ดๆญปไบกไบบๆ•ฐๆ‰ฉๅคง ๅ› ้ผ ็–ซ่Œ็š„ๆต่กŒ็œ‹่ตทๆฅๅฅฝๅƒๆ˜ฏ่‡ช็„ถๅ‘็”Ÿ็š„ ๆ‰€ไปฅๆ—ฅๅ†›ๆŠ•ๆ”พ ็ป†่Œๆœ‰้š่”ฝๆ€ง็š„ไผ˜็‚น ไธ‹ไธ€้กตๆ‰€่กจ็คบๆญปไบกไบบๆ•ฐ 1ไธ‡ๅคšไบบ ๆ˜ฏ็”ฑ็ป†่Œๆˆ˜ๅฎกๅˆค่ฎคๅฎš็š„ 2007ๅนด 5ๆœˆๆœ€้ซ˜ๆณ•้™ขๅˆค ๅ†ณ็กฎๅฎš ๅ‡†็กฎ็š„ไบบๆ•ฐ ไฝ†่ฟ™ไป…ไป…ๆ˜ฏๆฑ‡ๆ€ปไบ†่ƒฝๅคŸ็กฎ่ฎค็š„ๅฑ…ๆฐ‘็š„ๅ—ๅฎณๆŠฅๅ‘Š ๅฎถๅบญๆˆๅ‘˜ๅ…จ้ƒจๆญปไบก ็ญ้—จ็ปๆˆท ๆฒก ๆœ‰ๅ—ๅฎณๆŠฅๅ‘Š็š„ ่ฏๆฎไธ่ƒฝ็กฎ่ฎค็š„ๆญป่€…่ฟ˜ๆœ‰ๅพˆๅคš ๆ‰€ไปฅ ่ฟ™ไธชๆ•ฐๅญ—ๅฎž้™…ไธŠๅชๆ˜ฏๆญปไบกไบบๆ•ฐ็š„ไธ€้ƒจๅˆ† ๅผ„ๆธ…ๆญปไบก ไบบๆ•ฐ็š„็œŸๅฎžๆƒ…ๅ†ต่ฟ˜้œ€่ฆไปŠๅŽ่ฟ›ไธ€ๆญฅ็š„่ฐƒๆŸฅ ๅธธๅพท็š„ๆฑกๆŸ“็‰ฉ่ดจ่ฝไธ‹ๅœฐๅŒบ ้ผ ็–ซๆ„ŸๆŸ“่€้ผ ๅ‘็ŽฐๅœฐๅŒบ ๆ‚ฃ่€…ๅ‘็”ŸๅœฐๅŒบ ่‚่މ่މ ไธญๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ไผ—็š„ๆˆ˜ไบ‰่ฎฐๅฟ†็”ฑๆ—ฅๅ†›็š„็ป†่Œๆˆ˜ๅฏผ่‡ด็š„ไผค็—• ๆ˜Ž็Ÿณไนฆๅบ— 2 006ๅนด ็ป†่Œๆˆ˜้€ ๆˆ็š„ๅ—ๅฎณ่€… ๆญป่€… ไบบๆ•ฐ ๆฑŸๅฑฑๆ˜ฏ็”ฑ้œไนฑๅฏผ่‡ด็š„ ๅ…ถไป–ๅœฐๅŒบๆ˜ฏ็”ฑ้ผ ็–ซๅฏผ่‡ด็š„ 2002ๅนด 8ๆœˆ็š„็ป†่Œๆˆ˜ๅฎกๅˆคไธœไบฌๅœฐๆ–นๆณ•้™ขๅˆคๅ†ณ่ฎคๅฎš 20 07ๅนด 5ๆœˆๆœ€้ซ˜ๆณ•้™ขๅˆคๅ†ณ็กฎๅฎš็š„ๅ—ๅฎณ่€… ๆญป่€… ไบบๆ•ฐ 1-19ๅ…ณไบŽ็ป†่Œๆญฆๅ™จไฝœๆˆ˜็š„ๆ–ฐ่ต„ๆ–™ ๆœ€่ฟ‘ๅ‘็Žฐไบ†่ฎฐๅฝ•็ป†่Œๆญฆๅ™จไฝœๆˆ˜็š„ 731้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„ๅ†…้ƒจ่ต„ๆ–™ ๆœๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ้—ป 201 1ๅนด 10ๆœˆ 15ๆ—ฅ 7 31้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„ ๅŒปๅญฆ่€…้‡‘ๅญ้กบไธ€ไบŽ 19 48ๅนดๅ‘ไธœไบฌๅคงๅญฆๆไบค็š„ๅŒปๅญฆๅšๅฃซ่ฎบๆ–‡็š„ไธ€้ƒจๅˆ† ้ข˜ไธบ PX็š„ๆ•ˆๆžœ็•ฅ็ฎ—ๆณ• ็š„่ฎบๆ–‡ ๅŽŸๆœฌๆ˜ฏ ้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปๅญฆๆ ก้˜ฒ็–ซ็ ”็ฉถๆŠฅๅ‘Š ็š„็ฌฌไธ€้ƒจๅˆ†็š„ๆŠฅๅ‘Š ๆœชๅ‘็Žฐ ๆ‰€่ฐ“ PXๅฐฑๆ˜ฏๆŒ‡ๆ„ŸๆŸ“้ผ ็–ซ็š„่ทณ่šค ไธ‹่กจๅˆ—ไธพไบ† 1 940ๅนดๅˆฐ 1942ๅนดๅœจไธญๅ›ฝ่ฟ›่กŒ็š„ 6ๆฌกไฝœๆˆ˜ไธญไฝฟ็”จ่ทณ่šคๆ•ฐๅ’Œๆ„ŸๆŸ“ๆ•ฐ้‡ ๅŒ…ๆ‹ฌ 2ๆฌกๆ„ŸๆŸ“ๅœจๅ†…็š„ๆ„ŸๆŸ“ ่€…ไบบๆ•ฐ่พพๅˆฐ 2 5964ไบบ ่ฟ™ไปฝๆ–ฐ่ต„ๆ–™ๆ„ๅ‘ณ็€่ฟ„ไปŠไธบๆญขไปฅ ๆฒกๆœ‰่ฏๆฎ ไธบ็”ฑไธๆ‰ฟ่ฎค็ป†่Œๆˆ˜ๅฎžๆ–ฝ็š„ๆ—ฅๆœฌๆ”ฟๅบœ็š„ๆ น ๆฎๅดฉๅกŒไบ† ไปฅๅพ€ไฝœๆˆ˜ๆ•ˆๆžœๆฆ‚็•ฅ่กจ ้‡‘ๅญ้กบๆ„ PX็š„ๆ•ˆๆžœ็•ฅ็ฎ—ๆณ• ้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปๅญฆๆ ก้˜ฒ็–ซ็ ”็ฉถๆŠฅๅ‘Š ็ฌฌ 1้ƒจ ็ฌฌ 60ๅท 1943ๅนด 1 2ๆœˆ 14ๆ—ฅ ่ฎค ่ฟ› ๆœฌ่กจ็š„ๅŽŸ่กจไธๆ˜“่พจ ่กŒไบ†ๅคๅŽŸ 1-20ๅŒ–ๅญฆๆญฆๅ™จ็š„้‡Žๅค–ๅฎž้ชŒ 43

731้ƒจ้˜Ÿไธไป…ๅˆถ้€ ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๆญฆๅ™จ ่ฟ˜ไธŽ 516้ƒจ้˜Ÿๅˆไฝœ่ฟ›่กŒๅŒ–ๅญฆๆญฆๅ™จ็š„ๅผ€ๅ‘ๅ’Œๅฎž้ชŒ 1940ๅนด 9ๆœˆ ๅ…ณไธœๅ†›็‚ฎๅ…ต้˜Ÿ ๅธไปคๅฎ˜ไฝœไธบๆผ”ไน ๆ€ป็›‘ ๅœจๅ…ณไธœๅ†›ๅธไปคๅฎ˜ๆข…ๆดฅ็พŽๆฒป้ƒŽๅŠไธ‹ๅฑž็š„่ง†ๅฏŸไธ‹ ๅœจ็‰กไธนๆฑŸๅŒ—ๆ–นๅœฐๅŒบๅผ€ๅง‹ๅฎžๆ–ฝๆต‹่ฏ• ่Šฅ ๅญๆฐ” ็ณœ็ƒ‚ๆ€งๆฐ”ไฝ“ ๆ•ˆๆžœ็š„ไบบไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒ 16ๅ่ขซๅฎž้ชŒ่€…ๅœจไธๅŒๆกไปถไธ‹ ่ขซๅˆ†้…ๅˆฐ 3ไธชๅŒบๅŸŸ ๅคง็บฆๅ‘ๅฐ„่Šฅๅญ ๆฐ”ๅผน 1ไธ‡ๅ‘ ๅฎž้ชŒ็ป“ๆŸๅŽ 7 31้ƒจ้˜Ÿ่ฏฆ็ป†่ง‚ๅฏŸ่ฎฐๅฝ•ไบ†่ขซๅฎž้ชŒ่€…ไบบไฝ“็š„ๅฝฑๅ“ ๆŠฅๅ‘Šไนฆๅฆ‚ไธ‹ ้‚ฃ 16ไธชไบบ็š„่ง‚ ๅฏŸ่ฎฐๅฝ•ไธŽๆˆ˜ๅŽ็”ฑ็พŽๅ›ฝ่ฐƒๆŸฅๅฎŒๆˆ็š„ ๅธŒๅฐ”็š„ๆŠฅๅ‘Šไนฆ 1947ๅนด 12ๆœˆ ้‡Œ่ฎฐ่ฝฝ ่Šฅๅญๆฐ”ไบบไฝ“ไบ‹ไพ‹ ้€‚ๅฝ“ๆ ‡ๆœฌ 16ไธช ็›ธๅฏนๅบ” ๆŠฅๅ‘Šไนฆๆญฃๆ–‡็š„ไธ€้ƒจๅˆ†ๅ’Œๅฎž้ชŒๅœบ้‡Œ่กจ็คบ่ขซๅฎž้ชŒ่€…ๅฎ‰็ฝฎ็š„้™„ๅ›พ ๅŠ ่Œ‚้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็ผ–็š„ ใใ„ๅผนๅฐ„ๅ‡ปๅฏผ่‡ด็š„็šฎ่‚ค้šœ็ขไปฅๅŠไธ€่ˆฌไธดๅบŠ็š„็—‡็Šถ่ง‚ๅฏŸ 1 940ๅนด ่Šฅๅญๆฐ”ๅผนๅ‘ๅฐ„่ฏ•้ชŒๅœบ็š„่ขซๅฎž้ชŒ่€…ๅฎ‰็ฝฎๅ›พ ๅŒๅณ็š„้™„ๅ›พ 1-21ไนๅทžๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจไบ‹ไปถ 1945ๅนด 5ๆœˆๅˆฐ 6ๆœˆ ไนๅทžๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจ็ฌฌไธ€ๅค–็ง‘็Ÿณๅฑฑ็ฆไบŒ้ƒŽๆ•™ๆŽˆๅ’Œไป–็š„ๅผŸๅญไปฌ ๅœจๆ‰‹ๆœฏๅฎž้ชŒไธญๆ€ๅฎณไบ†่ขซ ๅ‡ป่ฝ็š„็พŽๅ†› B29็š„ไน˜ๅŠกๅ‘˜ไฟ˜่™ 8ไบบ 5ๆœˆ 17ๆ—ฅ ่ขซไฟ˜่™ไธคไบบ็š„ๅ•ไธช่‚บๅ…จ้ƒจๆ‘˜้™ค 5ๆœˆ 22ๆ—ฅ ่ขซไฟ˜่™ไธคไบบไธญ็š„ไธ€ไบบ ่ƒƒๅ…จ้ƒจๆ‘˜้™คๆ‰‹ๆœฏ ๅŽ‹่ฟซๅคงๅŠจ่„‰ๆญข่ก€่ฎฉๅฟƒ่„ๅœๆญข่ทณๅŠจ ็„ถๅŽๅšๅผ€่ƒธ ๅฟƒ่„ๆŒ‰ๆ‘ฉ ๅฟƒ่„ๆ‰‹ๆœฏ ๅ‰ฉไธ‹ไธ€ไบบไธŠ่…น้ƒจ ๆ‘˜้™ค่ƒ†ๅ›Š ๅˆ‡้™คๅŠๅถ่‚่„ 5ๆœˆ 25ๆ—ฅ ๅฏนไธ€ไธชไฟ˜่™่ฟ›่กŒไบ†่„‘ๆ‰‹ๆœฏ ไธ‰ๅ‰็ฅž็ป้ฎๆ–ญ 6ๆœˆ 2ๆ—ฅ ๅœจไฟ˜่™ไธ‰ไบบไธญ ไปŽๅ…ถไธญไธ€ไบบๅณ่…ฟๅŠจ่„‰ๆŠฝๅ‡บ็บฆ 500cc่ก€ๆถฒๅŽ ๆณจๅฐ„ไบ† 200ccไปฃ็”จ่ก€ๆถฒ ๅฏนไธ€ ไธชไบบ่ฟ›่กŒไบ†่‚บ็บต่†ˆๆ‰‹ๆœฏ ๅ‰ฉไธ‹ไธ€ไธชไบบๆ‘˜้™คไบ†่ƒ†ๅ›Š ๆณจๅฐ„ไบ† 200ccไปฃ็”จ่ก€ๆถฒ ๅˆ‡้™คไบ†่‚่„ ๅผ€่ƒธๅฟƒ่„ ๆŒ‰ๆ‘ฉ ๅฟƒ็ญ‹ๅˆ‡ๅผ€ๅ’Œ็ผๅˆ ๅคงๅŠจ่„‰ๅŽ‹่ฟซๆญข่ก€ ็Ÿณๅฑฑ็ฆไบŒ้ƒŽ่‚–ๅƒ็…ง็‰‡ ไนๅทžๅคงๅญฆ็ฌฌไธ€ๅค–็ง‘็™พๅนดๅฒ P2 7 ็‰บ็‰ฒ็š„็พŽๅ›ฝๅฃซๅ…ต ็พŽๅ›ฝๅ›ฝ็ซ‹ๅ…ฌๆ–‡ไนฆ้ฆ†ๆ‰€่— ไธŠๅ‚ๅ†ฌๅญ ็”Ÿไฝ“่งฃๅ‰– ไธญๅ…ฌๆ–‡ๅบ“ 1982ๅนด ไฟฎๅปบๅธ็ฏทๆ—ถ ๅ—ๅˆฐ็›‘่ง†็š„็‰บ็‰ฒ่€… 1-22 ๅ†ฌๅญฃๅซ็”Ÿ็ ”็ฉถ ๅคงๅŒ้™†ๅ†›ๅŒป้™ข็š„่ฐทๆ‘ไธ€ๆฒปๅ†›ๅŒปๅฐ‘ๆ ก็ป„ๅปบไบ† ๅ†ฌๅญฃๅซ็”Ÿ็ ”็ฉถ็ญ 1941ๅนด 1ๆœˆ 31ๆ—ฅๅˆฐ 2ๆœˆ 11ๆ—ฅๅœจๅ†…่’™ๅค่ฟ› ่กŒๅ†ปไผค ๅธ็ฏทๅ†…ๆ‰‹ๆœฏ ๆญข่ก€ ่พ“่ก€็ ”็ฉถ็š„้‡Žๅค–ๆผ”ไน  ๅŒ—ๆ”ฏ้ƒจ้˜ฒ็–ซ็ป™ๆฐด้ƒจ้˜Ÿ้˜Ÿๅ‘˜ไนŸๅ‚ๅŠ ไบ†่ฟ™ไธช็ญ ไป–ไปฌๆบๅธฆ 8ๅไธญๅ›ฝไบบไฝœไธบๆดปไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒๆๆ–™ ๆˆไธบๅฎž้ชŒๆๆ–™็š„ 8ๅไธญๅ›ฝไบบๆ˜ฏ่ฟ™ไบ›ๅฎž้ชŒๅ’Œๆ‰‹ๆœฏ็š„ๅฏน่ฑก ๆœ€ๅŽ ๅœจไบบไฝ“่ฏ•้ชŒไธญ่ขซๆ€ๅฎณๆˆ–ๆ˜ฏ่ขซๆžชๆ€ ๆบๅธฆๅ“ไธ€่งˆ่กจ ๅทฆ็ซฏ็š„ๆ ไธŠๅ†™็€ไฝœไธบ ็”Ÿไฝ“ ็š„ 8ไธชไธญๅ›ฝไบบ็š„ๅง“ๅๅ’Œๅนด้พ„ ๅท็  ไฟฎๅปบๅธ็ฏทๆ—ถ ๅ—ๅˆฐ็›‘่ง†็š„็‰บ็‰ฒ่€… 1-23ๆˆ˜ๅœบไธŠ็š„ๆ‰‹ๆœฏๆณ•ๅผ€ๅ‘ๅฎž้ชŒ ่ฐทๆ‘ไปฌๆ‰€่ฟ›่กŒ็š„ๅฎž้ชŒ 1. ่‚ ๅˆ‡้™คไพงไพงๅปๅˆ 2. ๅทฆๅคง่…ฟๅˆ‡ๆ–ญๆ‰‹ๆœฏ 3. ็ฉฟ่ฟ‡ๅทฆไธŠ่†Š่ฝฏ้ƒจๆžชไผค ็ฉฟ่ฟ‡ๅทฆ่…น่…ฐ้ƒจๆžชไผค็š„ๅฝขๆˆๅ’Œๅค„็† 4. ไฟๅญ˜่ก€ ๅ†ป่ก€ ็พŠ่ก€็š„ 3็ฑป่พ“่ก€ 5. ๅ†ปไผค็š„ๅฝขๆˆๅ’Œๆฒป็–— 44

1-24่ฐทๆ‘็š„ๅ†ปไผคๅฎž้ชŒๅ’Œ ๆ‚ผ่ฏ 1941ๅนด 2ๆœˆ 6ๆ—ฅ็š„ๆธ…ๆ™จ ่ฐทๆ‘็ญ‰่ฎฉ่ขซๅฎž้ชŒ่€…็ฉฟไธŠๆนฟ็š„่ขœๅญ ๆˆดไธŠๆนฟ็š„ๆ‰‹ๅฅ— ่ฎฉๅ…ถๅ–ๅพ—้…ฉ้…Šๅคง้†‰ ็ฉบ่…น ๆœ ็”จ้˜ฟๆ‰˜ๅ“ ๅœจ่ฟ™ไบ›ๆกไปถไธ‹่ฟ›่กŒๅ†ปไผคๅฎž้ชŒ ๅฎž้ชŒ็ป“ๆŸๅŽ ่ฐทๆ‘ๆ€ๅฎณไบ† 8ไธช่ขซๅฎž้ชŒ่€…ไน‹ๅŽ ไธบ่ขซๅฎณ่€…ๅฎฃ่ฏปไบ†ไปฅไธ‹ๆ‚ผ่ฏ ็”ฑๅ†ปไผคๅฎž้ชŒๅฏผ่‡ด็š„ๅ†ปไผค ๅฏน็‰บ็‰ฒ่€…็š„ๆ‚ผ่ฏ ่ฏปๆ‚ผ่ฏ็š„่ฐทๆ‘็ญ้•ฟ ๆž็ง˜ ้ฉป่’™ๅ†›ๅ†ฌๅญฃๅซ็”Ÿ็ ”็ฉถๆˆ็ปฉ 199 5ๅนด 1-25้™†ๅ†›ๅŒป้™ข็š„ๆ‰‹ๆœฏๆผ”ไน  ๅ’Œ 731้ƒจ้˜ŸไธๅŒ ๅœจไธญๅ›ฝๅ„ๅœฐ็š„้™†ๅ†›ๅŒป้™ข็งฐไธบ ๆ‰‹ๆœฏๆผ”ไน  ็ป™่ขซๆ•็š„ไธญๅ›ฝไบบๆ‰“ไธŠ้บป้†‰ ่ฟ›่กŒ่บซไฝ“่งฃ ๅ‰–ๆ€ๅฎณ็š„ๆƒ…ๅ†ตๅพˆๅคš ่ฟ™ๆ ท็š„ๆ‰‹ๆœฏๆผ”ไน  ่ขซ็œ‹ๅšๆ˜ฏๆ•™ๆŽˆๆ–ฐไปปๅ†›ๅŒปๅœจๅ‰็บฟ็ป™่ดŸไผค็š„ๅฃซๅ…ตๅฆ‚ไฝ•ๆฒป็–—็š„่ฎญ็ปƒ ๅ†ฌ ๅญฃๅซ็”Ÿ็ ”็ฉถ็ญ ็š„่ฐทๆ‘่ฟ›่กŒ็š„ๅฐฑๆ˜ฏ้‚ฃๆ ท็š„ๆ‰‹ๆœฏๆผ”ไน  ๅฆๅค– ้™•่ฅฟ็œๆฝžๅฎ‰้™†ๅ†›ๅŒป้™ข่ตดไปป็š„ๆฑคๆต…่ฐฆๅ†›ๅŒป ๆœฌไผš่ดŸ่ดฃไบบ 2010ๅนดๅŽปไธ– ๅฆ็™ฝไบ†่‡ชๅทฑๆ‰€่ฟ›่กŒ็š„ๅฏผ ่‡ดไธญๅ›ฝไบบๆญปไบก็š„ๆ‰‹ๆœฏๆผ”ไน  ๅ†ฌๅญฃๅซ็”Ÿ็ ”็ฉถ็ญ ้ฉป่’™ๅ†›ๅ†ฌๅญฃๅซ็”Ÿ็ ”็ฉถๆˆ็ปฉ 19 41ๅนด ๅคๅˆป็‰ˆ้™„ๅฝ• 2 ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็š„ๆฎ–ๆฐ‘ๅœฐๅŒปๅญฆ ๅŒป็–—ๅŠๅ…ถๅŠ ๅฎณๅฒๅฎž ็›ดๅˆฐ1945(ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ20)ๅนดๆˆ˜่ดฅไธบๆญข ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅ…ˆๅŽไพตๅ ๆœ้ฒœๅŠๅฒ› ๅฐๆนพ็ญ‰ๅœฐ ไฝฟๅ…ถๆˆไธบๆฎ–ๆฐ‘ๅœฐ ็ปŸๆฒปไบ†ๅ—ๆด‹็พคๅฒ› ไพตๅ ไธœๅŒ—ๅปบ็ซ‹ไบ† ๆปกๆดฒๅ›ฝ ่ฟ˜ๅ ้ข†ไบ†ไธญๅ›ฝๅ’Œไธœๅ—ไบš้ƒจๅˆ†ๅœฐๅŒบ ็ฌฌไบŒ้ƒจๅˆ†่ฆๅฑ•็คบๆ—ฅๆœฌๅฏนๆฎ–ๆฐ‘ๅœฐๅ’Œๅ ้ข†ๅœฐๅผ€ๅฑ• ๅŒปๅญฆ ๅŒป็–—ๆดปๅŠจ็š„็›ธๅ…ณๅ†…ๅฎน ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅœจๆœ€ๅˆ็š„ๆฎ–ๆฐ‘ๅœฐๅฐๆนพ ็”ฑๆฎ–ๆฐ‘ๅœฐๆ”ฟๅบœไธปๅฏผ ๅผ•ๅ…ฅไบ†่ฅฟๆด‹ๅŒปๅญฆ็š„ๆจกๅž‹ ๅฐๆนพ ๆ€ป็ฃๅบœ ่ฟ›่กŒไบ†ๅซ็”Ÿๅˆถๅบฆ็š„ๆ•ดๅค‡ๅ’ŒๅŒป็–—่ฎพๆ–ฝ็š„่ฎพ็ฝฎ ่ดŸ่ดฃ่ฏฅๅทฅไฝœ็š„ๆ˜ฏๅŒป็”Ÿๅ…ผๅฐๆนพๆ€ป็ฃๅบœๆฐ‘็”Ÿ้•ฟๅฎ˜็š„ๅพŒ่—คๆ–ฐๅนณ ๅพŒ่—ค่ฎคไธบ ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ฟ›่กŒๆฎ–ๆฐ‘ๅœฐๆ”ฏ้…็š„ๆญฃๅฝ“ๆ€งๅฐฑ ๅœจไบŽๅŒป็–—่กŒๆ”ฟ ็Ÿณๆกฅไบ”้ƒŽ ็Žฐไปฃไธ–็•Œ่งฃ่ฏดๅœฐๅ›พ ๆœๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ้—ป็คพ 1943 ๅนด ๅพŒ่—คๆ–ฐๅนณ ่ฟ‘ไปฃๅๅฃซๅ†™็œŸ 1 ่ฟ‘ไปฃๅๅฃซๅ†™็œŸ้ขๅธƒไผš 1934ๅนด 2-2 ๅฐ ๆนพ ็–Ÿ็–พ ๆ˜ฏ้€š่ฟ‡่šŠๅญไผ ๆŸ“็š„ไธ€็งๅช’ไป‹ๆ€งไผ ๆŸ“็—… ๆ˜ฏ็”ฑ่šŠๅญๅฎๅ’ฌๅธฆๆฅ็š„็–Ÿ็–พๅŽŸ่™ซๅœจไบบไฝ“ๅ†…ๅฏ„็”Ÿ่€Œๅ‘็”Ÿ็š„ ็–Ÿ็–พ ไนŸๅซ ๅผ€ๅ‘ๅŽŸ็—… ๅฎƒๅฏนๅ†œไธš็ญ‰ๅผ€ๅ‘ๅธฆๆฅ็š„็Žฏๅขƒๅ˜ๅŒ–ๅๅบ”ๅพ—้žๅธธๆ•ๆ„Ÿ ๅฐๆนพๆ€ป็ฃๅบœๅœจ็–Ÿ็–พๅฏน็ญ–ๆ–น้ขๆŠ•ๅ…ฅๅพˆๅคง ๅœจๅฐๆนพ ๅ› ็–Ÿ็–พ่€Œๅฏผ่‡ดๆญปไบก็š„ๆญปไบก็އๆธๆธๅ‡ๅฐ ไฝ† 1930ๅนดไปฅ ๅŽ ๅœจๅฐๆนพๅ—้ƒจไธ€ไบ›ๅœฐๆ–น ็–Ÿ็–พๅˆๅผ€ๅง‹็››่กŒไบ† ่ฟ™ๆ˜ฏ็”ฑไบŽๆŽจๅนฟ็ฒฎ้ฃŸๅขžไบงไบ‹ไธš ๅคง่ง„ๆจก่ฟ›่กŒๆฐดๅˆฉ่ฎพๅค‡็š„ๅผ€ๅ‘ ๆญฃๅฅฝ็ป™่šŠๅญๅˆ›้€ ไบ†่‰ฏๅฅฝ็š„็”Ÿๅญ˜ๆกไปถ็š„ๅŽŸๅ›  ๅฆ‚ๆžœ่ฏดๅฐๆนพ็š„็Žฏๅขƒๅ› ไธบ่ขซๅ„็งๅผ€ๅ‘้ญๅˆฐไบ†็ ดๅ ้‚ฃๆ€ป็ฃๅบœ็š„็–Ÿ ็–พๅฏน็ญ–ๅฏไปฅ่ฏดๆ˜ฏ่‡ชๅทฑๆ”พ็ซ่‡ชๅทฑๆต‡ๆฐด ็…ง็‰‡ ๅœจๅฐๅŒ—ๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆ็š„่ฏŠ็–— ๅ†ณๅฎš็‰ˆๆ˜ญๅ’Œๅฒ ๅˆซๅทโ…  ๆฏๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ้—ป็คพ p17 7 2-3ๆœ้ฒœ 45

ๆˆไธบ้Ÿฉๅ›ฝ็š„ไฟๆŠคๅ›ฝ็š„ๆ—ฅๆœฌ ไบŽ 1907ๅนด( ๆ˜Žๆฒป 40ๅนด) ่ฎพ็ซ‹ไบ†ๅคง้ŸฉๅŒป้™ข ็ฌฌไธ€ไปฃ้™ข้•ฟๆ˜ฏ้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปๆ€ป็›‘ไฝ่—ค่ฟ› ๅœจๅ„้“่ฎพ็ฝฎ็š„ๆ…ˆๆƒ ๅŒป้™ข ้™ข้•ฟไนŸ้ƒฝๆ˜ฏ้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปๅฐฑไปป ไปŽ่ฟ™็งไบบไบ‹ๅฎ‰ๆŽ’ๅฏไปฅ็œ‹ๅ‡บ ไปŠๅŽไธ€ๆ—ฆๅ‘็”Ÿไป€ไนˆไบ‹ๆ€ ๅฐฑ็ซ‹ๅˆปๆŠŠ่ฟ™ไบ›ๅŒป้™ข่ฝฌ็”จๅˆฐๅ†›้˜Ÿๅซ็”Ÿ่ฎพๆ–ฝ็š„ๆ„ๅ›พ ไปŽๆœ้ฒœๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš็š„็บชๅฟต็…ง็‰‡ไธญ ่ƒฝ็œ‹ๅˆฐๅพˆๅคš็ฉฟๅ†›ๆœ็š„ๅ†›ๅŒป ่ฟ™ๅฐฑ่ฏดๆ˜Žๆœ้ฒœ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆ็•ŒไธŽ้™†ๅ†›ๆœ‰ๅฏ†ๅˆ‡ๅ…ณ ็ณป ๅคง้ŸฉๅŒป้™ข ้Ÿฉๅ›ฝ่ขซๅˆๅนถๅŽๆ”นๅไธบๆœ้ฒœๆ€ป็ฃๅบœๅŒป้™ข ไปŽ 1928ๅนด ็งป็ฎกๅˆฐไบฌๅŸŽๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจ ๅ†ณๅฎš็‰ˆๆ˜ญๅ’Œๅฒ ๅˆซๅทโ…  ๆฏๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ้—ป็คพ p116 ็…ง็‰‡ ๆœ้ฒœๅŒปๅญฆๆ‚ๅฟ— 6ๆ’ๅ›พ 1913ๅนด 2-4ๅ—ๆด‹็พคๅฒ› 1922ๅนด( ๅคงๆญฃ 11ๅนด) ๆ นๆฎ ๅ‡กๅฐ”่ต›ๅ’Œ็บฆ ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅผ€ๅง‹ๅฏน่ตค้“ไปฅๅŒ—็š„ๆ—งๅพทๅ›ฝ้ข†ๅœฐๆ–ฐๅ‡ ๅ†…ไบš่ฟ›่กŒๅง”ไปป็ปŸๆฒป ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ่ฎพไบ†ๅ—ๆด‹ๅŽ… ๆˆ็ซ‹ไบ†ๅ—ๆด‹ๅ…ดๅ‘ๆ ชๅผๅ…ฌๅธ ่ฟ›่กŒไบ†ๅผ€ๅ‘ไธŽไบงไธšๆ‰ถๆค ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅœจๅกž็ญ ๅธ›็‰็ญ‰ๅ…ฑ 7ไธชๅฒ› ่ฎพ็ซ‹ไบ†ๅŒป้™ข ่ฟ˜ๅœจๅ„ไธชๅฒ›ๅปบ็ซ‹ไบ†้บป็–ฏ็—…ๆ”ถๅฎนๆ‰€ ๅฏนๅฝ“ๅœฐ็š„ๆ‚ฃ่€…่ฟ›่กŒ้š” ็ฆปๆ”ถๅฎน ๅŒป้™ข ๅ—ๆด‹็พคๅฒ›ๅœฐๆ–น็—…่ฐƒๆŸฅๅŒปๅญฆ่ฎบๆ–‡้›† 2 ๅ—ๆด‹ๅŽ…่ญฆๅŠก่ฏพ 1 933ๅนด ้บป็–ฏ็—…็–—ๅ…ปๆ‰€ ๅ—ๆด‹็พคๅฒ›ๅœฐๆ–น็—…่ฐƒๆŸฅๅŒปๅญฆ่ฎบๆ–‡้›† 2 ๅ—ๆด‹ๅŽ…่ญฆๅŠก่ฏพ 19 33ๅนด 2-5ๆปกๆดฒๅ›ฝ ๆ˜Žไฟก็‰‡ 1911ๅนดๅ—ๆปกๆดฒ้“้“ๆ ชๅผๅ…ฌๅธ ๆปก้“ ๅœจๅฅ‰ๅคฉ ็Žฐๅœจ็š„ๆฒˆ้˜ณ ๅˆ›็ซ‹ไบ†ๅ—ๆปกๅŒปๅญฆๅ ‚ ๅŽๅ‘ๅฑ•ๆˆๆปกๆดฒๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆ ่ฏฅๅคงๅญฆๅœจไธญๅ›ฝไธœๅŒ—้ƒจ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ้ข†ๅŸŸไธญๅ ๆœ‰ๆ ธๅฟƒๅœฐไฝ ่ฟ›่กŒไบ†่ฏธๅฆ‚ไปฅไธ‹้ข†ๅŸŸ็š„็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ๆ•™ๅฎค ็ ”็ฉถ้ข˜็›ฎ ็”Ÿ็†ๅญฆ ่€ๅฏ’ไฝ“ๆธฉ่ฐƒ่Š‚ๅๅบ”ไธญ็š„ๅฏ’ๅ†ทๆ„Ÿ่ง‰็š„ๆ„ไน‰ ็—…็†ๅญฆ ๅœฐๆ–น็—… ้ป‘็ƒญ็—… ๅ…‹ๅ…ดๅŸนๅ…‹็—… ๅœฐๆ–นๆ€ง็šฎ่‚ค็‚Ž ๅœฐๆ–นๆ€ง็”ฒ็Šถ่…บ็˜ค ๅพฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ ้ผ ็–ซ ๅ›žๅฝ’็ƒญ่žบๆ—‹ไฝ“ ้ฉฌ้ผป็–ฝ่Œ ๅ‡บ็–น ็ป“ๆ ธ่Œ ๅซ็”Ÿๅญฆ ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅ†œไธš็งปๆฐ‘็š„ๅฑ…ไฝๅซ็”Ÿ้—ฎ้ข˜ ่ฅๅ…ปๅญฆ ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅ†œไธš็งปๆฐ‘็š„่ฅๅ…ป้—ฎ้ข˜ 2-6ๆปกๆดฒๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆ็š„ไบบไฝ“่งฃๅ‰– ๅœจๆปกๆดฒๅŒปๅคง่ฟ›่กŒ็š„็ ”็ฉถไธญ ๆœ‰้€š่ฟ‡ๅฏนไธญๅ›ฝไบบ่ฟ›่กŒๆดปไฝ“่งฃๅ‰–่€Œๅพ—ๅ‡บ็š„็ ”็ฉถ่ฎบๆ–‡ ่ฎบๆ–‡้‡Œๆœ‰ไปฅไธ‹่ฎฐ่ฝฝ ๆˆ‘ไธ ๆ–ญๅพ—ๅˆฐไบ†ๆžไธบๆ–ฐ้ฒœไธ”ๅฅๅบท ๅฐคๅ…ถๆฒกๆœ‰็ฒพ็ฅž็–พ็—…ๆ—ขๅพ€็—…ๅฒ็š„ๅŒ—ๆ”ฏ้‚ฃไบบ็š„ไบบ่„‘ ไฟๅญ˜ๅœจไธญๅ›ฝๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆๆกฃๆกˆ้ฆ†็š„่„‘ๅˆ‡็‰‡็š„ๆ˜พๅพฎ้•œ็”จๆ ‡ๆœฌ ๆ‘„ๅฝฑ: 15ๅนดๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธŽๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆๅŒป็–—็ ”็ฉถไผš็ฌฌ 3ๆฌก่ฎฟๅŽ่ฐƒๆŸฅๅ›ข 46

ๅ…ณไบŽ่ฟ™ไธชๆดปไฝ“่งฃๅ‰– ๅฝ“ๆ—ถๅœจๆปกๆดฒๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆๅฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒๅธˆ็š„ๅผ ไธ•ๅฟๆ—ฉๅšไบ†่ฏ่จ€ ไป–่ฏด ไปŽ 1942ๅนด็ง‹ๅคฉๅˆฐ 19 43ๅนด ๆ˜ฅๅคฉ ไป–็š„ๅทฅไฝœๅฐฑๆ˜ฏ่ฆๆ”ถๆ‹พ้‚ฃไบ›่งฃๅ‰–ๅฎŒ็š„ๅฐธไฝ“ๆฎ‹้ชธ ่ฟ้€ๅˆฐ้”…็‚‰ๅฎค่ฟ›่กŒ็„š็ƒงๆˆ–ๅŸ‹่‘ฌ 2-7ๆปกๆดฒๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆ็š„ๅทกๅ›ž่ฏŠ็–— ๆปกๆดฒๅŒปๅคง้ผ“ๅนๆ—ฅๆœฌ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆๅฏนๅฝ“ๅœฐๅฑ…ๆฐ‘็š„ๆฉๆƒ ๅนถ็ป„็ป‡ๆ•™ๅ‘˜ ๅŒปๅญฆ็”Ÿ็ป„ๆˆๅทกๅ›žๅŒป็–—ๅ›ข ๆดพ้ฃๅˆฐๅ„ๅœฐ ไฝ†ๆ˜ฏ ็ป„็ป‡ๆดพ้ฃๅŒป็–—ๅ›ข็š„็œŸๆญฃๅŠจๆœบๆ˜ฏ ไธบไบ†ๆœ‰ๅˆฉไบŽๆปก้“็›ธๅ…ณๅ…ฌๅธ็š„ไบ‹ไธšๅ‘ๅฑ• ๆœ‰ๅฟ…่ฆ่ฎฉๆฒฟ้€”็š„ไบบๆฐ‘ ไบซๅ—ไธ€ๅฎš็š„็ฆๅˆฉ ๆขๅ–ไป–ไปฌ็š„ๅฅฝๆ„Ÿ ๅŒๆ—ถ ๅฝ“ๆต่กŒ็–Ÿ็–พ ้œไนฑ ้ผ ็–ซ็ญ‰็–พ็—…ๆ—ถ ่ฏฅๆ กๅŒปๅญฆ็”Ÿ่ฟ˜ไปŽไบ‹ๅ…ถ้˜ฒ็–ซๅทฅไฝœ 1940ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 1 5ๅนด ๅœจๆ–ฐไบฌ ๅ†œๅฎ‰ๆต่กŒ้ผ ็–ซๆ—ถ 73 1้ƒจ้˜Ÿไฝœไธบ้˜ฒ็–ซ้˜Ÿๅ‡บๅŠจ ๆปกๆดฒๅŒปๅคง็š„ๅญฆ็”Ÿๅ‚ไธŽไบ†้˜ฒ็–ซๆดปๅŠจ ๅ†œๅฎ‰้˜ฒ็–ซ้˜Ÿ ๅ‰ๆž—็œๆกฃๆกˆ้ฆ† ๆ”ถ่— 2-8ๆŠฅ็คพ็ป„็ป‡็š„ ๆปกๆดฒๅ›ฝ ๅทกๅ›ž่ฏŠ็–— ๅคง้˜ชๆฏๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ้—ป็คพไธŽไธœไบฌๆ—ฅๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ้—ป็คพ ๅ…ฑๅŒ็ญนๅˆ’็ป„็ป‡ๅ…่ดนๅทกๅ›ž่ฏŠ็–—ๅ›ข ๆดพ้ฃๅˆฐ ๆปกๆดฒๅธๅ›ฝ ๅฎž้™…่ฟ›่กŒ่ฏŠ็–—็š„ๆ˜ฏๆปกๆดฒๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆ็š„ๅŒป็”Ÿ 1931ๅนด ็ฌฌ 6ๆฌกๅทกๅ›ž่ฏŠ็–— ๅœจ ๆปกๆดฒๅ›ฝ ่ฅฟ้ƒจๅœฐๅŒบ่ฟ›่กŒไบ† 50 ๅคฉ ๅ…่ดน็–—่ฏŠไบบๆ•ฐไธบ 8691ไบบ ๆปกๆดฒๅ›ฝ่ฅฟ้ƒจ ๅ…่ดนๆฒป็–—ๅทกๅ›žๅœฐ 2-9 ไธŠๆตท่‡ช็„ถ็ง‘ๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ ไธŠๆตท่‡ช็„ถ็ง‘ๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ๆ˜ฏ 1931ๅนดๆ—ฅๆœฌๅค–ๅŠก็œ็”จ ไน‰ๅ’Œๅ›ขไบ‹ไปถ ็š„่ต”ๅฟ้‡‘ ๅœจไธŠๆตทๆณ•ๅ›ฝ็งŸๅ€Ÿๅœฐ่ฎพ็ซ‹็š„ ่ฎพ็ซ‹็›ฎ ็š„ๆ˜ฏ็ ”็ฉถ่‡ช็„ถ็ง‘ๅญฆ็š„็บฏ็†่ฎบๅญฆ ไฝ†ๆ˜ฏ ไธŠๆตท่ขซๆ—ฅๆœฌๅ ้ข†ๅŽ ็ ”็ฉถๅ‘˜ๅ—้™†ๅ†›็š„ๅง”ๆ‰˜ ๆˆ–่€…ๅšไผ ๆŸ“็—…็š„็ ”็ฉถ ๆˆ–่€…ๅ‚ๅŠ ้˜ฒ็–ซๆดปๅŠจ ่ฟ™ๆ˜พ็„ถ ๆ˜ฏๅœจๅๅŠฉๅ›ฝ็ญ– ่ฏฅ็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ๆ‰€ๅ‘˜็š„ๅฐๅฎซไน‰ๅญๅ’Œ้™ถๆ™ถๅญ™ ๅœจไธŠๆตทๅŸŽๅ†…ๅ—้˜ณ้—จ ๅš้œไนฑ็š„้ข„้˜ฒๆŽฅ็ง่ฆๅ‘˜ ๅ‚ๅŠ ไบ†้˜ฒ็–ซๆดปๅŠจ ๅฝ“ๅˆ็š„ ็บฏ็ฒน็†่ฎบๅญฆ็š„็ ”็ฉถ ๅฐฑๆฒกๆœ‰ๅฎž็Žฐ ็…ง็‰‡ ๆ—งไธŠๆตท่‡ช็„ถ็ง‘ๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ ็ฌฌไธ€็ซ  ้›…ๅŠ ่พพๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆ็š„็›ฎ็š„ๅœจไบŽ ๅœจๅ†›ๆ”ฟ็›‘็š„็›‘็ฃไธ‹ ๆ€ปๅˆ™ ้›…ๅŠ ่พพๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆๅคงๅญฆๆ ก่ง„ ็ฌฌไธ€ๆก 2-11ๅŒไปไผš็š„ๆ‰ฉๅคง ไธญๆ—ฅๆˆ˜ไบ‰็ˆ†ๅ‘ไปฅๆฅ ๅŒไปไผšๅฐฑ่ขซๅŠจๅ‘˜ๅˆฐไธญๅ›ฝๅ„ๅ ้ข†ๅœฐ่ฟ›่กŒๅฎฃๆŠšๅŒป็–—ไธŽ้˜ฒ็–ซๅทฅ ไฝœ ๅŒไปไผš่ฏŠ็–—็ญ ้˜ฒ็–ซ็ญๅŠ็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€็ญ‰็›ธๅ…ณ้ƒจ้—จ่ฟ…้€Ÿๅœฐๆ‰ฉๅคง ๅˆ†ๆˆ่’™็–†ๆ”ฏ้ƒจ 3 ๅŽๅŒ—ๆ”ฏ้ƒจ 19 ๅŽไธญๆ”ฏ้ƒจ 17 ๆตทๅ—ๅฒ›ๆ”ฏ้ƒจ 5็ญ‰ๅ…ฑ 4 4ไธช่ฎพๆ–ฝ ๅŒไปไผš็š„ๅŒป็”Ÿ ่ฏๅ‰‚ๅธˆ ๆŠคๅฃซไบ‹ๅŠกไบบๅ‘˜้ƒฝๆดพ้ฃๅˆฐไธญๅ›ฝ ๆฎ 1942ๅนด ่ฎฒๆŽˆๅŒปๅญฆ ็‰™็ง‘ๅŒปๅญฆๅŠ่ฏ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„็†่ฎบๅ’Œๅบ”็”จ ๅŒๆ—ถ ไนŸ่ฆ่ฟ› ๆฑ‰ๅฃๅŒป้™ขๆ˜Žไฟก็‰‡ ้’ๅฒ›ๅŒป้™ขๆ˜Žไฟก็‰‡ ่กŒ็ฒพ็ฅž่ฎญ็ปƒๅŠไบบๆ ผ็š„้™ถๅ†ถ ๅนถๆ้ซ˜ๅคงไธœไบšๆฐ‘ๆ—ๆ„่ฏ† ไปฅๆญคๅฎž็Žฐ 2-10ไธญๅ›ฝ็š„ๅŒไปไผšๅŒป้™ข 1902( ๆ˜Žๆฒป 35ๅนด) ๅนด ๅœจ ๅ‘ไธญๅ›ฝๅŠๅ…ถไป–ไบšๆดฒๅ„ๅ›ฝๆ™ฎๅŠๅŒปๅญฆ่ฏๅญฆๅŠๅ…ถๆŠ€ๆœฏ ็š„ ่ดข) ็›ฎ็š„ไธ‹ ไปฅๆ—ฅๆœฌ็š„ๆ”ฟๆฒป้‡‘่ž็•Œๅ’ŒๅŒปๅญฆ็•Œไธบไธญๅฟƒ่ฎพ็ซ‹ไบ† ( ๅŒไปไผš ไธญๆ—ฅๆˆ˜ไบ‰ ๅ‘ ็ป่ฅ ๆˆ˜ ๅ‘ ็ˆ† ไน‹ๅ‰ ๅœจไธญๅ›ฝๅ…ฑ ไบ† 4ๅฎถๅŒป้™ข ไฝ†ๆ˜ฏ ไบ‰็ˆ† ไน‹ๅŽ ๅŒไปไผšๅŒป้™ขๅ— ๅ†›้˜Ÿ็š„ๆŒ‡ๆŒฅ ไปŽๅŒป็–—ๆ–น้ขๅคงๅŠ›ๆ”ฏๆดๆˆ˜ไบ‰ ๅŒป็–—็ฆๅˆฉไฟๅฅ็š„้ฃž่ถŠๅ‘ๅฑ• ๆ‹ๆ‘„ ๆœซๆฐธ 2008ๅนด 47

6ๆœˆๆœซ็š„็ปŸ่ฎก ๅŒไปไผš็š„่Œๅ‘˜่พพๅˆฐ 1455ไบบ ็ฉ‚ๅ‚ๅ”ฏไธ€ ๅŒไปไผšๅ››ๅๅนดๅฒ 1 943ๅนด p640 2-12ไธœๅ—ไบš-ๅฐๅบฆๅฐผ่ฅฟไบš 1941ๅนด ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅ ้ข†็ผ…็”ธ ้ฉฌๆฅ่ฅฟไบš ่ฒๅพ‹ๅฎพๅŠๅŽŸ่ทๅ…ฐๅ ้ข†็š„ๅฐๅบฆๅฐผ่ฅฟไบš็ญ‰ๅœฐๅŒบๅŽ ็›ธ็ปงๆŽฅๆ”ถ่ฟ™ไบ›ๅœฐๅŒบ็š„็ ” ็ฉถๆ•™่‚ฒๆœบๅ…ณ ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็ง‘ๅญฆๅฎถๆˆไธบ้™†ๅ†›ๅธๆ”ฟ้•ฟๅฎ˜ ๅฐฑไปปๆœบๅ…ณ้ฆ–้ข† ้›…ๅŠ ่พพๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆไนŸๆ˜ฏๅ…ถไธญไน‹ไธ€ ็…ง็‰‡ ็…ง็‰‡ ๅค–็ง‘ๆ•™ๅฎค ๅ†™็œŸๅ‘จๆŠฅ 3 15ๅท 1 944ๅนด p6 ๆ”พๅญฆๅŽๆŒ–้˜ฒ็ฉบๆดž ๅ†™็œŸๅ‘จๆŠฅ 31 5ๅท 194 4ๅนด p6 2-13ๅฎฃๆŠšๅŒป็–— ไธบๅฎ‰ๅฎšๅ ้ข†ๅœฐๅŒบ็š„ๆฐ‘ๅฟƒ่ฟ›่กŒไบ†ๅฎฃๆŠšๅทฅไฝœ ๅ…ถไธญๅฏนไฝๆฐ‘็š„ๅ…่ดน่ฏŠ็–— ๅฎฃๆŠšๅŒป็–— ๅœจ็จณๅฎšๆฒปๅฎ‰ๆ–น้ขๆœ‰ๅพˆๅคงๆ•ˆๆžœ ไธ‹้ขๆ˜ฏ ๅ—ๆ–นๅ†›ๅ†›ๆ”ฟๆ€ป็›‘่‡ด็”ตๅˆฐ้™†ๅ†›ๆฌกๅฎ˜ ่ฆๆฑ‚ๆดพ้ฃ้˜ฒ็–ซ่ฏŠ็–—็ญ็š„ๅฒๆ–™ ็…ง็‰‡ ็…ง็‰‡ ๅ†›ๅŒปๅฏน็Žฐๅœฐๆฐ‘ๅš้›†ไฝ“ไฝ“ๆฃ€ 1942ๅนด Ra ba ul ๅ†ณๅฎš็‰ˆๆ˜ญๅ’Œๅฒ 10 ๆฏๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ้—ป็คพ p1 63 JACAR ไบšๆดฒๅކๅฒ่ต„ๆ–™ไธญๅฟƒ Ref. C010006 2020 0 ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 17ๅนด ้™†ไบšๅฏ†ๅคงๆ—ฅ่ฎฐ ็ฌฌ 40ๅท 1/2 ้˜ฒๅซ ็œ้˜ฒๅซ็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ 2-14ๆฎ–ๆฐ‘ๅœฐ็š„้บป็–ฏ็—…ๅฏน็ญ– ๅฐๆนพๆ€ป็ฃๅบœๅ’Œๆœ้ฒœๆ€ป็ฃๅบœ้ƒฝ่ฎพ็ซ‹ไบ†้บป็–ฏ็—…็–—ๅ…ปๆ‰€ ๅœจๆœ้ฒœ็š„ๅฐ้นฟๅฒ›ๆ›ด็”Ÿๅ›ญๆ˜ฏๆฏ”ๆ—ฅๆœฌๆœฌๅœŸ่ฟ˜ๅ…ˆ่ฎพ็ซ‹ไบ†็›‘็ฆๆ‚ฃ ่€…็š„็›‘็‹ฑ ๅœจ่ฟ™้‡Œ ๅŸบ็ฃๆ•™ๅพ’ๆ‚ฃ่€…ไนŸ้ƒฝๅฟ…้กปๅ‚ๆ‹œ็ฅž็คพ ๅฆ‚ๆœ‰ๆ‹’็ปๅ‚ๆ‹œๆˆ–่ฏ•ๅ›พ้€ƒ่ท‘็š„็”ทๆ€งๆ‚ฃ่€… ๅฐฑๅšๆ–ญ็งๆ‰‹ ๆœฏ่ฟ›่กŒๆƒฉ็ฝš ๅœจๅฐๆนพ็š„ไน็”Ÿ้™ข ไนŸๅฏนๆ‚ฃ่€…ๅผบๅˆถ่ฟ›่กŒๆ–ญ็ง ๅ •่ƒŽ ๅˆฐ็Žฐๅœจ ็บณ้ชจๅ ‚้‡Œ่ฟ˜ๆœ‰ๅพˆๅคšๆฒกๆœ‰้ข†ๅ–่€…็š„้ชจ็ฐ็›’ ็…ง็‰‡ ๆ—ฅ ๆŠฅไธŠไป‹็ปๆœ้ฒœๆ€ป็ฃๅบœๅŒป้™ข้™ข้•ฟๅฟ—่ดบๆดๅ…ณไบŽๅœจๆœ้ฒœๆŽจๅนฟๆ–ญ็ง็š„ไธปๅผ  ๆœ้ฒœๆœๆ—ฅ 192 7ๅนด 4ๆœˆ 14 2-15ๅ†›ๅŒปไธŽๅ†›็”จ ๆ…ฐๅฎ‰ๅฆ‡ 1937ๅนดไธญๆ—ฅๆˆ˜ไบ‰็ˆ†ๅ‘ๅŽ ๅคง็บฆไปŽ 1937ๅนดๆœซๅผ€ๅง‹ ๆ—ฅๅ†›ๅ†›้˜Ÿๆ…ฐๅฎ‰ๆ‰€็š„่ฎพ็ฝฎๆ€ฅ้€ŸๅขžๅŠ  ๅ†›ๅŒปๅฏนๆ…ฐๅฎ‰ๆ‰€้‡Œ็š„ๅ†› ็”จ ๆ…ฐๅฎ‰ๅฆ‡ ่ฟ›่กŒๆ€ง็—…ๆฃ€ๆŸฅ ไปฅ้˜ฒๆญขๅฎ˜ๅ…ตๆ„ŸๆŸ“ๆ€ง็—… ๆ…ฐๅฎ‰ๅฆ‡ ็š„ๅคšๆ•ฐๆ˜ฏๆœ้ฒœๅŠๅฒ›ๅ‡บ่บซ็š„ๅฐ‘ๅฅณ ็…ง็‰‡ ็…ง็‰‡ ๆ…ฐๅฎ‰ๅฆ‡ ๅ†›ๅŒปๅฎ˜็š„ๆˆ˜ๅœบๆŠฅๅ‘Šๆ„่ง้›† ไธไบŒๅ‡บ็‰ˆ 1990ๅนด ๅ†็‰ˆ ้ซ˜ๅดŽ้š†ๆฒป็ผ– ๅš ๆ…ฐๅฎ‰ๅฆ‡ ไฝ“ๆฃ€็š„ไบบๅ‘˜ ๅ†›ๅŒปๅฎ˜็š„ๆˆ˜ๅœบๆŠฅๅ‘Šๆ„่ง้›† ไธไบŒๅ‡บ็‰ˆ 1990ๅนด ็ฟปๅˆป ้ซ˜ๅดŽ้š†ๆฒป็ผ– 3ๅŒปๅญฆๅŒป็–—็š„ๅŠจๅ‘˜ๅ’ŒๆŠตๆŠ— ๆ€ปๅŠ›ๆˆ˜ไฝ“ๅˆถๆœŸๅพ…ไปŽไบ‹ๅŒปๅญฆๅŒป็–—ๅทฅไฝœ็š„ไธชไบบๅ’Œ้›†ๅ›ขๆ‹…ไปปไป€ไนˆๆ ท็š„่ง’่‰ฒ ๆ˜ฏๅฆ‚ไฝ•่ฟ›่กŒๅŠจๅ‘˜็š„ ไธŽๆญค็›ธๅฏน ๅŒปๅญฆ ๅŒป็–—็•Œๆ˜ฏๅฆ‚ไฝ•ๅบ”ๅฏน็š„ ๅนถไธ” ๅŒป็–—ๅทฅไฝœ่€…ๅ‚ไธŽ็š„ๅŒป็–—ไฟๅฅ็š„็œŸๅฎž็Šถๅ†ตๅˆๆ˜ฏๆ€Žๆ ท็š„ ็ฌฌไธ‰้ƒจๅˆ†ไธญ ๅฏนๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถๅ’ŒๅŒป็–—็š„ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅŠจๅ‘˜่ฟ›่กŒๅ™่ฟฐ ๅนถๅฑ•็คบไธŽๅ›ฝๆฐ‘็”Ÿๅ‘ฝๅ’Œๅฅๅบทๆœ‰ๅ…ณ็š„ๅŒป็–—็Šถๅ†ต ๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ็š„ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅŠจๅ‘˜ไธญ ๆถ‰ๅŠๅˆฐๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš ๅญฆไผš ็ ”็ฉถ่กฅๅŠฉ้‡‘็š„ๅˆ›่ฎพ ๆฆ‚่ง‚ๅŒป็–—ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅŠจๅ‘˜ไธญๅฏนๅŒปๅธˆๆŠคๅฃซ็š„ๅŠจๅ‘˜ ๅณไฝฟๅœจ็ฟผ่ตžไฝ“ๅˆถไธ‹ ไนŸๅญ˜ๅœจๆŠตๆŠ—้žไบบ้“็ ”็ฉถๅ’Œไพต็•ฅๆˆ˜ไบ‰็š„ๅŒป ๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€… ๅŒปๅธˆๅ’ŒๅŒปๅญฆ็”Ÿ ๅŒป็–—ไฟๅฅ็š„็Šถๅ†ตไธป่ฆ่š็„ฆไบŽ่ขซๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅŠจๅ‘˜็š„ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ ๅœจ่ฎฐๅฝ•ๅฏนๅฝ“ๆ—ถๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ๅฅๅบทๅ’Œ็”Ÿๆฎ–ๅŽ‹ๅŠ›็š„ๅŒๆ—ถ ไนŸๆๅŠไบ† ่ขซๆˆ˜ๆ—ถๅŠจๅ‘˜ไฝ“ๅˆถๆŽ’้™คๅœจๅค–็š„ไบบไปฌ็š„ๅ—ๅฎณๆƒ…ๅ†ต 3-2ๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ็š„ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅŠจๅ‘˜ ๆˆ˜ๆ—ถๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš 48

ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผš็š„ๆˆ็ซ‹ๅผ€ๅง‹ไบŽ 1902ๅนด ๆ˜Žๆฒป 35 4ๆœˆ็š„็ฌฌไธ€ๆฌกๆ—ฅๆœฌ่”ๅˆๅŒปๅญฆไผš ไปŽ็ฌฌไธ‰ๆฌกๅผ€ๅง‹ๆ”น็งฐไธบๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒป ๅญฆไผš ไปฅๅŽๆฏ 4ๅนดไธพๅŠžไธ€ๆฌกไผš่ฎฎ ่‡ณไปŠไธบๆญขไธ€็›ดๅปถ็ปญ ๅœจ็ฌฌ 12ๆฌกๆ€ปไผšไธŠ ๅšๅ‡บไบ†ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๅธธ่ฎพ ๆ’ไน…ๅŒ–็š„ๅ†ณๅฎš 1 948ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 23 ไธŽๆ”น็ป„ไธญ็š„ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆ ไผšๅˆๅนถ ๅœจๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผš็š„ๅކๅฒไธญ ๅœจ 15ๅนดๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๆœŸ้—ดไธพ่กŒ็š„ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผšๆ˜ฏ็ฌฌ 9ๆฌก ็ฌฌ 10ๆฌก ็ฌฌ 11ๆฌกๅ…ฑ่ฎก ไธ‰ๆฌก 1942ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 17 3ๆœˆ 29ๆ—ฅ็ฌฌ 11ๆฌกๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผšๆ—ถ็š„็ฌฌ 9้ƒจๅพฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆๅˆ†็ง‘ไผš ไธœไบฌๅคงๅญฆๅฎ‰็”ฐ่ฎฒๅ ‚ๅ‰็š„ ็บชๅฟต็…ง็‰‡ 3-3็ฌฌ 9ๆฌกๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš 1 934ๅนด ็…ง็‰‡ ๆŽฅๅพ…ๅค„ๆƒ…ๆ™ฏๅŠ้˜ฒ็–ซ็ป™ๆฐด่ฝฆ็š„ๅฑ•็คบ ็ฌฌ 9ๆฌกๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผšไผš่ชŒ ๅ‘่กจไบ†ไปฅๆปกๆดฒไบ‹ๅ˜ๅŒป็–—ๅซ็”ŸๆดปๅŠจไธญๅพ—ๅˆฐ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆ่ง‚็‚นไธบๅŸบ็ก€็š„็ ”็ฉถๆˆๆžœ ๅˆ็”ฐๅนณ ้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปๆ€ป็›‘ ๅ’Œ็Ÿณไบ•ๅ›› ้ƒŽ ้™†ๅ†›ไธ‰็ญ‰ๅ†›ๅŒปๆญฃ ไนŸๅšไบ†ๆŠฅๅ‘Š ๅ†›ไบ‹ๅŒปๅญฆๆ้ซ˜ไบ†ๅญ˜ๅœจๆ„Ÿ ๅฆๅค– ็ฌฌ 12ๅˆ†็ง‘ไผš็š„ไผ˜็”Ÿๅญฆไผšไธปๅผ ๅˆถๅฎš ๆ–ญ็งๆณ• ็ฌฌ 9 ๆฌกๆ€ปไผš ๅผ€ไผš ไผšๅœบ ไธœไบฌๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆ 32 ๅˆ†็ง‘ไผšๅ‚ๅŠ  ๆ—ถ้—ด 1934 ๅนด 4 ๆœˆ 1 ๆ—ฅ 5 ๆ—ฅ ๆฅๅฎพ ไธญๅŽๆฐ‘ๅ›ฝ 10 ไบบ ๆปกๆดฒๅ›ฝ 9 ไบบ ๅฐๅบฆ 2 ไบบ ๅคๅจๅคท 1 ไบบ ๆ€ปไผšไผš้•ฟ ๅ…ฅๆฒข่พพๅ‰ ไผš้•ฟๅผ€ไผšๆผ”่ฏด่ฆๆ—จ (ๅผ•็”จๅธŒ็‰นๅ‹’็š„ ๆˆ‘ไปฌ็š„ๆ–—ไบ‰ )ๆˆ‘ไปฌๆžœ็œŸๆ˜ฏๆ–‡ๅŒ–็š„ๆฌ่ฟๅทฅ ๆ˜ฏๅฎŒๅ…จ็ผบ ไนๅˆ›้€ ๆ–‡ๅŒ–่ƒฝๅŠ›็š„ๆฐ‘ๆ— ๆˆ‘ๆƒณๆ นๆฎๅฎž้™…ๅฑ•็คบๆˆ็ปฉ ไบšๆดฒ็š„ไธ€้š…ไธ€ ๅฎš่ฆๅˆ›้€ ๆ–ฐๆ–‡ๅŒ– ๆ€ปไผš็‰นๅˆซๆผ”่ฎฒ ๅŒปๆœฏๅฒ็š„่€ƒๅฏŸ ๅฏŒๅฃซๅทๆธธ ๆ•ดๅฝขๅค–็ง‘็š„่ฟ›ๆญฅๅ’Œๆฎ‹็–พไบบไน‹ๅฎถ ้ซ˜ๆœจๅฎชๆฌก ๅ…ณไบŽๆปกๆดฒไบ‹ๅ˜็š„้™†ๅ†›ๅซ็”Ÿๅ‹คๅŠก ้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปๆ€ป็›‘ ๅˆ็”ฐๅนณ ๅŒ–ๅญฆ็—…็†่งฃๅ‰–ๅญฆ็‰นๅˆซๆ˜ฏ็”ฑๅŒ–ๅญฆ็‰ฉ่ดจๅฏผ่‡ดๆถๆ€ง่‚ฟ็˜ค็”Ÿๆˆๅฎž้ชŒ็ ”็ฉถ ไฝ ไฝๆœจ้š†ๅ…ด ๅ†…็ง‘่ฏๅ‰‚็–—ๆณ•็š„่ถ‹ๅŠฟ ๅฐๆณฝไฟฎ้€  ๅˆ†็ง‘ไผš็ญ‰็š„็‰นๅพ ็ฌฌ 30 ๅˆ†็ง‘ไผš ๅ†›้˜ŸๅŒปๅญฆไผš ็‰นๅˆซ่ฎฒๆผ” ๅ…ณไบŽๆปกๆดฒไบ‹ๅ˜็š„ๆˆ˜ไผค ้™†ๅ†›ไบŒ็ญ‰ๅ†›ๅŒปๆญฃ ็ซนๅ†…้‡ผ ไธบ ๆˆ˜ไผค ไฝœ ่ƒธ้ƒจ ็š„ๆ–ฐๆฒป็–— ไบบๅทฅๆฒน่ƒธ ไบบๅทฅๆฐด่ƒธ ่ƒธ้ƒจๅŽ‹ๅฎšๆณ• ่ƒธ่…”ๆฐ”ๅ›Šๅ……ๅกžๆณ•็ญ‰ๅ‘ๆ˜Ž็ ”็ฉถ ่ฟ›่กŒๆผ”่ฎฒ ๅ…ณไบŽ้˜ฒ็–ซ็š„้‡Žๆˆ˜ไพ›ๆฐด ้™†ๅ†›ไธ‰็ญ‰ๅ†›ๅŒปๆญฃ ็Ÿณไบ•ๅ››้ƒŽ ๅชๆœ‰็Ÿณไบ•ๅ››้ƒŽ็š„ๆผ”่ฎฒๆ‘˜ๅฝ•ๆฒกๆœ‰่ฎฐ่ฝฝ ๅผ‚ๅธธๆฐ”ๅŽ‹ไธ‹็š„็”Ÿ็†ๅ’Œ็—…็† ๆตทๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปไธŠๆ ก ็”ฐไธญ่‚ฅๅŽๅคช้ƒŽ ็ฅžๆž—็พŽๆฒป 3-4 ็ฌฌ 10ๆฌกๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš 1938ๅนด ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๅนฒไบ‹ไผšไธŠ ๅ†ณๅฎš็ฌฌ 10 ๆฌกๆ€ปไผš็š„ๅ†…ๅฎนไธๆ˜ฏ ็บฏๅญฆ้—ฎ ็š„ ่ฟ›่กŒๆ€ปไผš็‰นๅˆซๆผ”่ฎฒ็š„ๅฐๆณ‰ไบฒๅฝฆๆ˜ฏ้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปไธญๅฐ† ไปŽ 1941 ๅนดๅˆฐ ๆˆ˜่ดฅไธ€็›ดๆ‹…ไปปๅŽš็”Ÿๅคง่‡ฃ 49

็ฌฌ 10 ๆฌกๆ€ปไผš ๆฅๅฎพ ไผš้•ฟๅผ€ไผšๆผ”่ฏด่ฆๆ—จ ๆ€ปไผš็‰นๅˆซ่ฎฒๆผ” ๅผ€ไผšๆ—ถ้—ด 1938 ๅนด 4 ๆœˆ 1 ๆ—ฅ 5 ๆ—ฅ ไผšๅœบ ไบฌ้ƒฝๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆ 37 ๅˆ†็ง‘ไผšๅ‚ๅŠ  ๆปกๆดฒๅ›ฝๅ†›ๅŒปๅ›ข 5 ไบบ ไธญๅŽๆฐ‘ๅ›ฝๅŒ—ไบฌๅธ‚ๅซ็”Ÿๅฑ€้•ฟๅŠๅ…ถไป– 3 ไบบ ็บณ็ฒนๅ†›ๅŒปๅ›ขไปฃ่กจใ‚ฑใƒผ ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผไธญๅฐ†ไปฅไธ‹ 5 ไบบ ๆ€ปไผšไผš้•ฟ ๆฃฎๅฑฟๅบ“ๅคช ็›ฎๅ‰ๅฏไปฅ่ฏดๅ„ๅ›ฝๅค„ๅœจๅ†›ๅค‡็‹‚ๅฅ”ๆ—ถไปฃ ้ƒฝ่‡ดๅŠ›ไบŽๅ†›ๅค‡็š„ๅ……ๅฎžๆ‰ฉๅผ  ๆˆ‘ๅ›ฝไนŸไธ่ƒฝ่ถ…่„ฑ ่ฟ™็ง่ถ‹ๅŠฟ ๅฏน่ฟ™ๆฌกๅฎžๆˆ˜ไธญๅพ—ๅˆฐ็š„ไธฐๅฏŒ็ป้ชŒ่ฟ›่กŒ่ฎฐๅฝ• ๆœ‰ๅŠฉไบŽๅฐ†ๆฅ็š„ๅ‘ๅฑ•่ฟ›ๆญฅ ๅ› ๆญคไธพ่กŒๆผ” ่ฎฒไผš ๅ…ณไบŽๅ›ฝๆฐ‘่ฅๅ…ป้—ฎ้ข˜ ้™†ๅ†›ๅŒปๅŠกๅฑ€้•ฟ ๅฐๆณ‰ไบฒๅฝฆ ่‚บ็ป“ๆ ธ็š„ๅ‘็”Ÿๅ’Œๅ‘ๅฑ• ็†Š่ฐทๅฒฑ่— ๆข…ๆฏ’ๅฎž้ชŒ็š„่ฏธ้—ฎ้ข˜ ๆพๆœฌไฟกไธ€ ไบบไฝ“็š„ๅ‘ๆฑ—ๆ€งๅŠๅ…ถๅผ‚ๅธธ ไน…้‡Žๅฎ ๅ†…ๅˆ†ๆณŒๅŠ็ป†่ƒž้“ถๅๅบ” ไปŠ ่ฃ• ็…ง็‰‡ ๅนณๆฒขๅ†›ๅŒปๅคงๅฐ‰็š„ ๅซ็”Ÿ้ฃžๆœบ ๅœจๆ€ปไผšไผšๅœบไธŠ็ฉบ็š„ๅบ†็ฅ้ฃž่กŒ ๆˆ˜ๆ—ถไฝ“ๅˆถไธ‹่ฎฒๆผ”ไผš ๅ†›่ฅๅŒปๅญฆๅ‚่€ƒๅ“้™ˆๅˆ—ๅœบ ๅ†›็ฒฎ้ฅฒๆ–™ๅŽ‚่ฟ‡ๆปคๆœบ ใ‚ฑใƒผใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผๅพทๅ›ฝๅ†›ๅŒปไธญๅฐ†ไธ€่กŒ 3-5็ฌฌ 10ๆฌกๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš 1938ๅนด ๆˆ˜ๆ—ถไฝ“ๅˆถไธ‹ๅŒปๅญฆ่ฎฒๅบง ็ฌฌ 10ๆฌกๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš็‰นๅˆซๅผ€่ฎพไบ† ๆˆ˜ๆ—ถไฝ“ๅˆถไธ‹ๅŒปๅญฆ่ฎฒๅบง ๅ…ถไธญๅˆ—ๆœ‰ ๆˆ˜ๅœบๅค–็ง‘ไปฅๅŠ่ˆช็ฉบๆฏ’็“ฆๆ–ฏ้—ฎ้ข˜ ่‚บ็ป“ๆ ธๅŠ่‚‹่†œ็‚Ž้—ฎ้ข˜ ไฝ“ๅŠ›้—ฎ้ข˜ ้˜ฒ็–ซ้—ฎ้ข˜ ่ฟ‘่ง†้—ฎ้ข˜ ๆปกๆดฒๅŠๅŒ—ๆ”ฏ้‚ฃ็š„ๅœฐๆ–น็—…้—ฎ้ข˜ ไน‹็ฑป็š„ไธŽๆˆ˜ไบ‰ ๆฎ–ๆฐ‘ๅœฐ็ป่ฅ็›ธๅ…ณ็š„้ข˜็›ฎ ่ฟ™ไธช่ฎฒๅบงไธญ ๅ…ณไบŽๆฏ’ๆฐ” ็บณ็ฒน้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปไธญๅฐ†ใ‚ชใƒƒใƒˆใƒผ ใƒ ใƒณใƒใƒฅๅฐฑๅฎƒ็š„ๅŽ้—็—‡่ฟ›่กŒไบ†ๆผ”่ฎฒ ๆตทๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒป ๅ‡บ่บซ็š„ไธœไบฌๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจๆ•™ๆŽˆ้ƒฝ็ญ‘ๆญฃ็”ทๅฐฑๆ—ฅไธญๆˆ˜ไบ‰็š„ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅ—ไผคๆƒ…ๅ†ต่ฟ›่กŒไบ†ๆผ”่ฎฒ ๆˆ˜ๅŽ ไป–ไฝœไธบๆ–‡้ƒจ็œๅญฆ ๆœฏ็ ”็ฉถไผšๅŽŸๅญๅผน็พๅฎณ่ฐƒๆŸฅ็ ”็ฉถ็‰นๅˆซๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผšๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจ้—จ่ดฃไปปไบบ ่ฟ›ๅ…ฅๅนฟๅฒ›ๅธ‚ๅ†…่ฟ›่กŒๅฎžๅœฐ่ฐƒๆŸฅ ไฝ†ๆ˜ฏ ๅบžๅคง็š„ๆ‚ฃ ่€…่ต„ๆ–™็”ฑ็พŽๅ†›ๆไพ› ๅนถๆฒกๆœ‰็›ดๆŽฅ็”จไบŽๅ—ๅฎณ่€…็š„ๆฒป็–— 3-6็ฌฌ 11ๆฌกๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผš 1942ๅนด ๅผ€ไผšๆผ”่ฏดไธญ ๅผบ่ฐƒไบ† ๆˆ˜ๅœบๅŒปๅญฆ็š„็กฎ็ซ‹ ๅคงไธœไบšๅŒปๅญฆไผš็š„ๆๅ€ก ไธŽๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ็š„ๅ›ฝ็ญ–ๅŒ– ๅœจๅ„ๅˆ†็ง‘ไผšไธŠ ่€็ƒญ่€ๅฏ’็ ”็ฉถ ๅคง้™†็š„ไผ ๆŸ“็—…ๅ…ณ่”็ ”็ฉถ ็ฒพ็ฅž็—…ๆ—็พค็š„่ง‚ๅฏŸ็ ”็ฉถไปฅๅŠ่ˆช็ฉบไธŽ่€ณ้ผปๅ–‰็ง‘ ไฝŽ ๅŽ‹ๅŠ ้€Ÿ็š„็—…็† ้ชจไผคๆฒป็–—ๅ™จๅ…ท ๆ‰ฉๅคง็š„ๆˆ˜ไบ‰้ข†ๅŸŸๅ’Œๅ ้ข†ๅœฐไปฅๅŠๅๆ˜ ๆˆ˜ๆ–—ๆœบ็ญ‰้ซ˜ๅบฆๅŒ–ๅ…ตๅ™จ็š„ไฝฟ็”จ็ญ‰ๅ…ณไบŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ๅŒปๅญฆ็š„ๆผ”่ฎฒ้ข˜็›ฎ่ƒฝ็œ‹ๅˆฐๅพˆๅคš ็ฌฌ 11ๆฌกๆ€ปไผš ๆฅๅฎพ ไผš้•ฟๅผ€ไผšๆผ”่ฏด่ฆๆ—จ ๆ€ปไผš็‰นๅˆซๆผ”่ฎฒ ๅผ€ไผšๆ—ถ้—ด 1 942ๅนด 3ๆœˆ 25ๆ—ฅ 30ๆ—ฅ ๅœบ ไธœ ไผš ไบฌๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆ 35ๅˆ†็ง‘ไผšๅ‚ๅŠ  ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ๆ”ฟๅบœๅ†…ๆ”ฟ้ƒจ ไธญๅŽๅŒปๅญฆไผš็†ไบ‹้•ฟ ๆปกๆดฒๅ›ฝๆฐ‘็”Ÿ้ƒจๅคง่‡ฃ ๆ€ปไผšไผš้•ฟ ๅฎซๅท็ฑณๆฌก ่ฏธไฝ ็Žฐๅœจๆ˜ฏๅคงไธœไบšๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅผ€ๅง‹็ฌฌ 6ๅนด ่ฏšๆƒถ่ฏšๆๆ‹œ่ง่ฏไนฆ ๅพ็ญ‰ๆ•ขไบŽ่ฟŽๆˆ˜ๆšดๆˆพไธ้€Š็š„็พŽๅ›ฝ ่‹ฑๅ›ฝ ็œŸๆญฃๅœฐๆ ‘็ซ‹ไบ†ๆƒŠๅคฉๅŠจๅœฐ็š„ๅŠŸๅ‹‹ ๆ‰€่ฐ“็š„ ABCD ๅŒ…ๅ›ด็ฝ‘ๅ…จ้ƒจๆ”ฏ็ฆป็ ด็ขŽ ็ญนๅˆ’ๆˆ็ซ‹ๅฏๅŠฉๅคงไธœไบšๅปบ่ฎพไธ€่‡‚ไน‹ๅŠ›็š„ไธœไบšๅŒปๅญฆไผš ็‰นๅˆซ ๆผ”่ฎฒ้€‰ๅ–ไบ†ไธŽๆ—ถๅฑ€ๆœ‰ๅ…ณ็š„ๅ†…ๅฎน ็ซ™ๅœจๆ—ฅๆ–ฐๆœˆๅผ‚็š„ไธ–็•ŒๅŒปๅญฆๆฐดๅนณ็š„็ฌฌไธ€็บฟ ็œŸๆญฃๅœฐ่ฟ›่กŒๅคงไธœไบš็š„ๅปบ่ฎพ ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒป้“ๅŒปๅญฆๅ’Œๅค–ๅ›ฝๅฎ—ๆ•™ ไฝ›ๆ•™ ๅ„’ๆ•™ ๅŸบ็ฃๆ•™ ็š„ๅ…ณ็ณป ๅฑฑๅดŽไฝ ็—…ๅŽŸ็ป†่Œ็š„่Œไฝ“ๅค–ๆฏ’็ด  ็ป†่ฐท็œๅพ ็ฒพ็ฅžๅˆ†่ฃ‚็—…็š„ๅ‘็”Ÿๅ’Œ็—…ๆ€ ๅ†…ๆ‘็ฅไน‹ 50

็ฒพ็ฅžๅˆ†่ฃ‚็—…็š„็—…็† ไธ‹็”ฐๅ…‰้€  ๆญคๆฌกไบ‹ๅ˜้™†ๅ†›็š„ๆˆ˜ไบ‰็–พ็—… ๅ…ณไบŽ็–Ÿ็–พ ไผŠๅนๆœˆ้›„ ็ป“ๆ ธ็—…็š„็—…็†ๅ’ŒไธดๅบŠไบคๆถ‰ X็บฟๆ˜ ่ฏป็š„ๅŸบ็ก€ ๅ†ˆๆฒป้“ ๏ผธ็ทš่ชญๆ˜ ใฎๅŸบ็คŽ ไบงไธšไธŽ็ป“ๆ ธ ๆ™–ๅณปไน‰ ๅผ€ๅ‘้’ๅฐ‘ๅนด็š„็ป“ๆ ธ ่ฟœ่—ค็นๆธ… ็ป“ๆ ธ็š„้˜ฒ็–ซๅญฆ่ง‚ๅฏŸๅŠ้ข„้˜ฒ ไปŠๆ‘่’็”ท ็…ง็‰‡ ๅฒก ๆฒป้“ ๆ‘˜่‡ช็ฌฌ 11ๆฌกๅŒปๅญฆไผšๆ€ปไผšไผš่ชŒ 3-6 ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๆ—ถๆœŸๆ—ฅๆœฌ็—…็†ๅญฆไผš 1 1938 ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 13 ็ฌฌ 28 ๆฌกๆ€ปไผš็š„้—ญไผš่ฏไธญ ไบฌ้ƒฝๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๆ•™ๆŽˆ็Ÿณไบ•ๅ››้ƒŽ็š„่€ๅธˆๆธ…้‡Ž่ฐฆๆฌกๅ™่ฟฐๅฆ‚ไธ‹ ๆˆ‘ๆƒณไปŽไปŠๅพ€ๅŽๆ—ฅๆœฌ็—…็†ๅญฆ็•Œ็š„็ ”็ฉถๆๆ–™ๅฐ†่š้›†ๅœจๅคง้™† 1941 ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 16 ็š„็ฌฌ 31 ๆฌกๆ€ปไผš ๅ…ณไบŽๅ†›่ฅ็—…็†ๅญฆ ็š„็‰นๅˆซ่ฎฒๆผ”ไธญ ๅนณไบ•ๆญฃๆฐ‘ๅ†›ๅŒปไธญไฝ ้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒป ๅญฆๆ ก็—…็†ๅญฆๆ•™ๅฎค ๅ™่ฟฐๅฆ‚ไธ‹ ไปŽไบ‹ๅ˜็ˆ†ๅ‘็š„ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 12 ๅนด 7 ๆœˆ 11 ๆ—ฅๅˆฐๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 15 ๅนด 7 ๆœˆ 10 ๆ—ฅ้—ด ๆŽฅๅˆฐๅ…จๅ†›็š„่งฃๅ‰–ๆ•ฐ ๆŠฅๅ‘Šๆ•ฐ้‡ๆ˜ฏ 1886 ๅ…ท ๅŠ ไธŠ็‰นๆฎŠ็ ”็ฉถ็ญ็š„ 218 ๅ…ท ๅคง็บฆๅ…ฑ 2000 ๅ…ท ๅ…ถไธญๅๅˆ†ไน‹ไธ€็š„ๆๆ–™็บฆๆœ‰ 200 ไธช่ขซ้€ๅˆฐๅ†›ๅŒปๅญฆๆ ก ๅฐšๆœช ๅ…ฌๅผ€็š„็ ”็ฉถๆŠฅๅ‘Šไธญ็”จไบŽๅ‰–ๆฃ€็š„ๆœ‰ 200 ๅคšๅ…ท ่ฟ™ไธชๅนณไบ•็š„ๅ‘่จ€ไธŽ 1989 ๅนด ๅนณๆˆ 1 ไธœไบฌๆ–ฐๅฎฟ็š„้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปๅญฆๆ ก้—ๅ€ๅ‘็Žฐ็š„ 100 ๅ…ทไปฅไธŠ็š„ไบบ้ชจ้—ฎ้ข˜ๆœ‰ๅ…ณ ่” ๅนถไธ” ่งฃๅ‰– 218 ๅ…ทไบบไฝ“็š„็‰นๆฎŠ็ ”็ฉถ็ญ็š„ๅฎž้™…็Šถๅ†ต่ฟ˜ๆฒกๅผ„ๆธ… 3-7 ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๆ—ถๆœŸๆ—ฅๆœฌ็—…็†ๅญฆไผš 2 ็—…็†ๅญฆไผšไผšๅ‘˜ไธญ ไธŽ 731 ้ƒจ้˜Ÿๆœ‰ๅ…ณ็š„ๆ˜ฏ 19 ไบบ ้™คๆญคไปฅๅค– ๅคง่ฟžๅซ็”Ÿ็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ๅ’Œ็›ธๅ…ณ้ƒจ้˜Ÿ ๅ—ไบฌ็š„่ฃ 1644 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ็ญ‰ ๆ‰€ๅฑž็š„ไบบ ๅŠ ไธŠ่”็ณปๅพˆๆทฑ็š„ๅ†›ๅŒป ็ ”็ฉถ่€… ๅฏ่ƒฝไธบ้™†ๅ†›ๅ˜ฑๆ‰˜็š„็ ”็ฉถ่€…ๆ€ปๅ…ฑ่พพๅˆฐ 32 ไบบ ๆˆ˜ๅŽ ไนŸๅ› ไธบๆฒกๆœ‰่ฟฝ็ฉถ 731 ้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็š„่ดฃไปป ๅญฆไผšไธญๅ‚ๅŠ ็ป†่Œๆˆ˜็š„ไบบไปฌๅพ—ๅˆฐไบ†ๅคงๅญฆๆ•™ๆŽˆ ็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ๆ‰€้•ฟ็ญ‰็คพ ไผšไธŠ็š„้ข†ๅฏผๅœฐไฝ ็—…็†ๅญฆไผšไผšๅ‘˜ๅ…ผ 731 ้ƒจ้˜Ÿ้˜Ÿๅ‘˜็š„ๆˆ˜ๅŽ็ปๅކ ่‹ฅ็”ฐๆณฐ 2001 ๅนด ไผšๅ‘˜ๅ ๅŠ ๅ…ฅ้ƒจ้˜Ÿไน‹ๅ‰ ๆ‰€ๅฑž้ƒจ้˜Ÿ ๅ…ณ็ณป ๅฝ’ๅ›ฝๅŽ ๆˆ–ๆˆ˜ๅŽ ็š„่ŒๅŠก ๆ‰€ๅฑžๅ•ไฝ ๅŠ่ŒๅŠก ่Œ็งฐ ็Ÿณไบ•ๅ››้ƒŽ ไบฌ้ƒฝ้™†ๅ†›ๅŒป้™ข ้™†ๅ†›ๅ†›ๅŒปๅญฆๆ กๅ†›่ฅ ้˜ฒ็–ซ็ ”็ฉถๅฎค ๅ†›ๅŒป ไธญๅฐ† 731 ้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็ฌฌ ไธ€ไปป้˜Ÿ้•ฟ ็Ÿณๅทๅคงๅˆ€้›„ ไบฌ้ƒฝๅธๅคงๅŒปๅญฆ 731 ้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็ฌฌ 1 ้ƒจ็ฌฌ 6 ้‡‘ๆณฝๅŒปๅคงๆ•™ๆŽˆ ่ฏพ ็—…็† ๅคง่ฟž ไธธ ้ƒจ่ฎฒๅธˆ ๅซ็”Ÿ็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€็ ”็ฉถๅ‘˜ ๅ†ˆๆœฌ่€•้€  ไบฌ้ƒฝๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆ ๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจๅŠฉ็†่ฎฒ ๅธˆ 731 ้ƒจ้˜Ÿ็ฌฌ 1 ้ƒจ็ฌฌ 6 ่ฏพ ็—…็† ้™†ๅ†› ๆŠ€ๅธˆ ไบฌๅคง้™„ๅฑžๅŒป้™ขไธ“่Œๆ•™ๆŽˆ ๅ…ตๅบ“ๅŽฟ็ซ‹ๅŒปๅคง ็ฅžๆˆทๅŒป็ง‘ ๅคง ๆ•™ๆŽˆ ๅœจ้‚ฃไน‹ๅŽ็š„่ŒๅŠกๅ ้‡‘ๆณฝๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจๆ•™ๆŽˆ ้‡‘ๆณฝๅคงๅญฆ็™Œ็—‡็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ๆ‰€ ้•ฟ ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ก€ๆถฒ้“ถ่กŒ่‚ก ไธœ ไธœๅŒ—ๅคงๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจๆ•™ๆŽˆ ไบฌ ๅคงๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจๆ•™ๆŽˆ ่ฟ‘ๅ‡ ๅคง ๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจๆ•™ๆŽˆ 3-9 ๆ—ฅๆœฌๆฐ‘ๆ—ๅซ็”Ÿๅญฆไผš ๆ—ฅๆœฌๆฐ‘ๆ—ๅซ็”Ÿๅญฆไผš ๅŽ่ดขๅ›ขๆณ•ไบบๆ—ฅๆœฌๆฐ‘ๆ—ๅซ็”Ÿๅไผš ไบŽ 1930 ๅนด ๆ˜ญ 5 11 ๆœˆๆˆ็ซ‹ ไปฅไธœไบฌๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅŒป ๅญฆ้ƒจๆ•™ๆŽˆๆฐธไบ•ๆฝœไธบไธญๅฟƒ ๆๅ‡บไบ† ๅ‡€ๅŒ–็”Ÿๅ‘ฝ็š„ๆ นๆœฌ ็น่ฃๅ›ฝๅฎถ ็š„ๅญฆไผšๅฎ—ๆ—จ 51

ๅญฆไผšๆˆ็ซ‹ๅŽ ๆˆ็ซ‹ไบ† ๆ–ญ็งๆณ•ๅˆถๅฎšๅฐๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš ไน‹ๅŽ ้‡‡็บณไบ† ๆŒฏๅ…ดๆฐ‘ๆ—ๅซ็”Ÿ็š„ๅปบ่ฎฎ ้€š่ฟ‡ๆผ”่ฎฒไผš ไธŽๅฉšๅ‰ๅซ็”Ÿๅฑ•่งˆไผš ๆ™ฎๅŠ ไผ˜็”Ÿ ๆ€ๆƒณ ๆ˜ฏๆญง่ง†ไบบ็ง ๆญง่ง†ๆฐ‘ๆ—็š„ๅญฆไผš ่ฏปๅ–ๆ–ฐ้—ป 1936 ๅนด 12 ๆœˆ 13 ๆ—ฅ 3-10 ๆ—ฅๆœฌ้บป้ฃŽ็—…ๅญฆไผš 1927 ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 2 ๆˆ็ซ‹็š„ๆ—ฅๆœฌ้บป้ฃŽ็—…ๅญฆไผš ๅฆ‚ไธ‹่กจๆ‰€็คบ็งฏๆžๅœฐๅ‘ๆ”ฟๅบœๅปบ่ฎฎๅ’Œ่ฏทๆ„ฟ ๅฆ‚ไธ‹่กจๆ‰€็คบ ๆ—ถ้—ด ๆ—ถ้—ด 1932ๅนด 1936ๅนด 1939ๅนด 1941ๅนด 15ๅนดๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๆœŸ้—ด ๅ…ณไบŽๆ•‘ๅŠฉ้บป้ฃŽ็—…่ฎพๆ–ฝ็š„ๅปบ่ฎฎไนฆ ๅˆฐๅปบๅ›ฝ2600ๅนดๅฎž็Žฐๆ”ถๅฎน้บป้ฃŽๆ‚ฃ่€…1ไธ‡ไบบ่ฎพๆ–ฝ็š„้™ˆ่ฟฐไนฆ ๅ…ณไบŽไฟƒ่ฟ›ๆ น็ป้บป้ฃŽ็—…็š„่ฏทๆ„ฟไบ‹้กน 1942ๅนด ๆ”ถๅฎน5000ไบบ้บป้ฃŽ็—…ๆ‚ฃ่€…็š„่ฎพๆ–ฝๆ‰ฉๅผ  ๅ…ณไบŽๆดพ้ฃ้บป้ฃŽ็—…ไธ“ๅฎถ่ตดๅ—ๆ–น็š„่ฏทๆ„ฟไนฆ 1943ๅนด ๅ…ณไบŽๆถˆ้™คๅคงไธœไบš้บป้ฃŽ็—…็š„ๆ„่งไนฆ ่ฟ™ไบ›่ฆๆฑ‚ๅฏน้บป้ฃŽ็—…ๆ‚ฃ่€…็ปๅฏน้š”็ฆปๅ†…ๅฎน็š„ๅปบ่ฎฎๅ’Œ่ฏทๆ„ฟ ๆœ‰ๅŠฉไบŽๅปบ็ซ‹ ๅคงไธœไบšๅ…ฑ่ฃๅœˆ ไฝ†ๆ˜ฏ ้บป้ฃŽ็—…ๆฒป็–—็š„ๅ›ฝ้™…ๅŠจๅ‘ๅœจ่ฟ™ไธชๆ—ถๆœŸๅทฒ็ปไธๆ˜ฏ็ปๅฏน้š”็ฆป ่€Œๆ˜ฏไฝœไธบๅธธ่ฏ† ๅ’Œๅ…ถไป–ไผ ๆŸ“็—…ไธ€ๆ ท ๆ น ๆฎ็—‡็Šถ่ฟ›่กŒ็›ธๅฏน้š”็ฆปๅ’Œๅœจๅฎถๆฒป็–— 1942 ๅนด ็ฃบ่ƒบๅ‰‚็š„ๆฒป็–—ๆ•ˆๆžœๅพ—ๅˆฐไบ†ๆ‰ฟ่ฎค 3-11 ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅญฆๆœฏๆŒฏๅ…ดไผšๅ’ŒๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ 1 ่ดขๅ›ขๆณ•ไบบๆ—ฅๆœฌๅญฆๆœฏๆŒฏๅ…ดไผš ไปฅไธ‹็ฎ€็งฐๅญฆๆŒฏ ๆˆ็ซ‹ไบŽ 1932 ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 7 1937 ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 12 ้™†ๆตทๅ†›ๅ’Œ ๅ•†ๅทฅๅคง่‡ฃๆๅ‡บ ๆ—ถๅฑ€็ดงๆ€ฅ้—ฎ้ข˜ ่ฆๆฑ‚ๅญฆๆŒฏๆดๅŠฉไธŽๅ›ฝ็ญ–ๅฏ†ๅˆ‡็›ธๅ…ณ็š„็ ”็ฉถ ็ ”็ฉถ่ต„ๅŠฉๆŒ‰็…งไธ“ไธš่ฎพ็ฝฎ 12 ไธชๅธธ่ฎพๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš ๅŒปๅญฆๅซ็”Ÿๆ˜ฏ็ฌฌ 8 ไธช ่ฟ›่กŒๅฎกๆŸฅ ๅฆๅค– ๅฏนไบŽๆถ‰ๅŠ็š„ๅ‡ ไธชๅธธ ่ฎพๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš็š„้—ฎ้ข˜ๅฆ่ฎพ็ซ‹็‰นๅˆซๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš ไปฅไธ‹ๅˆ—ๅ‡บไบ†็‰นๅˆซๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผšๅ’Œๅฐๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš็š„็ ”็ฉถ่ฏพ้ข˜ ็‰นๅˆซๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš็•ชๅท ๅง”ๅ‘˜้•ฟ ๆ—ง็ฌฌ 2 ๆˆท็”ฐๆญฃไธ‰ ็ฌฌ 4 ๅฐ็†Šๆกฟ ๅค็”ฐ็งๅŸบ ็ฌฌ 5 ่ฅฟๅทๆญฃๆฒป ๆ—ง็ฌฌ 11 ๆž—ๆ˜ฅ้›„ ๆ—ง็ฌฌ 21 ๆกฅ็”ฐ้‚ฆๅฝฆ ๆ—ง็ฌฌ 14 ็ฅžไธ‹ๆญฃ้›„ ็”ฐๅฎฎ็Œ›้›„ ๅ‘˜้•ฟ่ฎฐ่ฝฝ ็ฌฌ 26 ๅง” ๆ—  ็ฌฌ 29 ๅง”ๅ‘˜้•ฟ่ฎฐ่ฝฝๆ—  ็ฌฌ 30 ๅง”ๅ‘˜้•ฟ่ฎฐ่ฝฝๆ—  ็ ”็ฉถ่ฏพ้ข˜ ๆปก่’™็ปๆตŽ่ฏธ้—ฎ้ข˜็ ”็ฉถ ๆปก่’™ๅ†œไธš็งปๆฐ‘้—ฎ้ข˜ ้—ไผ ๅŸบ็ก€็ ”็ฉถ X ็บฟ้—ดๆŽฅๆ‘„ๅฝฑๆณ•็ ”็ฉถ ๆ–ฐๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบๅฃๆ”ฟ็ญ–็ ”็ฉถ ๅฌๅŠ›็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ๅ†œไธš็”จๅœฐๅ’Œๅ›ฝๅœŸ่ง„ๅˆ’็ ”็ฉถ ็”ŸๆดปๅŸบๅ‡†ๅ’Œๅฎžๆ–ฝๆ–น็ญ–็ ”็ฉถ ๅ›ฝๅœŸ็š„ๅฎŒๅ…จๅˆ็†ๅˆฉ็”จ็ ”็ฉถ ๅŠจๆค็‰ฉๆ–ฐ่ต„ๆบ็”ŸไบงๅŠๅˆฉ็”จ็ ”็ฉถ 3-11 ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅญฆๆœฏๆŒฏๅ…ดไผšไธŽๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ 2 ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅญฆๆœฏๆŒฏๅ…ดไผš ๅฐๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš็š„็ ”็ฉถ่ฏพ้ข˜ ๅฐๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš็•ชๅท ๅง”ๅ‘˜้•ฟ ็ ”็ฉถ่ฏพ้ข˜ ๆต่กŒๆ€ง่„‘็‚Ž็ ”็ฉถ ๆ—ง็ฌฌ3 ็จป็”ฐ้พ™ๅ‰ ๆ—ง็ฌฌ4 ้ซ˜็”ฐไฟ้ฉฌ ๅคๅฑ‹่Šณ้›„ ็คพไผšๆ”ฟ็ญ–็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ๆ—ถๅฑ€ๅ’ŒๅŠณๅŠจไฟๆŠคๆ—ถ ๅฑ€ๅ’Œๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ไฟๅฅ ๆ—ถๅฑ€ๅ’ŒๅŠณๅŠจ่€…ไฟๆŠค ๆ—ง็ฌฌ7 ็ŸณๅŽŸๅฟ ้•ฟไธŽๅˆ้ƒŽ ็ป“่†œ็‚Ž็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ๆ—ง็ฌฌ8 ๆฐธไบ•ๆฝœ ้˜ฟไผŠๅŠชๆ—็š„ๅŒปๅญฆๆฐ‘ๆ—็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„่ฐƒๆŸฅ็ ” 52

็ฉถ ็ฌฌ8 ็†Š่ฐทๅฒฑ่”ต ็ป“ๆ ธ้ข„้˜ฒ็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ BCGๆŽฅ็ง ็ฌฌ12 ้ป’็”ฐๆณฐ่”ต ๅ €็”ฐไธ€้›„ ๆœ‰ๆœบๅˆๆˆ็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถๅŠไบบไฝ“ๆฑ—ๆถฒๅ’Œๅ…ถไป– ็šฎ่‚คๆŽ’ๆณ„็‰ฉ็š„ๅŒ–ๅญฆๆˆๅˆ†็ ”็ฉถ ๆ—ง็ฌฌ16 ๆŸฟๅ†…ไธ‰้ƒŽ ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘่ฅๅ…ปๅŸบๅ‡†็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ17 ็ดงๆ€ฅ็ฒฎ้ฃŸๅฏน็ญ–ๅปบ่ฎฎๆกˆ ๆ—ง็ฌฌ20 ๅฐๆณ‰ไบฒๅฝฆ ็ฌฌ22 ๅฎฎๅท็ฑณๆฌก ไธœๅŒ—ๅœฐๅŒบๅฑ…ๆฐ‘่กฃ้ฃŸไฝๆ”นๅ–„็š„็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ๅปบ่ฎฎ ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ไฝ“ๅŠ›้—ฎ้ข˜็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ไฝ“ๅŠ›็ฎก็†ๆกˆ็š„ๅปบ่ฎฎ ๅœฐๆ–นๆฐดๅœŸ็š„็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ๅ—ๆ–นๅŒป็–—ๅซ็”Ÿ ๆ—ง็ฌฌ26 ไธ‰ๅฎ…็Ÿฟไธ€ ไผ˜็”Ÿๅญฆ็š„้—ไผ ้—ฎ้ข˜็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ๆ—ง็ฌฌ27 ๆˆธ็”ฐๆญฃไธ‰ ่กฃไฝ้—ฎ้ข˜็ ”็ฉถ ๆ—ง็ฌฌ28 ๅฐๆณ‰ไบฒๅฝฆ ๅŽๅŒ—ๆปก่’™ๅŒป็–—ๅซ็”Ÿๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ ็ฌฌ37 ็€ฌๅท่˜่ฑกไบŒ ็ฌนๅทไน…ๅพ ็”ตๅญๆ˜พๅพฎ้•œ็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ๆ—ง็ฌฌ22 ๅฐๆณ‰ไบฒๅฝฆ ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็ง‘ๅญฆๅฒๅญฆไผš็ผ– ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็ง‘ๅญฆๆŠ€ๆœฏๅฒๅคง ็ณป 25 ็ฌฌไธ€ๆณ•่ง„ๅ‡บ็‰ˆ 1965 ๅนด p210-211 ไธŠ้ขๆŠฅ้“็š„ๆ˜ฏๆ—ฅๆœฌๅ ้ข†ๅ—ๆ–นๅŽๅฐ†็›ธๅ…ณ ๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถไฝœไธบๆ—ฅๆœฌๅญฆๆœฏๆŒฏๅ…ดไผš็š„่ต„ๅŠฉ ็ ”็ฉถ่ฏพ้ข˜็š„ๆ–ฐ้—ป ่ฏปๅ–ๆ–ฐ้—ป 1942 ๅนด 6 ๆœˆ 10 ๆ—ฅ ็ฌฌ60 ๅง”ๅ‘˜้•ฟ่ฎฐ่ฝฝๆ—  3-13 ็ง‘ๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ่ดนไธŽๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ ้™คไบ†ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅญฆๆœฏๆŒฏๅ…ดไผšไน‹ๅค– ไปฅไธ‹ไธ‰้กนๆ”ฟ ็ญ–ไฝœไธบ็ ”็ฉถๆŒฏๅ…ดๆ”ฟ็ญ–่ขซๅฎžๆ–ฝ 1. ๅขžๅŠ ไบ†ๆ–‡้ƒจ็œ็ง‘ๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ่ดน่กฅๅŠฉ้‡‘็š„ ่ˆช็ฉบๅŒปๅญฆ็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ๆ•ฐ้ข ่ฟ‘่ง†็œผ็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ14.4ๅญฆ็ ”่ฟ‘่ง†็ ” ้€š่ฟ‡ๆ–‡้ƒจๅคง่‡ฃ่’ๆœจ่ดžๅคซ็š„ไธปๅฏผ ๆ–‡้ƒจ็œ ็ง‘ๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ่ดน็š„ๆ€ป้ขไปŽ 6 7 ไธ‡ๅ…ƒไธ€ไธพ็ ด ็ฉถๅง”ๅ‘˜่”ๅˆ ๆ ผๅขžๅŠ ๅˆฐ 300 ไธ‡ๅ…ƒ ๅŒปๅญฆๆ–น้ข ๅฏน็ป“ๆ ธ ่„‘ๆบข่ก€็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ๅฉดๅนผๅ„ฟไฟๆŠค ่ฟ‘่ง† ๆฐ”ๅ€™ๅŒปๅญฆ ่ˆช็ฉบๅŒป ๆ€งๆ ผ็ฒพ็ฅžๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ ๅญฆ็ญ‰่ฏพ้ข˜่ฟ›่กŒไบ†้‡็‚น่ต„้‡‘ๅˆ†้… ่พ“ๅ…ฅๅŒป่ฏๅ“่กฅๅ……ๅฏน็ญ–็ ”็ฉถ 2. ่ฎพ็ฝฎไบ†็ง‘ๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถๅŠจๅ‘˜ๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš ็—ข็–พ ๅซ็–ซ็—… ็—ข็–พ่‚ ็‚ŽๅŠ้ฃŸ็‰ฉไธญๆฏ’็ ” ไธบไบ†ไฝฟ็ง‘ๅญฆๅŠจๅ‘˜ๆ›ดๆœ‰ๆ•ˆ็އ ๅญฆๆœฏ็ ”็ฉถไผš ่ฎฎไธญ่ฎพ็ฝฎไบ†็ง‘ๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถๅŠจๅ‘˜ๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš ็ฉถ 3. ่ฎพ็ฝฎไบ†้™„ๅฑžๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ ๆˆ˜ๅŽ็Šฏ็ฝชๅฏน็ญ–็ ”็ฉถ ็ฌฌ65 ๅง”ๅ‘˜้•ฟ่ฎฐ่ฝฝๆ—  ่ƒฝ่งๅบฆ็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ๆ—ง็ฌฌ68 ๅง”ๅ‘˜้•ฟ่ฎฐ่ฝฝๆ—  ๆต่กŒๆ€งๆ„Ÿๅ†’็›ธๅ…ณ็ ”็ฉถ ็ฌฌ73 ๅง”ๅ‘˜้•ฟ่ฎฐ่ฝฝๆ—  ๅพฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉ็”Ÿ็†ๅŠๅบ”็”จ็ ”็ฉถ ๆ—ง็ฌฌ38 ็”ฐไธญ่‚ฅๅŽๅคช้ƒŽ ๆ—ง40 ็ŸณๅŽŸๅฟ ๆ—ง43 ่ฅฟ้‡Žๅฟ ๆฒป้ƒž ็ฌฌ48 ๅฐๆณ‰ไบฒๅฝฆ ็ฌฌ50 ๅบ†ๆพ่ƒœๅทฆๅซ้–€ ๆ—ง53 ๅง”ๅ‘˜้•ฟ่ฎฐ่ฝฝๆ—  ไธœๅŒ—ๅคงๅญฆ็™พๅนดๅฒ็ผ–็บ‚ๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš ไธœๅŒ—ๅคงๅญฆ ็™พๅนดๅฒ ้€šๅฒ 2007 ๅนด ๆ‘˜่‡ช p438 3-14 ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅŠจๅ‘˜ๅฏผ่‡ดๅŒปๅธˆไธ่ถณ้—ฎ้ข˜็š„ๅฏน ็ญ– ๆ—ง็ฌฌ78 ๅง”ๅ‘˜้•ฟ่ฎฐ่ฝฝๆ—  ๅŠณๅŠจๆ•ˆ็އๅขž่ฟ›็ ”็ฉถ ไปŽๆ˜ญๅ’Œๆๆ…Œๅผ€ๅง‹ ๆ˜พ่‘—ๅญ˜ๅœจ็š„ๅŸŽๅธ‚ๅ’Œๅ†œ ๆ‘ๅŒปๅธˆๆ•ฐ้‡ไธๅนณ่กก้—ฎ้ข˜ๆฒกๆœ‰ๅพ—ๅˆฐ่งฃๅ†ณ ็”ฑไบŽ้•ฟๆœŸๅŒ–็š„ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ ๅพˆๅคšๅŒป็”Ÿ่ขซๅŠจๅ‘˜ไธบๅ†›ๅŒป ๆ— ๅŒปๆ‘็š„้—ฎ้ข˜ๆทฑๅˆปๅŒ– ๅ…จๅ›ฝๆ— ๅŒปๆ‘ 1927 ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 2 ๆœ‰ 2909 ไธช 1939 ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 14 ๅขžๅŠ ๅˆฐ 3600 ไธช ๅ› ๆญค ้‡‡ๅ–ไบ†ๅฆ‚ไธ‹ๆŽชๆ–ฝๅบ”ๅฏนๅŒปๅธˆไธ่ถณ้—ฎ้ข˜ 1 ๆ–ฐ่ฎพไบ†ไธดๆ—ถ้™„ๅฑžๅŒปๅญฆไธ“ไธš ๅ†›้ƒจ่ฎพๆƒณๅฏน่‹ไฝœๆˆ˜ ๅˆฐ 1942 ๅนดไธบๆญขๅคง็บฆ้œ€่ฆๅ†›ๅŒป 2700 ไบบ ๅˆฐ 1944 ๅนดไธบๆญขไผฐ่ฎกๅคง็บฆ้œ€่ฆๅ†›ๅŒป 5100 ไบบ ่ฟซไบŽๅ†›้ƒจ็š„ๅŽ‹ๅŠ› 1939 ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 14 7 ๆ‰€ๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅ’Œ 6 ๆ‰€ๅฎ˜็ซ‹ๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆๅผ€่ฎพไบ†ไปฅๅŸนๅ…ปๅ†›ๅŒปไธบไธป่ฆ็›ฎ็š„ไธด ๆ—ถ้™„ๅฑžๅŒปๅญฆไธ“ไธš 2 ๆ–ฐ่ฎพไบ†ๅ…ฌ็ซ‹ๅŒปๅญฆไธ“้—จๅญฆๆ ก ๆˆ˜ๆ—ถ ๅ…ฌ็ซ‹ๅŒปๅญฆไธ“้—จๅญฆๆ กๅœจ 11 ไธช่‡ชๆฒปไฝ“ไธญๆ–ฐ่ฎพ ่ฎพ 3 ๆ–ฐ ไบ†ๅฅณๅญๅŒปๅญฆไธ“้—จๅญฆๆ ก ๆˆ˜ๆ—ถ ่‡ณไปŠ่ขซ็œ‹ๅšๆ˜ฏ็”ทๆ€ง็š„ไธ“ไธš้ข†ๅŸŸ ่ƒฝๅคŸไปฃ็†ๅ…ถ่ŒๅŠก็š„ๅฅณๆ€งไบบๆ‰ๅŸนๅ…ป่ขซๆไธŠไบ†ๆ—ฅ็จ‹ ไฝœไธบๅบ”ๅฏนๆ— ๅŒป ๆ‘้—ฎ้ข˜็š„ๆŽชๆ–ฝ ๅŸนๅ…ปๅฅณๆ€งๅŒปๅธˆ็š„ๅฅณๅญๅŒปๅญฆไธ“้—จๅญฆๆ กๅœจ 7 ไธช่‡ชๆฒปไฝ“ไธญ่ฎพ็ฝฎ 3-15 ๅŒปๅญฆ็”Ÿ็š„ๆˆ˜ๆ—ถๅŠจๅ‘˜ 1939 ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 14 ๅผ€ๅง‹ ๅ†›ไบ‹่ฎญ็ปƒๆˆไธบๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๅคงๅญฆๆœฌ็ง‘็”Ÿ็š„ๅฟ…ไฟฎ็ง‘็›ฎ ๅœจๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจไนŸ็”ฑ็Žฐๅฝน็š„้…ๅฑžๅฐ†ๆ กๅฏนๅญฆ ็”Ÿ่ฟ›่กŒๅ†›ไบ‹่ฎญ็ปƒ ไนŸๅฎžๆ–ฝไบ†ๅ†›ไบ‹่ฎฒไน ๆŽˆ่ฏพ 53

่ฟ˜่ฎฒๆŽˆไบ†ๅ†›้˜Ÿๅ†…ๅซ็”Ÿ ้˜ฒ็–ซๅ’Œๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅ—ไผค็š„ๅ†›ไบ‹ๅŒปๅญฆ ๅŒๅนด ๆš‘ๅ‡ๆœŸ้—ด ๅญฆ็”Ÿๅซ็”Ÿ้˜Ÿ ็”ฑๅ…จๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจ็š„ๅญฆ็”Ÿ็ป„็ป‡ ไปฅ ๅซ็”Ÿ่ฐƒๆŸฅ ็š„ๅไน‰่ขซๆดพ้ฃๅˆฐไธญ ๅ›ฝไธœๅŒ—้ƒจ ๅ†œๆ‘ๆ›ด็”Ÿๅไผš็ผ– ๅญฆ็”Ÿๅซ็”Ÿ้ƒจ้˜ŸๆŠฅๅ‘Š ๅ‚ๅŠ ๅ†›ไบ‹่ฎญ็ปƒ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจๅญฆ็”Ÿ 1939 ๅนดๅทฆๅณ ้€‰่‡ช ็š‡็บชไบŒๅƒๅ…ญ็™พๅนดไธœๅŒ—ๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจๆฏ•ไธš็บชๅฟต็…ง็‰‡ ๆญฃๅผ้‡‡็”จ ๅ†›ไบ‹่ฎฒไน  ๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจ 1939 ๅนดๅทฆๅณ ๆ‘˜่‡ช ็š‡็บชไบŒๅƒๅ…ญ็™พๅนดไธœๅŒ—ๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจ็บชๅฟต็…ง็‰‡ 3-16 ไฝœไธบๅ†›ๅŒปๅฅ”่ตดๆˆ˜ๅœบ ้™†ๆตทๅ†›ไธญๆœ‰ไปฅๅŒปๅญฆ็”Ÿไธบๅฏน่ฑก็š„ๅฅ–ๅญฆ้‡‘ๅˆถๅบฆ ๆœ‰ๆฏ•ไธšๅŽ็›ดๆŽฅๆˆไธบๅ†›ๅŒป็š„่ฏพ็จ‹ ๅนถไธ” ไนŸๆœ‰ๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจๆˆ–ไธ“ไธš ้ƒจไปฅๅŠๅŒปๅญฆไธ“้—จๅญฆๆ กๆฏ•ไธš็š„ๅŒปๅธˆ ๆŽฅๅ—ๅ†›ๅŒป่ฏพ็จ‹ๅŸน่ฎญๅŽ ๆˆไธบๅ†›ๅŒป็š„ ๅคง้˜ช้ซ˜็ญ‰้™„ๅฑžๅŒปๅญฆไธ“้—จๅญฆๆ ก 1932 ๅนด ๅคงๆญฃ 1 ๆฏ•ไธš็š„ 1 ๆœŸ็”Ÿๅˆฐ 1944 ๅนดๆฏ•ไธš็š„ 15 ๆœŸ็”Ÿ็š„ 2410 ไบบไธญ ่ฟ‡ๅŠๆ•ฐไบบๆœ‰ๅ†›ๅŒป็ปๅކ ๆฏ•ไธš็”Ÿไธญ้˜ตไบกไบบ ๆ•ฐ 335 ไบบ ๅ  13.9% ๅคง้˜ช้ซ˜็ญ‰้™„ๅฑžๅŒปๅญฆไธ“้—จๅญฆๆ กๆฏๅนดๆฏ•ไธš็”Ÿ็š„้˜ตไบกไบบๆ•ฐ ๅคง้˜ชๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆไปๆณ‰ไผšไบ”ๅๅนดๅฒ็ผ–็บ‚ๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš็ผ– ๅคง้˜ชๅŒป็ง‘ๅคงๅญฆไปๆณ‰ไผšไบ”ๅๅนดๅฒ p850 3-17 ๅฅๆฐ‘ๆ”ฟ็ญ–็š„ๅผบๅŒ–ไธŽ ๅŒป็–—ๆœบๆž„ๅ†็ผ– ๅŒปๅธˆไผšๆ”น็ป„ ๅŽš็”Ÿ็œๆŽจ่ฟ›ๅฅๆฐ‘ๆ”ฟ็ญ–็š„้‡็‚นๆ˜ฏ็ป“ๆ ธไธŽๆฏๅญๅซ็”Ÿๅฏน็ญ– ๆ นๆฎ่ฟ™ไธชๅฏน็ญ–่ฟ›่กŒไบ†ๅŒป็–—ๅ†็ผ– โ‘  ไพๆฎๅฅๅ…ตๅฅๆฐ‘็š„ๅ›ฝ็ญ– ๅฅๅบทไฟ้™ฉ็š„้€‚็”จ่Œƒๅ›ดๆ‰ฉๅคง ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ๅฅๅบทไฟ้™ฉ็ป„ๅˆ็š„่ฎพ็ซ‹ๅพ—ๅˆฐๆ™ฎๅŠ โ‘ก ๅˆถๅฎšๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ๅŒป็–—ๆณ• ๆ˜Ž็กฎๅŒปๅธˆ็ญ‰ๆ˜ฏๅ›ฝๅฎถไฝฟๅ‘ฝ็š„ๅฎŒๆˆ่€… ่ง„ๅฎšไบ†ๅผ€ไธš้™ๅˆถๅ’ŒๅŒปๅธˆ็š„ๅ‹คๅŠกๆŒ‡ๅฎšๅˆถๅบฆๅŠๅพ็”จๅˆถ ๅบฆ็ญ‰ โ‘ข ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒป็–—้›†ๅ›ขไธบไบ†ๆˆ˜ไบ‰็š„่ฟ›่กŒๆŽจ่ฟ›ไบ†ๅŒป้™ข็š„ๆ•ดๅˆ ๆ•ด้กฟไบ†ๅ…จๅ›ฝ็š„ๅŒป็–—็ป„็ป‡ไฝ“็ณป ๅŒปๅธˆไผšไนŸไปฅ ไธบๅ›ฝ็ญ– ่€ŒๅŠชๅŠ› ไธบ็›ฎ็š„่ฟ›่กŒไบ†ๆ”น็ป„ ๅฐๆณ‰ไบฒๅฝฆ ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆๅŠๅฅๅบทไฟ้™ฉ 3343 ๅท 1941 ๅนด 7 ๆœˆ 26 ๆ—ฅ ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ๆ–ฐ้—ป 1939 ๅนด 10 ๆœˆ 8 ๆ—ฅ 3-18 ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅธˆไผšๅๅŠฉๆˆ˜ไบ‰ ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅธˆไผšไปฅๅ‰ๅฐฑ้‡‡ๅ–ไบ†ๅๅŠฉๆˆ˜ไบ‰็š„ๅงฟๆ€ ๅฆ‚ๅณ้ขๆŠฅ้“ๆ‰€่ฟฐ ็†ŠๆœฌๅŽฟๅŒปๅธˆไผšๅฐ†็Ÿณไบ•ๅผๆปคๆฐดๆœบ ้˜ฒๆฏ’ๅ™จ ๆฐง ๆฐ”ๅธๅ…ฅๅ™จๆ็Œฎ็ป™ๅ†›้˜Ÿ ็ฉบ่ขญๆผ”ไน ๆ—ถ่ฟ›่กŒไบ†ๅ…จๅ‘˜ๆ€ปๅŠจๅ‘˜ ๅฐฑ่ฟ™ๆ ท 1942 ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 17 ไพๆฎ ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ๅŒป็–—ๆณ• ๅฏนๅŒปๅธˆไผš่ฟ›่กŒไบ†ๆ”น็ป„ ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅธˆไผšไปŽ่ฅไธšๅŒป็”Ÿ็š„ๅˆฉ ็›Šๅ›ขไฝ“่ฝฌๅ˜ไธบ ไธบๆ้ซ˜ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ไฝ“ๅŠ›็š„ๅ›ฝ็ญ–่€ŒๅŠชๅŠ› ็š„ๅ›ขไฝ“ ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็š„ๅŒป็•Œ 26-23,1936 ๅนด ๆฒณๅŒ—ๆ–ฐๆŠฅ 1942 ๅนด 10 ๆœˆ 4 ๆ—ฅ 3-19 ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒป็–—ๅ›ข็š„ๅˆ›่ฎพ ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅœจ็ป™ๅฅๅบทๅธฆๆฅๅฑๅฎณ็š„ๅŒๆ—ถ ๆ€ปๅŠ›ๆˆ˜ไฝ“ๅˆถไธ‹ไธบ่ฐƒๅŠจๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ ๅ‡บ็Žฐไบ†ไปฅๅฎž็Žฐๅ…จๆฐ‘ๅŒป็–—ไธบ็›ฎๆ ‡็š„ๅŠจๅ‘ ๅŒป็–—่ฎพๆ–ฝๆ™ฎๅŠ็š„็›ฎ็š„ๆ˜ฏ่ฎพ็ฝฎ ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒป็–—ๅ›ข ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒป็–—ๅ›ข ็š„็›ฎ็š„ๆ˜ฏ ไธŽๆ้ซ˜ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ไฝ“ๅŠ›็›ธๅฏนๅบ” ่ฏ• ๅ›พๆ™ฎๅŠๅŒป็–— ๅ…ทไฝ“ๆ˜ฏไปฅๆž„็ญ‘ไปŽไธญๅคฎ็ปผๅˆๅŒป้™ขๅˆฐๅœฐๆ–น่ฏŠ็–—ๆ‰€็š„ๅŒป็–—่ฎพๆ–ฝ ้…ๅค‡็ป“ๆ ธ็—…ๅบŠ 10 ไธ‡ๅผ ไธบ็›ฎๆ ‡ ไฝ†ๅฎž้™…ไธŠ่ฎกๅˆ’ๅนถๆฒกๆœ‰ๅฎž่กŒ ็”ฒ้‡Ž ็นๅคซ ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒป็–—ๅ›ข็š„่ฎพๆ–ฝ ๅปบ็ญ‘ๆ‚ๅฟ— 58(709) 1944 ๅนด p190 3-20 ๆŠคๅฃซ็š„ๅŠจๅ‘˜ 54

ไธ€่ˆฌๅœจๆˆ˜ๅœฐๆดปๅŠจ็š„ๆŠคๅฃซ่ขซ็งฐไฝœไปŽๅ†›ๆŠคๅฃซ ๆœ‰ๆŒ‰็…งๅฌ้›†ไน‰ๅŠก่ขซๆดพ้ฃ็š„ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็บขๅๅญ—ๆ•‘ๆŠคๆŠคๅฃซ ็”ฒ็ง ไน™็ง ไธด ๆ—ถ ๅ’Œๅœจ้™†ๆตทๅ†›ๅŒป้™ขๅทฅไฝœ่ฟ‡็š„ๆŠคๅฃซ ๅ ๅคšๆ•ฐ็š„ๆ˜ฏๆ—ฅๆœฌ็บขๅๅญ—ๆ•‘ๆŠคๆŠคๅฃซ ๅ› ไธบๆœ‰ๅบ”ๆ‹›ไน‰ๅŠก ๅณไฝฟๆœ‰ๅพ…ๅ“บ็š„ๅญฉๅญ ไนŸ่ฆๆ”พไธ‹ๅญฉๅญๅฅ”่ตดๆˆ˜ๅœบ ่ขซๆดพ้ฃ็š„ไปŽๅ†›ๆŠคๅฃซๆ•ฐ้‡ ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็บขๅๅญ—็คพ็คพๅฒ็จฟ 5,1969 ๅนด ๆ‘˜่‡ช p179-212 ๆ•‘ๆŠคๅ‘˜ๅŒ…ๆ‹ฌๅŒปๅธˆ ่ฏๅ‰‚ๅธˆ ๆ–‡ไนฆ ๆŠคๅฃซ้•ฟ ๆŠคๅฃซ ๅ‹คๆ‚ๅทฅ ไปŽๅ†›ๆŠคๅฃซ็š„ๆˆ˜ๆ—ถ่ฏไปค็Šถ ๅ†ณๅฎš็‰ˆๆ˜ญๅ’Œๅฒ 9 ๆฏๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ้—ป็คพ p136 3-21 ๆˆ˜ๅœบไธŠ็š„ไปŽๅ†›ๆŠคๅฃซ ๆ—ฅไธญๆˆ˜ไบ‰ ๅคชๅนณๆด‹ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธญๅ‡บๅŠจ็š„ไปŽๅ†›ๆŠคๅฃซ ไป…ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็บขๅๅญ—ๆ•‘ๆŠคๆŠคๅฃซๅฐฑ่ถ…่ฟ‡ 3 ไธ‡ไบบ ๅœจๅฑ้™ฉ็š„ๆˆ˜ๅœบ้‡Žๆˆ˜ๅŒป้™ขๅทฅไฝœไธญ ๅฅนไปฌไธŽ็”ทๆ€งๅฃซๅ…ตไธบไผ ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๆœซๆœŸ ๆœ‰่ขซๅ‘ฝไปคไธบ้‡็—‡ๅฃซๅ…ตๆณจๅฐ„ๅ‰งๆฏ’็š„ไบบ ๆœ‰ๅ‚ไธŽๅฏนไธญๅ›ฝไฟ˜่™่ฟ›่กŒๆดปไฝ“่งฃๅ‰–็š„ไบบ ๆœ‰้™ทๅ…ฅ้›†ๅ›ข่‡ชๆ€็š„ไบบ ไธ‹่กจๆ˜ฏไปŽๅ†›ๆŠคๅฃซ็š„ๆญปไบกไบบๆ•ฐ ๆ•ฐ้‡้€ๅนดๅขžๅŠ  ๆญป่€…ๅŠๆ•ฐ้›†ไธญๅœจ 1945 ๅนด ๅœจๆˆ˜่ดฅๅ‰ๅŽ็š„ๆททไนฑไธญ ๅพˆๅคš ๆŠคๅฃซๅคฑๅŽปไบ†็”Ÿๅ‘ฝ ๆตทๅ—ๅฒ›ๆตทๅฃ่ฟฝๅฏป็ฉบ็ˆ†็š„้—่ฟน ไธ€ไบฟไบบ็š„ๆ˜ญๅ’Œๅฒ 10 ๆฏๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ้—ป็คพ p206 ไปŽๅ†›ๆŠคๅฃซไธญ็š„ๆญปไบก่€…ๆ•ฐ ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็บขๅๅญ—็คพ็คพๅฒ็จฟ 5 1969 ๅนด p179-212 3-22 ๆˆ˜ๆ—ถ็š„ๅŒป่ฏๅ“ ไปŽ 1930 ๅนดไปฃๆœซๆœŸๅผ€ๅง‹ ๅŒป็–—ๆœบๅ…ณ่‹ฆๆผไบŽๅŒป่ฏๅ“็š„ไธ่ถณ ๅ…ณไบŽ็ปŸๅˆถ็š„ๅŒป่ฏๅ“ ็งไบบๅผ€ไธšๅŒป็”Ÿๅช่ƒฝ้€š่ฟ‡ๅŽฟ้•ฟ ๅ‘่กŒ็š„่ดญๅ…ฅๅˆธๆ‰่ƒฝๅพ—ๅˆฐ ๅˆถ่ฏไธšไนŸๅ‘็”Ÿไบ†ๅ˜ๅŒ– ็”ฐ่พนๅˆถ่ฏๅ…ฌๅธไธšๅŠกๅ…จ้ƒจ้ƒฝไธŽๅ›ฝๅฎถ็š„ๅ†›ไบ‹ไผ˜ๅ…ˆๆ”ฟ็ญ–็›ธ้€‚ๅบ” ๅœจ่ดฉๅ–ๆ–น้ข ๅ†›้œ€่ฏ ๅ“็š„ๆฏ”้‡้€ๅนดๅขžๅŠ  ๅพˆๅฟซๅฐฑ่ถ…่ฟ‡ไบ†ๅŠๆ•ฐ ไธ‰ๅ…ฑๅˆถ่ฏไธบไบ†ๆปก่ถณๅ†›้˜Ÿ็š„้œ€ๆฑ‚ ๅˆถ้€ ๆˆ˜ๅœบไฝฟ็”จ็š„็ƒŸๅน•ๅ‰‚ๅ’Œๅฏน้ฉพ้ฉถ ๆˆ˜ๆ–—ๆœบ็š„ไบบๆณจๅฐ„ๅคœ้—ดไนŸ่ƒฝ็œ‹่ง็š„ ใƒกใƒฉใƒŽใƒ›ใƒผใƒฌใƒณใƒ›ใƒซใƒขใƒณ ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไนŸๅฏผ่‡ดๆˆ˜ๅŽๅ‡บ็Žฐ่ฏๅฎณๅ’Œไธญๆฏ’็š„ๆƒ…ๅ†ต ไพ‹ๅฆ‚ ไบšๆ€ฅๆ€ง่„Š้ซ“่ง†็ฅž็ป้šœ็ข่ฏๅฎณ็š„้—ดๆŽฅๅŽŸๅ› ๅฐฑๆ˜ฏ 1939 ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 14 ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ฏๅฑ€ไฟฎๆ”นๆ‰ฉๅคงๅฅŽ่ฏบไปฟ็š„้€‚็”จ ๅฏผ่‡ดๅคง้‡ไธญๆฏ’่€…ๅ‡บ็Žฐ็š„่ฒๆด›ๆœฌ ๆ˜ฏ 1941 ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 16 ไฝœไธบ ้™คๅ€ฆ่ง‰้†’ๅ‰‚ไปฅๅคงๆ—ฅๆœฌๅˆถ่ฏ็š„ๆ–ฐ่ฏ่บซไปฝๅผ€ๅง‹ๅ‘ๅ”ฎ็š„ ็”จไบŽๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธญๅญฆไน ๅ’Œๅฝปๅคœๅทฅไฝœ็š„ไบบ ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅฏนไธญๅ›ฝ็š„้บป่ฏๆ”ฟ็ญ– ๅฎž่ดจไธŠๆ˜ฏๅขžๅŠ ไธญๆฏ’่€…็š„ๆ”ฟ็ญ– ๅ…ณไธœๅ†›ๅœจๅ†…่’™ๅค็ญ‰ๅœฐ็งๆค็ฝ‚็ฒŸ ้ธฆ็‰‡ ๅ—ๅ•ก ๅฏๅกๅ› ๅ–็ป™ไธญๅ›ฝ้ข†ๅœฐไฝœไธบๅ†›ไบ‹่ต„้‡‘ ๅชๆ˜ฏๅไน‰ไธŠๅ–็ผ”้ธฆ็‰‡ 3-23 ๅ‹‡ไบŽๆŠตๆŠ—็š„ๅŒปๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€… ็”Ÿ็†ๅญฆ่€…ๆจชๅฑฑๆญฃๆพ ็…ง็‰‡ ไฝœไธบๅ†›ๅŒป่ขซๅฌ้›†ๅˆฐๅŒ—ไบฌ็”ฒ 1855 ้ƒจ้˜Ÿ ไธŠๅธๅ‘ฝไปคไป–ๅš่…น้ƒจๆžชไผคๆฒป็–—่ฏ็‰ฉ็š„ๅผ€ๅ‘ ๅฏนไธญๅ›ฝไฟ˜่™่ฟ›่กŒ็”จๆžช็ฉฟ้€่…น้ƒจ็š„ๅฎž้ชŒ ไฝ†ๆจชๅฑฑ่ฏด ่ฟๅไบบ้“็š„ๅฎž้ชŒไธ่ƒฝ่ฟ›่กŒ ็ป“ๆžœไป–่ขซๆดพๅˆฐๅญๅผน็บท้ฃž็š„ๆœ€ๅ‰็บฟ ๆจชๅฑฑๆญฃๆพ ๅนด่ฝปๆ—ถ็š„ๆˆ‘ ๆฏ ๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ้—ป 1986 ๅนด 9 ๆœˆ 11 ๆ—ฅๆ—ฅๆŠฅ 3-24 ๅ‹‡ไบŽๆŠตๆŠ—็š„ๅŒปๅธˆๅ’ŒๅŒปๅญฆ็”Ÿ ่™ฝ็„ถๅค„ไบŽ่จ€่ฎบ่‡ช็”ฑ่ขซๅฐๆ€็š„็Žฏๅขƒ ไนŸๆœ‰ๅฏนๅŒป็–—็š„ๅบ”ๆœ‰็Šถๆ€่ฟ›่กŒๆ€่€ƒ็š„ๅŒปๅธˆๅ’Œๅญฆ็”Ÿ ้ซ˜ๆกฅๅฎž 1942 ๅนด ไธœๅŒ—ๅธๅ›ฝๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจๅŠฉๆ‰‹ ๆˆ˜ๆ—ถไธคๆฌกๅ› ๆฒปๅฎ‰็ปดๆŒๆณ•่ขซ้€ฎๆ• ๅœจ็›‘็‹ฑๅบฆ่ฟ‡ไบ† 4 ๅนดๅคš ไป–่ขซๅˆคไธบๆœ‰็ฝชๆ˜ฏๅ› ไธบไป–็š„่‘—ไฝœ ไธœๅŒ—ไธ€็บฏๅ†œๆ‘็š„ๅŒปๅญฆๅˆ†ๆž ๅœจๅฒฉๆ‰‹ๅŽฟๅฟ—ๅ’Œๆ‘็š„็คพไผšๅซ็”Ÿๅญฆ็š„่ฐƒๆŸฅ ไธญๅ†™ไบ† ไปŽๅ…ฑไบง่ดจ็–‘็š„่ง‚็‚นๅˆ†ๆžๅ†œๆ‘ไฟๅฅๅซ็”Ÿ้—ฎ้ข˜ 55

ไปŠ ๆ‘ ้›„ ไธ€ ๆดฅ ็”ฐ ๅฎ‰ ๆˆท ๅฑฟ ๅฎฝ ๅนด ็ญ‰ ไบฌ ้ƒฝ ๅธ ๅ›ฝ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ็ป“ ๆ ธ ็ ” ็ฉถ ้ƒจ ็š„ ๅญฆ ็”Ÿ,1941 ๅนด ๅœจ ็ฆ ไบ• ๅŽฟ ่ƒœ ๅฑฑ ๅœฐ ๅŒบ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ็ป“ ๆ ธ ็š„ ้›† ๅ›ข ่ฏŠ ๆŸฅ, ้‚ฃ ไธช ๆŠฅ ้“ ็™ป ๅœจ ่Š ๅ…ฐ ไผš ๆ‚ ๅฟ— ไธŠ, ๅผ• ่ตท ไบ† ็‰น ๅˆซ ้ซ˜ ็ญ‰ ่ญฆ ๅฏŸ ็š„ ๆณจ ๆ„ ๅ›  ่ฟ ๅ ๆฒป ๅฎ‰ ็ปด ๆŒ ๆณ•, ๅ— ๅˆฐ ไบ† ๅ…ฅ ็‹ฑ ็š„ ๅค„ ็ฝš 3-25 ๅŒป ็–— ไฟ ๅฅ ็š„ ๅฎž ้™… ็Šถ ๆ€ ่ขซ ๅŠจ ๅ‘˜ ็š„ ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ็š„ ่บซ ไฝ“ ๅฅ ๆฐ‘ ่ฟ ๅŠจ ็š„ ้‡ ็‚น ไน‹ ไธ€ ๅฐฑ ๆ˜ฏ ็ป“ ๆ ธ ็—… ๅฏน ็ญ– ไธบ ไบ† ๅก‘ ้€  ไธ ๅพ— ็ป“ ๆ ธ ็—… ็š„ ่บซ ไฝ“,1940 ๅนด ( ๆ˜ญ ๅ’Œ 15), ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ไธบ ไบ† ๆ ้ซ˜ ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ไฝ“ ๅŠ›, ๅˆถ ๅฎš ไบ† ็ฎก ็† ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ่บซ ไฝ“ ( ็ฌฌ ไธ€ ๆก ) ็š„ ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ไฝ“ ๅŠ› ๆณ• ่ฟ™ ไธช ๆณ• ๅพ‹ ไปฅ ๆœช ๆˆ ๅนด ็”ท ๅญ ไธบ ไธญ ๅฟƒ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไฝ“ ๅŠ› ๆฃ€ ๆŸฅ, ๆฃ€ ๆŸฅ ็š„ ่ฎฐ ๅฝ• ่ฎฐ ่ฝฝ ๅˆฐ ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ไฝ“ ๅŠ› ๆ‰‹ ๅ†Œ ไธญ, ๅนถ ไธ” ๅœจ ๅพ ๅ…ต ๆฃ€ ๆŸฅ ๆ—ถ ๆŒ ่ฏฅ ๆ‰‹ ๅ†Œ ๆˆ ไธบ ไธ€ ็ง ไน‰ ๅŠก ไธœ ไบฌ ไธป ๅŠž ็š„ ๅธ ้ƒฝ ๅธ‚ ๆฐ‘ ไฝ“ ่‚ฒ ๅคง ไผš ็ซž ๆŠ€ ้กน ็›ฎ ๆœ‰ ๅธฆ ้˜ฒ ๆฏ’ ้ข ๅ…ท ็š„ ๆฌ ๅœŸ ็ฏฎ ๆฏ” ่ต› ๅ†ณ ๅฎš ็‰ˆ ๆ˜ญ ๅ’Œ ๅฒ 9, ๆฏŽ ๆ—ฅ ๆ–ฐ ่ž ็คพ, p98 ๅฅ ๆฐ‘ ่ฟ ๅŠจ ็š„ ๅนฟ ๅ‘Š, ๅ‘จ ๆŠฅ 302 ๅท,1942 ๅนด 7 ๆœˆ 22 ๆ—ฅ 3-26 ๅพ ๅ…ต ๆฃ€ ๆŸฅ ๅพ ๅ…ต ๆฃ€ ๆŸฅ ไธญ, ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ† ไฝœ ไธบ ๅฃซ ๅ…ต ๅฟ… ่ฆ ็š„ ไฝ“ ๆ ผ ๅ’Œ ไฝ“ ๅŠ› ๆฃ€ ๆŸฅ ๅฃซ ๅ…ต ็š„ ไฝ“ ๅŠ› ๅฝ“ ไธญ, ๆœ‰ ้™† ๅ†› ๅผบ ่ฐƒ ็š„ ๆŒ ไน… ๅŠ› ่ฟ™ ๅ’Œ ๆ—ฅ ๅ†› ็‰น ๆœ‰ ็š„ ็ฒฎ ้ฃŸ ็Žฐ ๅœฐ ่ฐƒ ้… ไธป ไน‰ ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ็ณป ๆ—ฅ ๅ†› ๅ›  ไธบ ่ฝป ่ง† ไพ› ็ป™, ๅœจ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ็ฒฎ ้ฃŸ ็Žฐ ๅœฐ ไธป ไน‰ ่ฐƒ ้… ็š„ ๆก ไปถ ไธ‹, ้œ€ ่ฆ ่ƒŒ ่ดŸ ้‡ ็‰ฉ ่กŒ ๅ†› ๅ’Œ ๅฟ ๅ— ็‰ฉ ่ต„ ไธ ่ถณ ็š„ ๆŒ ไน… ๅŠ› ๆ น ๆฎ ๆ—ฅ ไธญ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ ๅฃซ ๅ…ต ็š„ ๅฎž ้™… ็Šถ ๅ†ต, ็‰น ๆฎŠ ็š„ ไฝ“ ๅŠ› ่ง‚ ็”ฑ ๆญค ไบง ็”Ÿ ็ป“ ๆ ธ ๆ˜ฏ ้‡ ่ฆ ็š„ ๆฃ€ ๆŸฅ ้กน ็›ฎ,X ๅ…‰ ๆฃ€ ๆŸฅ ไนŸ ไบŽ 1942 ๅนด ๅผ• ่ฟ› ๅพ ๅ…ต ๆฃ€ ๆŸฅ X ๅ…‰ ็™ป ๅœบ (1941 ๅนด ), ๅ†ณ ๅฎš ็‰ˆ ๆ˜ญ ๅ’Œ ๅฒ 10, ๆฏŽ ๆ—ฅ ๆ–ฐ ่ž ็คพ,p115 3-27 ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅŠจ ๅ‘˜ ็š„ ็ป“ ๆžœ ่ฏ ๆ˜Ž ๆ—ฅ ๅ†› ้˜ต ไบก ่€… ่ฟ‡ ๅŠ ๆ•ฐ ๆ˜ฏ ่ขซ ้ฅฟ ๆญป ไบ‹ ๅฎž ็š„ ่—ค ๅŽŸ ๅฝฐ ๆœ‰ ๅฆ‚ ไธ‹ ๅ™ ่ฟฐ : ๅœจ ๆ•ด ไธช ๆˆ˜ ๅœบ ไธŠ ๅ›  ไพ› ็ป™ ไธ ่ถณ ๆˆ– ๆ–ญ ็ป ่€Œ ๅฏผ ่‡ด ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ ่ฅ ๅ…ป ๅคฑ ่ฐƒ ๅธธ ๆ€ ๅŒ–, ็”ฑ ๆญค ๅฏผ ่‡ด ไฝ“ ๅŠ› ไฝŽ ไธ‹ ๅคฑ ๅŽป ๆŠต ๆŠ— ๅŠ›, ็–Ÿ ็–พ ็—ข ็–พ ่„š ๆฐ” ็ญ‰ ่‡ด ไฝฟ ่ฎธ ๅคš ไบบ ็—… ๆญป, ไปŽ ๅนฟ ไน‰ ไธŠ ็† ่งฃ, ไนŸ ๅฐฑ ๆ˜ฏ ็”ฑ ้ฅฅ ้ฅฟ ๅฏผ ่‡ด ๆญป ไบก ้ฅฟ ๆญป ๅคง ้‡ ๅ‡บ ็Žฐ ( ้ฅฟ ๆญป ็š„ ่‹ฑ ็ต ไปฌ ่—ค ๅŽŸ ๅฝฐ ่‘— ้’ ๆœจ ไนฆ ๅบ— 2001 ๅนด ) ่—ค ๅŽŸ ่ฎค ไธบ ไพ› ็ป™ ไธ ่ถณ ็š„ ๅŽŸ ๅ›  ๆ˜ฏ ๆ—ฅ ๅ†› ไฝœ ๆˆ˜ ่ดŸ ่ดฃ ไบบ ่ฎค ไธบ ไฝœ ๆˆ˜ ่‡ณ ไธŠ, ่ฝป ่ง† ๅ…ต ็ซ™ ็ป™ ๅ…ป ๅซ ็”Ÿ ไป– ๆŒ‡ ๅ‡บ ๅœจ ่ฟ™ ไธช ่ƒŒ ๆ™ฏ ไธ‹, ๅ†› ้˜Ÿ ๅฏน ๅฃซ ๅ…ต ๅ›  ็–พ ็—… ๅ’Œ ้ฅฅ ้ฅฟ ๅคฑ ๅŽป ็”Ÿ ๅ‘ฝ ็ผบ ไน ็ฝช ๆถ ๆ„Ÿ, ่ฝป ่ง† ๅฃซ ๅ…ต ็š„ ็”Ÿ ๅ‘ฝ ๅ’Œ ไบบ ๆƒ ็”จ ่ˆน ๅ‘ ๅŽ ๆ–น ่พ“ ้€ ไผค ็—… ๅฃซ ๅ…ต ็ง˜ ่— ็š„ ไธ ่ฎธ ๅฏ ็…ง ็‰‡ 1, ๆฏ ๆ—ฅ ๆ–ฐ ้—ป ็คพ,p117 3-28 ไผ˜ ็”Ÿ ๆ”ฟ ็ญ– ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ 1940 ๅนด ๅˆถ ๅฎš ไบ† ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ไผ˜ ็”Ÿ ๆณ• ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ไผ˜ ็”Ÿ ๆณ• ็š„ ็ฌฌ ไธ€ ๆก ๅ†™ ๆœ‰ ๆœฌ ๆณ• ไปฅ ๆ ้ซ˜ ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ๆ•ด ไฝ“ ็ด  ่ดจ ไธบ ็›ฎ ็š„, ้ ๅˆถ ๆœ‰ ้— ไผ  ็—… ็ด  ่ดจ ็š„ ไบบ ๅขž ๅŠ , ๅขž ๅŠ  ๅฅ ๅ…จ ็ด  ่ดจ ็š„ ไบบ ไปฅ ๆญค ไธบ ็›ฎ ็š„, ๆ–ญ ็ง ็š„ ๅฏน ่ฑก ๆœ‰ ็ฒพ ็ฅž ๅˆ† ่ฃ‚ ็—… ๆ‚ฃ ่€… ่บ ้ƒ ็—‡ ๆ‚ฃ ่€… ็ฒพ ็ฅž ่–„ ๅผฑ ่€… ๅ…ˆ ๅคฉ ๆ€ง ่‹ ๅ“‘ ่€… ๆ–ญ ็ง ๆ‰‹ ๆœฏ ่™ฝ ็„ถ ้œ€ ่ฆ ๆœฌ ไบบ ๅ’Œ ๅฎถ ไบบ ็š„ ๅŒ ๆ„, ไฝ† ๅฆ‚ ๆžœ ๆœ‰ ็ฒพ ็ฅž ็—… ้™ข ้•ฟ ็ญ‰ ไบบ ็š„ ๅŒ ๆ„, ๅฏ ไปฅ ๆ—  ่ง† ๆœฌ ไบบ ๆ„ ๅฟ— ๅผบ ๅˆถ ๆ‰ง ่กŒ ๆ–ญ ็ง ๆ‰‹ ๆœฏ, ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ็š„ ้’ป ๆณ• ๅพ‹ ๆผ ๆดž ็š„ ๆƒ… ๅ†ต ไนŸ ๆœ‰ ไพ ๆฎ ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ไผ˜ ็”Ÿ ๆณ• ๅฎž ๆ–ฝ ๅผบ ๅˆถ ๆ–ญ ็ง ็š„ ไบบ ๆ•ฐ (1941 ๅนด ~1947 ๅนด ) ็”ท :217 ๅ ๅฅณ :321 ๅ ๅŽš ็”Ÿ ็œ ๅŒป ๅŠก ๅฑ€ ็ผ– ๅŒป ๅˆถ ็™พ ๅนด ๅฒ 1976 ๅนด,p335 56

ไผ˜็”Ÿ็ป“ๅฉšๆŠฅๅ›ฝ็š„ๆตทๆŠฅ ๅ†ณๅฎš็‰ˆๆ˜ญๅ’Œๅฒ 10 ๆฏŽๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ่ž็คพ p230 3-29 ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๆ—ถๆœŸ็š„ไบบๅฃๆ”ฟ็ญ– ๆ€ปๅŠ›ๆˆ˜ไฝ“ๅˆถไธ‹ ๅ›ฝๅฎถไป‹ๅ…ฅไบ†ๅฎถๅบญ็š„ๅญ˜ๅœจๆ–นๅผ 1941 ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 16 ๅ†…้˜ไผš่ฎฎ ไปฅ ๆˆ‘ๅ›ฝไบบๅฃๆฟ€ๅขžๅนถไธ”ๆฐธ ไน…ๆŒ็ปญๅ‘ๅฑ• ไธบ็›ฎ็š„ๆๅ‡บไบ† ไบบๅฃๆ”ฟ็ญ–็กฎ็ซ‹็บฒ่ฆ ไธบๅขžๅŠ ๅ‡บ็”Ÿไบบๆ•ฐ ่ฎพๅฎšไบ† ไปŠๅŽๅๅนด้—ด็ป“ๅฉšๅนด้พ„ๆฏ”็Žฐๅœจๆ—ฉไธ‰ๅนด็š„ๅŒๆ—ถ ไธ€ๅฏนๅคซๅฆ‡ๅนณๅ‡็”Ÿ 5 ไธชๅญฉๅญ ็š„ ๅ…ทไฝ“ๆ•ฐๅ€ผ็›ฎๆ ‡ ๅŽš็”Ÿ็œๅ‡บๅฐไบ† ไผ˜่‰ฏๅคšๅญๅฎถๅบญ่กจๅฝฐ็บฒ่ฆ ่กจๅฝฐ็”Ÿ่‚ฒๅคšไธชๅญฉๅญ็š„ไบบ ไฝฟ ไบงๅ„ฟๆŠฅๅ›ฝ ็š„ๆฐ”่ฑก้ซ˜ๆถจ ไธ‰่ƒž่ƒŽ ไธพ่กŒไผ˜่‰ฏๅคšๅญๅฎถๅบญ่กจๅฝฐไผš 1941 ๅนดๅ…จๅ›ฝ 10 ไบบไปฅไธŠ็š„ๅคšๅญๅฎถๅบญ่ถ…่ฟ‡ไบ† 1 ไธ‡ 2000 ๆˆท ๅ†ณๅฎš็‰ˆๆ˜ญๅ’Œ ๅฒ 10 ๆฏŽๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ้—ป็คพ p150 3-30 ้บป้ฃŽ็—…ๆ‚ฃ่€…็š„้š”็ฆปๅผบๅŒ– ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅธฆๆฅไบ†้บป้ฃŽ็—…ๆ‚ฃ่€…็š„้š”็ฆปๅผบๅŒ–ไปฅๅŠ็”Ÿๆดป็Žฏๅขƒ็š„ๆถๅŒ– 1938 ๅนด ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ 13 ๆ —็”Ÿไนๆณ‰ๅ›ญ่ฎพ็ฝฎไบ† ็‰นๅˆซ็—…ๆˆฟ ไนŸๅฐฑๆ˜ฏ้‡็—‡็›‘ๆŠคๅฎค ่ฟ™ๆ˜ฏ็”ฑไบŽๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅฏผ่‡ด้š”็ฆป่ฎพ ๆ–ฝๅ†…็š„็”Ÿๆดป็Žฏๅขƒไธๆ–ญๆถๅŒ– ๅฏนๅ…ฅไฝ่€…่ฟ›่กŒๅผบๅˆถ็ฎก็†็š„่ฎพๆ–ฝ ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๆœซๆœŸ ๅ†ฒ็ปณๅŽฟ็š„ๅฎซๅคๅ—้™ๅ›ญ็”ฑไบŽ็พŽๅ†›็š„็ฉบ่ขญ ่ฎพๆ–ฝ้ญๅˆฐไบ†ๆฏ็ญๆ€ง็š„็ ดๅ ไปฅๅ›ญ้•ฟไธบ้ฆ– ๆ‰€ๆœ‰่Œๅ‘˜ ๆ”พๅผƒไบ†ๅทฅไฝœๅฒ—ไฝ ๅ…ฅๅ›ญ่€…้€ƒๅ‘้™„่ฟ‘็š„ๅฃ•ๆฒŸ ็”ฑไบŽๆžๅบฆ็š„็–ฒๅŠณ ่ฅๅ…ปๅคฑ่ฐƒ ็—…ๆƒ…ๆถๅŒ– ่ฟžๆ—ฅ็ฉบ่ขญ็ญ‰ๅŽŸๅ›  ๆญป ่€…่พพๅˆฐ 110 ไบบ ็ป็พŽๅ†›้ฃžๆœบๆœบๆžชๆ‰ซๅฐ„ๅŽๆฎ‹็•™็š„ๅฎซๅคๅ—้™ๅ›ญๅ›ดๅข™ๅข™ๅฃ ๆ‘„ๅฝฑ ๆœซๆฐธ 2009 ๅนด 3-31 ้ฅฟๆญป็š„็ฒพ็ฅž็—…ๆ‚ฃ่€… ๅณ่กจๆ˜ฏ 1936 ๅนดๅˆฐ 1956 ๅนดไธœไบฌ้ƒฝ็ซ‹ๆพๆณฝๅŒป้™ขๆฏๅนด็š„ๅœจ็ฑๆ‚ฃ่€…ๅ’Œๆญปไบกไบบๆ•ฐๆƒ…ๅ†ต ๆพๆณฝๅŒป้™ข็š„ๆญปไบก็އไบŽ 1938 ๅนดๆฟ€ๅขž ไปฅๅŽไธ€็›ดๅขžๅŠ  ๅˆฐ 1940 ๅนด่พพๅˆฐ 21.9% ๆญปไบกไบบๆ•ฐ่พพๅˆฐ 352 ไบบ 1944 ๅนดๅผ€ๅง‹็ช็„ถๆ€ฅๅ‰งไธŠๅ‡ 1945 ๅนดๅœจ็ฑๆ‚ฃ่€… 1169 ไบบไธญๆœ‰ 478 ไบบๆญปไบก ๅคง็บฆๅ ๅœจ็ฑๆ‚ฃ่€…ๆ€ปๆ•ฐ็š„ 41% ๅˆ†ๆžๆพๆณฝๅŒป้™ขๆญปไบก็އๅ˜ๅŒ–็š„็ซ‹ๆดฅๆ”ฟ้กบ ๅ™่ฟฐๅˆฐ ๆญปๅ› ไธญๆญปไบก็އๅพˆ้ซ˜ๅนถ้€ๅนดๅขžๅŠ ๆœ€ๆ˜พ่‘—ๅ› ็ด ็š„่ฟ˜ๆ˜ฏ่ฅๅ…ป ๅคฑ่ฐƒๅ’Œๆ…ขๆ€ง่‚ ็‚Ž ๅฝ“ๆ—ถๆ‚ฃ่€…็š„็ฒฎ้ฃŸ้…็ป™ๆƒ…ๅ†ตๆ˜ฏ ไปŽ 1939 ๅนด็š„ไธป้ฃŸ้…็ป™็ปŸๅˆถๅˆฐ็ฌฌไบŒๅนด็š„่ฐท็‰ฉ็ฎก็†ๅˆถๅบฆ ๅคง็ฑณ็š„้…็ป™้‡ๆŒ ็ปญๅ‡ๅฐ‘ 1945 ๅนด 7 ๆœˆไธ€ๅคฉๆ˜ฏ 297g 1034 ๅก ๅœจ็ฒพ็ฅžๅŒป้™ข็š„็›‘็ฆ็Šถๆ€ไธ‹ ็ปดๆŒ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝๆ˜ฏไธๅฏ่ƒฝ็š„ 4. ๆˆ˜ๅŽ็š„ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆไผš ็•Œ ๅˆฐ็›ฎๅ‰ไธบๆญข ๅฑ•็คบไบ†ไปฅ 731 ้ƒจ้˜Ÿไธบไปฃ่กจ็š„ ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธญ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€…ๅ’ŒๅŒปๅธˆ็š„ๅŠ ๅฎณๅฒๅฎž ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅœจๆฎ–ๆฐ‘ๅœฐ็š„ๅŒป ๅญฆๅ’ŒๅŒป็–—ๆดปๅŠจๅŠๅ…ถๅŠ ๅฎณๅฒๅฎž ๅŒปๅญฆ ๅŒป็–—็š„ๅŠจๅ‘˜ๅ’ŒๆŠตๆŠ— ๅŒปๅญฆ็•Œ้€š่ฟ‡ๅ†›้˜ŸๅŠจๅ‘˜ๆœ‰็ป„็ป‡ๅœฐๅ‚ไธŽๆˆ˜ไบ‰ ๆ˜ฏ 15 ๅนดๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅ’ŒๅŒปๅญฆ ๅŒป็–—็š„ๅ…ณ็ณป ็งฏๆžไนŸๅฅฝ ๆถˆๆžไนŸๅฅฝ ๅพˆๅคšๅŒปๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€…ๅ’ŒๅŒปๅธˆๅ‚ไธŽๅ…ถไธญ ๅฏนๆญคๆœ‰ๆŠตๆŠ—็š„ๅŒปๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€…ๅ’ŒๅŒปๅธˆไนŸๆœ‰ ไฝ†ไป…้™ไบŽไธ€้ƒจๅˆ† ไปŽ็ฌฌ 1 ้ƒจๅˆ†ๅˆฐ็ฌฌ 3 ้ƒจๅˆ†ๅฑ•็คบ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆ่€…ๅ’ŒๅŒปๅธˆๅ‚ไธŽ็š„ๅŠ ๅฎณๅฒๅฎžๆ˜ฏ่ขซๆˆ˜ๅŽ็š„่ฏ่จ€ๅ’Œ็ ”็ฉถ็กฎ่ฎค่ฟ‡็š„ ไฝ†ๆ˜ฏ่ฟ™ ไบ›ๅชๆ˜ฏๅฒๅฎž็š„ไธ€้ƒจๅˆ† ๆˆ˜ๅŽ 67 ๅนด่ฟ‡ๅŽปไบ† ๅฒๅฎž็š„ๅ…จ่ฒŒ่ฟ˜ไธๅฎŒๅ…จๆธ…ๆ™ฐ ๆˆ˜ๅŽๅŸบไบŽ่ฟ™ๆ ท็š„ๅŽŸๅง” ๅœจๆๅ‡บๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธญๅŠ ๅฎณๅฒๅฎž็š„ๅŒๆ—ถ ๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅ’ŒๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็†ๆฃ€่ฏไนŸไฝœไธบไธ€ไธช้‡่ฆ้—ฎ้ข˜่ขซๆ ๅ‡บ ไปŽ่ฟ™ๆ ท็š„่ง‚็‚นๅ‡บๅ‘ ๅฑ•็คบไธ€ไธ‹ๆˆ˜ๅŽ็š„ๆƒ…ๅ†ตๅฆ‚ไฝ• 57

4-2 15 ๅนด ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ็š„ ๅ… ่ดฃ ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ, ๅฏน ๆœ‰ ๅŠ  ๅฎณ ่กŒ ไธบ ็š„ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็ญ‰ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅทฅ ไฝœ ่€… ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ๅ’Œ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ไธ€ ๆ ท, ไฝœ ไธบ ๆˆ˜ ็Šฏ ๆฅ ๅฎš ็ฝช ไฝ† ไบ‹ ๅฎž ไธŠ, ็Ÿณ ไบ• ๅ›› ้ƒŽ ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ้•ฟ ๅŠ ไปฅ ไธ‹ ๅ…จ ๅ‘˜ ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ่ขซ ๅ… ่ดฃ ไบ† ไธบ ไบ† ๅ… ่ดฃ, ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็ป“ ๆŸ ๆ—ถ, ็ญ– ๅˆ’ ไบ† ไปฅ ไธ‹ ไบ‹ ้กน ็ฌฌ ไธ€ ไธบ ไบ† ็ปด ๆŒ ๅ›ฝ ไฝ“ ( ๅ›ž ้ฟ ๆœ€ ้ซ˜ ่ดฃ ไปป ่€… ๅคฉ ็š‡ ็š„ ่ดฃ ไปป ๅ’Œ ็ปด ๆŒ ๅคฉ ็š‡ ๅˆถ ), ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๅฝป ๅบ• ็š„ ้š ่”ฝ ๅทฅ ไฝœ ็ฌฌ ไบŒ ๅฏน ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๆˆ ๅ‘˜ ๅŠ ๅ…ถ ๅฎถ ๅฑž ๅ‘ ๅ‡บ ไบ† ็ผ„ ๅฃ ไปค, ็Ÿณ ไบ• ๅ›› ้ƒŽ ้˜Ÿ ้•ฟ ๅ‘ฝ ไปค ๆŠŠ ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ็œŸ ๅฎž ๆƒ… ๅ†ต ๅธฆ ๅˆฐ ๅŸ ๅข“ ้‡Œ ๅŽป ๅฆ‚ ๆžœ ๆœ‰ ไบบ ๆณ„ ๅฏ† ็š„ ่ฏ, ๅฐฑ ๆ˜ฏ ๆ‰’ ่‰ ๆ น ไนŸ ่ฆ ๆŠŠ ไป– ๆ‰พ ๅ‡บ ๆฅ ็ฆ ๆญข ไบ’ ็›ธ ่” ็ณป, ็ฆ ๆญข ไปŽ ไบ‹ ๅ…ฌ ่Œ ็ฌฌ ไธ‰, ้ข ๅฏน ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ไธŽ ่‹ ่” ็š„ ไธœ ่ฅฟ ๅ†ท ๆˆ˜ ไฝ“ ๅˆถ, ๅœจ ไธŽ ่” ๅˆ ๅ›ฝ ๅ†› ๆ€ป ๅธ ไปค ้ƒจ (GHQ) ่ฟ› ่กŒ ็š„ ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ไบค ๆถ‰ ่ฟ‡ ็จ‹ ไธญ, ๅฐ† 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ๆ ไพ› ็ป™ ไบ† ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๅ›  ๆญค, ๅœจ ไธœ ไบฌ ๅฎก ๅˆค ไธŠ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๆŠŠ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ็ฝช ่กŒ ไฝœ ไธบ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ๆ ๅ‡บ ๆฅ ๅœจ ่‹ ่” ๅ“ˆ ๅทด ็ฝ— ๅคซ ๆ–ฏ ๅ…‹ ๅฎก ๅˆค (1949 ๅนด ) ๅ’Œ ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ็š„ ็‰น ๅˆซ ๅ†› ไบ‹ ๆณ• ๅบญ (1956 ๅนด ) ไธŠ,731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ้˜Ÿ ๅ‘˜ ็š„ ่ฏ ่จ€ ไฝฟ ไธƒ ไธ‰ ไธ€ ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ็œŸ ๅฎž ๆƒ… ๅ†ต ่ขซ ๅฑ• ็Žฐ ๅ‡บ ๆฅ, ไฝ† ้‚ฃ ๆ˜ฏ ไธœ ไบฌ ๅฎก ๅˆค ไธŠ ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ๅทฒ ็ป ๅฏน ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ้˜Ÿ ๅ‘˜ ไฝœ ๅ‡บ ๆˆ˜ ็Šฏ ๅ… ่ดฃ ็š„ ๅˆค ๅ†ณ ไน‹ ๅŽ ็š„ ไบ‹ 4-3 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ่ฏ ๆฎ ็š„ ๆฏ ็ญ 1945 ๅนด 8 ๆœˆ 9 ๆ—ฅ ่‹ ่” ๅ‚ ๆˆ˜, ไธบ ไบ† ้š ่— ็ง˜ ๅฏ†,731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็”จ ็‚ธ ่ฏ ็ ด ๅ ไบ† ๆ ธ ๅฟƒ ่ฎพ ๆ–ฝ, ็”จ ๆฏ’ ๆฐ” ๆ€ ๅฎณ ไบ† ่ขซ ๅ…ณ ๆŠผ ็š„ ๆ‰€ ๆœ‰ ้ฉฌ ่ทฏ ๅคง ( ๆ น ๆฎ ๆฒŸ ๆธ• ไฟŠ ็พŽ ๅนณ ๆˆฟ ็‡ƒ ใ‚† [1991 ๅนด ] ๆœ‰ 404 ไบบ ) ไนฆ ็ฑ ๅ’Œ ็ ” ็ฉถ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ๅคง ้ƒจ ๅˆ† ่ขซ ็„š ็ƒง, ๅฏน ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ้˜Ÿ ๅ‘˜ ๅŠ ๅ…ถ ๅฎถ ไบบ ๅ‘ ๅ‡บ ไบ† ้€ƒ ่ท‘ ็š„ ๅ‘ฝ ไปค ๆœ ๆž ็น ๆ˜ฅ ( ๅคง ๆœฌ ่ฅ ๅ‚ ่ฐ‹ ๆœฌ ้ƒจ ไฝœ ๆˆ˜ ่ฏพ ไธป ไปป ), ๅฏน ็Ÿณ ไบ• ๅ›› ้ƒŽ ๅš ๅ‡บ ไบ† ไปฅ ไธ‹ ๆŒ‡ ็คบ 52 ๅนด ๅ‰ ็š„ ่ฟฝ ๅฟ† ๅŽŸ ๅคง ๆœฌ ่ฅ ้™† ๅ†› ้ƒจ ไฝœ ๆˆ˜ ่ฏพ ๅ‚ ่ฐ‹ ้™† ๅ†› ไธญ ๆ ก ๆœ ๆž ็น ๆ˜ฅ 4-4 ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๅฎž ๆ–ฝ ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ็Šฏ ๅ… ่ดฃ ๅœจ ๅฏน ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ไพต ๅŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅ’Œ ๅคช ๅนณ ๆด‹ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ A ็บง ๆˆ˜ ็Šฏ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๅฎก ๅˆค ็š„ ไธœ ไบฌ ๅฎก ๅˆค ไธŠ,731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ๆˆ ไธบ ่œ ๆฟ ไธŠ ็š„ ้ฑผ ่‚‰ 1946 ๅนด 10 ๆœˆ, ้€š ่ฟ‡ ๅฏน ่‹ ่” ไฟ˜ ่™ ็š„ ไธŽ ็ป† ่Œ ๆˆ˜ ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ไบบ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๅฎก ๅˆค, ไธƒ ไธ‰ ไธ€ ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ็œŸ ๅฎž ๆƒ… ๅ†ต ้€ ๆธ ๆ˜Ž ๆ™ฐ ่‹ ่” ไบŽ 1947 ๅนด 1 ๆœˆ ็›ด ๆŽฅ ๅ‘ ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๆ ๅ‡บ ๅฎก ้—ฎ ็Ÿณ ไบ• ๅ›› ้ƒŽ ็ญ‰ 3 ไฝ ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ่ดŸ ่ดฃ ไบบ ไธŽ ๆญค ็›ธ ๅฏน, ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ไปฅ ๅ‘ ๆ ไพ› ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ•ฐ ๆฎ ไธบ ๆก ไปถ ไธŽ GHQ ็บฆ ๅฎš ๅฏน ็ป† ่Œ ๆˆ˜ ็š„ ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ไบบ ๅ‘˜ ไธ ไบˆ ่ตท ่ฏ‰ ๅœจ ็พŽ ่‹ ๅ†ท ๆˆ˜ ไฝ“ ๅˆถ ไธ‹, ็‹ฌ ๅ  ๆ•ฐ ๆฎ ๅฏน ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๆฅ ่ฏด, ไธŽ ๅ…ถ ไธ– ็•Œ ๆˆ˜ ็•ฅ ๅ’Œ ๅ›ฝ ๅฎถ ๅˆฉ ็›Š ๆ˜ฏ ไธ€ ่‡ด ็š„ 1947 ๅนด 8 ๆœˆ 1 ๆ—ฅ, ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ่ฟฝ ่ฎค ไบ† ๅ… ไบŽ ่ฟฝ ็ฉถ ๆˆ˜ ็Šฏ ่ดฃ ไปป ๅŒ ๅนด 12 ๆœˆ ๆฅ ่ฐƒ ๆŸฅ ็š„ ๅŸƒ ๅพท ๅŽ V ๅธŒ ๅฐ” ๅš ๅฃซ ็š„ ๆŠฅ ๅ‘Š ไนฆ ไธญ ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ๅ†™ ้“ : ่ฟ™ ๆ˜ฏ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ๅฎถ ่Šฑ ่ดน ๆ•ฐ ็™พ ไธ‡ ็พŽ ๅ…ƒ ๅ’Œ ๆผซ ้•ฟ ๅฒ ๆœˆ ๅพ— ๅˆฐ ็š„ ๆ•ฐ ๆฎ ็”จ ็‰น ๅฎš ็š„ ็ป† ่Œ ่ฎฉ ไบบ ็ฑป ๆ„Ÿ ๆŸ“ ๆ‚ฃ ็—… ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ็š„ ไฟก ๆฏ ๅœจ ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ่‡ช ๅทฑ ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ไธญ ๅพ— ไธ ๅˆฐ ๅ›  ไธบ ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ๅฏน ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๅฟƒ ๆ€€ ็–‘ ่™‘ ่ฟ™ ไบ› ๆ•ฐ ๆฎ ่‡ณ ไปŠ ไธบ ๆญข ็”จ ๆ€ป ้ข 25 ไธ‡ ๆ—ฅ ๅ…ƒ ๅฐฑ ่Žท ๅพ— ไบ†, ไธŽ ็ ” ็ฉถ ่ดน ็”จ ็›ธ ๆฏ” ๅพฎ ไนŽ ๅ…ถ ๅพฎ ๅฐฑ ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ๅœจ ไธœ ไบฌ ๅฎก ๅˆค ไธŠ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๆ ๅŠ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๅ’Œ ็ป† ่Œ ๆˆ˜ 4-5 ๅ“ˆ ๅทด ็ฝ— ๅคซ ๆ–ฏ ๅ…‹ ๅฎก ๅˆค (1949 ๅนด 12 ๆœˆ ) ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๅฏน 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ้˜Ÿ ๅ‘˜ ๅ… ไบŽ ่ฟฝ ็ฉถ ๆˆ˜ ็Šฏ ่ดฃ ไปป ็š„ ๅŒ ๆ—ถ, ่‹ ่” ็‹ฌ ่‡ช ๅฏน ไฟ˜ ่™ ้˜Ÿ ๅ‘˜ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ† ๅฎก ๅˆค ๅฑฑ ็”ฐ ไน™ ไธ‰ ( ๅ…ณ ไธœ ๅ†› ๆ€ป ๅธ ไปค ), ๆขถ ๅกš ้š† ไบŒ ( ๅ…ณ ไธœ ๅ†› ๅ†› ๅŒป ้ƒจ ้•ฟ ), ๅท ๅฒ› ๆธ… (731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็ฌฌ 4 ้ƒจ ็ป† ่Œ ๅˆถ ้€  ้ƒจ ้•ฟ ), ๆŸ„ ๆฒข ๅ ไธ‰ ๅคซ ( ๅŒ ้ƒจ ็š„ ็ป† ่Œ ๅˆถ ้€  ่ฏพ ้•ฟ ), ่ฅฟ ไฟŠ ่‹ฑ (731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ้ƒจ ้•ฟ ๅ…ผ ๅญ™ ๅด ๆ”ฏ ้˜Ÿ ้•ฟ ) ็ญ‰ 12 ไบบ ๅ— ๅˆฐ ไบ† ๅˆถ ่ฃ ๆณ• ๅบญ ไธŠ ็š„ ่ฏ ่จ€ ๆถ‰ ๅŠ ๅˆฐ ๅท ๅฒ› ็š„ ็ป† ่Œ ็‚ธ ๅผน ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ่ฏ ่จ€, ่ฅฟ ไฟŠ ่‹ฑ ็š„ ็”Ÿ ็† ๅญฆ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ่ฏ ่จ€, ๅค ้ƒฝ ่‰ฏ ้›„ ็š„ ็ป† ่Œ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ่ฏ ่จ€ ็ญ‰ ่ฏฆ ็ป† ๅ†… ๅฎน, ๅฎก ๅˆค ่ขซ ๅ…ฌ ๅผ€ ็š„ ๅŒ ๆ—ถ, ๅ…ฌ ๅˆค ่ฎฐ ๅฝ• ไบŽ ็ฌฌ ไบŒ ๅนด 1950 ๅนด ไปฅ ๆ—ฅ ่ฏญ ่ฏ‘ ๆ–‡ ็‰ˆ ๅ‡บ ็‰ˆ ้•ฟ ่พพ 738 ้กต ็š„ ่ฎฐ ๅฝ•, ๅฏ ไปฅ ่ฏด ๆ˜ฏ ๅ ๆ˜  ๆ—ฅ ๅ†› ็”Ÿ ็‰ฉ ๅ…ต ๅ™จ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ๅ’Œ ไฝœ ๆˆ˜ ่กŒ ๅŠจ ๅ†… ๅฎน ็š„ ็ ่ดต ๅฒ ๆ–™ 1950 ๅนด ๅ“ˆ ๅทด ็ฝ— ๅคซ ๆ–ฏ ๅ…‹ ๅฎก ๅˆค ่ฎฐ ๅฝ• ไธญ ๅฏน ๆขถ ๅกš ่ฎฏ ้—ฎ ็š„ ้ƒจ ๅˆ† ๅ†… ๅฎน 58

4-6 ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ็‰น ๅˆซ ๅ†› ไบ‹ ๆณ• ๅบญ (1956 ๅนด ) ๅœจ ไธญ ๅ›ฝ,1956 ๅนด ๅฏน ไฟ˜ ่™ ( ๅŽŸ ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ้˜Ÿ ๅ‘˜ ) ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ† ๅฎก ๅˆค 1955 ๅนด, ๆ น ๆฎ ๅ‘จ ๆฉ ๆฅ ๆ€ป ็† ๆ ๅ‡บ ็š„ ๅฏน ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ๆˆ˜ ็Šฏ ็ฎก ็† ๆ”ถ ๅฎน ๆ‰€ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅ†› ไบบ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ่ตฆ ๅ…, ่ขซ ๅ‘Š ไบบ ้™ ๅฎš ไธบ 5 ไบบ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๆญป ๅˆ‘, ๆœ€ ้ซ˜ ๅˆ‘ ็ฝš ๆ˜ฏ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๆž— ๅฃ ๆ”ฏ ้˜Ÿ ้•ฟ ๆฆŠ ๅŽŸ ็ง€ ๅคซ ๅ†› ๅŒป ็š„ 13 ๅนด ๅพ’ ๅˆ‘, ไฝ† ็ฌฌ ไบŒ ๅนด ๅฐฑ ่ตฆ ๅ… ไป– ๅ›ž ๅ›ฝ ไบ† ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅทฅ ไฝœ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไปฅ ๅค–, ๅƒ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ๅฐ‘ ๅนด ้˜Ÿ ๅ‘˜ ็ฏ  ๅกš ่‰ฏ ้›„ ( ๆ—ง ๅง“ ็”ฐ ๆ‘ ) ้‚ฃ ๆ ท, ๅฝ’ ๅ›ฝ ๅŽ, ๆˆ ็ซ‹ ไบ† ไธญ ๅฝ’ ่ฟž ( ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ๅฝ’ ่ฟ˜ ่€… ่” ็ปœ ไผš ), ๅœจ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅ„ ๅœฐ ไธบ ๅœจ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ ็Šฏ ไธ‹ ็š„ ็ฝช ๅญฝ ๆ ไพ› ่ฏ ่ฏ ็š„ ไบบ ไนŸ ๆœ‰ ๅทฆ ไธŠ : ๆณ• ๅบญ ไธŠ ไฝœ ่ฏ ็š„ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๆž— ๅฃ ๆ”ฏ ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ้•ฟ ๆฆŠ ๅŽŸ ็ง€ ๅคซ ๅณ ไธŠ : ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ๅ†› ไบ‹ ๆณ• ๅบญ ็š„ ไธ€ ๅน• ่ง‰ ้†’ ้•ฟ ๅŸŽ ๆ–‡ ๅŒ– ๅ‡บ ็‰ˆ ๅ…ฌ ๅธ,1991 ๅนด ๅทฆ ไธ‹ : ไธญ ๅŽ ไบบ ๆฐ‘ ๅ…ฑ ๅ’Œ ๅ›ฝ ๆœ€ ้ซ˜ ไบบ ๆฐ‘ ๆณ• ้™ข ็‰น ๅˆซ ๅ†› ไบ‹ ๆณ• ๅบญ ่ฎฐ ๅฝ• 2005 ๅนด 4-7 ไน ๅทž ๅธ ๅ›ฝ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ๆดป ไฝ“ ่งฃ ๅ‰– ไบ‹ ไปถ ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ไน ๅทž ๅธ ๅ›ฝ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ไบ‹ ไปถ ( ๅฑ• ็คบ 1-21) ไบŽ 1948 ๅนด ๅœจ ๆจช ๆปจ ็š„ ็พŽ ๅ†› ๅ†› ไบ‹ ๆณ• ๅบญ ( ่ฟœ ไธœ ๅ›ฝ ้™… ๅ†› ไบ‹ ๆณ• ๅบญ ) ๅ— ๅˆฐ ไบ† ๅฎก ๅˆค ไน ๅทž ๅธ ๅ›ฝ ๅคง ๅญฆ ็›ธ ๅ…ณ ไบบ ๅ‘˜ ไธญ ่ขซ ๅˆค ๅค„ ็ปž ้ฆ– ๅˆ‘ 3 ไบบ, ็ปˆ ่บซ ๅพ’ ๅˆ‘ 2 ไบบ, ๅ…ถ ไป– ไบบ ่ขซ ๅˆค ๅค„ ๆœ‰ ๆœŸ ๅพ’ ๅˆ‘ ้š ็€ ๆœ ้ฒœ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็š„ ็ˆ† ๅ‘, ๅ‡ ๅˆ‘ ๅนถ ๅ…จ ๅ‘˜ ้‡Š ๆ”พ ่ขซ ๅ  ้ข† ๅ†› ้€ฎ ๆ• ๅŽ, ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ็š„ ๅŸบ ็ก€ ไธด ๅบŠ ๅง” ๅ‘˜ ไผš ไปฅ ๅฝ“ ไบ‹ ่€… ไปป ๆ„ ๅ  ็”จ ๅคง ๅญฆ ่ฎพ ๆ–ฝ ไธบ ็”ฑ, ๅฆ ่ฎค ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ็š„ ่ดฃ ไปป ไธบ ๆ‰‹ ๆœฏ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๆ ไพ› ่งฃ ๅ‰– ๅญฆ ๆ•™ ๅฎค ็š„ ๅนณ ๅ…‰ ๅพ ไธ€ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ่ฏด ไธ ่ขซ ๅ… ่ฎธ ็š„ ๆ‰‹ ๆœฏ ้ƒฝ ๆœ‰ ๅ‹‡ ๆฐ” ๅš ็š„ ็Ÿณ ๅฑฑ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ, ่‡ช ๆ€ ๅ‰ ๅ“ช ๆ€• ๆ˜ฏ ๅช ็•™ ไธ‹ ไธ€ ็‰‡ ็ ” ็ฉถ ่ฎฐ ๅฝ•, ไผš ็ป™ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅธฆ ๆฅ ๅคš ๅคง ็š„ ่ฟ› ๆญฅ ( ๆ–‡ ่‰บ ๆ˜ฅ ็ง‹ 1957 ๅนด 12 ๆœˆ ๅท ) ็•™ ไธ‹ ไบ† ่‚ฏ ๅฎš ็š„ ่ฎฐ ๅฝ• ไน ๅทž ๅคง ๅญฆ ไบ” ๅ ๅนด ๅฒ (1967 ๅนด ) ่ฎฐ ๅฝ• ็€ ็•™ ไธ‹ ไบ† ๅพˆ ๅคš ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ่ฐƒ ๆŸฅ ๆ˜Ž ็™ฝ ็š„ ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ไฝ† ๆ˜ฏ ๅœจ ้‚ฃ ไน‹ ๅŽ, ๅคง ๅญฆ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๆœ‰ ็ป„ ็ป‡ ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๆจช ๆปจ ๅ†› ไบ‹ ๆณ• ๅบญ ( ๆ‘˜ ่‡ช ไธœ ้‡Ž ๅˆฉ ๅคซ ่‘— ๆฑก ๅ ) 4-8 ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ไธŽ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็›ธ ๅ…ณ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅทฅ ไฝœ ่€… ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๆˆ˜ ่ดฅ ๅ‰ ๅŽ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ 53 ไบบ ๅ ้ฃž ๆœบ ๅ›ž ๅ›ฝ, ๅ…ถ ไป– ็š„ ไธ€ ่ˆฌ ้˜Ÿ ๅ‘˜ ๅ ็‰น ๅˆซ ๅˆ— ่ฝฆ ๅฐฝ ๅฟซ ๅœฐ ๅ›ž ๅˆฐ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ้˜Ÿ ๅ‘˜ ไปฌ ้ต ๅฎˆ ็Ÿณ ไบ• ็š„ ๅ‘ฝ ไปค, ไธŽ ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ็”Ÿ ๆดป ่‹ฆ ้šพ ็š„ ่ทฏ ้€” ็›ธ ๅฏน, ๅ›ž ๅ›ฝ ๅŽ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไปฌ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ่‡ช ๆˆ‘ ๆ‰น ๅˆค ๅนถ ๅœจ ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ๅพ— ๅˆฐ ไบ† ้‡ ่ฆ ็š„ ่Œ ไฝ ไปฃ ่กจ ็š„ ่Œ ไฝ ไพ‹ ็”ฐ ไธญ ่‹ฑ ้›„ ( ๅคง ้˜ช ๅธ‚ ็ซ‹ ๅคง ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ้•ฟ ) ๆˆท ็”ฐ ๆญฃ ไธ‰ ( ๅˆ ไปฃ ้‡‘ ๆณฝ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๆ ก ้•ฟ ) ็”ฐ ้ƒจ ไบ• ๅ’Œ ๅฎ‰ ไธœ ๆดช ๆฌก ( ไบฌ ๅคง ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ, ๅ…ต ๅบ“ ๅŒป ๅคง ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ) ( ไธœ ๅคง ไผ  ๆŸ“ ็—… ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๆญฆ ็”ฐ ่ฏ ๅ“ ้กพ ้—ฎ ) ๆ‰€ ๅฎ‰ ๅคซ ็ปช ๆ–น ๅฏŒ ้›„ ( ไธœ ๅคง ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ) ( ไธœ ๅคง ็—… ็† ๅญฆ ๅธ ไบฌ ๅคง ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ) ๅฒก ๆœฌ ่€• ้€  ( ๅ…ต ๅŒป ๅคง ไธœ ๅŒ— ๅคง ไบฌ ๅคง ่ฟ‘ ๅคง ๅ†… ่—ค ่‰ฏ ไธ€ ( ็ปฟ ๅ ๅญ— ไผš ้•ฟ ) ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ) ไธญ ้ป‘ ็ง€ ๅค– ไน‹ ( ้™† ไธŠ ่‡ช ๅซ ้˜Ÿ ๅซ ็”Ÿ ๅญฆ ๆ ก ๆ ก ้•ฟ ) ๅฐ ๅท ้€ ( ๅ ๅค ๅฑ‹ ๅธ‚ ็ซ‹ ๅคง ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ) ็ป† ่ฐท ็œ ๅพ ( ไธœ ๅคง ไผ  ๆŸ“ ็—… ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ) ็ฌ  ๅŽŸ ๅ›› ้ƒŽ ( ๅŒ— ้‡Œ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็—… ็† ้ƒจ ้•ฟ ) ๅขž ็”ฐ ็พŽ ไฟ ( ้˜ฒ ๅซ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๆ ก ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ) ๆ˜ฅ ๆ—ฅ ๅฟ  ๅ–„ ( ๅŒ— ้‡Œ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ) 59

ๅ‡‘ ๆญฃ ็”ท ( ไบฌ ๅคง ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ) ๅŒ— ้‡Ž ๆ”ฟ ๆฌก ( ็ปฟ ๅ ๅญ— ่‘ฃ ไบ‹ ) ๆ‘ ็”ฐ ่‰ฏ ไป‹ ( ้ข„ ็ ” ็ฌฌ 7 ไปฃ ๆ‰€ ้•ฟ ) ๆœจ ๆ‘ ๅป‰ ( ๅ ๅค ๅฑ‹ ๅธ‚ ็ซ‹ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๆ ก ้•ฟ ) ๅ…ซ ๆœจ ๆฒข ่กŒ ๆญฃ ่‰ ๅ‘ณ ๆญฃ ๅคซ ( ๆ˜ญ ๅ’Œ ่ฏ ็ง‘ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ) ( ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๆŠ— ็”Ÿ ็‰ฉ ่ดจ ๅญฆ ๆœฏ ๅ ่ฎฎ ไผš ๅธธ ๅŠก ็† ไบ‹ ) ๅฐ ๅฒ› ไธ‰ ้ƒŽ ( ้ข„ ็ ” ็ฌฌ 2 ไปฃ ๆ‰€ ้•ฟ ) ๅฑฑ ๅฃ ไธ€ ๅญ ( ๅ›ฝ ็ซ‹ ๅซ ็”Ÿ ่ฏ• ้ชŒ ๆ‰€ ) ๆญฃ ่ทฏ ไผฆ ไน‹ ๅŠฉ ( ๅˆ ไปฃ ๅ…ต ๅบ“ ๅŽฟ ็ซ‹ ๅŒป ็ง‘ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅ‰ ๆ‘ ๅฏฟ ไบบ ( ไบฌ ้ƒฝ ๅบœ ็ซ‹ ๅŒป ๅคง ๆ ก ้•ฟ ) ( ็Žฐ ็ฅž ๅคง ๅŒป ) ๆ ก ้•ฟ ) ็Ÿณ ๅท ๅคง ๅˆ€ ้›„ ไธธ ( ้‡‘ ๆณฝ ๅคง ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ้•ฟ ) ๅ›ญ ๅฃ ๅฟ  ็”ท ๆŸณ ๆฒข ่ฐฆ ( ้ข„ ็ ” ็ฌฌ 5 ไปฃ ๆ‰€ ้•ฟ ) ( ้™† ไธŠ ่‡ช ๅซ ้˜Ÿ ๅซ ็”Ÿ ๅญฆ ๆ ก ็†Š ๆœฌ ๅคง ) ็”ฐ ๅฎซ ็Œ› ้›„ ( ไธœ ๅคง ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ้•ฟ ไบˆ ็ ” : ้ข„ ้˜ฒ ๅซ ็”Ÿ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅš ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ไผš ้•ฟ ็ฌฌ 2 ไปฃ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ไผš ้•ฟ ) ๅŒ ๆ˜ฏ ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ้˜Ÿ ๅ‘˜, ๅƒ ็ง‹ ๅ…ƒ ๅฏฟ ๆƒ  ๅคซ ่‘— ๆœ‰ ่ดจ ้—ฎ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๅœจ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ไฝ“ ้ชŒ ( ๅŠฒ ่‰ ไนฆ ๆˆฟ 1983 ๅนด ๅ‡บ ็‰ˆ ) ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ๅ…ณ ไบŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅ ็œ ็š„ ไนฆ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ่™ฝ ็„ถ ๅฐ‘, ไฝ† ไนŸ ๆœ‰ 4-9 ๅ›ด ็ป• ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ็บณ ็ฒน ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ๅฎก ๅˆค ่” ๅˆ ๅ›ฝ ๅˆถ ่ฃ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ็บณ ็ฒน ็š„ ็บฝ ไผฆ ๅ ก ๅ›ฝ ้™… ๅ†› ไบ‹ ๅฎก ๅˆค ่ฟ‡ ็จ‹ ไธญ, ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๅ• ็‹ฌ ่ดŸ ่ดฃ ็š„ 12 ไธช ๆ‰€ ่ฐ“ ็š„ ็ปง ็ปญ ๅฎก ๅˆค ไธญ ็ฌฌ ไธ€ ๆณ• ๅบญ ็ฌฌ ไธ€ ไบ‹ ไปถ ็š„ ๅฐฑ ๆ˜ฏ ๅ›ด ็ป• ็บณ ็ฒน ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ้ž ไบบ ้“ ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ๅฎก ๅˆค ่ขซ ๅ‘Š ่€… 23 ไบบ ไธญ ๆœ‰ 20 ไบบ ๆ˜ฏ ๅŒป ๅธˆ, ๆ‰€ ไปฅ ไนŸ ่ขซ ็งฐ ไธบ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅฎก ๅˆค, ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไบ‹ ไปถ ่ฟ™ ไธช ๅฎก ๅˆค ็š„ ๅˆค ๅ†ณ ไบŽ 1947 ๅนด 8 ๆœˆ 20 ๆ—ฅ ไฝœ ๅ‡บ, ๅ‡บ ๅฐ ไบ† ็บฝ ไผฆ ๅ ก ็บฒ ้ข†, ่ฟ™ ไธช ็บฒ ้ข† ๅŽ ๆฅ ๆˆ ไธบ ๅ…ณ ไบŽ ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๅ›ฝ ้™… ไผฆ ็† ๅŸบ ๅ‡† ็š„ ่ตซ ๅฐ” ่พ› ๅŸบ ๅฎฃ ่จ€ ็š„ ๅŸบ ็ก€ ( ๅฑ• ็คบ 4-10) ๅˆค ๅ†ณ ็ป“ ๆžœ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๆ‰ฟ ่ฎค ่ขซ ๅ‘Š ่€… ็š„ ๅ ๅฏน ๆ„ ่ง ๅฐ ไฟฃ ๅ’Œ ไธ€ ้ƒŽ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็บณ ็ฒน ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็ฌฌ ไธ‰ ๆ–‡ ๆ˜Ž ็คพ 2003 ๅนด ๅฎก ๅˆค ่ฟ› ่กŒ ็š„ ็บฝ ไผฆ ๅ ก ๅœฐ ๆ–น ๆณ• ้™ข ๅฎ˜ ๅŽ… ( ไธŠ ) ๅ’Œ ๅฎก ๅˆค ็š„ ๆƒ… ๅฝข ( ไธ‹ ) 4-10 ็บฝ ไผฆ ๅ ก ็บฒ ้ข† 1. ็ป ๅฏน ไธ ๅฏ ไปฅ ็ผบ ๅฐ‘ ่ขซ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ่€… ็š„ ่‡ช ๅ‘ ็š„ ๅŒ ๆ„ ( ไธญ ็•ฅ ) ็กฎ ไฟ ๅŒ ๆ„ ๅ“ ่ดจ ็š„ ไน‰ ๅŠก ๅ’Œ ่ดฃ ไปป, ๅผ€ ๅง‹ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ไบบ ๆŒ‡ ๆŒฅ ่€… ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๅ‚ ไธŽ ่€… ้ƒฝ ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ๆœ‰ 2. ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ๆ˜ฏ ไธบ ไบ† ็คพ ไผš ๅฅฝ ็š„ ๅ‘ ๅฑ•, ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ๅธฆ ๆฅ ็”จ ๅ…ถ ไป– ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ–น ๆณ• ๅ’Œ ๆ‰‹ ๆฎต ้ƒฝ ๅพ— ไธ ๅˆฐ ็š„ ๆˆ ๆžœ, ไธ ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ๆ˜ฏ ่’ ๅ” ็š„ ไธœ ่ฅฟ ๆˆ– ไธ ๅฟ… ่ฆ ็š„ ไธœ ่ฅฟ 3. ๅฎž ้ชŒ ( ไธญ ็•ฅ ) ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ๅœจ ๅŠจ ็‰ฉ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ็ป“ ๆžœ ๅ’Œ ๅœจ ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ็–พ ็—… ็ ” ็ฉถ ไธญ ็š„ ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ็š„ ่‡ช ็„ถ ็ป ่ฟ‡ ็š„ ๅŸบ ็ก€ ไธŠ ๅˆถ ๅฎš ่ฎก ๅˆ’ 4. ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ๅœจ ้ฟ ๅ… ไธ ๅฟ… ่ฆ ็š„ ่บซ ไฝ“ ๅฟƒ ็† ็š„ ่‹ฆ ็—› ๅ’Œ ไผค ๅฎณ ็š„ ๆƒ… ๅ†ต ไธ‹ ่ฟ› ่กŒ 5. ๅฆ‚ ๆžœ ไบ‹ ๅ…ˆ ็Ÿฅ ้“ ไผš ๅ‘ ็”Ÿ ๆญป ไบก ๆˆ– ๅ‡บ ็Žฐ ๆŸ ๅฎณ, ๆ‰€ ๆœ‰ ็š„ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ้ƒฝ ไธ ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ่ฟ› ่กŒ 6. ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๅฑ ้™ฉ ๆ€ง ็š„ ็จ‹ ๅบฆ ็ป ๅฏน ไธ ๅฏ ไปฅ ่ถ… ่ฟ‡ ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ็”ฑ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ่งฃ ๅ†ณ ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ็š„ ไบบ ้“ ็š„ ้‡ ่ฆ ๆ€ง ็š„ ็จ‹ ๅบฆ 7. ๅณ ไฝฟ ๅ‘ ็”Ÿ ็š„ ๅฏ ่ƒฝ ๆ€ง ๅพˆ ๅฐ, ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ๅš ไฟ ๆŠค ่ขซ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ่€… ๅ… ไบŽ ไผค ๅฎณ ๆŸ ๅฎณ ไปฅ ๅŠ ๆญป ไบก ็š„ ้€‚ ๅฝ“ ็š„ ๅ‡† ๅค‡ ๅ’Œ ้… ็ฝฎ ๅฅฝ ่ฎพ ๆ–ฝ 8. ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ๅœฐ ็”ฑ ๆŠ€ ๆœฏ ๅจด ็†Ÿ ็š„ ไบบ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๆ“ ไฝœ ( ๅŽ ็•ฅ ) 9. ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ่ฟ‡ ็จ‹ ไธญ ่ขซ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ่€… ่ฎค ไธบ ๅœจ ่บซ ไฝ“ ไธŠ ๅ’Œ ๅฟƒ ็† ไธŠ ไธ ่ƒฝ ็ปง ็ปญ ็š„ ๆƒ… ๅ†ต ไธ‹, ่ขซ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ่€… ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ๆœ‰ ไธญ ๆญข ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ่‡ช ็”ฑ 10. ๅœจ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ่ฟ‡ ็จ‹ ไธญ, ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ่€… ( ไธญ ็•ฅ ) ๆœ‰ ็† ็”ฑ ็›ธ ไฟก ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไผš ็ป™ ่ขซ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ่€… ๅธฆ ๆฅ ไผค ๅฎณ ๅ’Œ ๆŸ ๅฎณ ็š„ ๆƒ… ๅ†ต ไธ‹, ๆ—  ่ฎบ ไป€ ไนˆ ้˜ถ ๆฎต, ้ƒฝ ๅฟ… ้กป ๅ‡† ๅค‡ ไธญ ๆญข ๅฎž ้ชŒ 60

Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law 10, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950; Military Tribunal Case 1, United States v. Karl Brandt et al., October 1946-April 1949 ๅœŸ ๅฑ‹ ่ดต ๅฟ— ่ฏ‘ 4-11 ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ็š„ ๅฃฐ ๆ˜Ž ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ไบŽ 1947 ๅนด ้€š ่ฟ‡ ไบ† ๆ‰น ๅˆค ๅฏน ไบบ ็ฑป ็Šฏ ไธ‹ ็š„ ๆ‰€ ๆœ‰ ็ฝช ่กŒ ไปฅ ๅŠ ๅ‚ ๅŠ  ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ็š„ ๆ‰€ ๆœ‰ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ๅ†ณ ่ฎฎ, ๅนถ ๅ’Œ ็บณ ็ฒน ๅˆ ไฝœ, ๅ‘ ่กจ ไบ† ๅ ็œ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ็š„ ๅฃฐ ๆ˜Ž (1949 ๅนด 9 ๆœˆ ๆ ๅ‡บ,1950 ๅนด 1 ๆœˆ ไฟฎ ๆญฃ ) ๅ›  ไธบ ๅฎž ๆ–ฝ ไบ† ๅธฆ ๆฅ ไบ† ๅ‡  ็™พ ไธ‡ ไบบ ๆญป ไบก ็ป“ ๆžœ ็š„ ่ฟ™ ไบ› ่กŒ ไธบ ๅ’Œ ๅฎž ้ชŒ, ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ไพต ็Šฏ ไบ† ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็š„ ้“ ๅพท ไผ  ็ปŸ, ้€  ๆˆ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅ ่ช‰ ๅ“ ่ดจ ็š„ ไฝŽ ไธ‹, ๅนถ ไธ” ็”ฑ ไบŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅ’Œ ๆ”ฟ ๆฒป ็š„ ๆ€จ ๆจ, ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ๆ‰ฟ ่ฎค ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็”จ ไบŽ ๅ– ๆ˜ฅ ๅผ ็š„ ไฝฟ ็”จ ( ็•ฅ ) ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ๅ‘ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŠ ๅ…จ ไธ– ็•Œ ้ƒ‘ ้‡ ่ตท ่ช“ : ไธบ ้˜ฒ ๆญข ๅฐ† ๆฅ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ไบบ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ่ƒŒ ๅ› ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€Œ ๅŠช ๅŠ› ( ็•ฅ ) ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅ›ข ไฝ“ ๅฏน ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็š„ ่Œ ไธš ไน‰ ๅŠก, ๅฏน ็Šฏ ็ฝช ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ่กŒ ไฝฟ ่Œ ไธš ่ฃ ๅˆค ๆƒ ๅŠ  ไปฅ ๅ…จ ๅŠ› ๆƒฉ ็ฝš ๅฏน ๅฐ† ๆฅ ้ซ˜ ๆฐด ๅ‡† ็š„ ่Œ ไธš ่กŒ ๅŠจ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ่ง„ ๅฎš ๆ„ ๅ‘ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ, ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ๅŒ ๆ ท ไนŸ ไผš ๅŠ  ไปฅ ๅค„ ็ฝฎ ( ไปฅ ไธ‹, ็œ ็•ฅ ) ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๆ‚ ๅฟ— 1951 ๅนด 7 ๆœˆ,26 ๅท 1 ๅท ่ฟ™ ๆ˜ฏ ๅปบ ็ซ‹ ๅœจ ็บฝ ไผฆ ๅ ก ็บฒ ้ข† ไธŠ ็š„ ๅฃฐ ๆ˜Ž ไปฅ ๆญค ไธบ ๅŸบ ็ก€, ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅ‘ ไธ– ็•Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ็š„ ๅŠ  ็›Ÿ ๅพ— ๅˆฐ ไบ† ๆ‰ฟ ่ฎค 4-12 ๅŽ ๆฅ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ็š„ ๆฒ‰ ้ป˜ ่ฆ ่ฏด ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅœจ ้‚ฃ ไน‹ ๅŽ ๅœจ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๆ˜ฏ ๅฆ ๆœ‰ ไบ† ่ฟ› ๅฑ•, ๅ…ถ ๅฎž ๅนถ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ 1947 ๅนด,Fred Mielke, Alexander Mitscherlich ่‘— ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ไบบ ๆ€ง ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ( ้‡‘ ๆฃฎ ่ฏš ไนŸ ่ฏ‘ ) ๅ‡บ ็‰ˆ, ๅ‘ผ ๅ ไบ‹ ๅฎž ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ไฝ† ๆ˜ฏ, ๅ›  ไธบ ่ฟ™ ไธช ็ผ˜ ๆ•…, ๅ ่€Œ Mitscherlich ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ้ญ ๅˆฐ ไบ† ๅŒ ๅƒš ็š„ ๆŽ’ ๆŒค, ้™ท ๅ…ฅ ไบ† ๅญค ็ซ‹ ็Šถ ๆ€ ไบ‹ ๅฎž ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไธ‹ ๅŽป ็š„ ็† ็”ฑ ไธบ ไปฅ ไธ‹ ๅ‡  ็‚น : ๅŠ  ๆทฑ ไผฆ ็† ็ ” ็ฉถ ็š„ ่ฎจ ่ฎบ ๅœจ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไน‹ ้—ด ่ฟ˜ ไธ ๅ…… ๅˆ† ; ไธœ ่ฅฟ ๅ†ท ๆˆ˜ ็š„ ๆ”ฟ ๆฒป ๅŠ› ๅญฆ ( ๅฏ ๆ€• ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไปฌ Till Bastian ่‘—, ๅฑฑ ๆœฌ ๅ•“ ไธ€ ่ฏ‘ ) ; ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ็คพ ไผš ไธŠ ๅ  ๆœ‰ ๅœฐ ไฝ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅทฅ ไฝœ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ๆ˜Ž ๅ“ฒ ไฟ ่บซ ( ๅฅฅ ๆ–ฏ ็ปด ่พ› ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไปฌ - ็บณ ็ฒน ไธป ไน‰ ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅญฆ Friedrich Karl Kaul ่‘—, ๆ—ฅ ้‡Ž ็ง€ ้€ธ ่ฏ‘ 1976 ๅนด ) ๅณ ้ข ็š„ ็…ง ็‰‡ ๆ˜ฏ ็บณ ็ฒน ๅฎž ๆ–ฝ ๅฎ‰ ไน ๆญป ่ฎก ๅˆ’ ็š„ ๆœฌ ้ƒจ ้— ๅ€ ไธŠ ่ฎพ ็ฝฎ ็š„ ่ญฆ ๅ‘Š ็ข‘ (1989 ๅนด ) ็Žฐ ๅœจ ๆ˜ฏ ๆŸ ๆž— ้Ÿณ ไน ๅคง ๅŽ… ็š„ ็”จ ๅœฐ ๅœจ ่ฟ™ ไธช ๅœฐ ๆ–น ็บณ ็ฒน ็ป„ ็ป‡ ไบ† ๆœ€ ๅˆ ็š„ ๅคง ๅฑ  ๆ€ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ไบบ ๆœ‰ ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ๅทฅ ไฝœ ่€…, ๅŒป ็”Ÿ, ็œ‹ ๆŠค ไบบ, ๅธ ๆณ• ๆœบ ๅ…ณ ๅ’Œ ่ญฆ ๅฏŸ ๆœบ ๅ…ณ ็š„ ไบบ, ไฟ ๅฅ ๅŠ ๅŠณ ๅŠจ ๅŽ… ็š„ ไบบ ็‰บ ็‰ฒ ่€… ่ดซ ็ฉท ็ป ๆœ› ๅ ๆŠ— ๆˆ– ๆ˜ฏ ้œ€ ่ฆ ๅธฎ ๅŠฉ ไป– ไปฌ ๆฅ ่‡ช ็ฒพ ็ฅž ็—… ้™ข ๅ„ฟ ็ซฅ ๅŒป ้™ข ๅ…ป ่€ ้™ข ็คพ ไผš ็ฆ ็ฅ‰ ่ฎพ ๆ–ฝ ้‡Ž ๆˆ˜ ๅŒป ้™ข ๅŠ ๆ”ถ ๅฎน ๆ‰€ ็‰บ ็‰ฒ ่€… ็š„ ๆ•ฐ ้‡ ๅพˆ ๅคง, ่ขซ ๅˆถ ่ฃ ็š„ ็Šฏ ไบบ ๆ•ฐ ้‡ ๅด ๅพˆ ๅฐ‘ 4-13 ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ 60 ๅนด ไปฃ ๅŽ ๆœŸ, ้’ ๅนด ๅญฆ ็”Ÿ ่ฟ ๅŠจ ้ซ˜ ๆถจ, ไผด ้š ็€ ่ฅฟ ๅพท ็š„ ๆ”ฟ ๆฒป ็คพ ไผš ็š„ ๆฐ‘ ไธป ๅŒ–, ๅ…‹ ๆœ ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ๅ˜ ๅพ— ๆ›ด ๅŠ  ๅฝป ๅบ• ไธ ไป… ่ฟฝ ็ฉถ ๆˆ˜ ็Šฏ ็š„ ่ดฃ ไปป, ไนŸ ่ฟฝ ็ฉถ ่ตž ๅŒ ็บณ ็ฒน ไธป ไน‰ ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ็”Ÿ ๅ„ ็ง ๅ„ ๆ ท ๅธ‚ ๆฐ‘ ็ป„ ็ป‡ ๅ’Œ ไธช ไบบ ็š„ ่ดฃ ไปป ( ่ฅฟ ) ๆŸ ๆž— ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ไบŽ 1988 ๅนด ่ฅฟ ๅพท ๅ…จ ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ไผš ่ฎฎ ไน‹ ้™…, ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ† ้ข˜ ไธบ ไบบ ็ฑป ็š„ ไปท ๅ€ผ 1918 ๅนด ๅˆฐ 1945 ๅนด ็š„ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็š„ ๅฑ• ็คบ ๅนถ ๅ‘ ่กจ ไบ† ไปฅ ไธ‹ ๅฃฐ ๆ˜Ž ๅ‘ ่กŒ ไบ† ไธŽ ๆญค ๅฑ• ็คบ ๅŒ ๅ ็š„ ไนฆ ็ฑ (Ch.ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚น/G.ใ‚ขใƒช ็ทจ ) ๅนถ ไธ”, ่ฏฅ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅ‘ ่กŒ ไบ† 1934 ๅนด ๅˆฐ 1939 ๅนด ็š„ ๅ›ฝ ้™… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๆŠฅ ๅ›ฝ ้™… ็คพ ไผš ไธป ไน‰ ็ปŸ ไธ€ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅ›ข ๆœบ ๅ…ณ ่ชŒ ็š„ ๅค ๅˆถ ็‰ˆ, ๅ…ฌ ๅผ€ ไบ† ่ขซ ๅކ ๅฒ ๅŸ‹ ๆฒก ็š„ ไบก ๅ‘ฝ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅœจ ้‚ฃ ไน‹ ๅŽ, ๅ…ณ ไบŽ ่ข’ ๆŠค ๅŒป ็–— ็•Œ ็บณ ็ฒน ็š„ ่ฎจ ่ฎบ ๅœจ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅ†… ๅค– ไธ€ ็›ด ็ปง ็ปญ, ๅนถ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ่ฎค ไธบ ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ๅทฒ ็ป ็ป“ ๆŸ 4-14 ไบบ ็ฑป ็š„ ไปท ๅ€ผ ไบบ ็ฑป ็š„ ไปท ๅ€ผ ๆ˜ฏ ๆŽข ็ดข 1918 ๅนด ๅˆฐ 1945 ๅนด ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็š„ ไนฆ ็ฑ ๆ˜ฏ ๅœจ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅฒ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅฎถ Christian Pross ๅ’Œ Gotz Aly ็š„ ๆŒ‡ ๅฏผ ไธ‹, ็”ฑ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ไบŽ 1988 ๅนด 11 ๆœˆ ๅ‘ ่กŒ ็š„ ๆœฌ ไนฆ ๆฆ‚ ่ฆ ๅฆ‚ ไธ‹ : 61

1) ็ฌฌ ไธ€ ๆฌก ไธ– ็•Œ ๅคง ๆˆ˜ ็ป“ ๆŸ ๅŽ ็š„ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ็š„ ่ฅ ๅ…ป ๅฅ ๅบท ็Šถ ๆ€ 2) ๆฐ‘ ๆ— ๅซ ็”Ÿ ๅญฆ ๅ’Œ ไผ˜ ็”Ÿ ๅญฆ ็š„ ๆŠฌ ๅคด 3) ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅฏน ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ๅฅ ๅบท ็š„ ๆœ ๅŠก ( ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๆณ• 1926 ๅนด ) 4) ไปฅ ไบบ ็ฑป ๅญฆ ้— ไผ  ๅญฆ ไผ˜ ็”Ÿ ๅญฆ ไธบ ไธญ ๅฟƒ ็š„ ๅ‡ฏ ๆ’’ ๅจ ๅป‰ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็š„ ่ฏž ็”Ÿ 5) ใƒฆใƒผใƒชใ‚ฆใ‚น ใƒขใƒผใ‚ผใ‚น ๅฏน ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ่ญฆ ๅ‘Š (1932 ๅนด ) 6) ็บณ ็ฒน ๅŒ– ๆฏ” ไพ‹ ้ซ˜ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ้›† ๅ›ข 7) ไฝœ ไธบ ๅ›ฝ ๅฎถ ไปฃ ็† ไบบ, ไธบ ้˜ฒ ๆญข ้— ไผ  ็—… ๅญฉ ๅญ ๅ‡บ ็”Ÿ ๅš ่ดก ็Œฎ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ (1933 ๅนด ) 8) T4 ่กŒ ๅŠจ (1940~1945 ๅนด )- ๆ€ ๅฎณ ไธ ๅ€ผ ไธ€ ๆดป ็š„ ็”Ÿ ๅ‘ฝ ็š„ ็ฒพ ็ฅž ็—… ๆ‚ฃ ่€… ( ๅฎ‰ ไน ๆญป ) 9) ๅผบ ๅˆถ ๆ”ถ ๅฎน ๆ‰€ ็š„ ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ 10 ) ็บฆ ็‘Ÿ ๅคซ ้—จ ๆ ผ ๅ‹’ ๅฏน ็Šน ๅคช ไบบ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๅ„ ็ง ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๆ ‡ ๆœฌ ๅˆถ ไฝœ 11 ) ็บฝ ไผฆ ๅ ก ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅฎก ๅˆค ๆž— ๅŠŸ ไธ‰ ่ฏ‘ ้ฃŽ ่กŒ ็คพ 1993 ๅนด 4-15 ๆˆ˜ ่ดฅ ๅŽ ๅฌ ๅผ€ ็š„ ็ฌฌ 12 ๅฑŠ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๆ€ป ไผš (1947 ๅนด ) 1947 ๅนด 4 ๆœˆ 1 ๆ—ฅ ๅˆฐ 6 ๆ—ฅ ๅœจ ๅคง ้˜ช ไธญ ๅคฎ ๅ…ฌ ไผš ๅ ‚ ไธพ ่กŒ ็š„ ็ฌฌ 12 ๅฑŠ ๆ€ป ไผš ไธŠ, ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅ›ข ็š„ ๅ‚ ๅŠ  ๅ’Œ ๆผ” ่ฎฒ ๅผ• ไบบ ๆณจ ็›ฎ GHQ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ้—จ ้™† ๅ†› ๅŒป ้™ข ไธ“ ๅฎถ ็š„ ๆ€ป ๅŠจ ๅ‘˜ ่ฎฉ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไปฌ ไบ† ่งฃ ไบ† ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็š„ ่ฟ‘ ๅ†ต ้™ค ไบ† ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ๅŽŸ ๅญ ๅผน ็š„ ไธด ๅบŠ ็—… ็† ๆ”พ ๅฐ„ ๆ€ง ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็ญ‰ ๅ‘Š ๅ‘ ๅŽŸ ๅญ ๅผน ็ˆ† ็‚ธ ๅ— ๅฎณ ็š„ ๆผ” ่ฎฒ ้ข˜ ็›ฎ ไน‹ ๅค–, ไนŸ ๆœ‰ ไธ ๅพ— ไธ ้ต ไปŽ GHQ ๆ„ ๅ‘ ็š„ ๆผ” ่ฎฒ ่™ฝ ็„ถ ๆ˜ฏ ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ็ฌฌ ไธ€ ๆฌก ๆ€ป ไผš, ไฝ† ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ็œ‹ ๅˆฐ ไฝœ ไธบ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๆ€ป ไผš ๅฏน ๅ…จ ไฝ“ ๅ‚ ไธŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็š„ ๅ ็œ ๅ’Œ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ 4-16 ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅŠ  ๅ…ฅ ไธ– ็•Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๆ—ถ ็š„ ๅ ็œ 1951 ๅนด, ๅœจ ๅฏน ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ๅŠ  ๅฎณ ่กŒ ไธบ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๅ ็œ ็š„ ๅŸบ ็ก€ ไธŠ, ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅ’Œ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ่ขซ ๅ… ่ฎธ ๅŠ  ๅ…ฅ ไธ– ็•Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ้‚ฃ ๆ—ถ ็š„ ๅฃฐ ๆ˜Ž ไธญ ไนŸ ๆธ… ๆฅš ๅœฐ ไฝ“ ็Žฐ ๅ‡บ ไธค ่€… ๅฏน ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ๆ€ ๅบฆ ็š„ ไธ ๅŒ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš (1949 ๅนด 3 ๆœˆ ) ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅœจ 1949 ๅนด 3 ๆœˆ 30 ๆ—ฅ ็š„ ๅนด ๅบฆ ่ฎฎ ไผš ไธŠ, ๅ…จ ๅœบ ไธ€ ่‡ด ้€š ่ฟ‡ ไปฅ ไธ‹ ๅ†ณ ่ฎฎ ไปฃ ่กจ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš, ๅ€Ÿ ๆญค ๆœบ ไผš ๅ…ฌ ๅผ€ ๆŒ‡ ่ดฃ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ ๅฏน ๆ•Œ ๅ›ฝ ไบบ ๆ–ฝ ๅŠ  ็š„ ๆฎ‹ ้…ท ๆšด ่กŒ, ๅนถ ่ฐด ่ดฃ ๅทฒ ่ขซ ๅฎš ็ฝช ๆˆ– ่ขซ ๅ…ฌ ่ฎค ็š„ ๆ›พ ็ป ๅ‘ ็”Ÿ ่ฟ‡ ็š„ ๅฏน ๆ‚ฃ ่€… ็š„ ๆฎ‹ ่™ ่กŒ ไธบ ้ซ˜ ๆกฅ ๆ˜Ž ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ไผš ้•ฟ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธซ ไผš ใŒ 1951 ๅนด ใซ ไธ– ็•Œ ๅŒป ๅธซ ไผš (WMA)ใธใฎ ๅŠ  ็›Ÿ ใซ ๅฝ“ ใŸใฃใฆ WMA ใซ ๆ ๅ‡บ ใ—ใŸ ๅฃฐ ๆ˜Ž ๆ–‡ At the annua1 meeting of the House of Delegates of the Japan Medical Association, held on March 30, 1949, the following resolution was unanimously passed; That the Japan Medical Association, representing the doctors of Japan, takes this occasion to denounce atrocities perpetrated on the enemy during the war period, and to condemn acts of maltreatment of patients which are alleged and in some cases known to have occurred. A Takahashi, MD President The Japan Medical Association ไธ– ็•Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ็š„ ๅŠ  ๅ…ฅ ไนฆ ็ป ่ฟ‡ GHQ ็š„ ใ‚ตใƒ ใ‚น ๅ‡† ๅฐ† ๅ’Œ ใ‚ธใƒงใ‚ฝใƒณ ไธŠ ๆ ก ็š„ ๆ ก ้˜… ๅŽ ๅ‘ ้€ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๆ‚ ๅฟ— 24 ๅท 12 ๅท P1170 4-17 ไธ– ็•Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅฏน ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ็š„ ่ฟฝ ็ฉถ 62

ๅ›  ่ฟ‘ ไบฒ ่ขซ ็บณ ็ฒน ่™ ๆ€ ็š„ ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๅŠ  ๅˆฉ ็ฆ ๅฐผ ไบš ๅคง ๅญฆ ็š„ ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใƒ„ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ฆ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ไบŽ 1970 ๅนด ๅผ€ ๅง‹ ่ฟฝ ็ฉถ ๅ‚ ไธŽ ็บณ ็ฒน ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ่ดฃ ไปป ็ป“ ๆžœ, ๅŽŸ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ไผš ้•ฟ Hans Sewering ๅŒป ๅธˆ, ไธ ๅ† ๆ‹… ไปป ไธ– ็•Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ็š„ ไผš ้•ฟ ( ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅ†… ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ไผš ๅ’Œ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ไธ€ ็›ด ็ปง ็ปญ ๆ‹ฅ ๆŠค ็›ด ๅˆฐ 2010 ๅนด 6 ๆœˆ ่ฏฅ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅŽป ไธ– ) ไบ† ่งฃ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ็š„ ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใƒ„ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ฆ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ไปฅ ้ฟ ่€Œ ไธ ่ฐˆ 731 ็š„ ้—ฎ ้ข˜, ไฝฟ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ่‡ช ๅทฑ ่ดฌ ไฝŽ ่‡ช ๅทฑ ็š„ ๅ“ ไฝ ๆฅ ่ฟฝ ็ฉถ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ็š„ ่ดฃ ไปป 1995 ๅนด ่ฏฅ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅœจ ไธ– ็•Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅ‡† ไผš ๅ‘˜ ไผš ่ฎฎ ไธŠ ๆ ๅ‡บ ็š„ ๅ…ญ ้กน ๅ†ณ ่ฎฎ ๆกˆ 1.1932~1945 ๅนด, ๅœจ ๆ–‡ ไนฆ ไธญ ่ฏฆ ็ป† ่ฏ ๆ˜Ž ไบ† ๆ‰€ ๅฑž ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅธ ๅ›ฝ ้™† ๅ†› ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ไบบ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ้ž ไบบ ้“ ่กŒ ไธบ 2. ่‡ณ ไปŠ ไธบ ๆญข ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๆญฃ ๅผ ๅฆ ่ฎค ไธŽ ๅฑž ไบŽ ่ฟ™ ไธช ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ้‡Ž ่›ฎ ่กŒ ไธบ ๅ…ณ ็ณป ็š„ ่ฎฐ ๅฝ• (3.4. ็•ฅ ) 5. ไธ– ็•Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅธŒ ๆœ› ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๆญฃ ๅผ ๅฆ ่ฎค 1932~1945 ๅนด ไธŽ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅธ ๅ›ฝ ้™† ๅ†› 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ๅ…ณ ็ณป 6. ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ่ฆ ๆฑ‚ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ่งฃ ้‡Š ไธบ ไฝ• ่‡ณ ไปŠ ไธบ ๆญข ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๅฏน ่ฟ ๅ ไบบ ้“ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๆ€ ๆˆฎ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ็š„ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ่ฟฝ ่ฏ‰ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅทฒ ็ป ่ฎจ ่ฎบ ๅฎŒ ๆฏ•, ๆ ่ฎฎ ๆ—  ๆœŸ ้™ ๅปถ ้•ฟ ่ฟ™ ไธช ๆกˆ ไปถ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ไธ ไป… ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ไบบ ็ฑป ็š„ ไปท ๅ€ผ ้‚ฃ ๆ ท ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๅ’Œ ๅ ็œ, ่€Œ ไธ” ้ฟ ่ฎณ ไธ ๅŠ  ่ฟฝ ็ฉถ ็š„ ็Šถ ๅ†ต ่ฟ˜ ๅœจ ็ปง ็ปญ 4-18 ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅญฆ ๆœฏ ไผš ่ฎฎ ไธŠ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ไบบ ๅ‘˜ ็š„ ๆดป ๅŠจ 1952 ๅนด 10 ๆœˆ 24 ๆ—ฅ, ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅญฆ ๆœฏ ไผš ่ฎฎ ็ฌฌ 13 ๆฌก ๆ€ป ไผš ๅฌ ๅผ€ ๅœจ ่ฟ™ ไธช ๆ€ป ไผš ไธŠ, ๅนณ ้‡Ž ไน‰ ๅคช ้ƒŽ, ็ฆ ๅฒ› ่ฆ ไธ€ ็ญ‰ ไบบ ๅฐ† ไฟƒ ่ฟ› ๅ…ณ ไบŽ ็ป† ่Œ ๅ…ต ๅ™จ ็ฆ ๆญข ไฝฟ ็”จ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๅ†… ็“ฆ ๆก ็บฆ ๆ‰น ๅ‡† ็š„ ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ๅ†ณ ่ฎฎ ไฝœ ไธบ ่ฎฎ ๆกˆ ๅ‘Š ็คบ ๅ‡บ ๆฅ ไฝ† ๆ˜ฏ, ๅฑž ไบŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅ…ณ ็ณป ็ฌฌ 7 ้ƒจ ็š„ ๆˆท ็”ฐ ๆญฃ ไธ‰ ( ้‡‘ ๆณฝ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๆ ก ้•ฟ, ๆˆ˜ ๅ‰ : ไบฌ ๅคง ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ, ้™† ๅ†› ๅ†› ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๆ ก ้˜ฒ ็–ซ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅฎค ็‰น ็บฆ ้กพ ้—ฎ ), ๆœจ ๆ‘ ๅป‰ ( ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๅ‰ฏ ไผš ้•ฟ, ๅ ๅค ๅฑ‹ ๅธ‚ ็ซ‹ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๆ ก ้•ฟ, ๆˆ˜ ๅ‰ : ไบฌ ๅคง ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ้™† ๅ†› ๅ†› ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๆ ก ้˜ฒ ็–ซ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅฎค ็‰น ็บฆ ้กพ ้—ฎ ) ๅ ๅฏน ่ฟ™ ไบ› ๆˆท ็”ฐ ๆœจ ๆ‘ ๆ˜ฏ ไบฌ ้ƒฝ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ็š„ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ, ๆŒ‡ ๅฏผ ็Ÿณ ไบ• ็š„ ๆ•™ ๅฎ˜, ๅœจ 15 ๅนด ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๆœŸ ้—ด, ๆ˜ฏ ไธบ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ่พ“ ้€ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅทฅ ไฝœ ่€… ็š„ ไธŠ ๅธ ๅ ๅฏน ็† ็”ฑ ๆ˜ฏ ็Žฐ ๅœจ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๆ”พ ๅผƒ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไบ†, ๆ‰น ๅ‡† ๆˆ˜ ๆ—ถ ๆˆ ไธบ ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ็š„ ๆก ็บฆ ๆ˜ฏ ไธ ๅˆ ๆ—ถ ๅฎœ ็š„ ็ป† ่Œ ไฝœ ไธบ ๆญฆ ๅ™จ, ไปŠ ๅคฉ ๅŸบ ๆœฌ ้ƒฝ ๆฒก ็”จ ไบŽ ๅฎž ่ทต, ่ฟ™ ไธ€ ็‚น ่ฏท ๆ”พ ๅฟƒ ็ญ‰ ็ญ‰ ็ป“ ๆžœ, ่ฟ™ ไธช ๆ ๆกˆ ่ขซ ๅฆ ๅ†ณ ่ฟ™ ้‡Œ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๆ„Ÿ ่ง‰ ๅˆฐ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅทฅ ไฝœ ่€… ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅฏน ๅŠ  ๅฎณ ่กŒ ไธบ ็š„ ๅ ็œ ่ฟ˜ ไธ ๅฆ‚ ่ฏด ่ฟ™ ๆ˜ฏ ไพ ไป— ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ๅฎž ่กŒ ็š„ ๅ… ๅŽป ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ่ดฃ ไปป, ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ็จณ ็จณ ๅœฐ ็กฎ ไฟ ไบ† ๅœฐ ไฝ ็š„ ๅ‘ ่จ€ 4-19 ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ๅฏน 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็›ธ ๅ…ณ ไบบ ๅ‘˜ ็š„ ๅญฆ ไฝ ๆŽˆ ไบˆ ๅœจ ้™† ๅ†› ๅ†› ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๆ ก ้˜ฒ ็–ซ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆŠฅ ๅ‘Š ( ็ฌฌ 2 ้ƒจ ) ๅˆŠ ็™ป ่ฎบ ๆ–‡ ็š„ ไบบ ๅ‘˜ ๅฝ“ ไธญ, ไปฅ ไธ‹ ไบบ ๅ‘˜ ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ๅœจ ไปฅ ไธ‹ ็š„ ๅคง ๅญฆ ่ขซ ๆŽˆ ไบˆ ๅš ๅฃซ ๅญฆ ไฝ ๅ…ถ ไธญ, ้™† ๅ†› ๅ†› ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๆ ก ้˜ฒ ็–ซ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆŠฅ ๅ‘Š ็™ป ่ฝฝ ็š„ ่ฎบ ๆ–‡ ๅฐฑ ้‚ฃ ๆ ท ไฝœ ไธบ ๅญฆ ไฝ ่ฎบ ๆ–‡ ่ขซ ๆ ๅ‡บ ๅ— ็† ๅš ๅฃซ ่ซ– ๆ–‡ ้กŒ ๅ ( ๅ›ฝ ไผš ๅ›ณ ๆ›ธ ้คจ ้–ข ่ฅฟ ้คจ ๆ‰€ ่”ต ๅˆ† ) ๅญฆ ไฝ ใฏ ็‰น ่จ˜ ใชใ„ ๅ ด ๅˆ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅญฆ ไฝ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅนด ๅท ้™ค ่Œ ๆฟพ ้Ž ๅ™จ ไธป ็ด  ๆ ใจใ—ใฆใฎ ็ช ่—ป ๅœŸ ใซ ้–ข ใ™ใ‚‹ ๅฎŸ ้จ“ ็š„ ็ ”. ็ฉถ ้˜ช ๅคง 46. ็ฒ˜ ่ณช ใƒ‹ ้–ข ใ‚นใƒซ ็ดฐ ่Œ ็”Ÿ ็‰ฉ ๅญฆ ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ไบฌ ๅคง 46 ็ดฐ ่Œ ใฎ ๅ‘ผ ๅธ ใซ ๅฏพ ใ™ใ‚‹ ้˜ป ๅฎณ ็‰ฉ ่ณช ใฎ ๅฝฑ ้Ÿฟ ใซ ๅฐฑ ใฆ( ็‹ฌ ๆ–‡ ) ๅŒ— ๅคง 46 ็† ๅคง ใƒžใƒฉใƒชใ‚ข ใฎ ็™บ ็”Ÿ ใจ ๅ…ถ ใฎ ้˜ฒ ้‡ ใซ ้–ข ใ™ใ‚‹ ็ ” ็ฉถ ไบฌ ๅคง 46 ใƒ‚ใƒ•ใƒ†ใƒชใƒผ ่Œ ไธฆ.ใซ ๆฏ’ ็ด  ใฎใƒžใ‚ฆใ‚น ่„ณ ๅ†… ๆŽฅ ็จฎ ใฎ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ…ถ ๅคง 46 ่ตค ็—ข ่Œ ๆ— ใฎ ๅˆ† ้กž ใซ ๅฐฑ ใฆ[ ๅ‚ ่€ƒ ่ณ‡ ๆ–™ :ใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚จใƒณใ‚ถ/ ้‡‘ ๅŽŸ ๅ‡บ ็‰ˆ 1980.10 FC14-93] ็†Š ๅคง 46 63

็ต„ ็น” ๅ†… ใซ ๅœจ ใ‚‹ใƒšใ‚นใƒˆ ่Œ ๆŸ“ ่‰ฒ ๆณ• ใซ ้–ข ใ™ใ‚‹ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ…ถ ๅคง 46 ๆ™ ่™ซ ็—… ใซ ้–ข ใ™ใ‚‹ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ–ฐ ๆฝŸ ๅคง 46 ใ‚ฐใƒชใ‚ณใƒผใƒซ ้กž ใฎ ๅพฎ ็”Ÿ ็‰ฉ ๅญฆ ็š„ ๅฟœ ็”จ ไบฌ ๅคง 46 ใ‚ฑใ‚ชใƒ”ใ‚นใƒใ‚บใƒŸใƒŽใƒŸ ใซ ้–ข ใ™ใ‚‹ ๅฎŸ ้จ“ ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆฑ ๅคง 46 ็ ด ๅ‚ท ้ขจ ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ฝใ‚คใƒ‰ใฎ ็Ÿ› ้˜ฒ ็š„ ๅŠน ๅŠ› ใซใคใ„ใฆ ็†Š ๅคง 46 ๆญฆ ๆผข ้™„ ่ฟ‘ ใซ ๆ–ผ ใฆ ๅˆ† ้›ข ใ›ใ‚‹ ใ‚ฒใƒซใƒˆใƒใƒซ ๆฐ ่…ธ ็‚Ž ่Œ ใซ ๅฐฑ ใ„ใฆ ไบฌ ้ƒฝ ๅบœ ๅŒป 47 ่‡“ ๅ™จ. ๆˆฆ ๅ‚ท ใฎ ๅพŒ ้บ ๆฉŸ ่ƒฝ. ้šœ ็ข ใซใคใ„ใฆ ๆฑ ๅคง 47 ๆต ็Œ› ๆ€ง ่„ณ ่„Š ้ซ„ ็‚Ž ่Œ ใซ ้–ข ใ™.ใ‚‹ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆฑ ๅŒ— 47 ่…ธ ็‚Ž ่Œ ใฎ ่Œ ๆ ช ๅˆฅ ใซใ‚‡ใ‚‹ ๅ… ็–ซ ๆ…ถ ๅฟœ 47 ็ ด ๅ‚ท ้ขจ ๆŠ— ๆฏ’ ้ฆฌ ่ก€ ๆธ… ใฎ ่ฃฝ ๆณ• ๅ ๅคง 47 ่…ธ ใƒใƒ•ใ‚น ่Œ ใฎ ๅค‰ ็•ฐ ใซใคใ„ใฆ ๆ…ถ ๅฟœ 47 B.C.G.ใซ ้–ข ใ™ใ‚‹ ๅฎŸ ้จ“ ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆฑ ๅŒ— ๅคง 47 ้‡Ž ๅ…Ž ็—… ่Œ ใฎ ๅŸน ้คŠ ใซ ้–ข ใ™ใ‚‹ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ…ถ ๅคง 47 ้’ ๅนด ๆœŸ ็ต ๆ ธ ๅˆ ๆ„Ÿ ๆŸ“ ใซ ้–ข ใ™ใ‚‹ ่‡จ ๅบŠ. ็š„ ็Ÿฅ ่ฆ‹ ่ฃœ ้บ ๅ ๅคง 48 ่„ณ ่„Š ้ซ„ ๆถฒ ็ณ– ้‡ ใฎ ๅค‰ ๅŒ– ใซ ้–ข ใ™ใ‚‹ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ–ฐ ๆฝŸ 49 4-20 ๅ‰ ๆ‘ ๅฏฟ ไบบ ็š„ ่พฉ ่งฃ ๆœ€ ่ฟ‘, ๆˆ‘ ๆ‰€ ๅฑž ็š„ ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๆœ‰ ๆˆ˜ ็Šฏ ไบ‹ ้กน ่ขซ ่ฎฐ ๅฝ• ๅœจ ๆฃฎ ๆ‘ ่ฏš ไธ€ ็š„ ๆถ ้ญ” ็š„ ้ฅฑ ้ฃŸ ้‡Œ, ๆˆ ไธบ ็•… ้”€ ไนฆ, ๅ— ๅˆฐ ไบ† ๅ›ฝ ๅ†… ็š„ ๆ‰น ๅˆค ( ไธญ ็•ฅ ) ๆˆ‘ ่ฎค ไธบ ไปฅ ไธช ไบบ ็š„ ๆ„ ๅฟ— ๅ’Œ ๅ‡ญ ็€ ่‡ช ๅทฑ ็š„ ่‰ฏ ๅฟƒ ๅœจ ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๅ†… ๅฏ ไปฅ ่กŒ ๅŠจ ่ฟ™ ไปถ ไบ‹ ๆœฌ ่บซ ๅฐฑ ๆ˜ฏ ้”™ ่ฏฏ ็š„ ( ไธญ ็•ฅ ) ๅ“ช ้‡Œ ๆœ‰ ๅ‡ญ ็€ ไธช ไบบ ็š„ ่‰ฏ ๅฟƒ ่ƒฝ ๅคŸ ่กŒ ๅŠจ ็š„ ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ?( ไธญ ็•ฅ ) ่™ฝ ่ฏด ๆˆ‘ ๅœจ ๆˆ˜ ๆ—ถ ๆ‰€ ๅฑž ็š„ ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ้‡Œ ๆœ‰ ๆˆ˜ ็Šฏ ่กŒ ไธบ, ๆˆ‘ ๅˆ ไธ ๆ˜ฏ ็›ด ๆŽฅ ๆŒ‡ ๆŒฅ ๅฎ˜, ไธบ ไป€ ไนˆ ๅฟ… ้กป ๅ— ๅˆฐ ๅช’ ไฝ“ ็š„ ่ดฃ ้ช‚, ๅฎŒ ๅ…จ ๅผ„ ้”™ ไบ† ๅ‰ ๆ‘ ๅฏฟ ไบบ : ๅ–œ ๅฏฟ ๅ›ž ้กพ, ๅ‰ ๆ‘ ๅ…ˆ ็”Ÿ ๅ–œ ๅฏฟ ็บช ๅฟต ่กŒ ไบ‹ ไผš 1984 ๅนด ่ฟ™ ๅ’Œ ๅœจ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ไธป ๅผ  ็š„ ๅŒป ็”Ÿ ไปฌ ๅฆ‚ ๆžœ ไธ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ, ๅฏ ่ƒฝ ๅฐฑ ไผš ๆœ‰ ็”Ÿ ๅ‘ฝ ็š„ ๅฑ ้™ฉ ๅŒป ็”Ÿ ไปฌ ๅช ๆ˜ฏ ๅฌ ไปŽ ๅ‘ฝ ไปค ็š„ ่พฉ ่งฃ ๆ˜ฏ ไธ€ ๆ ท ็š„ ไฝ† ๆ˜ฏ, ่ฟ™ ไธช ไธป ๅผ  ๅœจ ็บฝ ไผฆ ๅ ก ๅฎก ๅˆค ไธŠ ๅ›ž ้ฟ ไบ† ๅ‰ ๆ‘ ไปŽ ไบฌ ้ƒฝ ๅบœ ็ซ‹ ๅคง ๅญฆ ็š„ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ๅ˜ ๆˆ ไบ† ๆ ก ้•ฟ 1978 ๅนด ๅ›  ็Žฏ ๅขƒ ้€‚ ๅบ” ๅญฆ ็š„ ๅ…ˆ ้ฉฑ ไธš ็ปฉ ็ญ‰ ็† ็”ฑ, ่ขซ ๆŽˆ ไบˆ ๅ‹‹ ไธ‰ ็ญ‰ ๆ—ญ ๆ—ฅ ๅฅ– ๅ‰ ๆ‘ ๅฏฟ ไบบ ็š„ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๅฑ• ็คบ ๅœจ 1-11 4-21 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ไธŽ ็ปฟ ๅ ๅญ— ่ฏ ๅฎณ ่‰พ ๆป‹ ่‚ ็‚Ž 1 ่ฏ ๅฎณ ่‰พ ๆป‹ (1989-1996) ไธŽ ่‚ ็‚Ž (1998-2008) ไบ‹ ไปถ ๆ˜ฏ ๆœ€ ่ฟ‘ ๆœ‰ ไปฃ ่กจ ๆ€ง ็š„ ่ฏ ๅฎณ ็ปฟ ๅ ๅญ— ( ็Žฐ ็”ฐ ่พน ไธ‰ ่ฑ ) ๆ—  ่ฎบ ๆ˜ฏ ๅ“ช ไธ€ ไธช ๅฎก ๅˆค, ้ƒฝ ่ขซ ้—ฎ ๅŠ ่ดฃ ไปป, ๅ›  ไธบ ๅˆ› ็ซ‹ ไบ† ๅŒ ๅ ๅ…ฌ ๅธ ๅนถ ๆ‹… ไปป ไผš ้•ฟ ็š„ ๅ†… ่—ค ่‰ฏ ไธ€ ๆ›พ ็ป ๆ‹… ไปป ่ฟ‡ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ้ซ˜ ๅฎ˜, ไป– ไธบ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ็ป† ่Œ ๅ…ต ๅ™จ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ† ๅนฒ ็‡ฅ ่ก€ ๆถฒ ๅˆถ ้€  ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅ†… ่—ค ๅœจ ๆœ ้ฒœ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็ˆ† ๅ‘ 3 ไธช ๆœˆ ๅŽ ็š„ 1950 ๅนด 9 ๆœˆ, ๅ’Œ ๅŒ— ้‡Ž ๆ”ฟ ๆฌก ไบŒ ๆœจ ็ง€ ้›„ ็ญ‰ ๅŽŸ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ๆˆ ๅ‘˜ ไธ€ ่ตท ๆˆ ็ซ‹ ไบ† ๆ ช ๅผ ไผš ็คพ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ่ก€ ๆถฒ ้“ถ ่กŒ ่ฟ™ ไธช ๅ…ฌ ๅธ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๅˆถ ้€  ๅ’Œ ่ดฉ ๅ– ่พ“ ่ก€ ็”จ ็š„ ่ก€ ๆถฒ,, ๆŒ ็ปญ ๅคง ้‡ ไฝฟ ็”จ ่ดฉ ๅ– ็š„ ้ป„ ่‰ฒ ่ก€ ๆถฒ ๅทฒ ๆˆ ไธบ ๅ›ฝ ้™… ๆ€ง ้—ฎ ้ข˜, ๅฏผ ่‡ด ๅ‡บ ็Žฐ ไบ† ๅพˆ ๅคš ่‚ ็‚Ž ๆ‚ฃ ่€… 64

1964 ๅนด ๅ†ณ ๅฎš ็”ฑ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็บข ๅ ๅญ— ๅ‘ ่ตท ๆŽจ ่ฟ› ็Œฎ ่ก€, ๅ…ฌ ๅธ ๅ ็›ด ๆŽฅ ๅ˜ ๆ›ด ไธบ ็ปฟ ๅ ๅญ—, ๅผ€ ๅง‹ ็บค ็ปด ๆœŠ ๅŽŸ ็š„ ่ดฉ ๅ– 1968 ๅนด ่™ฝ ็„ถ ๅœจ ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๅ›ฝ ๅ†… ่ขซ ๅŠ ๅ‘Š ็ฆ ๆญข ไฝฟ ็”จ ใƒ—ใƒผใƒซ ่ก€ ๆต†, ไฝ† ้‚ฃ ไน‹ ๅŽ ่ฟ˜ ่พ“ ๅ…ฅ ใƒ—ใƒผใƒซ ่ก€ ๆต†, ๅˆถ ้€  ่ดฉ ๅ– ็”จ ไบŽ ่ก€ ๅ‹ ็—… ็š„ ้ž ๅŠ  ็ƒญ ๅ‡ ๅ›บ ๅ›  ๅญ ๅˆถ ๅ‰‚ 1977 ๅนด ๅ– ๆถˆ ไบ† ๅœจ ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๅˆถ ้€  ็บค ็ปด ๆœŠ ๅŽŸ ็š„ ่ฎค ๅฏ ไน‹ ๅŽ,1982 ๅนด ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ่ก€ ๅ‹ ็—… ๆ‚ฃ ่€… ๅ‡บ ็Žฐ ไบ† ่‰พ ๆป‹ ็š„ ็—‡ ็Šถ ๅŽ, ็บค ็ปด ๆœŠ ๅŽŸ ๅ’Œ ้ž ๅŠ  ็ƒญ ๅ‡ ๅ›บ ๅ›  ๅญ ๅˆถ ๅ‰‚ ๅœจ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็ปง ็ปญ ่ดฉ ๅ–, ๅผ• ๅ‘ ไบ† ่ฏ ๅฎณ ่‰พ ๆป‹ ไบ‹ ไปถ 4-22 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๅ’Œ ็ปฟ ๅ ๅญ— ่ฏ ๅฎณ ่‰พ ๆป‹ ่‚ ็‚Ž 2 ๅœจ ๅฏน ็ปฟ ๅ ๅญ— ็š„ ่ก€ ๆถฒ ๅˆถ ๅ‰‚ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๅ›ฝ ๅฎถ ๆฃ€ ๅฎš, ๆŒ ็ปญ ไฟ ่ฏ ๅฎ‰ ๅ…จ ๆ€ง ็š„ ๅ›ฝ ็ซ‹ ้ข„ ้˜ฒ ๅซ ็”Ÿ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ( ็Žฐ ๅ›ฝ ็ซ‹ ๆ„Ÿ ๆŸ“ ็—‡ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ), ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ๅพˆ ๅคš ็š„ ๅŽŸ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ไบบ ๅ‘˜ ไปฅ ๆ‰€ ้•ฟ ไธบ ้ฆ–, ่Žท ๅพ— ไบ† ่ฆ ่Œ ็ปฟ ๅ ๅญ— ่ขซ ็”ฐ ่พน ไธ‰ ่ฑ ๅˆถ ่ฏ ๅ…ฌ ๅธ ็ปง ๆ‰ฟ, ไฝ† ๅœจ ่ฏฅ ๅ…ฌ ๅธ, ๅ›  ่ฟ ๅ ่ฏ ็‰ฉ ๆณ•, ้ญ ๅˆฐ ๅœ ๆญข ไธš ๅŠก ๅค„ ๅˆ† (2010 ๅนด 4 ๆœˆ ) ๅ’Œ ๆœช ๅฎž ๆ–ฝ ๆณจ ๅฐ„ ่ฏ ็š„ ๅฎ‰ ๅฎš ๆ€ง ๅฎž ้ชŒ (2011 ๅนด 1 ๆœˆ ) ็ญ‰ ๆƒ… ๅ†ต ่ฟ˜ ๅœจ ็ปง ็ปญ 4-23 ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๆŽฅ ๆ”ถ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ็š„ ๅŽป ๅ‘ ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ, ๅ›ฝ ไผš ็š„ ่ฟฝ ็ฉถ ๅพˆ ๅฟซ ๅฐฑ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ† ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ่™ฝ ็„ถ ่กจ ๆ˜Ž ๆœ‰ ๅ…ฌ ๅผ€ ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ็š„ ๅฟ… ่ฆ ๆ€ง, ไฝ† ๆ˜ฏ ๅฎž ้™… ไธŠ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ๅ‡  ไนŽ ๅนถ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๅ…ฌ ๅผ€ ๅœจ 1986 ๅนด ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ไธ‹ ่ฎฎ ้™ข ๅค ๅŽŸ ๅ†› ไบบ ๅง” ่กฅ ๅฟ ๅ…ณ ็ณป ๅฐ ๅง” ๅ‘˜ ไผš ็š„ ๆ„ ่ง ๅฌ ๅ– ไผš ไธŠ,ใƒใƒƒใƒใƒฃใƒผ ้™† ๅ†› ็œ ่ฎฐ ๅฝ• ็ฎก ็† ๅฑ€ ๅฑ€ ้•ฟ ๅฃฐ ๆ˜Ž 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ๅˆฐ 1950 ๅนด ไปฃ ๆœซ ่ขซ ่ฃ… ็ฎฑ ่ฟ ๅ›ž ๅˆฐ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๆŽจ ่ฟ› ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ไผš ไบŽ 2009 ๅนด ๅˆ ๅผบ ็ƒˆ ่ฆ ๆฑ‚ ้˜ฒ ๅซ ๅคง ่‡ฃ ๅ…ฌ ๅธƒ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๅ’Œ ็ป† ่Œ ๆˆ˜ ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ็š„ ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ่ฟ” ่ฟ˜ ๆ–‡ ไนฆ 1986 ๅนด 9 ๆœˆ 17 ๆ—ฅ ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ไธ‹ ่ฎฎ ้™ข ๅค ๅŽŸ ๅ†› ไบบ ๅง” ่กฅ ๅฟ ๅ…ณ ็ณป ๅฐ ๅง” ๅ‘˜ ไผš ็š„ ๆ„ ่ง ๅฌ ๅ– ไผš ไธŠ, ่ฏ ไบบ ใƒใƒƒใƒใƒฃใƒผ ้™† ๅ†› ็œ ่ฎฐ ๅฝ• ็ฎก ็† ๅฑ€ ๅฑ€ ้•ฟ ็š„ ่ฏ ่ฏ ่ฎฎ ไบ‹ ๅฝ• P13 4-24 ๆฏ’ ๆฐ” ๅผน ้— ๅผƒ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ้™† ๅ†› ( ๅ’Œ ๆตท ๅ†› ) ๅœจ ๆฟ‘ ๆˆท ๅ†… ๆตท ็š„ ๅœฐ ๅ›พ ไธŠ ๆถˆ ๅคฑ ็š„ ๅฒ› ๅคง ไน… ้‡Ž ๅฒ› ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ๅˆถ ้€  ่Šฅ ๅญ ๆฐ” ่ทฏ ๆ˜“ ๆฐ ๆฐ” ๅ…‰ ๆฐ” ็ญ‰, ๅœจ ๅŒ— ไน ๅทž ็š„ ๆ›พ ๆ น ๅˆถ ้€  ๆ‰€ ๅกซ ๅ……, ๅœจ ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ๆˆ˜ ๅœบ ไธŠ ๅคง ้‡ ไฝฟ ็”จ ไธŽ ็ป† ่Œ ๆˆ˜ ็š„ ๆฎ ็‚น ๅœจ ๅ“ˆ ๅฐ” ๆปจ ่ฎพ ็ฝฎ ไบ† 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็›ธ ๅฏน, ๆฏ’ ๆฐ” ๆˆ˜ ็š„ ๆฎ ็‚น ไธŽ ไน  ๅฟ— ้‡Ž ๅญฆ ๆ ก ๅˆ ไฝœ, ๅœจ ้ฝ ้ฝ ๅ“ˆ ๅฐ” ่ฎพ ็ฝฎ ไบ† 516 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ( ๅ…ณ ไธœ ๅ†› ๅŒ– ๅญฆ ้ƒจ ) ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ, ๅ›  ๆ—ฅ ๅ†› ้— ๅผƒ ็š„ ๆฏ’ ๆฐ” ๅผน, ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ๅ‡บ ็Žฐ ไบ† ๅพˆ ๅคš ๅ— ๅฎณ ่€…,2003 ๅนด 8 ๆœˆ, ้— ๅผƒ ็š„ ๆฏ’ ๆฐ” ็ฝ ๅฏผ ่‡ด ้ฝ ้ฝ ๅ“ˆ ๅฐ” 44 ไบบ ๅ— ๅฎณ 1 ไบบ ๆญป ไบก ็š„ ไบ‹ ๆ•… ๅฐฑ ๆ˜ฏ ๅ…ถ ไธญ ไธ€ ไพ‹ ็Žฐ ๅœจ ้‚ฃ ไบ› ๅ— ๅฎณ ่€… ๅฏน ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ็š„ ่ตท ่ฏ‰ ่ฟ˜ ๅœจ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๆฏ’ ๆฐ” ่ดฎ ่— ๅบ“ ้— ๅ€ ( ๅนฟ ๅฒ› ๅŽฟ ๅคง ไน… ้‡Ž ๅฒ› ) ้ฝ ้ฝ ๅ“ˆ ๅฐ” ้— ๅผƒ ๆฏ’ ๆฐ” ๅ— ๅฎณ ่ฏ‰ ่ฎผ 4-25 ไธŽ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๅ’Œ ็ป† ่Œ ๆˆ˜ ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ็š„ ๅ›ฝ ๅฎถ ่ต” ๅฟ ่ฏ‰ ่ฎผ ๅ“ˆ ๅฐ” ๆปจ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ไปฅ ๅŠ ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ๅ„ ๅœฐ ็ป† ่Œ ๅ…ต ๅ™จ ็š„ ๅฎž ๆˆ˜ ๅบ” ็”จ ๅฏผ ่‡ด ๅ— ๅฎณ ่€… ๅŠ ๅ…ถ ้— ๅฑž ๅ‘ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ๆ ๅ‡บ ไบ† ่ฐข ็ฝช ๅ’Œ ่ต” ๅฟ ็š„ ่ฏ‰ ่ฎผ ่ฏท ๆฑ‚ 1995 ๅนด ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ็‰บ ็‰ฒ ่€… ้— ๅฑž ๆ•ฌ ๅ…ฐ ่Š ็ญ‰ ไบบ,1997 ๅนด ็ป† ่Œ ๆˆ˜ ็š„ ๅ— ๅฎณ ่€… 180 ไบบ ไฝœ ไธบ ๅŽŸ ๅ‘Š ไปฃ ่กจ ๅ‘ ๆณ• ๅบญ ๆ ๅ‡บ ่ฏ‰ ่ฎผ ๅฎก ๅˆค ่ฟ‡ ็จ‹ ไธญ ๅ…ท ไฝ“ ๆ‰ฟ ่ฎค ไบ† ็”ฑ ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๅ’Œ ็ป† ่Œ ๆˆ˜ ๅฏผ ่‡ด ็š„ ็‰บ ็‰ฒ ่€… ็š„ ๅ‡บ ็Žฐ, ไฝ† 2007 ๅนด 5 ๆœˆ ๆœ€ ้ซ˜ ๆณ• ้™ข ๅฏน ๅŽŸ ๅ‘Š ็š„ ่ฏ‰ ่ฎผ ่ฏท ๆฑ‚, ไปฅ ๅฝ“ ๆ—ถ ๅ›ฝ ๅฎถ ๅ…ณ ไบŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅ— ๅฎณ ่ต” ๅฟ ็š„ ๆณ• ๅพ‹ ่ฟ˜ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๅˆถ ๅฎš ไธบ ็”ฑ, ๅฐ† ่ฏฅ ่ฏ‰ ่ฎผ ไธŽ ๅ…ถ ไป– ไธ€ ่ฟž ไธฒ ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ่ต” ๅฟ ่ฏ‰ ่ฎผ ๅ…จ ้ƒจ ้ฉณ ๅ›ž ็ป“ ๆžœ ไธ€ ็›ด ๅˆฐ ็Žฐ ๅœจ ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ่ฟ˜ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๅฎŒ ๅ…จ ่งฃ ๅ†ณ 65

ๆ•ฌ ๅ…ฐ ่Š, ไธˆ ๅคซ ๆœฑ ๅญ ็›ˆ ๅœจ 1941 ๅนด ็‰ก ไธน ๆฑŸ ไบ‹ ไปถ ไธญ ่ขซ ๆ•, ้€š ่ฟ‡ ็‰น ๅˆซ ่พ“ ้€ ่ขซ ่ฟ ๅˆฐ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ 1995 ๅนด ๆ•ฌ ๅ…ฐ ่Š ๅฏน ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ๆ ๅ‡บ ่ฐข ็ฝช ๅ’Œ ่กฅ ๅฟ ่ฏท ๆฑ‚ ๅœจ ๆณ• ๅบญ ไธŠ ไนŸ ไฝœ ่ฏ ไบ† (1991 ๅนด 8 ๆœˆ, ๆ‘„ ไบŽ ๅนณ ๆˆฟ ) 5 ไปŽ ๅކ ๅฒ ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๅˆฐ ไปŠ ๅŽ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ็ฌฌ 5 ้ƒจ ไธญ ๅœจ ่‡ณ ไปŠ ไธบ ๆญข ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ็š„ ๅŸบ ็ก€ ไธŠ, ่กจ ๆ˜Ž ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไธ ๅ† ๅ‚ ไธŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰, ๆŽข ๆฑ‚ ่ฏŠ ็–— ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็ ” ็ฉถ ็š„ ๅญ˜ ๅœจ ๆ–น ๅผ, ๆŽข ่ฎจ ๆœ‰ ๆ•ˆ ๅˆฉ ็”จ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ็š„ ๆ–น ๅ‘ 15 ๅนด ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅ‚ ไธŽ ็š„ ๆ€ป ็ป“ 1 ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ๅœจ 15 ๅนด ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ ๅ‚ ไธŽ ่Œƒ ๅ›ด ๅพˆ ๅนฟ, ๅŠ  ๅฎณ ็š„ ๅฎž ้™… ๆƒ… ๅ†ต ็š„ ๆŸฅ ๆ˜Ž ไป… ๆœ‰ ไธ€ ้ƒจ ๅˆ† 2 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ้ž ไบบ ้“ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็ป† ่Œ ๆˆ˜ ๆฏ’ ๆฐ” ๆˆ˜ ้™† ๅ†› ๅŒป ้™ข ็š„ ๆ‰‹ ๆœฏ ๆผ” ไน  ็ญ‰ ไน ๅคง ไบ‹ ไปถ ๆ˜ฏ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็Šฏ ็ฝช 3 ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ๅœจ ๅ ๅŠฉ ๆฎ– ๆฐ‘ ๅœฐ ๆ”ฟ ็ญ– ็ญ‰ ๅ ๅŠฉ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็š„ ่Œƒ ๅ›ด ๅพˆ ๅนฟ, ้‚ฃ ้‡Œ ๅŒ ๆ ท ไนŸ ๅŒ… ๅซ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็Šฏ ็ฝช 4 ้ž ไบบ ้“ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็ป† ่Œ ๆˆ˜ ๆฏ’ ๆฐ” ๆˆ˜ ๆ˜ฏ ๆœ‰ ็ป„ ็ป‡ ๆœ‰ ็ณป ็ปŸ ๅœฐ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ็š„ 5 ๅฆ ่ฎค ๅ‚ ไธŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ๅ’Œ ๅ ๅŠฉ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅช ๆ˜ฏ ไธ€ ้ƒจ ๅˆ† 6 ๆœ‰ ไบบ ็ง ๅ ่ง ไผ˜ ็”Ÿ ๆ€ ๆƒณ ๆญง ่ง† ๅฅณ ๆ€ง ็š„ ๆ€ ๆƒณ ่ƒŒ ๆ™ฏ ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ็š„ ๆ€ป ็ป“ 1 ๅ‚ ไธŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ็š„ ๅŒป ็”Ÿ ้š ็ž’ ไบ‹ ๅฎž, ๅ… ไบŽ ่ตท ่ฏ‰ 2 ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ไธบ ไบ† ็ปด ๆŒ ๅคฉ ็š‡ ๅˆถ, ้š ็ž’ ไบ‹ ๅฎž, ๅ… ไบŽ ่ตท ่ฏ‰ 3 ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ๅ‡บ ไบŽ ๆ”ฟ ๆฒป ็›ฎ ็š„, ๅŒ ๆ–น ไบค ๆถ‰ ๆ ไพ› ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็ป“ ๆžœ ๅฐฑ ไผš ๅฏน ๅ‚ ไธŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ็š„ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅ… ่ดฃ ๅนถ ้š ็ž’ ไบ‹ ๅฎž, ไธ ไผš ๅฐ† ไป– ไปฌ ไบค ็ป™ ๅ›ฝ ้™… ๅ†› ไบ‹ ๆณ• ๅบญ 4 ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ๅ›ž ้ฟ ไบ‹ ๅฎž ็กฎ ่ฎค ๅ’Œ ๅ ็œ, ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๅฏน ๅ— ๅฎณ ่€… ๅŠ ้— ๅฑž ่ฟ› ่กŒ ่ฐข ็ฝช ๅ’Œ ่ต” ๅฟ 5 ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ๅŒป ็–— ็•Œ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ‹ ๅฎž ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๅ ็œ ๅ’Œ ่ต” ็ฝช ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๆฒก ่ƒฝ ไปŽ ไผฆ ็† ๆ–น ้ข ๅ† ๅ‡บ ๅ‘ 6 ไธ€ ้ƒจ ๅˆ† ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๅ ็œ ๅ’Œ ่ฐข ็ฝช ๅœจ ็ปง ็ปญ, ๅ’Œ ๅ— ๅฎณ ่€… ้— ๅฑž ไบง ็”Ÿ ไบ† ๅ ๅŒ ๅ…ณ ็ณป 5-2 ๅ ็œ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ๅฏน ไปŠ ๅคฉ ็š„ ๆ„ ไน‰ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅทฅ ไฝœ ่€… ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๆ˜ฏ ๅœจ ไป€ ไนˆ ๆ ท ็š„ ็Šถ ๅ†ต ไธ‹ ่ทต ่ธ ไบบ ๆƒ ๅ’Œ ๅฐŠ ไธฅ, ๅˆฉ ็”จ ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ็”Ÿ ๅŒ– ๆญฆ ๅ™จ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ๅ’Œ ๅ‚ ไธŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ็š„? ้‚ฃ ไธ ไป… ๆ˜ฏ ้ต ็…ง ๅ›ฝ ็ญ–, ไนŸ ๆ˜ฏ ไป– ไปฌ ่‡ช ๅทฑ ๅฅฝ ๅฅ‡ ๅฟƒ ๅ’Œ ๅˆฉ ็›Š ็š„ ้ฉฑ ไฝฟ ๅง ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ็š„ ่ฏ ๅฎณ ไบ‹ ไปถ ็ญ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅทฅ ไฝœ ่€… ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅผ• ๅ‘ ็š„ ๆ‚ฃ ่€… ็š„ ไบบ ๆƒ ๅ’Œ ๅฐŠ ไธฅ ็›ธ ๅ…ณ ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ๆœ‰ ็›ธ ้€š ็š„ ๅœฐ ๆ–น ๅง ่ฎฉ ่ฟ™ ไบ› ่ฎจ ่ฎบ ่ฟ› ไธ€ ๆญฅ ๅ‘ ๅฑ•, ่ƒฝ ๅคŸ ่ดฏ ๅฝป ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅทฅ ไฝœ ่€… ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไธ ๅฏ ๅŠจ ๆ‘‡ ็š„ ไผฆ ็† ๆ„Ÿ ไธบ ไบ† ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ๅพ— ๅˆฐ ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ็š„ ไฟก ่ต–, ๆญฃ ็กฎ ๆฃ€ ๆŸฅ ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ๅ‘ ็”Ÿ ็š„ ไบ‹ ๅฎž, ๆ˜Ž ็กฎ ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ็‚น ๆ˜ฏ ๅฟ… ่ฆ ็š„ 2007 ๅนด 4 ๆœˆ, ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅฎž ่กŒ ๅง” ๅ‘˜ ไผš ไธป ๅŠž ็š„ ็ฌฌ 27 ๅฑŠ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๆ€ป ไผš ็ ” ่ฎจ ไผš ไธŠ, ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๅ“ˆ ไฝ› ๅคง ๅญฆ ็š„ ใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒผ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ๅ™ ่ฟฐ ๅฆ‚ ไธ‹ : ๅฏ ไปฅ ่ฏด ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ็š„ ไธ€ ไปฃ ไบบ ๅš ไบ† ๅ ไบ‹ ๅนถ ้š ็ž’, ๅฐ† ๅކ ๅฒ ็š„ ๅŒ… ่ขฑ ๆ‰” ็ป™ ไบ† ็Žฐ ๅœจ ไธ€ ไปฃ ไบบ ๅ›  ไธบ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๆ›พ ็ป ๅ’Œ ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ็š„ ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ๅฎถ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ† ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ็š„ ไบค ๆถ‰, ๅฏผ ่‡ด ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ไนŸ ๆˆ ไบ† ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ็š„ ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ( ๅฏน ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๅฅด ้šถ ๅˆถ ่กจ ็คบ ่ฐข ็ฝช ็š„ ไพ‹ ๅญ ็œ ็•ฅ ) ๅฏน ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ๅ‘ ็”Ÿ ็š„ ไบ‹ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ่ฐƒ ๆŸฅ, ่ฏš ๅฎž ๅฆ ็އ ๆญฃ ็กฎ ๅœฐ ๆŠฅ ๅ‘Š, ๅ’Œ ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๅฏน ๆŠ—, ๅฐฑ ๆ˜ฏ ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ๆœŸ ๆœ› ็š„ ไปท ๅ€ผ ่ง‚ ๆœ€ ้‡ ่ฆ ็š„ ๆ˜ฏ ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ๅš ็š„ ่ฏ, ๅฏ ไปฅ ๅฐ† ๅนด ่ฝป ไธ€ ไปฃ ๅ’Œ ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ็š„ ๅ…ฑ ็Šฏ ๅ…ณ ็ณป ไธญ ่งฃ ๆ”พ ๅ‡บ ๆฅ ๅนด ่ฝป ไธ€ ไปฃ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๅฟ… ่ฆ ๅฏน ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ๅš ็š„ ๅ ไบ‹ ่ดŸ ่ดฃ ไปป ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ไธ ่ƒฝ ่ฎฉ ๅนด ่ฝป ไธ€ ไปฃ ๅ’Œ ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ็š„ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ่€… ไธ€ ๆ ท ไธบ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ๅ’Œ ้š ็ž’ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ๆ‰ฟ ๆ‹… ่ดฃ ไปป, ๅ– ่€Œ ไปฃ ไน‹ ็š„ ๆ˜ฏ ่ฎฉ ไป– ไปฌ ๅฎŒ ๅ…จ ไปŽ ่ฟ™ ็ง ่ดฃ ไปป ไธญ ่งฃ ่„ฑ ๅ‡บ ๆฅ 66

5-3 ๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็†็š„้‡่ฆๆ€ง ไธบไบ†ไธ้‡ๅคๆˆ˜ไบ‰ไธญ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆ็Šฏ็ฝช ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆ็•Œๅบ”่ฏฅๅฝปๅบ•ๅผ„ๆธ…้—ฎ้ข˜ ่ฟ›่กŒๅ็œ ๆˆ‘ไปฌๅทฒๅฏนๆฏ 4 ๅนดๅฌๅผ€ไธ€ๆฌกไผš ่ฎฎ็š„ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆๆ€ปไผšๆๅ‡บๆญฃๅผ็ญ–ๅˆ’ ไฝ†่ฟ˜ๆฒกๆœ‰ๅฎž็Žฐ ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅธˆไผšๅœจ 1949 ๅนด 3 ๆœˆๅ†ณ่ฎฎ่ขซ้‡‡็บณๅŽ ๅ‚็…งๅฑ•็คบ 4-16 ่ฎคไธบ้—ฎ้ข˜ๅทฒ็ป่งฃๅ†ณ ไฝ†ๆ˜ฏๅœจๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅธˆไผš ็š„ ๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็†็บฒ้ข† ไธญๆฒกๆœ‰็œ‹ๅˆฐๅฏนๆˆ˜ไบ‰ๅŒปๅญฆ็Šฏ็ฝช็š„ๅ็œๅ’Œๆ•™่ฎญ ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅธˆไผš็š„ ๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็†็บฒ้ข† 2002 ๅนด 4 ๆœˆ 2 ๆ—ฅ้€š่ฟ‡ ๅŒปๅญฆๅ’ŒๅŒป็–—ๆœฌๆฅๆ˜ฏ่€ƒ่™‘ๆฒป็–—ๆœ‰็—…็š„ไบบ ็ปดๆŒๅ’Œๅขž่ฟ›ไบบไปฌ็š„ๅฅๅบท ๅŒปๅธˆๅบ”่ฏฅ่ฎค่ฏ†ๅˆฐ่ดฃไปป็š„้‡ๅคง ไปฅ็ˆฑไบบ็ฑป ไธบๅŸบ็ก€ๅฅ‰็Œฎ็ป™ๅ…จไบบ็ฑป 1 ๅŒปๅธˆๅบ”่ฏฅไฟๆŒ็ปˆ็”Ÿๅญฆไน ็š„็ฒพ็ฅž ไธๆ–ญๅŠชๅŠ›ๅญฆไน ๅŒปๅญฆ็Ÿฅ่ฏ†ๅ’ŒๆŠ€ๆœฏ็š„ๅŒๆ—ถ ไธบๅ…ถ่ฟ›ๆญฅๅ’Œๅ‘ๅฑ•่ดก็ŒฎๅŠ›้‡ 2 ๅŒปๅธˆๅบ”่ฏฅ่ฎค่ฏ†ๅˆฐ่ฟ™้กน่Œไธš็š„ๅฐŠไธฅๅ’Œ่ดฃไปป ๆณจๆ„ๅŠ ๅผบๆ•™ๅ…ป ๆ้ซ˜ไบบๆ ผ 3 ๅŒปๅธˆๅบ”่ฏฅๅฐŠ้‡ๅฐฑๅŒปไบบ็š„ไบบๆ ผ ็”จๆธฉๆŸ”็š„ๅฟƒๅฏนๅพ…ๆ‚ฃ่€…็š„ๅŒๆ—ถ ่ฏฆ็ป†่ฏดๆ˜ŽๅŒป็–—ๅ†…ๅฎน ๅŠชๅŠ›ๅพ—ๅˆฐไฟกไปป 4 ๅŒปๅธˆๅบ”่ฏฅไบ’็›ธๅฐŠ้‡ ไธŽๅŒป็–—ๅทฅไฝœ่€…ๅ…ฑๅŒๅŠชๅŠ› ไธบๅŒป็–—่ดก็ŒฎๅŠ›้‡ 5 ๅŒปๅธˆๅบ”่ฏฅๅฐŠ้‡ๅŒป็–—็š„ๅ…ฌๅ…ฑๆ€ง ้€š่ฟ‡ๅŒป็–—ไธบ็คพไผšๅ‘ๅฑ•่ดก็ŒฎๅŠ›้‡็š„ๅŒๆ—ถ ้ตๅฎˆๆณ•่ง„ ไธบๆณ•ๅพ‹็งฉๅบ็š„ๅฝขๆˆ่€Œ ๅŠชๅŠ› 5-4 ไธๅ……ๅˆ†็š„ ๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† ๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† ไปŽๅคไปฃๅผ€ๅง‹ๅฐฑ่ขซ่ดจ้—ฎ ๅœจๆ—ฅๆœฌ ไน‰้‡ไบŽๅฑฑ ๆญป่ฝปไบŽ้ธฟๆฏ› ๅคงๆ—ฅๆœฌๅธๅ›ฝ็š„่‡ฃๆฐ‘ๆ˜ฏ่ขซๅ‘Š็Ÿฅๅนถ่ฎฉๅ…ถ็›ธไฟก่‡ชๅทฑๆ˜ฏๅคฉ็š‡็š„่ตคๅญ ๅบ”ไธบ ไธœไบš็›Ÿไธป็š„ๆฐ‘ๆ— ๅ†›ไบบๅ‘Š่ฐ• 1982 ๆ— ่ง†ๆฏไธชไบบไฝœไธบไบบ็š„ๅฐŠไธฅๅ’Œไบบๆƒ ๅ…ฌ็„ถๆญง่ง†ไบบ็ง ่”‘่ง†ๅ…ถไป–ๆฐ‘ๆ— ไพต็•ฅๅœฐๅŒบไบบไปฌ็š„็‰บ็‰ฒ่ขซ่ฎคไธบๆ˜ฏๅฝ“็„ถ็š„ ๅœจ่ฟ™ๆ ท็š„้ฃŽๆฝฎไธ‹ ไธบไบ†ไพต็•ฅๆˆ˜ไบ‰็š„่ฟ›่กŒๅŒป็–—ๅทฅไฝœ่€…่ขซ็ฝฎไบŽ้‡่ฆ็š„ไฝ็ฝฎ ๅฎž่กŒไบ†ๅพˆๅคšๅœจ ๅކๅฒ็š„ๆฃ€่ฏ ไธญไป‹็ป็š„้žไบบ้“็š„ๅฎž้ชŒๅ’Œ็ ”็ฉถ ็ฌฌไบŒๆฌกไธ–็•Œๅคงๆˆ˜ๅŽ ็บฝไผฆๅ ก็บฒ้ข† 1947 ๅฑ•็คบ 4-10 ่ขซ 1964 ๅนดไธ–็•ŒๅŒปๅธˆไผš ่ตซๅฐ”่พ›ๅŸบๅฎฃ่จ€ ็ปง ๆ‰ฟ ็กฎ็ซ‹ไบ† ไปฅไบบไธบๅฏน่ฑก็š„ๅŒปๅญฆ็ ”็ฉถ็š„ไผฆ็†ๅŽŸๅˆ™ ๅคšๆฌก่ฟ›่กŒๆ”นๅฎš ไปŠๅคฉ็š„ๅŒๆ„่ฏŠ็–— ๅŒๆ„่ฏŠ็–— ๅŒป็”Ÿๅฏนๆ‚ฃ่€…่ฟ›่กŒ็—…็Šถ ๆฒป็–—ๆณ• ๆ‰‹ๆœฏๆณ•่ฟ›่กŒๅ……ๅˆ†็š„่ฏดๆ˜Ž ๆ‚ฃ่€…ๅŒๆ„ๆŽฅๅ— ๆฒป็–—ๆ‰‹ๆœฏ ไนŸๆ˜ฏไปŽ 1960 ๅนดๅˆฐ 70 ๅนดไปฃๆฌง็พŽ็š„ ไธๆŠŠ่‡ชๅทฑ็š„ๆ€งๅ‘ฝไบค็ป™ๅŒป็”Ÿ ่ฟ™ๆ ท่‡ชๅทฑๅ†ณๅฎšๆƒ็š„็กฎ็ซ‹่€Œๆฅ็š„ ๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† ๆ˜ฏๆŒ‰็…งๅ›ฝ้™…็š„่ฏดๆณ• ๆˆ˜ๅŽๅœจๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒปๅญฆ็•Œ ๅŒป็–—็•Œ ๅŒปๅญฆไผฆ็† ่ฟ˜ๆฒกๆœ‰ๅ……ๅˆ†ๅ›บๅฎšไธ‹ๆฅ 5-5 ๅŒปๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€…ๅ’ŒๅŒปๅธˆ็š„ไธชไบบ่ดฃไปป ๆˆ˜ๅŽไนŸๅ‘็”Ÿไบ†้žไบบ้“็š„ไบบไฝ“ๅฎž้ชŒๅŠๅŒป็–—ๅฏผ่‡ด็š„ๆ‚ฃ่€…ๅ—ๅฎณ็š„่ฏๅฎณไบ‹ไปถ ๆฏๆฌก ้ƒฝไผš่ขซ้—ฎๅˆฐๅ›ฝๅฎถ ไผไธš ๅ‚ไธŽ็š„ๅŒปๅญฆๅทฅไฝœ่€…ๅ’ŒๅŒปๅธˆ็š„่ดฃไปป ไฝ†ๆ˜ฏ ไฝœไธบ็ป„็ป‡ ไฝœไธบไธชไบบ ๆ˜Ž็กฎ่ดฃไปปๆ‰€ๅœจ ่ฟ›่กŒ่ฐข็ฝชๅ’Œๆ”นๅ–„ๆ„่ฏ†็š„ๅฝข ๆˆๆ˜ฏๆœ€่ฟ‘็š„ไบ‹ๆƒ… ไธ–็•ŒๅŒปๅธˆไผš WMA ่ฎคไธบ ไผฆ็†ๆ˜ฏๆฏ”ๆณ•ๅพ‹ๆ ‡ๅ‡†่ฆๆฑ‚ๆ›ด้ซ˜็š„่กŒไธบ ๆ‰ฟ่ฎคๅผนๅŠพๆ‹ท้—ฎ็ญ‰้žไบบ้“่กŒไธบ็š„ๅŒปๅธˆ ็š„่ดฃไปป ๆฌง็พŽ็š„ๅ†…็ง‘ๅญฆไผšไนŸๅŸบไบŽๅŒๆ ทๅฎ—ๆ—จๆๅ‡บไบ†่Œไธšๅฎฃ่จ€ ๆ—ฅๆœฌๅŒป็–—็•Œๅ›ž้กพไบ† 15 ๅนดๆˆ˜ไบ‰ ๅพ—ๅˆฐไบ†ๆ˜Ž็กฎๅŒปๅญฆ่€…ๅŒปๅธˆ่Œ่ดฃ็š„ๆ•™่ฎญ ่ƒฝๅคŸๆžๅคงๅœฐๆฟ€ๅŠฑไธ–็•Œๆฝฎๆตๅง ๅ…ณไบŽๆ‚ฃ่€…ๆƒๅˆฉ็š„ WMA ้‡Œๆ–ฏๆœฌๅฎฃ่จ€ 1981 ๅนด่‘ก่„็‰™ ้‡Œๆ–ฏๆœฌ็ฌฌ 34 ๆฌก WMA ๆ€ปไผš้€š่ฟ‡ ๅบ ๆ–‡ ๅŒปๅธˆ ๆ‚ฃ่€…ๅ’Œๆ›ดๅนฟไน‰็š„็คพไผšๅ…ณ็ณป ่ฟ‘ไบ›ๅนดๅ‘็”Ÿไบ†ๆ˜พ่‘—็š„ๅ˜ๅŒ– ๅŒปๅธˆๅบ”ๅธธๅธธๆŒ‰็€่‡ชๅทฑ็š„่‰ฏๅฟƒ ไธบๆ‚ฃ่€…็š„ๆœ€ ไฝณๅˆฉ็›Š่กŒๅŠจ็š„ๅŒๆ—ถ ่ฆไธบไฟ่ฏๆ‚ฃ่€…็š„่‡ชๅพ‹ๆ€งๅ’Œๆญฃไน‰่€Œไป˜ๅ‡บๅŒ็ญ‰็š„ๅŠชๅŠ› ๅŒป็”Ÿ ๅŒป็–—ๅทฅไฝœ่€…ๅŠๅŒป็–—็ป„็ป‡ๅบ”ๅœจ ็กฎ่ฎคๅนถๆ‹ฅๆŠคๆ‚ฃ่€…ๆƒๅˆฉ็š„ๅŸบ็ก€ไธŠ ๆ‰ฟๆ‹…ๅ…ฑๅŒ็š„่ดฃไปป ๅœจๆณ•ๅพ‹ ๆ”ฟๅบœๆŽชๆ–ฝ ๆˆ–่€…ๅ…ถไป–ไปปไฝ•่กŒๆ”ฟๅŠๆƒฏไพ‹ๅฆ่ฎคๆ‚ฃ่€… 67

ๆƒ ๅˆฉ ็š„ ๆƒ… ๅ†ต ไธ‹, ๅŒป ็”Ÿ ๅบ” ้‡‡ ๅ– ไฟ ้šœ ๅนถ ๆข ๅค ๆ‚ฃ ่€… ๆƒ ๅˆฉ ็š„ ๆ‰‹ ๆฎต 5-6 ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ็ฒพ ็ฅž ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็ฒพ ็ฅž ็–— ๆณ• ็ฅž ็ป ๅญฆ ไผš (DGPPN) ็š„ ่ฐข ็ฝช ่กจ ็คบ ไธŽ ๅฏน ๆˆ˜ ๆ—ถ ็š„ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ่กŒ ไธบ ไฝฏ ่ฃ… ไธ ่ง ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ็–— ็•Œ ็›ธ ๅฏน ๆฏ”, ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ไปŽ DGPPN ๅผ€ ๅง‹ ๆ‰“ ็ ด 70 ๅนด ๆฒ‰ ้ป˜, ไบŽ 2010 ๅนด 11 ๆœˆ 26 ๆ—ฅ ไธพ ๅŠž ไบ† ๅคง ็บฆ ๆœ‰ 3000 ๅ ็ฒพ ็ฅž ็ง‘ ๅŒป ็”Ÿ ๅ‚ ๅŠ  ็š„ ่ฟฝ ๆ‚ผ ไผš ไธบ ็บณ ็ฒน ๆ—ถ ไปฃ ๅ›  ็ฒพ ็ฅž ็ง‘ ๅŒป ็”Ÿ ๅฏผ ่‡ด ๆญป ไบก ็š„ ่ถ… ่ฟ‡ 25 ไธ‡ ไบบ ็š„ ็ฒพ ็ฅž ็—… ๆ‚ฃ ่€… ่กจ ็คบ ่ฐข ็ฝช ็”ฑ ไผš ้•ฟ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ† ่ฟฝ ๆ‚ผ ๆผ” ่ฎฒ ๅฏน ็ฒพ ็ฅž ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅ’Œ ๅญฆ ไผš ็š„ ๆ€ ๆƒณ ๅ’Œ ็ป„ ็ป‡ ็š„ ๅญ˜ ๅœจ ๆ–น ๅผ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๅฎš ็ฝช ็š„ ๅŒ ๆ—ถ, ่ฎพ ๆ–ฝ ๅ’Œ ไธช ไบบ ็š„ ็ฝช ไปฅ ๅŠ ็ฒพ ็ฅž ็ง‘ ๅŒป ็”Ÿ ๅ’Œ ไธ“ ้—จ ๅญฆ ไผš ็š„ ๅท ๅ…ฅ ไนŸ ไฝœ ไธบ ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ( ่ฏฆ ็ป† ๅ‚ ็…ง ่ต„ ๆ–™ ็ผ– ็š„ ใ‚ทใƒฅใƒŠใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ ไผš ้•ฟ ่ฎฒ ๆผ” ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆ–‡ ็‰ˆ ) ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ็š„ ๅŠช ๅŠ› ๅฏน ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ็–— ็•Œ ๆฅ ่ฏด ไนŸ ๆ˜ฏ ไธ ๅฏ ็ผบ ๅฐ‘ ็š„ DGPPN ็š„ ่ฟฝ ๆ‚ผ ไผš ๅทฆ ไพง ๆ˜ฏ ใ‚ทใƒฅใƒŠใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ ไผš ้•ฟ (2009 ๅนด 1 ๆœˆ ~2012 ๅนด 12 ๆœˆ ):ใ‚ขใƒผใƒ˜ใƒณ RWTH ๅคง ๅญฆ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅŒป ้™ข ็ฒพ ็ฅž ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅฟƒ ็† ็–— ๆณ• ๅฟƒ ่บซ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็ง‘ ้•ฟ ็ฑณ ๅ›ฝ ๅฎพ ๅค• ๆณ• ๅฐผ ไบš ๅทž ๅคง ๅญฆ ๆ•™ ๆŽˆ ๅ…ผ ไปป ( ็…ง ็‰‡ Schneider) 5-7 ไธ ๅ…… ๅˆ† ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ๅœจ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅ’Œ ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ็š„ ๅŒป ็ง‘ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ้ƒจ, ๅ…ณ ไบŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅฒ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๆฆ‚ ่ฎบ ่ตซ ๅฐ” ่พ› ๅŸบ ๅฎฃ ่จ€ ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ็š„ ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ๅฎž ๆ–ฝ ็Šถ ๅ†ต ็š„ ่ฐƒ ๆŸฅ ็ป“ ๆžœ ๅฆ‚ ไธ‹ ๅ›พ ๆ‰€ ็คบ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๆฆ‚ ่ฎบ ๅœจ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็ป ๅธธ ่ขซ ๆ ๅŠ, ๅ…ณ ไบŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ไธ‰ ๅ›ฝ ๅŸบ ๆœฌ ๆ˜ฏ ็›ธ ๅŒ ็š„ ไธ€ ๆ–น ้ข, ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅฒ ่ตซ ๅฐ” ่พ› ๅŸบ ๅฎฃ ่จ€ ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ๅœจ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ๅฎž ๆ–ฝ ๆฏ” ไพ‹ ๅพˆ ๅฐ‘, ็‰น ๅˆซ ๆ˜ฏ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ๅœจ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ไธ ่ถณ ไธ€ ๆˆ, ไธŽ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ไน‹ ้—ด ๆœ‰ ๅพˆ ๅคง ็š„ ๅทฎ ่ท ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ไธญ ๅ…ณ ไบŽ 15 ๅนด ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ่ขซ ้š ็ž’, ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ่ขซ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ็š„ ๅކ ๅฒ ๅ ๆ˜  ไบ† ๅ‡บ ๆฅ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ 80 ๆ‰€ ๅญฆ ๆ ก, ๅพท ๅ›ฝ 30 ๆ‰€ ๅญฆ ๆ ก (2007 ๅนด ๅŠ 2011 ๅนด ่ฐƒ ๆŸฅ ็š„ ๅ›ž ็ญ” ็ปŸ ่ฎก ๆ€ป ่ฎก ) ไธญ ๅ›ฝ 107 ๆ‰€ ๅญฆ ๆ ก (2011 ๅนด ไพต ๅŽ ๆ—ฅ ๅ†› ็ฌฌ ไธƒ ไธ‰ ไธ€ ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ็ฝช ่ฏ ้™ˆ ๅˆ— ้ฆ† ่ฐƒ ๆŸฅ 5-8 ๅˆฉ ็”จ ๆœ‰ ไบ‹ ๆณ• ๅˆถ ๅŠจ ๅ‘˜ ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ็–— ็š„ ่ฎก ๅˆ’ ๅณ ไฝฟ ๆ˜ฏ ็Žฐ ไปฃ, ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅ’Œ ๅ†› ไบ‹ ไธ ๆ˜ฏ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ็ณป, ๅ ่€Œ ๆ›ด ๅŠ  ็ดง ๅฏ† ๅœฐ ็ป“ ๅˆ ๅœจ ไธ€ ่ตท ๆ น ๆฎ 1999 ๅนด ไปฅ ๅŽ ็š„ ็ดง ๆ€ฅ ไบ‹ ๆ€ ๆณ• ๅˆถ, ่ง„ ๅฎš ไบ† ็ดง ๆ€ฅ ไบ‹ ๆ€ ๆ—ถ ๅ…จ ๅ›ฝ ็š„ ๅŒป ็–— ๆœบ ๅ…ณ ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ๆ‹… ๅฝ“ ็š„ ่Œ ่ดฃ ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ่ฆ ๆ˜ฏ ้ต ๅฎˆ ็›ธ ๅŒ ็š„ ๆณ• ๅพ‹ ็š„ ่ฏ, ๅพˆ ๅฏ ่ƒฝ ไป€ ไนˆ ๆ—ถ ๅ€™ ๅˆ ่ตฐ ๆฅ ๆ—ถ ็š„ ่ทฏ ็ดง ๆ€ฅ ไบ‹ ๆ€ ๆณ• ๅˆถ ่ง„ ๅฎš ๅณ ไฝฟ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅœจ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๅ— ๅˆฐ ๆ”ป ๅ‡ป ็š„ ๆƒ… ๅ†ต ไธ‹, ๅฆ‚ ๆžœ ่ขซ ่ฎค ไธบ ่ฟ› ๅ…ฅ ๆ”ป ๅ‡ป ้ข„ ๆต‹ ไบ‹ ๆ€, ่‡ช ๅซ ้˜Ÿ ๅฐฑ ๅผ€ ๅง‹ ๆŒ‰ ็…ง ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ๅŠจ ๅ‘˜ ็ป„ ็ป‡ ็š„ ๅ„ ้กน ๆณ• ๅพ‹ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ่กŒ ๅŠจ ๅŠจ ๅ‘˜ ๅ›ฝ ๆฐ‘ ็ป„ ็ป‡ ็š„ ่ฆ ็‚น 1 ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ๅฏน ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ๆœบ ๅ…ณ ่‡ช ๆฒป ไฝ“ ๆฐ‘ ้—ด ไผ ไธš ็š„ ้˜ฒ ๅซ ๅ‡บ ๅŠจ ่ดŸ ่ดฃ, ๅฆ‚ ไธ ้ต ๅฎˆ ๅ‘ฝ ไปค ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ไปฃ ไธบ ๆ‰ง ่กŒ 2 ่‡ช ๅซ ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ๅ‘ฝ ไปค ( ๅ…ฌ ็”จ ไปค ไนฆ ) ไฝฟ ็”จ ๆฐ‘ ้—ด ็š„ ๅœŸ ๅœฐ ่ฎพ ๆ–ฝ ็‰ฉ ๅ“, ่ƒฝ ๅคŸ ่ฎฉ ๅŒป ็–— ๅปบ ็ญ‘ ่ฟ ่พ“ ็ญ‰ ็›ธ ๅ…ณ ็š„ ไบบ ไปŽ ไบ‹ ้˜ฒ ๅซ ๅฆ‚ ๆžœ ๆ”ฟ ๅบœ ่ฎค ไธบ ่ฟ› ๅ…ฅ ็ดง ๆ€ฅ ไบ‹ ๆ€, ๅŒป ้™ข ๅฐ† ่ขซ ็ฝฎ ไบŽ ็ฎก ็† ไน‹ ไธ‹, ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅ’Œ ๆŠค ๅฃซ ้ฆ– ๅ…ˆ ่ขซ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๅผบ ๅˆถ ๅŠจ ๅ‘˜, ๅŒป ่ฏ ๅ“ ็ญ‰ ไนŸ ๆˆ ไธบ ่ฐƒ ้… ็š„ ๅฏน ่ฑก, ๅฆ‚ ๆžœ ่ฟ ๅ ๅ‘ฝ ไปค ็š„ ่ฏ, ไนŸ ไผš ๆˆ ไธบ ๅค„ ็ฝš ็š„ ๅฏน ่ฑก ็บข ็บธ 5-9 ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ็–— ๆŠ€ ๆœฏ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ 68

ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ็–— ๆŠ€ ๆœฏ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ็š„ ๅ…ณ ็ณป ๅณ ไฝฟ ๆ˜ฏ ๅœจ ็Žฐ ไปฃ, ้‡ ่ฆ ๆ€ง ไนŸ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๅ‡ ๅฐ‘ ่ฟ™ ไธ€ ็‚น ไปŽ ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๅ†› ไบ‹ ( ้˜ฒ ๅซ ) ๅ  ๅ…จ ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ็ ” ็ฉถ ้ข„ ็ฎ— ็š„ ไธ€ ๅŠ ๅฐฑ ็œŸ ๅฎž ๅœฐ ่กจ ็Žฐ ๅ‡บ ๆฅ ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ็ ” ็ฉถ ็š„ ไธป ่ฆ ้ข† ๅŸŸ ็š„ ็”Ÿ ๅ‘ฝ ๅทฅ ๅญฆ, ๅฆ‚ ไปŠ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๅ†› ไบ‹ ้ƒฝ ๆ—  ไปŽ ่ฐˆ ่ตท ็พŽ ๅ†› ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ่ดน ๅ‘ ๆ”พ ไปฅ ไธ ๅฏ ่ง ็š„ ๅฝข ๅผ ๆ‰ฉ ๅฑ• ๅˆฐ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ, ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไนŸ ไธ ไพ‹ ๅค– ไปŽ NR ๅ›ฝ ้™… ไธœ ไบฌ ๆŽฅ ๅ— ่ต„ ๅŠฉ ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ่€… ไน‹ ๅŽ ่Žท ๅพ— ่ฏบ ่ด ๅฐ” ๅฅ– ็š„ ไบบ ๅพˆ ๅคš ็‰ฉ ็† ๅญฆ ๅŒ– ๅญฆ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็”Ÿ ็† ๅญฆ ็š„ ่‡ช ็„ถ ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ๅฅ– 3 ้กน ๅฅ– ไน‹ ๅค–, 57 ไธช ไบบ ็š„ ไบบ ๅ ็™ป ๅœจ ็ฝ‘ ็ปœ ไธŠ ็ป ็”ฑ ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๅŸบ ๅœฐ ็ ” ็ฉถ ่ดน / ๅพˆ ๅคš ๅ›ฝ ็ซ‹ ๅคง ๅญฆ ็ญพ ่ฎข ๅˆ ๅŒ ๆœ ๆ—ฅ ๆ–ฐ ้—ป 2010 ๅนด 9 ๆœˆ 8 ๆ—ฅ ๆต ๅ…ฅ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅคง ๅญฆ ็š„ ็พŽ ๅ†› ็š„ ้’ฑ ๆŒ ็ปญ ๆŽข ็ดข ็ ” ็ฉถ ไผฆ ็† ้“ ๅพท ๆœ ๆ—ฅ ๆ–ฐ ้—ป 2010 ๅนด 9 ๆœˆ 10 ๆ—ฅ ๅ›พ WEB ๆ–ฐ ไนฆ 5-10 ไบง ไธš ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ็–— ๆŠ€ ๆœฏ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ้š ็€ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ็–— ๆŠ€ ๆœฏ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ็š„ ่ฟ› ๆญฅ, ็Žฐ ไปฃ ๅŒป ็–— ไปฅ ๅŒป ้™ข ๅŒป ็–— ไธบ ไธญ ๅฟƒ, ไธŽ ๅŒป ็–— ไบง ไธš ็š„ ๅ…ณ ็ณป ๅขž ๅผบ ไบ† ๅŒป ็–— ๅ’Œ ็ ” ็ฉถ ็”ฑ ๅคง ่ง„ ๆจก ๅŒ– ็š„ ็ป„ ็ป‡ ๆฅ ่ฟ ่ฅ ๆ˜ฏ ๅพˆ ๆ™ฎ ้ ็š„ ่ฟ™ ไบ› ๅŒป ็–— ็ป„ ็ป‡ ๅ’Œ ็ ” ็ฉถ ็ป„ ็ป‡ ๆ€ฅ ้€Ÿ ๅœฐ ๅ‘ ๅ›ฝ ้™… ไธŠ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๆ‰ฉ ๅผ  ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅŒป ็–— ๆŠ€ ๆœฏ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ๅ’Œ ไบง ไธš ็š„ ่” ็ณป ไธŽ ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅŠ  ๆทฑ ็š„ ๅŒ ๆ—ถ, ไบง ็”Ÿ ไบ† ไธ ้กพ ไบบ ็š„ ๅฐŠ ไธฅ ๅ’Œ ไบบ ๆƒ, ๅˆฉ ็”จ ๅ— ๅŒ— ๅทฎ ๅˆซ ็ญ‰ ๅทฎ ๅˆซ ็š„ ็–— ๆ•ˆ ๆ–น ๅผ ๅ’Œ ๅˆฉ ็›Š ็›ธ ๅ ็ญ‰ ๆ–ฐ ็š„ ้‡ ่ฆ ็š„ ไผฆ ็† ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ้— ไผ  ๅŸบ ๅ›  ็š„ ๆ“ ไฝœ ๅ’Œ ่„ ๅ™จ ็งป ๆค ๅœจ ๅŒป ็–— ไธญ ็š„ ๅบ” ็”จ ๆˆ ไธบ ๅฏ ่ƒฝ, ็คพ ไผš ไธŠ ไนŸ ไบง ็”Ÿ ไบ† ๅ„ ็ง ๅ„ ๆ ท ๆ–ฐ ็š„ ไผฆ ็† ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ไธบ ไบ† ไธŽ ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ็š„ ็”Ÿ ๅ‘ฝ ไผฆ ็† ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ็–— ไผฆ ็† ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ็›ธ ๅฏน ๅบ”, ไผฆ ็† ๅง” ๅ‘˜ ไผš ็ญ‰ ็š„ ็ป„ ็ป‡ ๆœบ ่ƒฝ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ็ญ‰ ๆ–น ๅผ ๆœ‰ ๅฟ… ่ฆ ้‡ ๆ–ฐ ๅฎก ่ง† ๅฏน ็”Ÿ ็‰ฉ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็ ” ็ฉถ ่€… ๅ…ณ ไบŽ ไธŽ ๅ†› ้œ€ ไบง ไธš ๅ…ณ ็ณป ็š„ ๆ ๆกˆ ( ๆ–Ž ๅฐพ ็ญ‰ ไธด ๅบŠ ่ฏ„ ไปท 34 2007 ๅนด ) ไธ ๆŽฅ ๅ— ๅ†› ้œ€ ไบง ไธš ็š„ ็ป ๆตŽ ๆ”ฏ ๆด ไธ ๆ‰ฟ ่ฏบ ่‡ช ๅทฑ ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆˆ ๆžœ ็”จ ไบŽ ๅ†› ้œ€ ไบง ไธš ไธ ๆŠŠ ่‡ช ๅทฑ ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆˆ ๆžœ ๅ‘ ไธŽ ๅ†› ้œ€ ไบง ไธš ไฟ ๆŒ ็ป ๆตŽ ๅ…ณ ็ณป ็š„ ๅช’ ไฝ“ ๆŠ• ็จฟ 5-11 ็ปง ็ปญ ๅฏน ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ็š„ ๆŽข ็ฉถ 1 ็ปง ็ปญ ๅฏน 15 ๅนด ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๆ—ถ ๆœŸ ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ, ๅ…ณ ไบŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็†, ๆœ‰ ๅฟ… ่ฆ ๆ˜Ž ็กฎ ็Žฐ ไปฃ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŒป ็–— ๅบ” ่ฏฅ ๅธ ๅ– ็š„ ๆ•™ ่ฎญ ๅ’Œ ่ฏพ ้ข˜ 2 ไผด ้š ็€ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŒป ็–— ็š„ ๅ›ฝ ้™… ๅŒ–, ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๆ‹ฅ ๆœ‰ ๅฎž ๆ•ˆ, ไธบ ไบ† ๅ‘ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ๅŒป ็–— ็•Œ ไฝœ ๅ‡บ ่ดก ็Œฎ, ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๆ ๅ‡บ ๅŸบ ไบŽ ๅކ ๅฒ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ็š„ ๆ•™ ่ฎญ ๅ’Œ ่ฏพ ้ข˜ ๆ˜ฏ ไธ ๅฏ ๆˆ– ็ผบ ็š„ 3 ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ไธบ ไบ† ไธŽ ็Žฐ ไปฃ ็š„ ๅ ็œ ๅ’Œ ่ฐข ็ฝช ็›ธ ็งฐ, ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๅ’Œ ๅ‘ ่กจ ๆ–ฐ ็š„ ไผฆ ็† ๅฎฃ ่จ€ ๆ˜ฏ ไธ ๅฏ ็ผบ ๅฐ‘ ็š„ 4 ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ็–— ๆ•ˆ ไธด ๅบŠ ่ฏ• ้ชŒ ไธด ๅบŠ ็ ” ็ฉถ ็š„ ๅŒบ ๅˆซ, ๅˆถ ๅฎš ่ขซ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ่€… ไฟ ๆŠค ๆณ• ไปฅ ไฟ ๆŠค ๆ‚ฃ ่€… ๅ’Œ ่ขซ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ่€… ็š„ ๆƒ ๅˆฉ ๅ’Œ ๅฎ‰ ๅ…จ ๆ˜ฏ ๅฟ… ่ฆ ็š„ 5 ๆ‚ฃ ่€… ๅ’Œ ไธ€ ่ˆฌ ๅธ‚ ๆฐ‘ ไปฃ ่กจ ๆœ‰ ไน‰ ๅŠก ๅ‚ ๅŠ  ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅŒป ้™ข ็ญ‰ ็š„ ๅŒป ็–— ๆœบ ๅ…ณ ๅญฆ ไผš ็ญ‰ ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ็š„ ไผฆ ็† ๅง” ๅ‘˜ ไผš, ๆ น ๆฎ ไป– ไปฌ ็š„ ๆดป ๅŠจ ๅˆถ ๅฎš ่ƒฝ ๅคŸ ไฟ ๆŠค ๆ‚ฃ ่€… ่ขซ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ่€… ็š„ ๅฐŠ ไธฅ ไบบ ๆƒ ๅ’Œ ๅฎ‰ ๅ…จ ็š„ ๅˆถ ๅบฆ ๆ˜ฏ ๅฟ… ่ฆ ็š„ 6 ๅŸบ ไบŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ, ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ็š„ ๅ…… ๅฎž ๅ’Œ ๅผบ ๅŒ– ๆ˜ฏ ๅฟ… ่ฆ ็š„ 7 ไธบ ไบ† ไธ ้‡ ๅค ้”™ ่ฏฏ, ไธบ ไบ† ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ่ƒฝ ๅคŸ ่ดฏ ๅฝป ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็†, ่‰ฏ ๅฟƒ ็š„ ๅ…ฌ ็”จ ไปค ๅฆ ๅ†ณ ็ญ‰ ๆƒ ๅˆฉ ๅพ— ๅˆฐ ๆ‰ฟ ่ฎค ๆ˜ฏ ๅฟ… ่ฆ ็š„ 8 ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ็š„ ๆŽข ็ฉถ ไธญ ๅญฆ ไน  ๅ›ฝ ้™… ็š„ ็ป ้ชŒ ๆ•™ ่ฎญ ๅ’Œ ๅ›ฝ ้™… ๅ ๅŠฉ ๆ˜ฏ ไธ ๅฏ ็ผบ ๅฐ‘ ็š„ 69

ๅ‘ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๆ ๅ‡บ ๅ…ณ ไบŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅ‚ ไธŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็š„ ๆญฃ ๅผ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๅ’Œ ๅ ็œ 2012 ๅนด ไบฌ ้ƒฝ ๆŽจ ่ฟ› ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๅฎฃ ่จ€ ไผ ๅˆ’ ็ฌฌ 28 ๅฑŠ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๆ€ป ไผš ไบŽ 2011 ๅนด 4 ๆœˆ 2 ๆ—ฅ ่‡ณ 4 ๆœˆ 10 ๆ—ฅ ๅœจ ไธœ ไบฌ, ไปฅ ๅผ€ ๆ‹“ ็”Ÿ ๅ‘ฝ ไธŽ ๅœฐ ็ƒ ๆœช ๆฅ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŒป ็–— - ็† ่งฃ ไฟก ่ต– ๅ’Œ ๅ‘ ๅฑ• - ไธบ ไธป ้ข˜, ไธ ๅช ๆ˜ฏ ๅŒป ็–— ไปŽ ไบ‹ ่€…, ไธ€ ่ˆฌ ๅธ‚ ๆฐ‘ ไนŸ ่ƒฝ ๅ‚ ไธŽ ่ฎจ ่ฎบ ็š„ ๅœบ ๆ‰€ ๅŒ ๆ€ป ไผš ๅ†ณ ๅฎš ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ไธŽ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅˆ ไฝœ, ๅฏป ๆฑ‚ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅ’Œ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็›ธ ๅ…ณ ้ข† ๅŸŸ ็š„ ่ฟ› ๆญฅ ๅ’Œ ๅ‘ ๅฑ•, ๅœจ ๅญฆ ๆœฏ ๆ–น ้ข ๅ’Œ ๅฎž ่ทต ๆ–น ้ข, ไปฅ ็ปผ ๅˆ ่ฎจ ่ฎบ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŒป ็–— ็š„ ้‡ ่ฆ ่ฏพ ้ข˜ ไธบ ็›ฎ ็š„ ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ๅŒ ๆ€ป ไผš ไธ€ ๅ† ่ฆ ๆฑ‚ ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป 35 ๅนด ๅผ€ ๅง‹ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๆŠŠ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅ‚ ไธŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไผ ๅˆ’ ไธบ ่‡ช ๅทฑ ็š„ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ่ฏพ ้ข˜, ไฝ† ๆ˜ฏ ๅพˆ ้— ๆ†พ, ็›ด ๅˆฐ ็Žฐ ๅœจ ่ฟ˜ ๆœช ๅฎž ็Žฐ ๆœ€ ่ฟ‘ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŒป ็–— ็š„ ่ฟ› ๆญฅ ๅ‘ ๅฑ• ๆ˜พ ่‘—, ไบบ ็ฑป ้ข ไธด ็€ ๆ–ฐ ็š„ ไผฆ ็† ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไนŸ ไฝœ ไธบ ่‡ช ๅทฑ ็š„ ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ๅฏป ๆฑ‚ ่งฃ ๅ†ณ ไธŽ ๆญค ็›ธ ้… ๅˆ, ่ฎค ็œŸ ๅ›ž ้กพ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŒป ็–— ่‡ณ ไปŠ ไธบ ๆญข ็š„ ่ฟ› ็จ‹, ๅฏน ไบŽ ไธ ไป… ๆ˜ฏ ๅŒป ็–— ไปŽ ไบ‹ ่€…, ไนŸ ๆ˜ฏ ้ข ๅ‘ ไธ€ ่ˆฌ ๅธ‚ ๆฐ‘ ็š„ ่ฎจ ่ฎบ ็š„ ๅœบ ๆ‰€, ไธ ไนŸ ๆ˜ฏ ไธ ๅฏ ๆˆ– ็ผบ ็š„ ้‡ ่ฆ ่ฏพ ้ข˜ ๅ—? ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ๆ—ถ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ็š„ ็ƒง ๆฏ, ๆ•ฃ ๅคฑ, ไปฅ ๅŠ ๅ‰ฉ ไฝ™ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ็š„ ๆœช ๅ…ฌ ๅผ€ ้š ่— ็š„ ็ผ˜ ๆ•…, ๅ‚ ไธŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็š„ ๅ…จ ่ฒŒ ่ฟ˜ ไธ ๆธ… ๆ™ฐ, ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ่ฟ˜ ไธ ๅฎน ๆ˜“ ๅ…ณ ไบŽ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ, ๅฝ“ ๆ—ถ ๅ  ้ข† ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ GHO( ่” ๅˆ ๅ†› ๆ€ป ๅธ ไปค ้ƒจ ) ๅฏน ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ็š„ ๅพˆ ๅคš ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ† ่ฏข ้—ฎ, ไฝ† ๆ˜ฏ ไธบ ไบ† ๅพ— ๅˆฐ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆˆ ๆžœ, ไธ ๅŠ  ่ฟฝ ็ฉถ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็Šฏ ็ฝช ไบ† ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ, ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ่ฎพ ็ฝฎ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš, ไบŽ 1951 ๅนด ไธ– ็•Œ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅŠ  ็›Ÿ ไน‹ ้™…, ไปฃ ่กจ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅ€Ÿ ๆญค ๆœบ ไผš, ่ฐด ่ดฃ ๆˆ˜ ๆ—ถ ๅฏน ๆ•Œ ๅ›ฝ ไบบ ๆ‰€ ๆ–ฝ ็š„ ๆšด ่กŒ, ๅนถ ไธป ๅผ  ๆ–ฝ ๆšด, ๅฃฐ ๆ˜Ž ่ฐด ่ดฃ 2,3 ็š„ ๅœบ ๅˆ, ๅฎž ้™… ไธŠ ๆ–ฝ ่กŒ ไบ† ๅฏน ๆ‚ฃ ่€… ็š„ ่™ ๅพ… ่กŒ ไธบ ( ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๆ‚ ๅฟ— ็ฌฌ 26 ๅท 71 ้กต 1951 ๅนด ), ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ๅทฒ ็ป ่งฃ ๅ†ณ ไบ† ่ฟ™ ็ป ไธ ่ƒฝ ่ฏด ๆ˜ฏ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ่ฎค ็œŸ ๅ ็œ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ ็š„ ่กŒ ไธบ, ๆŒ‡ ๅ‡บ ๅœจ ้‚ฃ ไน‹ ๅŽ ๅŒป ็–— ็š„ ็›ฎ ๆ ‡ ( ไบบ ็ฑป ๆ•‘ ๅ‘ฝ ๅฅ ๅบท ็ปด ๆŒ ๆข ๅค ๅ’Œ ไฟƒ ่ฟ› ), ไบบ ๆƒ ๆ‹ฅ ๆŠค ๆถˆ ็ญ ไบบ ็ง ๅทฎ ๅˆซ ไปฅ ไบบ ็ฑป ๅฐŠ ไธฅ ไฝœ ไธบ ๅŸบ ่ฐƒ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŒป ็–— ็š„ ๅบ” ๆœ‰ ็š„ ็Šถ ๆ€ ๆ‰น ๅˆค ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ( ็•Œ ) ็Žฏ ๅขƒ ๅ’Œ ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ๅ ๅค ๅ‡บ ็Žฐ ็š„ ๅŒป ็–— ไบ‹ ๆ•… ๅŒป ็–— ่ฟ‡ ๅคฑ ่ฏ ๅฎณ ็ญ‰ ้€  ๆˆ ๅพˆ ๅคš ไบบ ็š„ ๆญป ไบก ็ป ไธ ๆ˜ฏ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ่” ็ณป ็š„ ๅœจ ้‚ฃ ไน‹ ๅŽ, ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ( ็•Œ ), ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ่ฎค ็œŸ ๅธ ๅ– ๆˆ˜ ๆ—ถ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ้ž ไบบ ้“ ่กŒ ไธบ ็š„ ๆ•™ ่ฎญ ๅฐฑ ่ฟŽ ๆฅ ไบ† 21 ไธ– ็บช ๅฏน ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ่ง† ่€Œ ไธ ่ง ็š„ ไบบ, ็ป“ ๆžœ ไนŸ ็œ‹ ไธ ๅˆฐ ็Žฐ ๅœจ ( ้ญ ่Œจ ๆณฝ ๅ…‹ 1985 ๅนด ) ๆŒ‰ ็…ง ๅކ ๅฒ ็š„ ๆ•™ ่ฎญ, ่กจ ๆ˜Ž ๅ‘ ็บณ ็ฒน ๆ—ถ ไปฃ ๅ›  ็ฒพ ็ฅž ็ง‘ ๅŒป ็”Ÿ ๅฏผ ่‡ด ๆญป ไบก ็š„ 25 ไธ‡ ๅคš ไบบ ็š„ ็ฒพ ็ฅž ้šœ ็ข ่€… ่ฐข ็ฝช, ็”ฑ ไผš ้•ฟ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ่ฟฝ ๆ‚ผ ๆผ” ่ฎฒ ็š„ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ็ฒพ ็ฅž ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็ฒพ ็ฅž ็–— ๆณ• ็ฅž ็ป ๅญฆ ไผš (2010 ๅนด 11 ๆœˆ ) ๅฏน ็Šฏ ไธ‹ ไบ† ๅ„ ็ง ๅ„ ๆ ท ไพต ็Šฏ ไบบ ๆƒ ็š„ ็ฝช, ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ่กจ ็คบ ๆทฑ ๆทฑ ็š„ ้— ๆ†พ, ๅ‘ ็บณ ็ฒน ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็š„ ็‰บ ็‰ฒ ่€… ่ฏท ๆฑ‚ ๅŽŸ ่ฐ… ๅ‘ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๅฎฃ ่จ€ ็š„ ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๆ€ป ไผš (2012 ๅนด 5 ๆœˆ ) ๅญฆ ไน , ๅฏน ไบŽ ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ ้ž ไบบ ้“ ่กŒ ไธบ, ๆพ„ ๆธ… ๅฒ ๅฎž, ๆŽจ ่ฟ› ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๅฏน ไบŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ็š„ ็กฎ ็ซ‹ ๅ’Œ ไปŠ ๅŽ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŒป ็–— ้ƒฝ ๆ˜ฏ ไธ ๅฏ ๆˆ– ็ผบ ็š„ ้‚ฃ ๆ—ถ, ไปฃ ่กจ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็•Œ ๅŒป ็–— ็•Œ ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ไปฅ ๅŠ ็›ธ ๅ…ณ ็š„ ๅญฆ ไผš ๅคง ๅญฆ ไฝœ ไธบ ่‡ช ๅทฑ ็š„ ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ๆฅ ๅค„ ็† ๆ˜ฏ ไธ ๅฏ ็ผบ ๅฐ‘ ็š„ ็ฌฌ 28 ๅฑŠ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๆ€ป ไผš ไนŸ ่ฟ˜ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ไปŽ ๅฏน ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ่ง† ่€Œ ไธ ่ง ไธญ ่ตฐ ๅ‡บ ๆฅ ๆœฌ ไผš ๅฏน ๆญค ๆ„Ÿ ๅˆฐ ้— ๆ†พ, ๅ›  ๅŠ› ไธ ่ƒฝ ๅŠ ่€Œ ๅ‘ ๅ— ๅฎณ ่€… ้“ ๆญ‰ ไฝ† ๆ˜ฏ ๆœฌ ไผš ไนŸ ๅนถ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ่ข– ๆ‰‹ ๆ— ่ง‚, ๅŒ ๆœŸ ๅœจ ไธœ ไบฌ ็‹ฌ ่‡ช ็ญ– ๅˆ’ ไบ† ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๅฑ• ไปฅ ๅŠ ๅ… ่ฎธ ๆฅ ่‡ช ๅพท ๅ›ฝ ่ฎจ ่ฎบ ่€… ๅ‚ ๅŠ  ็š„ ๅ…จ ๅ›ฝ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๅ…ฑ ๅŒ ๆ€ ่€ƒ ่ฎจ ่ฎบ ็š„ ๅ›ฝ ้™… ็ ” ่ฎจ ไผš ่ฟ™ ไธช ไผ ๅˆ’ ๅ›  2011 ๅนด 3 ๆœˆ 11 ๆ—ฅ ๅ‘ ็”Ÿ ็š„ ไธœ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅคง ๅœฐ ้œ‡ ๅ’Œ ๅŽŸ ๅญ ๆ ธ ็”ต ็ซ™ ไบ‹ ๆ•… ่€Œ ไธญ ๆญข ๆœฌ ไผš ๅœจ ้‚ฃ ไน‹ ๅŽ ๅ…ณ ไบŽ ๆญค ้กน ไผ ๅˆ’, ไป” ็ป† ็œ‹ ๅฅฝ, ๅ ๅค ๆŽข ่ฎจ 2015 ๅนด ไบฌ ้ƒฝ ็ฌฌ 29 ๅฑŠ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๆ€ป ไผš, ๅœจ ไธŽ ็Ÿณ ไบ• ๅ›› ้ƒŽ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ้˜Ÿ ้•ฟ ๅ’Œ ไผ— ๅคš ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ๆˆ ๅ‘˜ ๆœ‰ ๅ…ณ ็š„ ไบฌ ้ƒฝ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅฎž ็Žฐ ไบ† ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ้€š ่ฟ‡ ่ฟ™ ๆฌก ไผ ๅˆ’, ้‡ ๆ–ฐ ็กฎ ่ฎค ไบ† ไปŽ ๆญฃ ้ข ็œ‹ ๅพ… ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ็š„ ๆ„ ไน‰ ่ฆ ๆฑ‚ ๅ…จ ๅ›ฝ ็š„ ๅคง ๅญฆ ็ญ‰ ๅœจ ๅކ ๅฒ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ็š„ ๅŸบ ็ก€ ไธŠ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๅฝป ๅบ• ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ, ๅ„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๅฏน ๅญฆ ไผš ็š„ ็Žฐ ็Šถ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๅ ็œ, ไปฅ ๅŠ ็ฌฌ 29 ๅฑŠ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๆ€ป ไผš ไธŠ, ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ( ๆ€ป ) ไผš ่‡ช ๅทฑ ็›ด ้ข ่ฟ‡ ๅŽป ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผš ๅŒป ๅธˆ ไผš ๅ‚ ไธŽ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไปฅ ๅŠ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ๆ–ฝ ่กŒ ็š„ ๅ ไบบ ้“ ็š„ ๆฎ‹ ่™ ็š„ ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๅ’Œ ๆดป ไฝ“ ่งฃ ๅ‰– ็ญ‰ ๆ–น ้ข ็š„ ็ญ– ๅˆ’ ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ไปŠ ๅŽ ่ฟฝ ็ฉถ ่ฟ™ ไธช ้—ฎ ้ข˜, ๅŠช ๅŠ› ่‡ด ๅŠ› ไบŽ ้‚ฃ ไธช ๆ•™ ่ฎญ ๅฆ‚ ไฝ• ๆดป ็”จ ไบŽ ไปŠ ๅŽ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅŒป ็–— 70

2012 ๅนด 11 ๆœˆ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๆŽจ ่ฟ› ไผš ่ฎพ ็ซ‹ ๅคง ไผš ๅ…ฑ ๅŒ ๅฑ• ็คบ ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅ’Œ ๅนณ ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ้ฆ† ่ฎพ ็ซ‹ ๅฎ— ๆ—จ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๆ˜ฏ ไบ† ่งฃ ๆˆ˜ ๅ‰ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅ†› ้˜Ÿ ็š„ ้ž ๅธธ ้‡ ่ฆ ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ้— ่ฟน ไน‹ ไธ€ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๆ˜ฏ ่ดŸ ่ดฃ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธ€ ๅฎš ไผš ไผด ้š ็š„ ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ๆˆ˜ ( ้˜ฒ ่ฐ ่ฐ ๆŠฅ ่ฐ‹ ็•ฅ ๅฎฃ ไผ  ) ็š„ ไพง ้ข ๅ›  ๆญค, ๅฏ ไปฅ ่ฏด ้‚ฃ ไธช ๆดป ๅŠจ ่กจ ็คบ ไบ† ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็š„ ้š ็ง˜ ็š„ ไธ€ ้ข ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅ†… ๅฎน ๅ’Œ ๅœจ ้‚ฃ ้‡Œ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ็š„ ๅ…ต ๅ™จ ๅ™จ ๆ ็ญ‰, ๆœ‰ ๆ—ถ ๅœจ ไบบ ้“ ไธŠ ๆˆ– ่€… ๆ˜ฏ ๅ›ฝ ้™… ๆณ• ่ง„ ไธŠ ้ƒฝ ๅŒ… ๅซ ็€ ๅพˆ ๅคง ็š„ ้—ฎ ้ข˜ ไฝ† ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ่ฎค ไธบ, ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ๆญฃ ่ง† ๅฏ ไปฅ ่ฏด ๆ˜ฏ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ้š ่— ็š„ ้ƒจ ๅˆ†, ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็š„ ๆœฌ ่ดจ ๅ’Œ ๆˆ˜ ๅ‰ ๆ—ฅ ๅ†› ็š„ ๅ„ ้กน ๆดป ๅŠจ ็š„ ไธ€ ้ƒจ ๅˆ†, ๅ†ท ้™ ๅœฐ ๅ‘ ๅŽ ไธ– ่ฎฒ ่ฟฐ ๆ˜ฏ ๅฟ… ่ฆ ็š„ ้‚ฃ ๆ˜ฏ ๅ’Œ ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ๅคง ๅญฆ ไธ€ ๆ ท ็›ธ ๅฝ“ ไบŽ ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ็ ” ็ฉถ ็š„ ๅœฐ ๆ–น, ไธบ ไบ† ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ่ฟ™ ไธช ็›ฎ ็š„, ไนŸ ๆ˜ฏ ไธบ ไบ† ๅผบ ็ƒˆ ๅœฐ ่‡ช ๆˆ‘ ่ญฆ ๆˆ’ ๆ น ๆฎ ๆƒ… ๅ†ต ็š„ ไธ ๅŒ, ไฟ ๆŒ ๅพˆ ๅฏ ่ƒฝ ๅคฑ ๅŽป ๅนณ ๅธธ ็š„ ็† ๆ€ง ๅ’Œ ไบบ ๆ€ง ็š„ ๅŠŸ ่ƒฝ ๆˆ‘ ไปฌ ไฟ ๆŠค ๆดป ็”จ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็ ” ็ฉถ ่ฎพ ๆ–ฝ ่ฟ™ ไธช ๅปบ ็ญ‘ ็‰ฉ, ่ฎพ ็ซ‹ ไบ† ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅ’Œ ๅนณ ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ้ฆ†, ่ฎฐ ๅฝ• ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ่ฟ™ ไธช ๆœบ ๅ…ณ ๆ‰€ ๅ‘ ็”Ÿ ็š„ ไบ‹ ๆƒ…, ้š ็€ ไฝœ ไธบ ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅކ ๅฒ ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ๅ’Œ ๅนณ ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ็š„ ๅ‘ ไฟก ๅœฐ, ๅคš ๅนด ๆฅ, ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ไปฅ ไฝœ ไธบ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ้— ่ฟน ไฟ ๅญ˜ ๆดป ็”จ ไธบ ็›ฎ ็š„, ๅผ€ ๅฑ• ่ธ ๅฎž ็š„ ๅทฅ ไฝœ, ่ฏ• ๅ›พ ไปฅ ๆญค ไฝœ ไธบ ๅ’Œ ๅœฐ ๆ–น ็š„ ๅฑ… ๆฐ‘ ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ่€… ๅˆ ไฝœ ็š„ ๅœบ ๆ‰€ 2010 ๅนด 3 ๆœˆ 29 ๆ—ฅ ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ๆ‰€ ๅœจ ๅœฐ ่” ็ณป ๆ–น ๅผ 214-8571 ๅท ๅดŽ ๅธ‚ ๅคš ๆ‘ฉ ๅŒบ ไธœ ไธ‰ ็”ฐ 1-1-1 ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ็”Ÿ ็”ฐ ๆ ก ๅ›ญ TEL/FAX 044-934-7993 URL http://www.meiji.ac.jp/noborito/index.html ไปฅ ไธŠ ๆ‰€ ่ฐ“ ็š„ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๆ‰€ ่ฐ“ ็š„ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๆ˜ฏ ๆˆ˜ ๅ‰ ๆ—ง ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ้™† ๅ†› ๅผ€ ่ฎพ ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ๆˆ˜ ๅ…ต ๅ™จ ๅ’Œ ๅ™จ ๆ ๆญฃ ๅผ ๅ ็งฐ ๆ˜ฏ ็ฌฌ ไน ๅ†› ้™† ๅ†› ๆŠ€ ๆœฏ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€, ๅ›  ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ๅ†… ๅฎน ็ป ๅฏน ไธ ๅฏ ไปฅ ่ฎฉ ไป– ไบบ ็Ÿฅ ้“, ่ขซ ๅŒฟ ๅ ๅซ ๅš ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๆ˜ฏ ๅœจ ๅคช ๅนณ ๆด‹ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธญ ๆ‹… ไปป ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ๆˆ˜ ็š„ ไธญ ๆžข, ๅ— ๅˆฐ ้‡ ่ง† ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€, ไฝ† ้š ็€ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็ป“ ๆŸ, ไนŸ ่ขซ ๅ…ณ ้—ญ ไบ† ๅœจ ้‚ฃ ไน‹ ๅŽ,1950 ๅนด ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ่ดญ ๅ…ฅ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ้— ่ฟน ็š„ ไธ€ ้ƒจ ๅˆ†, ๅฝข ๆˆ ไบ† ็Žฐ ๅœจ ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ็š„ ็”Ÿ ็”ฐ ๆ ก ๅ›ญ ๅ›  ๆœ‰ ไปฅ ไธŠ ็ป ็บฌ, ๆ—ง ๆ—ฅ ๅ†› ็š„ ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅš ็š„ ่ฎค ่ฏ† ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ๆ‰ฉ ๅฑ• ๅผ€ ๆฅ 1947 ๅนด ( ๆ˜ญ ๅ’Œ 22) ็š„ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ้— ่ฟน ่ˆช ๆ‹ ็…ง ็‰‡ ( ๅ›ฝ ๅœŸ ๅœฐ ็† ้™ข ๆ”ถ ่— ) ็Žฐ ๅœจ ็š„ ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ็”Ÿ ็”ฐ ๆ ก ๅ›ญ ๅ’Œ ๅŒ… ๅซ ็”Ÿ ็”ฐ ไธญ ๅญฆ ไธ€ ้ƒจ ๅˆ† ็š„ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็”จ ๅœฐ ็”จ ๅœฐ ้ข ็งฏ ๅคง ็บฆ ๆ˜ฏ 11 ไธ‡ ๅช 1950 ๅนด ไปฃ ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ่ดญ ไนฐ ๅŽ ๆ‹ ๆ‘„ ็š„ ๆœจ ้€  ๅปบ ็ญ‘ ็พค ( ๅ‰ ๅดŽ ไธ€ ้ƒŽ ๆ‹ ๆ‘„ ) ่ƒฝ ็œ‹ ๅ‡บ ๆ˜ฏ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๆ—ถ ไปฃ ็š„ ๅปบ ็ญ‘ ็‰ฉ ่ฟ˜ ๆฎ‹ ็•™ ๅพˆ ๅคš ๅขƒ ็•Œ ็Ÿณ 71

็Ÿฅ ้“ ๅˆป ๆœ‰ ้™† ๅ†› ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็š„ ็”จ ๅœฐ ๅ’Œ ๆฐ‘ ้—ด ็”จ ๅœฐ ็š„ ไบค ็•Œ ๅค„, ้“บ ไบ† ่ฟ™ ๅ— ๅขƒ ็•Œ ็Ÿณ ้€š ่ฟ‡ ่ฟ™ ไธช ๅขƒ ็•Œ ็Ÿณ, ็Ÿฅ ้“ ไบ† ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็กฎ ๅฎž ๆ˜ฏ ้™† ๅ†› ็š„ ่ฎพ ๆ–ฝ ็Žฐ ๅœจ ็š„ ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ็”Ÿ ็”ฐ ๆ ก ๅ›ญ ๅณ ไพง ้‡Œ ้ข ็š„ ๆ ‘ ้š ่— ไบ† ๅฝ“ ๆ—ถ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็š„ ่ฎพ ็ซ‹ ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ๆŠ€ ๆœฏ ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅŠจ ๅ‘˜ ็ฌฌ ไธ€ ๆฌก ไธ– ็•Œ ๅคง ๆˆ˜, ๆ˜ฏ ๆญฃ ๅผ ๅœฐ ๅŠจ ๅ‘˜ ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ๆŠ€ ๆœฏ ็š„ ๅ›ฝ ๅฎถ ๆ€ป ๅŠ› ๆˆ˜ ๅœจ ้‚ฃ ไน‹ ๅ‰ ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๆ˜ฏ ไฝฟ ็”จ ๆ—ง ๅ…ต ๅ™จ ็š„ ๆญฆ ๅŠ› ๆˆ˜, ไปŽ ็ฌฌ ไธ€ ๆฌก ไธ– ็•Œ ๅคง ๆˆ˜ ๅผ€ ๅง‹, ๆฏ’ ๆฐ” ้ฃž ๆœบ ๆˆ˜ ่ฝฆ ็ญ‰ ๅ…ˆ ่ฟ› ็š„ ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ๆŠ€ ๆœฏ ่ฏž ็”Ÿ ็š„ ๆ–ฐ ๆญฆ ๅ™จ ็š„ ไฝœ ๆˆ˜ ๆ–น ๅผ ็™ป ๅœบ ไบ† ๅณ ไฝฟ ๅœจ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ, ็ฌฌ ไธ€ ๆฌก ไธ– ็•Œ ๅคง ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ, ๅฏน ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ๆŠ€ ๆœฏ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅŠจ ๅ‘˜ ็š„ ๅ…ณ ๅฟƒ ๆ ้ซ˜ ไบ†, ๆ น ๆฎ ๆ•• ไปค 110 ๅท, ่ฎพ ็ซ‹ ไบ† ้™† ๅ†› ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ( ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็š„ ๅ‰ ่บซ ) ๆ•• ไปค ็ฌฌ 110 ๅท 1919( ๅคง ๆญฃ 8) ๅนด 4 ๆœˆ 12 ๆ—ฅ ( ๅ›ฝ ็ซ‹ ๅ…ฌ ๆ–‡ ไนฆ ้ฆ† ๆ”ถ ่— ) ้‡‡ ๅ– ๅ‹’ ไปค ่ฟ™ ็ง ๅคฉ ็š‡ ็›ด ๆŽฅ ไธ‹ ๅ‘ฝ ไปค ็š„ ๅŠž ๆณ•, ่ฏด ๆ˜Ž ๅฏน ้™† ๅ†› ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ๆŠ€ ๆœฏ ็š„ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅŠจ ๅ‘˜ ๆŠฑ ๆœ‰ ๅพˆ ๅคง ็š„ ๆœŸ ๅพ… ไฝฉ ๆˆด ๆฏ’ ๆฐ” ๅฃ ็ฝฉ ็š„ ๅฅณ ๆ€ง ไปฌ ๆ–ฐ ๆญฆ ๅ™จ ็š„ ่ฏž ็”Ÿ ๅธฆ ๆฅ ไบ† ่‡ณ ไปŠ ไธบ ๆญข ๅค„ ๅœจ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไปฅ ๅค– ็š„ ไธ€ ่ˆฌ ๅธ‚ ๆฐ‘ ไนŸ ่ขซ ๅท ๅ…ฅ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็š„ ็ป“ ๆžœ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็š„ ่ฎพ ็ซ‹ ่ต„ ๆบ ่ดซ ไน ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๅ›ฝ ๅŠ› ็š„ ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ, ๆ—ฅ ไธญ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๅผ€ ๅง‹ ๅŽ, ๅŠ  ๆทฑ ไบ† ๅฏน ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ๆˆ˜ ็š„ ๅ€พ ๆ–œ ๅœจ ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ๆƒ… ๅ†ต ไธ‹,1939( ๆ˜ญ ๅ’Œ 14) ๅนด, ๆ น ๆฎ ้™† ็ง˜ ็ฌฌ 1570 ๅท ่ฎพ ็ฝฎ ไบ† ้™† ๅ†› ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ( ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ) ๅœจ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๅ‚ ่€ƒ ๆฌง ็พŽ ็š„ ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ๆˆ˜ ็š„ ๆŠ€ ๆœฏ, ๆœ€ ๅˆ ไปฅ ็”ต ๆณข ๅ…ต ๅ™จ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ไธบ ไธญ ๅฟƒ, ้š ็€ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็š„ ๆ‰ฉ ๅคง, ่‡ด ๅŠ› ไบŽ ไผช ้’ž ๆฐ” ็ƒ ็‚ธ ๅผน ็”Ÿ ็‰ฉ ๅ…ต ๅ™จ ็ญ‰ ๅคš ๆ ท ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ๆญฆ ๅ™จ ็š„ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ้™† ๅ†› 1570 ๅท ( ้™† ๅ†› ็œ ๅฏ† ๅคง ๆ—ฅ ่ฎฐ ๆ˜ญ ๅ’Œ 14 ๅนด ็ฌฌ 1 ๅ†Œ, ้˜ฒ ๅซ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๅ›พ ไนฆ ้ฆ† ๆ”ถ ่— ) ้™† ๅ†› ไธญ ็š„ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็ป„ ็ป‡ ๅ›พ ไปŽ ่ฟ™ ไธช ็ป„ ็ป‡ ๅ›พ ไธญ ๅฏ ไปฅ ็Ÿฅ ้“ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๆ˜ฏ ๆŽฅ ๅ— ้™† ๅ†› ็œ ๆ ไพ› ็š„ ่ต„ ้‡‘ ๅ— ๅ‚ ่ฐ‹ ๆœฌ ้ƒจ ็š„ ็›ด ๆŽฅ ๆŒ‡ ๆŒฅ, ไธŽ ้™† ๅ†› ไธญ ้‡Ž ๅญฆ ๆ ก ้™† ๅ†› ไน  ๅฟ— ้‡Ž ๅญฆ ๆ ก ็‰น ๅŠก ๆœบ ๅ…ณ ๅฎช ๅ…ต ้˜Ÿ ๆž„ ๆˆ ็ฝ‘ ็ปœ, ๆ”ฏ ๆŒ ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ๆˆ˜ ็š„ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไปฅ ไธŠ ่กจ ็คบ ๅ‡บ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๅœจ ๅ…ถ ไป– ้™† ๅ†› ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ไธญ ไนŸ ๆ˜ฏ ็‰น ๅˆซ ็š„ ๅญ˜ ๅœจ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ๅ†… ๅฎน ็ฌฌ ไธ€ ็ง‘ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ็”ต ๆณข ๅ…ต ๅ™จ ๆฐ” ็ƒ ็‚ธ ๅผน ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ๅˆฉ ็”จ ็‰ฉ ็† ๅญฆ ็š„ ๅ…ต ๅ™จ ็”ต ๆณข ๅ…ต ๅ™จ ๆ€ช ๅŠ› ๅ…ต ๅ™จ ๅ‘ ๅ‡บ ่ถ… ็Ÿญ ๆณข, ๆ€ ไผค ็ ด ๅ ไบบ ๅ’Œ ้ฃž ๆœบ, ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ่พพ ๅˆฐ ๅฎž ็”จ ๅŒ– ๆฐ” ็ƒ ็‚ธ ๅผน 72

็”จ ๅ’Œ ็บธ ๅ’Œ ้ญ” ่Š‹ ็ณŠ ๅš ๆˆ ็š„ ๆฐ” ็ƒ ้‡Œ ่ฃ… ไธŠ ็‡ƒ ็ƒง ๅผน ็‚ธ ๅผน, ๅˆฉ ็”จ ๅ ่ฅฟ ้ฃŽ, ๆ”พ ๅ‘ ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๆœฌ ๅœŸ 1944( ๆ˜ญ ๅ’Œ 19) ๅนด ็ง‹ ๅˆฐ 1945 ( ๆ˜ญ ๅ’Œ 20) ๅนด ๆ˜ฅ ๅคฉ ๅคง ็บฆ ๅ‘ ๅฐ„ ไบ† 9300 ๅ‘, ๅคง ็บฆ ๆœ‰ 1000 ๅ‘ ๅˆฐ ่พพ ( ๆŽจ ๆต‹ ), ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ๆœ‰ 6 ไบบ ๆญป ไบก ไธ– ็•Œ ็ฌฌ ไธ€ ๆจช ็ฉฟ ๅคง ้™† ็š„ ๅ…ต ๅ™จ,20 ไธ– ็บช ๅ”ฏ ไธ€ ๅ‘ ็พŽ ๅ›ฝ ่ฟ› ๆ”ป ็š„ ไพ‹ ๅญ ็ฌฌ ไบŒ ็ง‘ ๅฎช ๅ…ต ้—ด ่ฐ ๅ™จ ๆ ๆฏ’ ็‰ฉ ็”Ÿ ็‰ฉ ๅŒ– ๅญฆ ๆญฆ ๅ™จ ็ญ‰, ๆ‹… ไปป ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ๆˆ˜ ็š„ ไธป ่ฆ ๅ…ต ๅ™จ ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ๅฎช ๅ…ต ้—ด ่ฐ ๅ™จ ๆ ( ไพ‹ ) ้—ด ่ฐ ็”จ ็š„ ็…ง ็›ธ ๆœบ ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ๅขจ ๆฐด ่€ ๆฐด ็ซ ๆŸด ็ญ‰ ( ๅทฆ ) ๅŒ… ๅผ ็…ง ็›ธ ๆœบ ( ๅณ ) ๆ‰“ ็ซ ๆœบ ๅผ ็…ง ็›ธ ๆœบ ( ไผด ๅ’Œ ๅญ ๆฐ ๅฏ„ ่ต  ) ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ็š„ ้—ด ่ฐ ็”จ ็š„ ็…ง ็›ธ ๆœบ ๆฏ’ ็‰ฉ ( ไพ‹ ) ๆฏ’ ่‰ ้›จ ไผž ่›‡ ็ญ‰ ๆœ‰ ๆฏ’ ็‰ฉ ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ, ๆฐฐ ้…ธ ่…ˆ ็ญ‰ ไธบ ไบ† ่ฏ• ้ชŒ ๆฐฐ ้…ธ ่…ˆ ็š„ ๆ•ˆ ๆžœ, ๅœจ ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ† ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๅนถ ๅœจ ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ็š„ ๅธ ้“ถ ไบ‹ ไปถ ไธญ ไนŸ ไฝฟ ็”จ ไบ† ็ฌฌ ไธ‰ ็ง‘ ๅ‡ ้’ž ็š„ ๅˆถ ้€  ๅ‡ ้’ž ไธบ ไบ† ่ฎฉ ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ่ดง ๅธ ๅคฑ ๅŽป ไฟก ไปป, ๆ… ไนฑ ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ็ป ๆตŽ,1939( ๆ˜ญ ๅ’Œ 14) ๅนด ๅผ€ ๅง‹ ๅˆถ ้€  5 ๅ…ƒ 10 ๅ…ƒ ็š„ ๅ‡ ้’ž ๅˆฐ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็ป“ ๆŸ ๆ—ถ, ๅคง ๆฆ‚ ๅฐ ๅˆท ไบ† 40 ไบฟ ๅ…ƒ,25 ไบฟ ๅ…ƒ ็”จ ไบŽ ็‰ฉ ่ต„ ่ดญ ๅ…ฅ ็ญ‰ ไธŽ ๆญค ็›ธ ๅฏน, ่‹ฑ ็พŽ ็”จ 1000 ๅ…ƒ ไปฅ ไธŠ ็š„ ้ซ˜ ้ข ่ดง ๅธ ็›ธ ๅฏน ๆŠ—, ไฝฟ ๅ‡ ้’ž ๆ—  ๅŠ› ๅŒ–, ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ๆœซ ๆœŸ, ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ๅผ• ่ตท ไบ† ๅผบ ็ƒˆ ็š„ ้€š ่ดง ่†จ ่ƒ€, ไฝฟ ่’‹ ไป‹ ็Ÿณ ๆ”ฟ ๆƒ ๅคฑ ๅŽป ไฟก ็”จ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ไธŽ ๅ…ณ ไธœ ๅ†› ้˜ฒ ็–ซ ็ป™ ๆฐด ้ƒจ ็š„ ่” ็ณป ไธŽ ๅ…ณ ไธœ ๅ†› ้˜ฒ ็–ซ ็ป™ ๆฐด ้ƒจ ( ๆปก ๆดฒ 731 ้ƒจ ้˜Ÿ ) ้˜Ÿ ้•ฟ ็Ÿณ ไบ• ๅ›› ้ƒŽ ็š„ ่” ็ณป ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ็ฌฌ ไบŒ ็ง‘, ไปฅ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ๅณ ไฝฟ ๆทท ๅˆฐ ้ฅฎ ๆ–™ ้‡Œ, ไนŸ ไธ ไผš ่ขซ ๆ€€ ็–‘, ๆ—  ่‰ฒ ๆ—  ๅ‘ณ, ่ฟŸ ๆ•ˆ ๆ€ง ็š„ ๆ–ฐ ๆฏ’ ่ฏ ็š„ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ไธบ ็›ฎ ๆ ‡ ๅ›  ๆญค, ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบ† ๆฏ’ ่›‡ ็ญ‰ ๅ„ ็ง ๅ„ ๆ ท ๆœ‰ ๆฏ’ ็‰ฉ ๅ“ ็š„ ็ ” ็ฉถ, ๅนถ ๆˆ ๅŠŸ ๅผ€ ๅ‘ ไบ† ๅซ ๅš ๆฐฐ ้…ธ ่…ˆ ็š„ ๆ—  ่‰ฒ ๆ—  ๅ‘ณ ๆฐด ๆบถ ๆ€ง ๆฏ’ ่ฏ ไธบ ไบ† ็กฎ ่ฎค ่ฟ™ ไบ› ๆฏ’ ่ฏ ็š„ ๆฏ’ ๆ€ง, ไนŸ ไธบ ไบ† ๅฎž ็”จ ๅŒ–, ๆœ‰ ๅฟ… ่ฆ ไฝฟ ็”จ ็œŸ ไบบ ๅฐ ่ฏ• ๆ•ˆ ๆžœ ๅ›  ๆญค ็ฏ  ็”ฐ ้•ฃ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๆ‰€ ้•ฟ ๅ‘ ็Ÿณ ไบ• ๅ›› ้ƒŽ ้˜Ÿ ้•ฟ ๅฏป ๆฑ‚ ๅธฎ ๅŠฉ ็Ÿณ ไบ• ๆฌฃ ็„ถ ๅ… ่ฏบ ๆ ไพ› ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ๅธฎ ๅŠฉ, ไธค ่€… ้—ด ่พพ ๆˆ ไบ† ไปฅ ไธ‹ ็บฆ ๅฎš ๆ—ถ ้—ด ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ๆ”ฏ ้‚ฃ ๆ–น ้ข ้˜ฒ ็–ซ ็ป™ ๆฐด ้ƒจ ๆŒ‡ ๅฎš ๅœบ ๆ‰€ ๅ— ไบฌ ๅŒป ้™ข ๅฎž ้ชŒ ่€… ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ๆ”ฏ ้‚ฃ ๆ–น ้ข ้˜ฒ ็–ซ ็ป™ ๆฐด ้ƒจ ๅ†› ๅŒป ( ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๆˆ ๅ‘˜ ๅ‚ ไธŽ ็š„ ไบบ ) ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๅฏน ่ฑก ่€… ไธญ ๅ›ฝ ๅ†› ไฟ˜ ่™, ไธ€ ่ˆฌ ๆญป ๅˆ‘ ็Šฏ 1941 ๅนด ( ๆ˜ญ ๅ’Œ 6) ๅนด 5 ๆœˆ, ็ฌฌ ไบŒ ็ง‘ ็ง‘ ้•ฟ ไฝœ ไธบ ้ฆ– ้ข†, ็ฌฌ ไบŒ ็ง‘ ็ฌฌ ไธ€ ็ญ ็ญ ้•ฟ ็ฌฌ ไธ‰ ็ญ ็ญ ้•ฟ ็ฌฌ ไธ‰ ็ญ ็ ” ็ฉถ ่€… ๆŠ€ ๆœฏ ่€… ๅ…ฑ ่ฎก 7 ๅ ไธบ ไบ† ๅš ๅฎž ้ชŒ, ไปŽ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๅŽป ไบ† ๅ— ไบฌ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็Šถ ๅ†ต 73

่ฐƒ ๆŸฅ ๆˆ˜ ๅŽ ๅธ ้“ถ ไบ‹ ไปถ ็š„ ็”ฒ ๆ– ๆ–‡ ๅŠฉ ็š„ ๆ‰‹ ่ฎฐ ้‡Œ ็•™ ๆœ‰ ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ็š„ ่ฏ ่ฏ ่ฟ™ ๆ˜ฏ ๅ‚ ๅŠ  ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ็ฌฌ ไบŒ ็ง‘ ็ฌฌ ไธ€ ็ญ ็ญ ้•ฟ ไผด ็น ้›„ ๆฐ ็š„ ่ฏ ่ฏ ่ฟ™ ้‡Œ ้ฒœ ๆ˜Ž ๅœฐ ๆ ็ป˜ ไบ† ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ็Šถ ๅ†ต, ไฝœ ไธบ ็ง‘ ๅญฆ ่€… ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไบบ ไฝ“ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ็š„ ๅฟƒ ๅขƒ ๅผ€ ๅง‹ ๅฎž ้ชŒ ๆœ€ ๅˆ ๅพˆ ่ฎจ ๅŽŒ, ไน  ๆƒฏ ไบ† ็š„ ่ฏ, ๅฐฑ ๅ˜ ๆˆ ไบ† ไธ€ ็ง ๅ…ด ่ถฃ ( ไธบ ไบ† ๅฐ ่ฏ• ่‡ช ๅทฑ ็š„ ่ฏ ) ๅฏน ๆ–น ็”จ ๆ”ฏ ้‚ฃ ็š„ ไฟ˜ ่™ ๅฏน ๆ–น ๆ€€ ็–‘ ๆ˜ฏ ่ฏ• ้ชŒ ๅฎ˜, ๆ‰€ ไปฅ ไผช ่ฃ… ่ฟ› ่กŒ ไพ‹ ๅฆ‚ ๅœจ ็บข ่Œถ ้‡Œ ๅŠ  ๅ…ฅ ๆฐฐ ้…ธ ่…ˆ ๅ– ็š„ ๆ—ถ ๅ€™, ๅ’Œ ่ฏ• ้ชŒ ๅฎ˜ ไธ€ ่ตท ๆˆ‘ ๅ…ˆ ๅ– ็ป™ ไฝ  ็œ‹, ไธ ็”จ ๆ‹… ๅฟƒ ่ฏด ๅ– ๅง ไฟ˜ ่™ ็š„ ไปฝ ไบ‹ ๅ…ˆ ่ฃ… ๅœจ ่Œถ ็ข— ้‡Œ ๆˆ– ่€… ๅ‹ค ๆ‚ ๅทฅ ไบ‹ ๅ…ˆ ่ฃ… ๅ…ฅ ่Œถ ็ข— ้‡Œ ๅ„ ่‡ช ๆ‹ฟ ๅ‡บ ๆฅ ( ๅธฆ ๆœ‰ ไธ ่ฃ… ๅ…ฅ ๅญ— ๆ ท ็š„ ็ป™ ไฟ˜ ่™ ) ๅฐฑ ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ่ฎฉ ไป– ๅ– ๆณจ ๅฐ„ ๆ˜ฏ ไธ‡ ๅนด ็ฌ” ็š„ ๆ ท ๅญ, ๆŠŠ ็ฌ” ๅธฝ ๆ‹ฟ ๆމ ้’ˆ ๅฐฑ ๅ‡บ ๆฅ ็”จ ้‚ฃ ไธช ้’ˆ ๅœจ ่กฃ ๆœ ไธŠ ๅˆบ ๅฐฑ ๆ˜ฏ ่ฟ™ ๆ ท ็š„ ๆž„ ้€  ไธป ่ฆ ๆ˜ฏ ๅซ ๅš ๆณข ๅธƒ ็š„ ๆฏ’ ่›‡ ็š„ ๆฏ’ ไธ€ ๅ‘ผ ๅธ ๅฐฑ ไผš ๅ€’ ไธ‹ ้’ˆ ่ฟ˜ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ๆ‹” ๆމ ็š„ ๆ—ถ ๅ€™ ๅฐฑ ๅ€’ ไธ‹ ๅฐธ ไฝ“ ็ซ‹ ๅณ ่งฃ ๅ‰– ็”จ ไบŽ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ ๆ–™ ๆ‘˜ ่‡ช ็”ฒ ๆ– ๆ‰‹ ่ฎฐ ( ๅธ ้“ถ ไบ‹ ไปถ ๅ† ๅฎก ่พฉ ๆŠค ๅ›ข ๆ”ถ ่— ) ๅ…ณ ไบŽ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ้ฆ† ่ฏ• ๅ›พ ไฟ ๅญ˜ ็”Ÿ ็”ฐ ๆ ก ๅ›ญ ้‡Œ ๆฎ‹ ็•™ ็š„ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ้— ่ฟน ็š„ ๅธ‚ ๆฐ‘ ๅœฐ ๅŸŸ ่ฟ ๅŠจ ็งฏ ๆž ๅผ€ ๅฑ• ็š„ ่ฟ‡ ็จ‹ ไธญ,2005 ๅนด 10 ๆœˆ, ๅŽŸ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๆˆ ๅ‘˜ ๅฏ„ ็ป™ ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ๆ ก ้•ฟ ไฟ ๅญ˜ ๆดป ็”จ ๅކ ๅฒ ้— ่ฟน ็š„ ็”ณ ่ฏท ไนฆ ่ฟ™ ๆˆ ไธบ ไธ€ ไธช ๅฅ‘ ๆœบ,2010 ๅนด 3 ๆœˆ 29 ๆ—ฅ, ไฟ ๅญ˜ ๆดป ็”จ ็ฌฌ ไบŒ ็ง‘ ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ ‹ ๅปบ ็ญ‘ ็š„ ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅ’Œ ๅนณ ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ้ฆ† ๅผ€ ้ฆ† ไบ† ่š ็„ฆ ไบŽ ๅކ ๅฒ ไธŠ ๅŸบ ๆœฌ ๆฒก ๆœ‰ ่ฎฐ ๅฝ• ็š„ ็ง˜ ๅฏ† ๆˆ˜ ไธŠ, ๅˆฉ ็”จ ไบ† ๆ—ง ๆ—ฅ ๅ†› ็ ” ็ฉถ ่ฎพ ๆ–ฝ ็š„ ๅ”ฏ ไธ€ ไบ‹ ไพ‹ ๆ˜ฏ ๆญค ่ต„ ๆ–™ ้ฆ† ็š„ ๆœ€ ๅคง ็‰น ๅพ, ่ฏท ไธ€ ๅฎš ่ฆ ๅˆฐ ่ฟ™ ไธช ่ต„ ๆ–™ ้ฆ† ๆฅ ๅ‚ ่ง‚ ๅœฐ ๅ€ ๅฐ ็”ฐ ๆ€ฅ ็บฟ ๅ‘ ไธ˜ ๆธธ ๅ›ญ ็ซ™ ๅŒ— ๅฃ ๅฐ ็”ฐ ๆ€ฅ ๅคง ๅทด ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ๆญฃ ้—จ ๅ‰ ๆ–น ๅ‘ ็ปˆ ็‚น ไธ‹ ่ฝฆ ๅฐ ็”ฐ ๆ€ฅ ็บฟ ็”Ÿ ็”ฐ ็ซ™ ๅ— ๅฃ ๅพ’ ๆญฅ 10 ๅˆ† ( ้€” ไธญ, ่ฆ ็ˆฌ 5 ๅˆ† ้’Ÿ ๅพˆ ๆ€ฅ ็š„ ๅก ) ไฝฟ ็”จ ๆŒ‡ ๅ— 74

ๅผ€ ้ฆ† ๆ—ถ ้—ด : ๆ˜Ÿ ๆœŸ ไธ‰ - ๆ˜Ÿ ๆœŸ ๅ…ญ ไธŠ ๅˆ 10- ไธ‹ ๅˆ 4 ็‚น ๅ›ข ไฝ“ ๅ‚ ่ง‚ (10 ๅ ไปฅ ไธŠ ) ็š„ ๆƒ… ๅ†ต, ๅ‘จ ๆ—ฅ ้ข„ ็บฆ ไนŸ ๅฏ ไปฅ ๅ…ฅ ้ฆ† ่ดน ็”จ ๅ… ่ดน ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅค ๅญฃ ๅ†ฌ ๅญฃ ๆ”พ ๅ‡ ๆœŸ ้—ด,1 ๆœˆ -2 ๆœˆ ็š„ ๅ…ฅ ๅญฆ ่€ƒ ่ฏ• ๆœŸ ้—ด, ไผš ๆœ‰ ้—ญ ้ฆ† ็š„ ๆƒ… ๅ†ต ๅผ€ ้ฆ† ็š„ ๆ—ถ ้—ด ่กจ ่ฏท ๅ‘ ไปฅ ไธ‹ ็š„ ่” ็ณป ๆ–น ๅผ ๅ’จ ่ฏข ๅ›ข ไฝ“ ๅ‚ ่ง‚ ๆ—ถ ้œ€ ่ฆ ้ข„ ็บฆ ่ฏท ไบŽ ๅ‚ ่ง‚ ๅ‰ ไธ€ ไธช ๆœˆ ๆ ๅ‡บ ็”ณ ่ฏท ้ข„ ็บฆ ๅ’Œ ่ฏข ้—ฎ ๅฆ‚ ไธ‹ 214-8571 ็ฅž ๅฅˆ ๅท ๅŽฟ ๅท ๅดŽ ๅธ‚ ๅคš ๆ‘ฉ ๅŒบ ไธœ ไธ‰ ็”ฐ 1-1-1 ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ็”Ÿ ็”ฐ ๆ ก ๅ›ญ ๅ†… ๆ˜Ž ๆฒป ๅคง ๅญฆ ๅ’Œ ๅนณ ๆ•™ ่‚ฒ ็™ป ๆˆท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ่ต„ ๆ–™ ้ฆ† TEL FAX 044-934-7993 E-mail noborito@mics.meiji.ac.jp ไธป ้กต http://www.meiji.ac.jp/noborito/index.html ๅฑ• ็คบ ้›† ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๆ—ฅ ๆœฌ ็š„ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ่€… ๅŒป ๅธˆ ็š„ 15 ๅนด ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ็š„ ๅ‚ ไธŽ ไธŽ ่ดฃ ไปป 2012 ๅนด 10 ๆœˆ 8 ๆ—ฅ ๅˆ ็‰ˆ ๅ‘ ่กŒ ็ผ– ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๆŽจ ่ฟ› ไผš ๅ‘ ่กŒ ๆˆ˜ ไบ‰ ไธŽ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ไผฆ ็† ๆฃ€ ่ฏ ๆŽจ ่ฟ› ไผš 151-0053 ไธœ ไบฌ ้ƒฝ ๆถฉ ่ฐท ๅŒบ ไปฃ ไปฃ ๆœจ 2-5-5 ๆ–ฐ ๅฎฟ ๅ†œ ๅ ไผš ้ฆ† 5F ๅ…จ ๅ›ฝ ไฟ ้™ฉ ๅŒป ๅ›ข ไฝ“ ่” ๅˆ ไผš ๅ†… TEL:03(3375)5121 FAX:03(3375)1862 75

ๅ‘ ๅ”ฎ ่‚ก ไปฝ ๆœ‰ ้™ ๅ…ฌ ๅธ ไธ‰ ๆƒ  ็คพ 462-0065 ็ˆฑ ็Ÿฅ ๅŽฟ ๅ ๅค ๅฑ‹ ๅธ‚ ๅŒ— ๅŒบ ไธญ ไธธ ็”บ 2-24-1 TEL:052(915)5211 FAX:052(915)5019 URL:http://www.sankeisha.com ้™ค ไบ† ่‘— ไฝœ ๆƒ ไพ‹ ๅค–, ๆœฌ ไนฆ ็š„ ๅ…จ ้ƒจ ๆˆ– ๆ˜ฏ ไธ€ ้ƒจ ๅˆ† ๆœช ็ป ๅ… ่ฎธ ๅค ๅฐ ๅค ๅˆถ ๆ˜ฏ ่ขซ ็ฆ ๆญข ็š„ ้”™ ้กต ๆˆ– ๆ˜ฏ ็ผบ ้กต ่ดŸ ่ดฃ ่ฐƒ ๆข ISBN978-4-86487-032-0 C3047 1905E 76

ํŒจ๋„์ง‘ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜(ๅŒป)์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ "15 ๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ" ๊ฐ€๋‹ด๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํŒ ๊ฐ์—ญ์ž: ไปป็ฅฅ่ตซ 77

๋ชฉ ์ฐจ * "์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ํŒจ๋„ ์ „์‹œ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ์‹ฌํฌ์ง€์—„ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„œ 1 * ์‹œ์ž‘ 2 ์ œ 1 ๋ถ€. ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค 3 1-2. ์ด์‹œ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ 4 1-3. ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค 5 1-4. ๋„๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์„ค์น˜ 6 1-5. ํ•‘ํŒก ์‹œ์„ค ๊ฑด์„ค 7 1-6. 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ง€๋ถ€ 9 1-7. ๋งˆ๋ฃจํƒ€ ์˜ ํŠน์ด๊ธ‰(็‰น็งปๆ‰ฑ) 10 1-8. 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ํŽธ์„ฑ 11 1-9. 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 13 1-10. ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ๊ท ์˜ ๋…๋ ฅ(ๆฏ’ๅŠ›) ์‹œํ—˜ 14 1-11. 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ๋™์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜ 15 1-12. 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ํƒ„์ €๊ท  ์‹คํ—˜ 16 1-13. ์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์—ด ์‹คํ—˜ 17 1-14. ๋ฐฉ์—ญ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ 18 1-15. ๋‚œ์ง• 1644 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜ 20 1-16. ๊ด€๋™๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์ฐฝ(100 ๋ถ€๋Œ€) 21 1-17. ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ 22 1-18. ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด 23 1-19. ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ 25 1-20. ํ™”ํ•™๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์•ผ์™ธ ์‹คํ—˜ 26 1-21. ํ์Šˆ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 27 1-22. ๋™๊ณ„ ์œ„์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 28 1-23. ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹คํ—˜ 29 1-24. ํƒ€๋‹ˆ๋ฌด๋ผ์˜ ๋™์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ(ๅผ”่พž) 30 1-25. ์œก๊ตฐ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์—ฐ์Šต 31 ์ œ 2 ๋ถ€. ์ผ๋ณธ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด 32 2-2. ๋Œ€๋งŒ 33 2-3. ์กฐ์„  34 2-4. ๋ฏธํฌ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„ 35 2-5. ๋งŒ์ฃผ๊ตญ 36 2-6. ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๋Œ€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์ฒดํ•ด๋ถ€ 37 2-7. ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ˆœํšŒ ์ง„๋ฃŒ 38 2-8. ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ ์ฃผ์ตœ ๋งŒ์ฃผ๊ตญ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆœํšŒ ์ง„๋ฃŒ 39 2-9. ์ƒํ•˜์ด ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ 40 2-10. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋„์ง„์นด์ด(ๅŒไปไผš)์˜์› 41 2-11. ๋„์ง„์นด์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ 42 2-12. ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ - ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ 43 2-13. ์„ ๋ฌด ์˜๋ฃŒ 44 2-14. ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์˜ ํ•œ์„ผ๋ณ‘ ๋Œ€์ฑ… 45 2-15. ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ตฐ์šฉ ์œ„์•ˆ๋ถ€ 46 ์ œ 3 ๋ถ€. ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋™์›๊ณผ ์ €ํ•ญ 47 3-2. ์ „์‹œ ํ•˜์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ 48 3-3. ์ œ 9 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ(1934 ๋…„) 49 3-4. ์ œ 10 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ(1938 ๋…„) 50 3-5. ์ œ 10 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ(1938 ๋…„)์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์‹œ ์ฒด์ œํ•˜์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ 51 3-6. ์ œ 11 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ(1942 ๋…„) 52 3-7. ์ „์‹œํ•˜์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ํšŒ(1) 53 3-8. ์ „์‹œํ•˜์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ํšŒ(2) 54 3-9. ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏผ์กฑ์œ„์ƒํ•™ํšŒ 55 3-10. ์ผ๋ณธ๋‚˜ํ•™ํšŒ 56 3-11. ์ผ๋ณธํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅํšŒ์™€ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(1) 57 3-12. ์ผ๋ณธํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅํšŒ์™€ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(2) 58 3-13. ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์™€ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 59 3-14. ์ „์Ÿ ๋™์›์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋Œ€์ฑ… 60 3-15. ์˜ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ „์‹œ ๋™์› 61 3-16. ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ „์Ÿ์ง€์—ญ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ 62 3-17. ๊ฑด๋ฏผ(ๅฅๆฐ‘) ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฐ•ํ™”์™€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์žฌํŽธ, ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐœํŽธ 63 3-18. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ 64 3-19. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜๋ฃŒ๋‹จ ์ฐฝ์„ค 65 3-20. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋™์› 66 3-21. ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์˜ ์ข…๊ตฐ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ 67 3-22. ์ „์‹œํ•˜์˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ 68 3-23. ์ €ํ•ญํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์ž 69 3-24. ์ €ํ•ญํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ ์˜ํ•™์ƒ 70 3-25. ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์‹คํƒœ, ๋™์›๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด 71 3-26. ์ง•๋ณ‘ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ 72 3-27. ๋™์›์˜ ๋์— 73 3-28. ์šฐ์ƒ ์ •์ฑ… 74 3-29. ์ „์‹œํ•˜์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ •์ฑ… 75 3-30. ํ•œ์„ผ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•ํ™” 76 3-31. ์•„์‚ฌํ•œ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž 77 ์ œ 4 ๋ถ€. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ(๊ณ„) ์˜ ์ „ํ›„ ์ƒํ™ฉ 78 4-2. 15 ๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ๋ฉด์ฑ… 79 4-3. 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์ธ๋ฉธ 80 4-4. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ฒ” ๋ฉด์ฑ… 81 4-5. ํ•˜๋ฐ”๋กœํ”„์Šคํฌ ์žฌํŒ(1949 ๋…„ 12 ์›”) 82 4-6. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ •(1956 ๋…„) 83 4-7. ํ์Šˆ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ์ƒ์ฒดํ•ด๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ „ํ›„์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 84 4-8. 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „ํ›„ ์ƒํ™ฉ 85 4-9. ๋‚˜์น˜๋…์ผ์˜ ์ธ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์žฌํŒ 86 4-10. ๋‰˜๋ฅธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ๊ฐ•๋ น 87 4-11. ๋…์ผ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ช… 88 4-12. ์ดํ›„ ๋…์ผ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์นจ๋ฌต 89 78

4-13. ๋…์ผ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 90 4-14. "์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜" 91 4-15. ํŒจ์ „ ์งํ›„ ์ œ 12 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ(1947 ๋…„) 92 4-16. ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž…ํšŒ์— ์ž„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ 93 4-17. ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ์ถ”๊ถ 94 4-22. 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ๋…น์‹ญ์ž, ์•ฝ๋ฌผํ”ผํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—์ด์ฆˆ ๊ฐ„์—ผ โ‘ก 99 4-23. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ‘์ˆ˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ–‰๋ฐฉ 100 4-24. ๋…๊ฐ€์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ(้บๆฃ„) 101 4-25. 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ท ์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ ์†Œ์†ก 102 4-18. ์ผ๋ณธํ•™์ˆ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ์˜ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์˜ ํ™œ๋™ 95 4-19. ์ „ํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„๋Š” 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ 96 ์ œ 5 ๋ถ€. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ * ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ฐ€๋‹ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ์— ์š”์ฒญํ•œ๋‹ค. -2012 ๋…„ ๊ตํ†  '์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ' ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์ถ”์ง„ ์„ ์–ธ- 114 * ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ' ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ถ”์ง„์œ„์›ํšŒ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๋™์˜์„œ 115 ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ ์œ„์›ํšŒ ๋ช…๋‹จ 116 ์˜(ๅŒป) ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ 103 5-2. ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์  ์˜์˜ 104 5-3. ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ 105 5-4. ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ 106 5-5. ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ฑ…์ž„ 107 5-6. ๋…์ผ ์ •์‹ ์˜ํ•™ ์ •์‹ ์š”๋ฒ• ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™ํšŒ(DGPPN)์˜ ์‚ฌ์ฃ„ ํ‘œ๋ช… 108 4-20. ์š”์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ํžˆ์‚ฌํ† (ๅ‰ๆ‘ๅฏฟไบบ)์˜ ๋ณ€๋ช… 97 4-21. 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ๋…น์‹ญ์ž(ใƒŸใƒ‰ใƒชๅๅญ—), ์•ฝ๋ฌผํ”ผํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—์ด์ฆˆ ๊ฐ„์—ผ โ‘  98 5-7. ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก 109 5-8. ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ œ( ๆœ‰ไบ‹ๆณ•ๅˆถ ) ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋™์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ 110 5-9. ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 111 5-10. ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 112 5-11. ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์†์„ 113 ์ด์ƒ 79

"์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ '์˜ ํŒจ๋„ ์ „์‹œ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ ์‹ฌํฌ์ง€์—„ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋‹ฌ ํ•œ ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กด์—„์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐœ์ž์ทจ๋ฅผ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์˜์‚ฌ ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ด ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘์— 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ "์ธ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜" "์ƒ์ฒด ํ•ด๋ถ€"๋“ฑ์˜ ๋น„ ์ธ๋„์  ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ง„์ง€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐ, ํฉ์–ด ์—†์–ด์ง๊ณผ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ณต๊ฐœ, ์€ํ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ๊ทธ ์ „๋ชจ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋„ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ์ ๋ นํ•œ GHQ(์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€)๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ ์˜์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ฌ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์œ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” '์ง„์ƒ ๋ถˆ๋ช…', 'ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์˜ค๋Š˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋…์ผ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” 1947 ๋…„์— ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ ์ฑ„ํƒ, 1950 ๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œ, ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” 1988 ๋…„์— ๋‚˜์น˜์ฆ˜์— ๊ด€์—ฌ ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์• ๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ , "์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜"๋ผ๋Š” ์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋…์ผ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ์š”๋ฒ•์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™ํšŒ๊ฐ€ 2010 ๋…„ 11 ์›” ์—ฐ๋ก€ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜์น˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋…์ผ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰ํ•œ "๊ฐ•์ œ ์ด์ฃผ", "๊ฐ•์ œ ๋‹จ์ข…", "์•ˆ๋ฝ์‚ฌ" ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”๋ชจ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰ ์กฐ์ง์ด๋‚˜ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค€ ๋ถˆ์˜์™€ ๊ณ ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ 70 ๋…„ ๊ณ„์† ๋œ ํ•™ํšŒ์˜ ์นจ๋ฌต, ์‚ฌ์†Œํ™”, ์–ต์••์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ํ™•์ธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋‹ซ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค" (์™€์ด์ฏ”์ ฏ์นด, 1985 ๋…„)๋ผ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ , ์•ž์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋น„์ธ๋„์  ํ–‰์œ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”? ์ „ํ›„ 60 ๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์กด์ž์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ๊ณผ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋„ ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ƒ๋ช…์œค๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›, ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ฐ€, ๋‹น์‹œ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž ๋“ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋‹ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฐ์ธต์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜์‚ฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์˜ ์ž์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒํผ, ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ œ 28 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ๊ธฐํšํ•˜๋„๋ก ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์š”์ฒญํ•ด ์™”์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์‹คํ˜„์— ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด ์˜จ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ํ˜„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ‰ํ™”๊ต์œก๋…ธ๋ณด๋ฆฌํ† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ๋„ ์ „์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ ์‹ฌํฌ์ง€์—„์— ๋…์ผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋…์ผ์€ ์ธ๋ช…์„ ์ง€์ผœ์•ผ ํ•  ์˜์‚ฌ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ "์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„"๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์™”๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ๊ตํ›ˆ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์˜ํ•™์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กด์—„์„ฑ์— ์ €์ด‰๋˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋งŒํผ, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐํš์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ "15 ๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ" ๊ฐ€๋‹ด ์‹คํƒœ์™€ ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2012 ๋…„ 9 ์›” "์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ถ”์ง„์œ„์›ํšŒ 80

1. ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค(ๅฒๅฏฆ) ์ œ 1 ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” 1931 ๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1945 ๋…„ 8 ์›” ์ผ๋ณธ ํŒจ์ „์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 15 ๋…„์ „์Ÿ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•ด์™ธ ๋•…์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์—ฐ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์‹œ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ(็Ÿณไบ•ๅ››้ƒŽ) ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง ํ•œ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ์ ๋ น์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์œก๊ตฐ๋ณ‘์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ํ์Šˆ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-2์ด์‹œ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ(็Ÿณไบ• ๅ››้ƒŽ) ์ด์‹œ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” 1920 ๋…„์— ๊ตํ† ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1925 ๋…„ ๋…๊ฐ€์Šค์™€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•œ ์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ”์กฐ์•ฝ์ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ํ•ด๋กœ, ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ„ ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ตฐ ์ƒ์ธต๋ถ€์— ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1930 ๋…„, ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ ์‹œ์ฐฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ์ด์‹œ์ด๋Š” ๋„์ฟ„ ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต ๊ต๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์˜ํ•™์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-3์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค 1931 ๋…„ ๊ด€๋™๊ตฐ์ด ๋งŒ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ณ€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋™๋ถ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ํ•˜์— ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‹œ์ด๋Š” ์ „์ˆ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1932 ๋…„ 8 ์›” ์ด์‹œ์ด๋Š” ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต ๋‚ด์— ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค ์„ ๊ฐœ์„คํ•˜๊ณ , ์ต๋…„ 33 ๋…„ 10 ์›” ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต์— ์ธ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ง€์— ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์ด ์‹ ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค ์ฃผ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์‹œ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค ์‹ค์›๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์—ญํŠน๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฑด์„ค ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน๋ช…์„ ๋ ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์ฃผ์— ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณด๊ณ (์ œ 2 ๋ถ€) ์—๋Š” 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋‚˜ ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต, ์ด‰ํƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1989 ๋…„ 7 ์›” ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค ๋ถ€์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์•ฝ ๋ฐฑ ์—ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ธ๊ณจ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์•„์‹œ์•„๊ณ„ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์œ„์ ์ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ณจ ๋ฐœ๊ตด ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-4๋„๊ณ (ๆฑ้ƒท) ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์‹œ์ด๋Š” 1932 ๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 33 ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์น˜๊ณ  ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ ๋‚จ๋™ 70 ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฃฝ์žฅ์„ฑ(้ป’้พๆฑŸ็œ) ์šฐ์ฐฝ(ไบ”ๅธธ) ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ๋งˆ์„ ๋ฒ ์ด์ธํ—ˆ(่ƒŒ้™ฐๆฒณ) ์— ๋ฐฉ์—ญ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ท ์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„๊ณ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์นญํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜๋„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1935 ๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 36 ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋„๊ณ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•œ ์ฟ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ผ ์š”์‹œ์˜ค(ๆ —ๅŽŸ ็พฉ้›„)๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋งŒ ๋จน์ด๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ตฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„, ์ „ํ›„์— ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฆ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ๊ตฐ์† ์Šค๊ฐ€์™€๋ผ ์‚ฌํ† ์‹œ(่…ๅŽŸ ๆ•)์”จ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉฐ์น  ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด 45 ์ผ, ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๋ผ๋ฉด 33 ์ผ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋จน๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜, ๋ง›์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์„ ๋จน์—ฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ๊ณ  ํ˜ธ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 45 ์ผ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ฆˆ์˜ฅ์™„(ๅทฆๅ…‰ไบœ) ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ธํ…”๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์ ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”. 1-5ํ•‘ํŒก(ๅนณๆˆฟ) ์‹œ์„ค ๊ฑด์„ค ๋ฒ ์ด์ธํ—ˆ์˜ ํ† ๊ณ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์‹œ์„ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์ด๊ณ  ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์— ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1934 ๋…„ 9 ์›”์— 16 ๋ช…์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ํƒˆ์ฃผ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋น„๋ฐ€์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐฉ์—ญ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ์‡„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ ๋‚จ๋™ 15 ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•‘ํŒก์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1935 ๋…„์— ํ•‘ํŒก ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ 4 ๊ฐœ ๋งˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์„ ๊ฐ•์ œ ํ‡ด๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ทธ ๋•…์— 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๊ด€์‚ฌ, ๊ฐ์ข… ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค, ๊ฐ์˜ฅ, ์ „์šฉ ๋น„ํ–‰์žฅ, ๋Œ€์› ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ˆ™์†Œ(ํ†ต์นญ, ํ† ๊ณ ๋งˆ์„), ์†Œ๋…„๋Œ€ ์ˆ™์†Œ, ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ํŒŒ์›Œ ์„ผํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋Œ€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ 1939 ๋…„์ฆˆ์Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์™„์„ฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•‘ํŒก์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์›๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋˜ 1942 ๋…„๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” 3,000 ๋ช…์„ ๋„˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•‘ํŒก ์‹œ์„ค์€ ์ด๋ฉด์  80 ์ด ํŠน๋ณ„๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์–ด ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 6 ์ง€์—ญ์€ ํ™๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์••์ „์„ ๊ณผ ๊ตด์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ 100 3 ์ธต์งœ๋ฆฌ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํ˜•์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋กœํ˜ธ๋™(ใƒญๅทๆฃŸ) ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ 2 ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŠน์„ค ๊ฐ์˜ฅ ์€ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ๋งˆ๋‹น์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๊ณ  ํƒˆ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-6 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ง€๋ถ€ ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ ๊ต์™ธ ํ•‘ํŒก์˜ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์—์„œ๋„ ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ ๋ถ์„œ ์•ฝ 150 ์•ˆ๋‹ค(ๅฎ‰้”)์™€ ํ•˜์ด๋ผ๋ฃจ(ๆตทๆ‹‰ ็ˆพ)์— ์•ผ์™ธ ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ 1940 ๋…„ 12 ์›” ๊ตฐ๋ น์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฌด๋‹จ์žฅ(็‰กไธนๆฑŸ), ๋ฆฐ์ปค์šฐ(ๆž—ๅฃ), ์Šจ์šฐ(ๅญซๅ‘‰), ํ•˜์ด๋ผ๋ฃจ(ๆตทๆ‹‰็ˆพ)์— 4 ๊ฐœ ์ง€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€๋ถ€๋Š” ์†Œ๋ จ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žˆ์–ด ๋Œ€ ์†Œ๋ จ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ก„(ๅคง้€ฃ)์ถœ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉด 5 ๊ฐœ ์ง€๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 81

1-7 ๋งˆ๋ฃจํƒ€ ์˜ ํŠน์ด๊ธ‰(็‰น็งปๆ‰ฑ) 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜์˜ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ฃจํƒ€ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋Œ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์žกํžŒ ๋ฐ˜๋งŒ์ฃผ ํ•ญ์ผ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ์™ธ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์ธ, ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ๋“ฑ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•‘ํŒก์— ์—ฐํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์†ก์€ ํŠน์ด๊ธ‰ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ตฐ์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์™€์‹œ๋งˆ ํ‚ค์š”์‹œ(ๅทๅณถๆธ…) ์„ธ๊ท ์ œ์กฐ๋ถ€์žฅ์€ ํ•˜๋ฐ”๋กœํ”„์Šคํฌ ์žฌํŒ(1949 ๋…„)์˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ํŠน์„ค ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋„ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ์–ด๋„ 3000 ๋ช…์ด ์ด์†ก๋˜์–ด ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋ช…๋„ ์‚ด์•„ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค 1-8 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ํŽธ์„ฑ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์žฅ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ์ด์‹œ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋งก์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, 1942 ๋…„ 8 ์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 45 ๋…„ 3 ์›” ์‚ฌ์ด๋Š” ํ‚คํƒ€๋…ธ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ง€(ๅŒ—้‡Žๆ”ฟๆฌก)๊ฐ€ ๋งก์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ›„ 45 ๋…„ 8 ์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์‹œ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ž„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” 8 ๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์ถ”๋ถ€๋Š” 1 ๋ถ€์—์„œ 4 ๋ถ€๊นŒ์ง€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœํ˜ธ๋™ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์ œ 1 ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ท ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€(๋ถ€์žฅ์€ ํ‚ค์ฟ ์น˜ ํžˆํ† ์‹œ, ่Šๆฑ ๆ–Ž)์™€ ์ œ 4 ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ท ์ œ์กฐ๋ถ€(๋ถ€์žฅ์€ ์นด์™€์‹œ๋งˆ ํ‚ค์š”์‹œ, ๅทๅณถๆธ…)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ œ 1 ๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๊ณผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 4 ๋ถ€์˜ ์„ธ๊ท  ์ œ์กฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์นด์™€์‹œ๋งˆ ์ฆ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 2 ๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„์— ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ๊ท  300, ํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค๊ท  800~900, ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๊ท  1t ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ๊ท  ๋“ฑ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 2 ๋ถ€(๋ถ€์žฅ์€ ์˜ค์˜คํƒ€ ํ‚ค์š”์‹œ, ๅคง็”ฐๆพ„)๋Š” ์‹ค์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹๋ฌผ ๋ฉธ์ข… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(์•ผ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์œ ํ‚ค๋งˆ์‚ฌ, ๅ…ซๆœจๆฒข่กŒๆญฃ), ๊ณค์ถฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(ํƒ€๋‚˜์นด ํžˆ๋ฐ์˜ค, ็”ฐไธญ่‹ฑ้›„), ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ฐ˜(๋งˆ์Šค๋‹ค ๋น„ํ˜ธ, ๅข—็”ฐ็พŽไฟ)์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ๊ท ์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ๋„ ์ด ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 3 ๋ถ€(๋ถ€์žฅ์€ ์—๊ตฌ์น˜ ํ† ์š”ํ‚ค์š”, ๆฑŸๅฃ่ฑŠๆฝ”)๋Š” ์ด์‹œ์ด์‹ ์ •์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด ๋ถ€๋งŒ์€ ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ์‹œ ๋‚œ๊ฐ•(ๅ—ๅด—) ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์œก๊ตฐ๋ณ‘์› ์˜†์— ๋‘๊ณ  731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ๊ท  ๋“ฑ์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๋„์ž๊ธฐ ํญํƒ„(์šฐ์ง€ํ˜• ํญํƒ„)์˜ ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—, ๊ต์œก๋ถ€, ์ด๋ฌด๋ถ€, ์ž์žฌ๋ถ€, ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ถ€๋Œ€์›์˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋งˆ๋ฃจํƒ€์˜ ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜๋„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-9 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ํšจํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธํƒ„(ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ท  ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋™๋ฌผ์ธ ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์„ ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ๊ท ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œ์ผœ ์™„์ถฉ๋ฌผ(็ทฉ่ก็‰ฉ)์— ์„ž์–ด๋‚˜ ๋„๊ธฐ์ œ์˜ ํญํƒ„์— ๋„ฃ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์›์„ ์ฒญ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”ํŠธ. H. ํŽ˜๋ฅด(Norbert H. Fell)๋Š” 1947 ๋…„ 6 ์›” 30 ์ผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ ๋ฒˆ์‹๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ฅ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์€ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ•˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ 30 ์ผ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŒ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1 ๋‹น ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ 20 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, 10 ๋ช… ์ค‘ 6 ๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ์—ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘ 4 ๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ( ํŽ˜๋ฅด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ) ์‹ค์ œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‚ดํฌ๋œ ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒผ๋ฅ™์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-10ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ๊ท ์˜ ๋…๋ ฅ(ๆฏ’ๅŠ›) ์‹œํ—˜ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์†Œ๋…„๋Œ€์›์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๋…ธ์ฆˆ์นด ์š”์‹œ์˜ค(์˜ˆ์ „์˜ ์„ฑ ํƒ€๋ฌด๋ผ, ็ฏ ๅกš่‰ฏ้›„ ๆ—งๅง“ ็”ฐๆ‘) ๋Š” ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋ผ์‚ฌ์™€(ๆŸ„ๆฒข) ๋ฐ˜์—์„œ๋„ ์ƒ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜, ์ƒ์ฒดํ•ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋…๋ ฅ ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„ ์•„๋ž˜ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ๋“  ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์“ธ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์‚ด์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์–ด๋„ ์“ธ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ด์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ธ‰๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์‹คํ—˜์šฉ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ผ๋“ ์ง€ ๋ž˜ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ด๋ฅ™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ธ์ฒด์—๋„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ 5 ๋ช…์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„๋ฐ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœํ˜ธ๋™ ์•ˆ 2 ์ธต์งœ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 7 8 ๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ด ์•ˆ์— ํ•ด๋ถ€์‹ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณต๋„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฐ–์—๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ณณ์€ 8 ๋™(p8 ์ฐธ์กฐ)์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์ด๊ณ , ํ•ด๋ถ€์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-11 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ๋™์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜ ์š”์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ํžˆ์‚ฌํ† (ๅ‰ๆ‘ๅฏฟไบบ) ๋Š” 1938 ๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1945 ๋…„ ํŒจ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋™์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ์†๋ฐœ์„ ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๊ฒฐ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1941 ๋…„ 82

์š”์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ์ง€๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์— ๋™๊ฒฐ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜จ๋„์™€ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์˜ ์šฉ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ์ „ํ›„์— ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜์–ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ƒํ›„ 3 ์ผ์ธ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์˜์–ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—๋Š” ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋™๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ์‹ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-12 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ํƒ„์ €๊ท  ์‹คํ—˜ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”ํŠธ. H. ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋Š” 1947 ๋…„ 6 ์›” ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ ํƒ„์ €๊ท  ํญํƒ„ ์‹œํ—˜(์•ผ์™ธ ์‹คํ—˜)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ง๋š์— ๋ฌถ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ํ—ฌ๋ฉง๊ณผ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ํ˜น์€ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํˆฌํ•˜๋œ ์‹œํ•œ ๊ธฐํญ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ ๋“ฑ, ๊ฐ์ข… ํญํƒ„์ด ์‹คํ—˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์ง€์‹ ํญํƒ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์•ผ์™ธ ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” 10 ๋ช… ์ค‘ 6 ๋ช…์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์ค‘์— ๊ท ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ 4 ๋ช…์€ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด 4 ๋ช… ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค 4 ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ผ์ œํžˆ ํญ๋ฐœํ•œ 9 ๊ฐœ ํญํƒ„๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 25 m ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋‚˜ ํ‘œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜๋„ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-13์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์—ด์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ๋ถ€์ž„ํ•œ ์นด์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‹œ๋กœ(็ฌ ๅŽŸๅ››้ƒŽ)๋Š” ํ•œ ๋•Œ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์žฅ์„ ๋งก์€ ํ‚คํƒ€๋…ธ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ง€ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณต์ €๋กœ ์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์—ด์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ 1944 ๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์—ด์€ ์Šจ์šฐ ๋“ฑ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋™๋ถ๋ถ€ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์—์„œ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ญ๋ณ‘์ด๊ณ , ์Šจ์šฐ(ๅญซๅ‘‰)์—ด ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„ ์นด์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์ด์ผ€๋‹ค ๋‚˜์—์˜ค(ๆฑ ็”ฐ่‹—ๅคซ) ๋„ ์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์—ด์˜ ์‹คํƒœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์†์—์„œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจ(ไธธๅฑฑๆŸ)์˜ ํ•˜๋ณต๋ถ€์— ๋… ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-14๋ฐฉ์—ญ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ(ํ•‘ํŒก)์˜ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ง€์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ 1940 ๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ๊ฒฝ(์ฝ”์˜ค(็”ฒ) 1855 ๋ถ€๋Œ€), ๋‚œ์ง•(์‚ฌ์นด์—(ๆฆฎ) 1644 ๋ถ€๋Œ€), ๊ด‘๋™(๋‚˜๋ฏธ(ๆณข)8604 ๋ถ€๋Œ€)์— ๋ฐฉ์—ญ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํŽธ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋™๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์ฐฝ์„ค์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ง€๋‚˜ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตฐ, ์ค‘์ง€๋‚˜ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตฐ, ๋‚จ์ง€๋‚˜ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ๊ฒฝ, ๋‚œ์ง•, ๊ด‘๋™์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ์ง€๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ญ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ์ง€๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ , ์ง€๋ถ€ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์œก๊ตฐ๋ณ‘์›, ๋„์ง„์นด์ด(ๅŒไป ไผš)๋ณ‘์›, ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์™€ ์ œํœด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์ž์„ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณธ์ „์‹œ ์ œ 2 ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.) ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „ ๊ตญํ† ์— ์„ธ๊ท ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€์˜ ์ธ์  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์ œํœด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์‹œ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํ•‘ํŒก์—์„œ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์›์ด ๊ฐ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋ถ€์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ถœ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ž์ฃผ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ์ „์€ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€, ํŠนํžˆ ๋‚œ์ง• 1644 ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ œํœดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ง€์— ์‚ดํฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, 1942 ๋…„ 2 ์›” ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์ด ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด์„ ์ ๋ นํ•˜์ž ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ๋‚จ๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ๋ฐฉ์—ญ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋ถ€(์˜ค์นด(ๅฒก)9420 ๋ถ€๋Œ€)๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์—๋Š” ํ•‘ํŒก์—์„œ ๋‚˜์ดํ†  ๋ฃŒ์ด์น˜(ๅ†…่—ค่‰ฏไธ€) ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณด์ธ ์•„ํ‚ค์˜ค(่ฒดๅฎ้™ข็ง‹้›„) ๋“ฑ์ด ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์ง€๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ธ๊ท ์ „ ์ฒด์ œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์—์„œ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ง€๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ณณ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-15๋‚œ์ง• 1644 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜ 1998 ๋…„, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‚œ์ง•(ๅ—ไบฌ) ์‚ฌ์นด์— 1644 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ๊ณต์žฅ์ด ์„ฐ๋˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ง€ํ•˜ 1.5 m ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๊ฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์ด ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์€ 41 ๊ฐœ๊ณ , ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 17 ์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 38 ์„ธ๊นŒ์ง€, ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ 27 ๊ฐœ, ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ 1 ๊ฐœ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ถˆ๋ช…). ๊ทธ ์ธ๊ณจ์€ ๊ฒ€๊ณ , ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๊ท  ์žฅ๋…์†Œ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๊ท  ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ้ซ˜่ˆˆ็ฅ–, ๆœฑๆˆๅฑฑ ไพต่ฏๆ—ฅ่ปไธ€ๅ…ญๅ››ๅ››็ดฐ่Œๆˆฆ้ƒจ้šŠๆดปไบบๅฎŸ้จ“ๅ—ๅฎณ่€…้บ้ชธ็š„่€ƒ่จผ, 2000 ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋‚œ์ง•๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ด๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€์— ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ ๋ฐœ๊ตด๋œ ๋ผˆ, ํ˜„๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ตด ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•ด ์ „์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-16๊ด€๋™๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์ฐฝ(100 ๋ถ€๋Œ€) 1936 ๋…„ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ๋™์‹œ์—, ๊ฐ€์ถ• ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋™๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์ฐฝ(100 ๋ถ€๋Œ€)์ด ์‹ ์ง•(ๆ–ฐ ไบฌ, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์žฅ์ถ˜(้•ทๆ˜ฅ))์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ถ•๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๋„ ํ–‰ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 83

100 ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๊ตฐ์กฐ(์ค‘์‚ฌ)์˜€๋˜ ๋ฏธํ† ๋ชจ ์นด์ฆˆ์˜ค(ไธ‰ๅ‹ไธ€็”ท) ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฐ”๋กœํ”„์Šคํฌ ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ ๋…๋ฌผ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋ณด์ขŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง„์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-17์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธํƒ„(ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ)์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ํŒ๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ 1939 ๋…„ 7 ์›” ๋…ธ๋ชฌํ•œ, 1940 ๋…„ 6 ์›” ๋ˆ™์•ˆ(่พฒๅฎ‰), 1940 ๋…„ 10 ์›” ์ €๊ฐ•์„ฑ(ๆต™ๆฑŸ็œ) ์ทจ์ €์šฐ(่กขๅทž ๋‹๋ณด(ๅฏงๆณข), 11 ์›” ์ง„ํ™”(้‡‘่ฏ), 1941 ๋…„ 11 ์›” ํ›„๋‚œ์„ฑ(ๆน–ๅ—็œ) ์ฐฝ๋”(ๅธธๅพณ), 1942 ๋…„ 5 ์›” ์ €๊ฐ„(ๆต™่ด›) ์ž‘์ „, ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 7 ์›” ๊ฐ„์ €์šฐ(่ด›ๅทž) ๋“ฑ 7~8 ํšŒ์— ๊ฑธ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ง€๋‚˜ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตฐ ์ฐธ๋ชจ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด๋ชจํ†  ์ฟ ๋งˆ์˜ค(ไบ•ๆœฌ็†Š็”ท)๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด ์ผ์ง€์— 1940 ๋…„ 10 ์›” 7 ์ผ์—๋Š” 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹๋ณด ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ท  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ 6 ํšŒ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ 1941 ๋…„ 11 ์›” 4 ์ผ ํ›„๋‚œ์„ฑ ์ฐฝ๋”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธํƒ„ ํˆฌํ•˜๋‚˜, 1942 ๋…„ ์ €๊ฐ„์ž‘์ „์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ท  ์‚ดํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธ๊ท  ์‚ดํฌ๋Š” ์ด์‹œ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜ ์•„๋ž˜์— 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ๋‚œ์ง• ์‚ฌ์นด์— 1644 ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ ์ž‘์ „์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-18์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์„ธ๊ท  ์‚ดํฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด ์‹คํƒœ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ง€์— ์กฐ์ง ๋œ ์„ธ๊ท ์ „ ํ”ผํ•ด์กฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ํŒ๋ช…๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ ์‚ดํฌ์˜ ์œ„๋ ฅ ์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 2 ์ฐจ, 3 ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ทจํ˜„(่กข็œŒ)์— 1940๋…„ 10์›” 4์ผ์— ํˆฌํ•˜ํ•œ ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธํƒ„์€ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์— 1,500๋ช… ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋ฅผ ๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ทจ์ €์šฐ์— ์ถœ์žฅ์ค‘์ธ ์ฒ ๋„์›์ด ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์–ด 120 km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ด์šฐ(็พฉ็ƒ)๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€, ์ด์šฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œ์ผœ 200๋ช… ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์šฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋†์ดŒ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์—ผํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์‘น์‚ฐ(ๅด‡ๅฑฑ) ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ 1,200๋ช… ์ฃผ๋ฏผ 3๋ถ„์˜ 1์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” 400๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ด ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ฐฝ๋”(ๅธธๅพณ)์— 1940๋…„ 11์›” 4์ผ ํˆฌํ•˜ํ•œ ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋งˆ์„์— ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „์—ผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด 7,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ธ๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํฌ์ƒ์ž ํ™•๋Œ€๋Š” ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์œ ํ–‰์ด ์ž์—ฐ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ํˆฌํ•˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์€ํํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์  ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์—๋Š” ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ํ‘œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํฌ์ƒ์ž์ˆ˜ 1 ๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋ช…์€ ์„ธ๊ท ์ „ ์žฌํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋œ(2007 ๋…„ 5 ์›”์— ์ตœ๊ณ ์žฌํŒ์†Œ์—์„œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ™•์ •) ํ™•์ •ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ”ผํ•ด์‹ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ง(๋ฉธ๋ฌธ์ ˆํ˜ธ)ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋” ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ํฌ์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์‹คํƒœ ํŒŒ์•…์—๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-19์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค( ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ์‹ ๋ฌธ 2011 ๋…„ 10 ์›” 15 ์ผ). 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์˜ํ•™์ž ๊ฐ€๋„ค์ฝ” ์ค€์ด์น˜ (้‡‘ๅญ้ †ไธ€)๊ฐ€ 1948 ๋…„์— ๋„์ฟ„๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์˜ํ•™๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ธ PX ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ์•ฝ์‚ฐ๋ฒ• ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ œ 1 ๋ถ€(๋ฏธ๋ฐœํ‘œ) ๋ณด๊ณ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PX ๋ž€ ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ํ‘œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 1940~42 ๋…„์— ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ 6 ๊ฐœ ์ž‘์ „์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ผ๋žŒํ‘œ์— ์ง‘๊ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž๋Š” 2 ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉด 25,964 ๋ช…์— ๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ท ์ „ ์‹ค์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-20ํ™”ํ•™๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์•ผ์™ธ ์‹คํ—˜ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ 516 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ด ํ™”ํ•™๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹คํ—˜๋„ ํ–‰ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1940 ๋…„ 9 ์›” ๊ด€๋™๊ตฐ ํฌ๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์„ ์—ฐ์Šตํ†ต๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฉ”์ธ  ์š”์‹œ์ง€๋กœ(ๆข…ๆดฅ็พŽๆฒป้ƒŽ) ๊ด€๋™๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€ ์ดํ•˜ ์ˆ˜๋‡Œ๋ถ€์˜ ์‹œ์ฐฐ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๋ฌด๋‹จ์žฅ(็‰กไธนๆฑŸ) ๋ถ๋ฐฉ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ดํŽ˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ฐ€์Šค(๋ฏธ๋ž€์„ฑ ๊ฐ€์Šค)์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 16 ๋ช… ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ 3 ๊ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ดํŽ˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ฐ€์Šคํƒ„ ์•ฝ 1 ๋งŒ๋ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ›„ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ์˜ ์ธ์ฒด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ). ๊ทธ 16 ๋ช…์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์ „ํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ํž ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ (1947 ๋…„ 12 ์›”)์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ๋จธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋“œ ๊ฐ€์Šค(์ดํŽ˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ฐ€์Šค) ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€, ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ณธ 16 ์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-21ํ์Šˆ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 1945 ๋…„ 5 ์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6 ์›”์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ์Šˆ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ์ œ 1 ์™ธ๊ณผ ์ด์‹œ์•ผ๋งˆ ํ›„์ฟ ์ง€๋กœ(็Ÿณๅฑฑ็ฆไบŒ้ƒŽ) ๊ต์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ทธ ์ œ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฉ์ถ”๋œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ B29 ํƒ‘์Šน์› ํฌ๋กœ 8 ๋ช…์„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 84

5 ์›” 17 ์ผ, 2 ๋ช… ํฌ๋กœ์˜ ํ•œ์ชฝ ํ๋ฅผ ์ „์ ์ถœ. 5 ์›” 22 ์ผ, ํฌ๋กœ 2 ๋ช…์ค‘ 1 ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ ์ „์ ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅ์„ ์••๋ฐ•ํ•ด ์ง€ํ˜ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์ •์ง€์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„์— ๊ฐœํ‰ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ง€, ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ˆ . ๋‚จ๋Š” 1 ๋ช…์€ ์ƒ๋ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ด๋‚ญ์„ ์ ์ถœ, ๊ฐ„์žฅ์˜ ํŽธ์—ฝ์„ ์ ˆ์ œ. 5 ์›” 25 ์ผ, 1 ๋ช… ํฌ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‡Œ์ˆ˜์ˆ (์‚ผ์ฐจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ฐจ๋‹จ). 6 ์›” 2 ์ผ, ํฌ๋กœ 3 ๋ช… ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 1 ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๋™๋งฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ฝ 500cc ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํ˜ˆํ•œ ํ›„ ๋Œ€์šฉ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์•ฝ 300cc ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ. 1 ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ํ ์ข…๊ฒฉ ์ˆ˜์ˆ . ๋‚จ๋Š” 1 ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ด๋‚ญ ์ ์ถœ, ๋Œ€์šฉ ํ˜ˆ์•ก 200cc ์ฃผ์‚ฌ, ๊ฐ„์žฅ ์ ˆ์ œ, ๊ฐœํ‰ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ง€, ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉ, ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅ ์••๋ฐ• ์ง€ํ˜ˆ. 1-22 ๋™๊ณ„ ์œ„์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋™ ์œก๊ตฐ๋ณ‘์› ํƒ€๋‹ˆ๋ฌด๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ฆˆํ•˜๋ฃจ(่ฐทๆ‘ไธ€ๆฒป) ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ ์†Œ์ขŒ(์†Œ๋ น)๋Š” ๋™๊ณ„์œ„์ƒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐ˜ ์„ ์กฐ์ง ํ•ด 1941 ๋…„ 1 ์›” 31 ์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2 ์›” 11 ์ผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋„ค์ด๋ฉ(ๅ†…่’™ๅค)๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋™์ƒ, ํ…ํŠธ์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ์ง€ํ˜ˆ, ์ˆ˜ํ˜ˆ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์•ผ์™ธ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ๋ถ์ง€๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋Œ€์›๋„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 8 ๋ช…์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ์„ ์ƒ์ฒด ์ฆ‰ ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ํœด๋Œ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„ 8 ๋ช…์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์—๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒดํ•ด๋ถ€๋กœ ์‚ดํ•ด๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด์‚ด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-23์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹คํ—˜ ํƒ€๋‹ˆ๋ฌด๋ผ ๋“ฑ์ด ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์€ 1. ์žฅ ์ ˆ์ œ ์ธก๋ฌธํ•ฉ์ˆ . 2. ์ขŒ๋Œ€ํ‡ด ์ ˆ๋‹จ ์ˆ˜์ˆ . 3. ์ขŒ์ƒ๋ฐ• ์—ฐ๋ถ€ ๊ด€ํ†ต ์ด์ƒ, ์ขŒ๋ณต์š”๋ถ€ ๊ด€ํ†ต ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์ฒ˜์น˜. 4. ๋ณด์กดํ˜ˆ์•ก, ์–ธ ํ˜ˆ์•ก(๋™ํ˜ˆ), ์–‘์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก 3 ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ˆ. 5. ๋™์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ. 1-24ํƒ€๋‹ˆ๋ฌด๋ผ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋™์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ(ๅผ”่พž) 1941 ๋…„ 2 ์›” 6 ์ผ ์ด๋ฅธ ์•„์นจ, ํƒ€๋‹ˆ๋ฌด๋ผ ๋“ฑ์€ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ –์€ ์–‘๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์„ ๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งŒ์ทจ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ณต๋ณต์„ ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์•„ํŠธ๋กœํ•€์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๋™์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„, ํƒ€๋‹ˆ๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” 8 ๋ช…์˜ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•œ ํ›„, ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ดํ•˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1-25์œก๊ตฐ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์—ฐ์Šต 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€๋Š” ๋ณ„๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ์œก๊ตฐ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์—ฐ์Šต ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์นญํ•˜๋Š”, ์žกํžŒ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์ทจ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์ฒดํ•ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์—ฐ์Šต์€ ์‹ ์ž„ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์ด ์ „์„ ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•œ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๊ณ„์œ„์ƒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐ˜ ํƒ€๋‹ˆ๋ฌด๋ผ ๋“ฑ์ด ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์—ฐ์Šต์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๊ฐœ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์‹œ์„ฑ(ๅฑฑ่ฅฟ็œ) ๋ฃจ์•ˆ(ๆฝžๅฎ‰) ์œก๊ตฐ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋ถ€์ž„ํ•œ ์œ ์•„์‚ฌ ์ผ„(ๆนฏๆต…่ฌ™) ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€(๋ณธํšŒ ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ, 2010 ๋…„ ์„œ๊ฑฐ)์€ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ์„ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์—ฐ์Šต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ์ผ๋ณธ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด 1945 ๋…„ ํŒจ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ณ , ๋ฏธํฌ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ํ†ต์น˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋งŒ ์ฃผ๊ตญ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ์ ๋ นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 2 ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์ ๋ น์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง„ ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ „์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋กœ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„œ์–‘ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์ด๋…๋ถ€๋Š” ์œ„์ƒ ์ œ๋„ ์ •๋น„๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์„ค ์„ค์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ถ”์ง„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์ด๋…๋ถ€ ๋ฏผ์ƒ์žฅ๊ด€์ด์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์ธ ๊ณ ํ†  ์‹ ํŽ˜์ด(ๅพŒ่—คๆ–ฐๅนณ)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ–‰์ •์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2-2๋Œ€๋งŒ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์›์ถฉ์ด ์ธ์ฒด์— ๊ธฐ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ์„ฑ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋†์—… ๋“ฑ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›๋ณ‘(้–‹็™บๅŽŸ็—…) ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์ด๋…๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์— ํž˜์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ 1930 ๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„, ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์œ ํ–‰์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ณก ์ฆ์‚ฐ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ํ˜ธ์กฐ๊ฑด์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๊ต๋ž€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด๋…๋ถ€์˜ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ถˆ์„ ์ง€๋ฅธ ํ›„์— ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ป๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2-3์กฐ์„  85

ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตญํ™”ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ 1907 ๋…„(๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ 40)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ์˜์›์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ์›์žฅ์—๋Š” ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ ์ด๊ฐ ์‚ฌํ†  ์Šค์Šค๋ฌด(ไฝ่—ค้€ฒ)๊ฐ€ ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋„์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์žํ˜œ์˜์›์—๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์ด ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด๊ฐ์€ ์žฅ๋ž˜์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์‹œ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ๋ณ‘์›์„ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ ์œ„์ƒ์‹œ์„ค์— ์ „์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์™€ ์œก๊ตฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์กฐ์„  ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋…์‚ฌ์ง„ ์•ˆ์— ๊ตฐ๋ณต์˜ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2-4๋ฏธํฌ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„ 1922 ๋…„(ํƒ€์ด์‡ผ 11) ๋ฒ ๋ฅด์‚ฌ์ด์œ  ์กฐ์•ฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์ ๋„ ์ด๋ถ์˜ ๊ตฌ ๋…์ผ๋ น ๋‰ด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์œ„์ž„ํ†ต์น˜ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ๋‚จ์–‘์ฒญ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋‚จ์–‘ํฅ๋ฐœ(ๅ—ๆด‹่ˆˆ็™บ)์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ์‹ฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์‚ฌ์ดํŒ, ํŒ”๋ผ์šฐ, ์–, ํŠธ๋Ÿญ, ํฌ๋‚˜ํŽ˜, ์•ผ๋ฅดํŠธ, ์•ˆ๊ฐ€์šธ ์ด 7 ๊ฐœ ์„ฌ์— ์˜์›์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ํ•œ์„ผ๋ณ‘ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ๋„ ํŒ”๋ผ์šฐ, ์–, ์‚ฌ์ดํŒ, ์•ผ๋ฅดํŠธ ๊ฐ ์„ฌ์— ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์ง€ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜์šฉ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2-5๋งŒ์ฃผ๊ตญ 1911 ๋…„(๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ 44) ๋‚จ๋งŒ์ฃผ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ(๋งŒ์ฒ )๊ฐ€ ๋ด‰์ฒœ(ํ˜„ ์„ ์–‘)์— ์ฐฝ์„คํ•œ ๋‚จ๋งŒ์˜ํ•™๋‹น์€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋™๋ถ๋ถ€ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์กด์žฌ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2-6๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๋Œ€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์ฒดํ•ด๋ถ€ ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์†์—๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ์ƒ์ฒดํ•ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ ์ค‘์— ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ์‹ ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘ํ•™์  ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถ์ง€๋‚˜์ธ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด ์ƒ์ฒดํ•ด๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๋Œ€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์ผํ–ˆ๋˜ ์žฅ๋น„๊ฒฝ(ๅผตไธ•ๅฟ)์ด 1942 ๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 43 ๋…„ ๋ด„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง„ ์ƒ์ฒดํ•ด๋ถ€ ํ›„ ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์‹ค์— ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ์†Œ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งค์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2-7๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ˆœํšŒ ์ง„๋ฃŒ ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๋Œ€๋Š” ํ˜„์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ํ•™์ด ์€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ํ‘ผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ง€์— ๊ต์›๊ณผ ์˜๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์„ฑ๋œ ์ˆœํšŒ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋‹จ์„ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ ๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งŒ์ฃผ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด๋Š” ์„ ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณต๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ํ˜ธ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋‹จ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ์ด ๊ธฐํš๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์˜๋Œ€์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ ๋“ฑ ์œ ํ–‰์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ์—ญ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1940 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 15) ์‹ ์ง•(ๆ–ฐไบฌ) ๋ˆ™์•ˆ(่พฒๅฎ‰)์˜ ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ ์œ ํ–‰ ๋•Œ๋Š” 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ๋Œ€๋กœ์„œ ์ถœ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๋Œ€์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๋ฐฉ์—ญ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2-8์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ ์ฃผ์ตœ ๋งŒ์ฃผ๊ตญ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆœํšŒ ์ง„๋ฃŒ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ˆ์น˜(ๆฏŽๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ่ž็คพ)์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋„์ฟ„ ๋‹ˆ์น˜๋‹ˆ์น˜(ๆ—ฅๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ่ž็คพ)์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ์ฃผ์ œ๊ตญ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ˆœํšŒ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋‹จ์„ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์—๋Š” ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1931 ๋…„ ์ œ 6 ํšŒ ์ˆœํšŒ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŒ์ฃผ๊ตญ ์„œ์—ญ์„ 50 ์ผ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ˆœํšŒํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด 8,691 ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2-9์ƒํ•˜์ด ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์ƒํ•˜์ด ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋Š” 1931 ๋…„ ์ƒํ•˜์ด ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ˜์ง€์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ํ™”๋‹จ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐฐ์ƒ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ์™ธ๋ฌด์„ฑ์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ํ•™๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ ๋ น์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์ƒํ•˜์ด์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์€ ์œกํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ์˜๋ขฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด ๊ตญ์ฑ…์— ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์ง์›์ธ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ์•ผ ์š”์‹œํƒ€์นด(ๅฐๅฎฎ็พฉๅญ)๋‚˜ ํƒ€์˜ค์นญ์Šจ(้™ถๆ™ถๅญซ)์€ ์ƒํ•˜์ด ์„ฑ๋‚ด ๋‚จ์–‘๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข… ์š”์›์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์—ญ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์ดˆ์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ํ•™๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2-10์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋„์ง„์นด์ด(ๅŒไปไผš)์˜์› (์žฌ) ๋„์ง„์นด์ด๋Š” 1902 ๋…„(๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ 35)์— ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ œ๊ตญ์— ์˜ํ•™, ์•ฝํ•™ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •์žฌ๊ณ„์™€ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์ผ์ „์Ÿ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ 4 ๊ฐœ ์˜์›์„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ›„๋Š” ๊ตฐ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 86

2-11๋„์ง„์นด์ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ ์ค‘์ผ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„, ๋„์ง„์นด์ด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ ๋ น์ง€์„œ ์„ ๋ฌด(ๅฎฃๆ’ซ)์˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์— ๋™์›๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„์ง„์นด์ด ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๋“ฑ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๋ชฝ๊ฐ•(่’™ๅฝŠ) ์ง€๋ถ€ 3, ํ™”๋ถ์ง€๋ถ€ 19, ํ™”์ค‘์ง€๋ถ€ 17, ํ•ด๋‚จ๋„์ง€๋ถ€ 5 ์ด 44 ๊ฐœ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋น„์•ฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์ง„์นด์ด์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ ์•ฝ์ œ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์›์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1942 ๋…„ 6 ์›”๋ง ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ง„์นด์ด ์ง์› ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1,455 ๋ช…์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2-12๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„-์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ 1941 ๋…„ ๋ฒ„๋งˆ, ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด, ๋„ค๋ธ๋ž€๋“œ๋ น ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„, ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์„ ์ ๋ นํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ๊ทธ ๋•…์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์ ‘์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์œก๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ • ์žฅ๊ด€์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์นด๋ฅดํƒ€ ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๋„ ๊ทธ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2-13์„ ๋ฌด ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ ๋ น์ง€๊ตฌ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ธ์‹ฌ์„ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์„ ๋ฌด ๊ณต์ž‘์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ง„๋ฃŒ(=์„ ๋ฌด ์˜๋ฃŒ)๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์น˜์•ˆ ์•ˆ์ •์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์ • ์ด๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ฐจ๊ด€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•œ ์ „๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2-14์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์˜ ํ•œ์„ผ๋ณ‘ ๋Œ€์ฑ… ๋Œ€๋งŒ์ด๋…๋ถ€์™€ ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•œ์„ผ๋ณ‘ ์š”์–‘์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ก๋„ ๊ฐฑ์ƒ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ณธํ† ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ž์„œ์„œ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ธˆํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•๋ฌด์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ต๋„ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‹ ์‚ฌ ์ฐธ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋„๋ง์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ง•๋ฒŒ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹จ์ข… ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๋ฝ์ƒ์›์—์„œ๋„ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋‹จ์ข… ๋‚™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฉ๊ณจ๋‹น์—๋Š” ์ธ์ˆ˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋‚ฉ๊ณจ ํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2-15๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ตฐ์šฉ ์œ„์•ˆ๋ถ€ 1937 ๋…„ ์ค‘์ผ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์—ฐ๋ง์ฏค๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ตฐ ์œ„์•ˆ์†Œ ์„ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์€ ์œ„์•ˆ์†Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์šฉ ์œ„์•ˆ๋ถ€ ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ‘ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ๋ณ‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์—ผ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์•ˆ๋ถ€ ์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์†Œ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3 ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋™์›๊ณผ ์ €ํ•ญ ์ด๋ ฅ์ „ ์ฒด์ œ๋Š” ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋™์›์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ ์ธก์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์ด ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜ ์‹คํƒœ๋ž€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 3 ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๋™์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ ํ›„, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์‹คํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋™์›๋œ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ, ํ•™ํšŒ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์„ฑ๊ธˆ ์ฐฝ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋™์›๋œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋™์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋žตํžˆ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์ต์ฐฌ(็ฟผ่ณ›, ๋ฐ›๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์ขŒํ•จ)์ฒด์ œํ•˜์— ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ๋น„์ธ๋„์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์นจ๋žต์ „์Ÿ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์ž, ์˜์‚ฌ, ์˜ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜ ์‹คํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋™์›๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ์‹(็”Ÿ ๆฎ–)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์—, ์ „์‹œ ๋™์› ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-2์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๋™์› ์ „์‹œํ•˜์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ๋Š” 1902 ๋…„(๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ 35) 4 ์›” ์ œ 1 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 3 ํšŒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์นญํ•ด, ์ดํ›„ 4 ๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐœ์ตœ, ์˜ค๋Š˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 12 ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ƒ์„คํ™” ์˜๊ตฌํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋˜์–ด 1948 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 23)์— ์กฐ์ง ๊ฐœํŽธ ์ค‘์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ค‘์—์„œ 15 ๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ๊ธฐ์— ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ๋Š” ์ œ 9 10 11 ํšŒ ์ด ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-3 ์ œ 9 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ(1934 ๋…„) ๋งŒ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ณ€ ๋•Œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์œ„์ƒ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์€ ์˜ํ•™์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ๊ณ ์šฐ๋‹ค ํžˆํ† ์‹œ(ๅˆ็”ฐๅนณ, ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ ์ด๊ฐ)์™€ ์ด์‹œ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ(็Ÿณไบ•ๅ››้ƒŽ, ์œก๊ตฐ ์‚ผ๋“ฑ ๊ตฐ์˜์ •)๋„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์˜ํ•™์ด ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์„ ๋†’์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 87

๋˜, ์ œ 12 ๋ถ„๊ณผํšŒ ์šฐ์ƒํ•™ํšŒ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ข…๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-4 ์ œ 10 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ(1938 ๋…„) ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ๊ฐ„์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ 10 ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํšŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ณ ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฏธ ์ง€์นดํžˆ์ฝ”(ๅฐๆณ‰่ฆชๅฝฆ)๋Š” ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ ์ค‘์žฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, 1941 ๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒจ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ํ›„์ƒ๋Œ€์‹ ์„ ๋งก์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-5์ œ 10 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ(1938 ๋…„)์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์‹œ ์ฒด์ œํ•˜์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ ์ œ 10 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ์—๋Š” ์ „์‹œ ์ฒด์ œํ•˜์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ ๊ฐ€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ ์™ธ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ๊ฒฐํ•ต ๋ฐ ๋Š‘๋ง‰์—ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ฒด๋ ฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๊ทผ์‹œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋งŒ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ง€๋‚˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ณ‘ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ผ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์—ด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ•์ขŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…๊ฐ€์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ, ๋‚˜์น˜์Šค ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ ์ค‘์žฅ ์˜คํ†  ๋ฌธ์ธ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ›„์œ ์ฆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๊ณ  ๋„์ฟ„์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ธ ์“ฐ์ฆˆํ‚ค ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์˜ค(้ƒฝ็ฏ‰ๆญฃ็”ท)๋Š” ์ค‘์ผ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ถ€์„ฑ ํ•™์ˆ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌํšŒ์˜ ์›์žํญํƒ„ ์žฌํ•ด์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํŠน๋ณ„์œ„์›ํšŒ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๋กœ์„œ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋‚ด์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ง€์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ํ”ผํญ์ž ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-6์ œ 11 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ(1942 ๋…„) ๊ฐœํšŒ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€๋™์•„ ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ œ์ฐฝ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตญ์ฑ…ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ถ„๊ณผํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ด์—ด(่€็†ฑ, ์—ด์„ ๊ฒฌ๋”ค), ๋‚ดํ•œ(่€ๅฏ’, ์ถ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ๋”ค) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ, ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณผ ์ด๋น„์ธํ›„๊ณผ, ์ €์•• ๊ฐ€์†์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ, ๊ณจ์ ˆ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ์ „์Ÿ ์ง€์—ญ ์ ๋ น์ง€์™€ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”ํ•œ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค 3-7์ „์‹œํ•˜์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ํšŒ(1) 1938 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 13) ์ œ 28 ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ ๊ฐœํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ตํ† ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž ์ด์‹œ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์Šค์Šน์ธ ํ‚ค์š”๋…ธ ์ผ„์ง€(ๆธ…้‡Ž่ฌ™ๆฌก)๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ดํ›„์— ์ผ๋ณธ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ์ถ•์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ 1941 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 16)์˜ ์ œ 31 ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์—์„œ ํžˆ๋ผ์ด ๋งˆ์‚ฌํƒ€๋ฏธ(ๅนณไบ•ๆญฃๆฐ‘) ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ ์ค‘๋ น(์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™๊ต์‹ค)์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ณ€ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ์ธ 1937 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 12) 7 ์›” 11 ์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1940 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 15) 7 ์›” 10 ์ผ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ „๊ตฐ์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1,886 ์ฒด์ด๋ฉฐ, ํŠน์ˆ˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐ˜์ด ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ 218 ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋žต 2,000 ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 1/10 ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” 200 ์ฒด์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต์— ์†ก๋ถ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ถ€๊ฒ€์ฒด๋Š” ์•ฝ 200 ์ฒด์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํžˆ๋ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์–ธ์€ 1989 ๋…„(ํ—ค์„ธ์ด 1)์— ๋„์ฟ„ ์‹ ์ฅฌ์ฟ ์˜ ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ 100 ์ฒด ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ธ๊ณจ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ 218 ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•œ ํŠน์ˆ˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹คํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ํ•ด๋ช…๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-8์ „์‹œํ•˜์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ํšŒ(2) ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ํšŒ ํšŒ์›์—๋Š” 731 ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋Š” 19 ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋Œ€๋ จ ์œ„์ƒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ถ€๋Œ€(๋‚œ์ง• ์‚ฌ์นด์— 1644 ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ)์— ์†Œ์†๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ๊นŠ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž, ์œก๊ตฐ ์ด‰ํƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฉด ์ด 32 ๋ช…์— ๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„๋„ ํ•™ํšŒ๋Š” 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€์ณ์„œ ์„ธ๊ท ์ „์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์žฅ ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฆฌ๋”๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-9์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏผ์กฑ์œ„์ƒํ•™ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏผ์กฑ์œ„์ƒํ•™ํšŒ(์ดํ›„ ์žฌ๋‹จ๋ฒ•์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏผ์กฑ์œ„์ƒํ˜‘ํšŒ)๋Š” 1930 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 5) 11 ์›”์— ๋„์ฟ„์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ด ํžˆ์†Œ๋ฌด(ๆฐธไบ•ๆฝœ)์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์กฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์„ ์ •ํ™”ํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ์˜์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•™ํšŒ ์ทจ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ฑธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™ํšŒ ๋ฐœํšŒ ์งํ›„์— ๋‹จ์ข…๋ฒ• ์ œ์ • ์†Œ์œ„์›ํšŒ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ์œ„์ƒ ์ง„ํฅ์˜ ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐํšŒ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์œ„์ƒ ์ „๋žŒํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ์ƒ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ๋ณ„, ๋ฏผ์กฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ธ ํ•™ํšŒ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-10์ผ๋ณธ๋‚˜ํ•™ํšŒ 1927 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 2)์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ๋‚˜ํ•™ํšŒ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜ ํ‘œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •๋ถ€์— ๊ฑด์˜๋‚˜ ์ง„์ •์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 88

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฑด์˜ ์ง„์ •์€ ํ•œ์„ผ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ด ๋Œ€๋™์•„ ๊ณต์˜๊ถŒ ๊ฑด์„ค์— ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œ์„ผ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋™ํ–ฅ์€ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฒŒ์จ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฆ์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‹์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1942 ๋…„์—๋Š” ์ˆ ํŒŒ์ œ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-11์ผ๋ณธํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅํšŒ์™€ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(1) ์žฌ๋‹จ๋ฒ•์ธ ์ผ๋ณธํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅํšŒ(์ดํ•˜ ํ•™์ง„)๋Š” 1932 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 7)์— ๋ฐœ์กฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ง„์€ 1937 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 12) ์œกํ•ด๊ตฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ณต๋Œ€์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ตญ ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ์ถœ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ด ๊ตญ์ฑ…์— ๋ฐ€์ฐฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์„ฑ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ณ„๋กœ 12 ๊ฐœ ์ƒ์„ค ์œ„์›ํšŒ(์˜ํ•™ ์œ„์ƒํ•™์€ ์ œ 8)๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ค์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ๊ฑธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํŠน๋ณ„์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน๋ณ„์œ„์›ํšŒ์™€ ์†Œ์œ„์›ํšŒ(๋‹ค์Œ ํŒจ๋„) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-12์ผ๋ณธํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅํšŒ์™€ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(2) 3-13๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„์™€ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ผ๋ณธํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅํšŒ ์™ธ์— ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ 3 ๊ฐœ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ง„ํฅ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1, ๋ฌธ๋ถ€์„ฑ ๊ณผํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ๊ต๋ถ€๊ธˆ ์ฆ์•ก ๋ฌธ๋ถ€๋Œ€์‹  ์•„๋ผํ‚ค ์‚ฌ๋‹ค์˜ค(่’ๆœจ่ฒžๅคซ) ์ฃผ๋„ ํ•˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฌธ๋ถ€์„ฑ ๊ณผํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์ด์•ก์€ 6~7 ๋งŒ์—”์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— 300 ๋งŒ์—”์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ฆ์•ก์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ต, ์œ ์•„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ๊ทผ์‹œ, ๊ธฐํ›„ ์˜ํ•™, ํ•ญ๊ณต์˜ํ•™ ๋“ฑ ๊ณผ์ œ์— ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธˆ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2, ๊ณผํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋™์›์œ„์›ํšŒ ์„ค์น˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋™์›์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•™์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํšŒ์˜ ์•ˆ์— ๊ณผํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋™์›์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3, ์˜ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๋ถ€์„ค 3-14์ „์Ÿ ๋™์›์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋Œ€์ฑ… ์‡ผ์™€๊ณตํ™ฉ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉดํ™”๋œ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋†์ดŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ ํŽธ์žฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ ์—†์ด, ์žฅ๊ธฐํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋™์›๋˜์–ด ๋ฌด์˜์ดŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌด์˜์ดŒ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1927 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 2)์— 2,909 ์ดŒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 1939 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 14)์—๋Š” 3,600 ์ดŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜์‚ฌ ๋ถ€์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์ด ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1 ์ž„์‹œ ๋ถ€์† ์˜ํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ๋ถ€์˜ ์‹ ์„ค ๊ตฐ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋Œ€์†Œ๋ จ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ƒ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  1942 ๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 2,700 ๋ช…, 1944 ๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 5,100 ๋ช…์˜ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ตฐ๋ถ€์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด 1939 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 14) ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ ์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ 7 ๊ฐœ ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฐ 6 ๊ฐœ ๊ด€๋ฆฝ ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์ž„์‹œ ๋ถ€์† ์˜ํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์„ค๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2 ๊ณต๋ฆฝ์˜ํ•™์ „๋ฌธํ•™๊ต ์‹ ์„ค ์ „์‹œ ์ค‘ ๊ณต๋ฆฝ์˜ํ•™์ „๋ฌธํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ 11 ๊ฐœ ์ง€์ž์ฒด์— ์‹ ์„ค๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3 ์—ฌ์ž์˜ํ•™์ „๋ฌธํ•™๊ต ์‹ ์„ค ์ „์‹œ ์ค‘์€ ๊ทธ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ง๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ์žฌ ์–‘์„ฑ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์˜์ดŒ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์–‘์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž ์˜ํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ 7 ๊ฐœ ์ง€์ž์ฒด์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-15์˜ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ „์‹œ ๋™์› 1939 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 14)๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๊ต๋ จ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™๋ถ€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€์—์„œ๋„ ํ˜„์—ญ ๋ฐฐ์† ์žฅ๊ต์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๊ต๋ จ์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ•์Šต ์ˆ˜์—…๋„ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ ๋‚ด ์œ„์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ฐ•์˜๋„ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•™์ƒ์œ„์ƒ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ํ•™์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ง๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ„ ํœด๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ ๋•Œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋™๋ถ๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ์— ์œ„์ƒ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ ๋ช…๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋†์ดŒ๊ฐฑ์ƒํ˜‘ํšŒํŽธ ํ•™์ƒ์œ„์ƒ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ณด๊ณ  ) 3-16๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ „์Ÿ์ง€์—ญ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ ์œกํ•ด๊ตฐ์—๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์ƒ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์žฅํ•™์ƒ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์กธ์—… ํ›„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ฝ”์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์˜ํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ ์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„์— ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ฝ”์Šค๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ถ€์†์˜ํ•™์ „๋ฌธํ•™๊ต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 1932 ๋…„(ํƒ€์ด์‡ผ 1) ์กธ์—… 1 ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1944 ๋…„ ์กธ์—… 15 ๊ธฐ์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์กธ์—…์ƒ 2,410 ๋ช… ์ค‘ ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กธ์—…์ƒ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ „๋ชฐ์ž๋Š” 335 ๋ช…์ด๊ณ  13.9%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-17๊ฑด๋ฏผ(ๅฅๆฐ‘) ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฐ•ํ™”์™€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์žฌํŽธ, ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐœํŽธ ํ›„์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ์ถ”์ง„ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฏผ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ค‘์ ์€ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ž ์œ„์ƒ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์žฌํŽธ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 89

โ‘  ๊ฑด๋ณ‘๊ฑด๋ฏผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์ ์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ํ™•๋Œ€, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์กฐํ•ฉ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ก ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์‚ฌ๋ช…์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…์‹œํ•ด ๊ฐœ์—… ์ œํ•œ, ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ทผ๋ฌด ์ง€์ • ์ œ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ง•์šฉ ์ œ๋„ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ข ์ผ๋ณธ์˜๋ฃŒ๋‹จ์€ ์ „์Ÿ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ‘์› ํ†ตํํ•ฉ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰์‹œ์ผœ ์ „๊ตญ์  ์˜๋ฃŒ ์กฐ์ง ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ •๋น„๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋„ ๊ฐœํŽธ๋˜์–ด ๊ตญ์ฑ…์— ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-18์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ด์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋ชจํ† ํ˜„ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์‹œ์ด์‹ ์ •์ˆ˜๊ธฐ, ๋ฐฉ๋…๊ธฐ, ์‚ฐ์†Œํก์ž…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฐ์— ํ—Œ๋‚ฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต์Šต ์—ฐ์Šต ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ํšŒ์›์„ ์ด๋™์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ 1942 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 17) ๊ตญ์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐœํŽธ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์—… ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด์ต ๋‹จ์ฒด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์ฒด๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ฑ…์— ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-19์ผ๋ณธ์˜๋ฃŒ๋‹จ ์ฐฝ์„ค ์ „์Ÿ์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ ฅ์ „ ์ฒด์ œ์— ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„ ํฌ์„ญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๊ตญ๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‹คํ˜„์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„๋„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์„ค ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜๋ฃŒ๋‹จ ์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜๋ฃŒ๋‹จ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์ฒด๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ฑ…์— ์ฆ‰์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ค‘์•™ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์†Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์„ค ๊ตฌ์ถ•๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ต ๋ณ‘์ƒ 10 ๋งŒ์ƒ ์ •๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-20๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋™์› ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ข…๊ตฐ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๋˜ ์ „์ง€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์ง‘ ์˜๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ์‹ญ์ž์‚ฌ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ถ€(๊ฐ‘์ข…, ์„์ข…, ์ž„์‹œ)์™€ ์œกํ•ด๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์ง‘ ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋น„๋ก ์˜์œ ์•„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์— ํ–ฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-21์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์˜ ์ข…๊ตฐ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์ค‘์ผ์ „์Ÿ ํƒœํ‰์–‘์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ถœ๋™ํ•œ ์ข…๊ตฐ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์‹ญ์ž์‚ฌ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ด 3 ๋งŒ๋ช…์„ ๋„˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์— ๋ผ์–ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ ์•ผ์ „๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋“ค ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ ๋ง๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ค‘์ฆ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทน์•ฝ์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ํฌ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒดํ•ด๋ถ€์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ž๊ฒฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ํ‘œ๋Š” ์ข…๊ตฐ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋งค๋…„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด, ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด 1945 ๋…„์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจ์ „ ์ „ํ›„์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€ ์†์—์„œ ์ข…๊ตฐ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-22์ „์‹œํ•˜์˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ 1930 ๋…„๋Œ€๋ง ๋ฌด๋ ต๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ถ€์กฑ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ œ๋œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐœ์—… ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ง€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ž…๊ถŒ ๋ฐ–์— ์ž…์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ฝ ์—…๊ณ„๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ (็”ฐ่พบ) ์ œ์•ฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์šฐ์„  ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํŒ๋งค์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์œฝ๊ณ  ๋งค์ถœ์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์‚ฐ์ฟ„(ไธ‰ๅ…ฑ) ์ œ์•ฝ์€ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „์žฅ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ง‰์ œ๋‚˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ข…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ฐค์—๋„ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋…ธํฌ๋ Œ(melanophoren hormone) ์„ ์ œ์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ์€ ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์•ฝ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋…์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์Šค๋ชฌ(SMON, subacute myelooptico neuropathy, ์•„๊ธ‰์„ฑ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์‹œ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ)์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํ”ผํ•ด ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ, ์›์ธ์ธ ํ‚ค๋…ธํฌ๋ฆ„(ใ‚ญใƒŽใƒ›ใƒซใƒ , chinoform)์˜ ํˆฌ์•ฝ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ 1939 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 14) ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์•ฝ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ค‘๋…์ž๋ฅผ ๋‚ธ ํžˆ๋กœ๋ฝ•์€ 1941 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 16)์— ๊ถŒํƒœ๊ฐ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์„ฑ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค์ด๋‹ˆํ˜ผ(ๅคงๆ—ฅๆœฌ)์ œ์•ฝ์—์„œ ์‹ ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์ฒ ์•ผ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งˆ์•ฝ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ค‘๋…์ž ์ฆ๊ฐ€์ฑ…์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋™๊ตฐ์€ ๋‚ด๋ชฝ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์–‘๊ท€๋น„๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์•„ํŽธ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ•€ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์˜์ง€์— ๋ฐ€๋งคํ•ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„ํŽธ์˜ ๋‹จ์†์€ ์ด๋ฆ„๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-23์ €ํ•ญํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž ์š”์ฝ”์•ผ๋งˆ ์‡ผ๋งˆ์“ฐ(ๆจชๅฑฑๆญฃๆพ, ์‚ฌ์ง„)๋Š” ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ‘ 1855 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ์†Œ์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 90

๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณต๋ถ€์— ์ดํƒ„์„ ๋งž์•˜์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ํฌ๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณต๋ถ€ ๊ด€ํ†ต ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์š”์ฝ”์•ผ๋งˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋„์— ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ดํƒ„์ด ๋‚œ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ „์„ ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์š”์ฝ”์•ผ๋งˆ ์‡ผ๋งˆ์“ฐ ์ Š์€ ๋‚ ์˜ ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ˆ์น˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ 1986 ๋…„ 11 ์ผ ์กฐ๊ฐ„) 3-24์ €ํ•ญํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ ์˜ํ•™์ƒ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์–ธ๋ก ์ด ๋ด‰์‡„๋œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ์ฐธ๋œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์นดํ•˜์‹œ ๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ฃจ(้ซ˜ๆฉ‹ๅฏฆ 1942 ๋…„, ํ† ํ˜ธ์ฟ ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ˆ˜)๋Š” ์ „์‹œ ์ค‘ 2 ๋ฒˆ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ๋˜๊ณ  4 ๋…„์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ฃ„๋กœ ํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ €์„œ ํ† ํ˜ธ์ฟ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ•œ ๋†์ดŒ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ์˜ํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„ - ์ด์™€ํ…Œํ˜„ ์‹œ์™€๋งˆ์„(ๅฟ—ๅ’Œๆ‘)์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์œ„์ƒํ•™์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ- ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†์ดŒ ๋ณด๊ฑด์œ„์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ ํ•œ ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ด๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ผ ์œ ์ด์น˜(ไปŠๆ‘้›„ไธ€), ์ธ ๋‹ค ์•ผ์Šค(ๆดฅ็”ฐๅฎ‰), ํ† ์‹œ๋งˆ ํžˆ๋กœํ† ์‹œ(ๆˆธๅถ‹ๅฏ›ๅนด) ๋“ฑ ๊ตํ† ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ํ•™์ƒ์€ 1941 ๋…„์— ํ›„์ฟ ์ดํ˜„ ์นด์ธ ์•ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ(็ฆไบ•็œŒๅ‹ๅฑฑๅœฐๆ–น)์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•ต ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ฒ€์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒํ™œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ด ์ง€๋ž€ํšŒ(่Š่˜ญไผš) ์žก์ง€ ์— ๊ทธ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„์–ด ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ• ์œ„๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์˜ฅ ๋“ฑ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-25์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜ ์‹คํƒœ ๋™์›๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ฑด๋ฏผ ์šด๋™ ์ค‘์ ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ๊ฒฐํ•ต ๋Œ€์ฑ…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ•ต์— ์ดํ™˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ 1940 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 15)์— ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์ฒด๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค (์ œ 1 ์กฐ)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒด๋ ฅ๋ฒ• ์ด ์ œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์€ ๋ฏธ์„ฑ๋…„ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒด๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์ฒฉ ์— ๊ธฐ์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง•๋ณ‘ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์˜๋ฌดํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-26์ง•๋ณ‘ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ง•๋ณ‘ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ฒด๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ ์ฒด๋ ฅ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์œก๊ตฐ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ ฅ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์— ํŠน์œ ํ•œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ํ˜„์ง€์กฐ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์„ ๊ฒฝ์‹œํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ํ˜„์ง€์—์„œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑดํ•˜์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์ง์„ ์งŠ์–ด์ง„ ํ–‰๊ตฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ์ฐธ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์ผ์ „์Ÿ ํ•˜์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ธ์˜ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•œ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ฒด๋ ฅ๊ด€(ไฝ“ๅŠ›่ฆณ)์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ•ต์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด๊ณ  X ๋ ˆ์ด๋„ 1942 ๋…„์— ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-27๋™์›์˜ ๋์— ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ ์ „๋ชฐ์ž์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„์‚ฌ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ ์•„ํ‚ค๋ผ(่—คๅŽŸๅฝฐ) ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘์ ˆ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ ์˜์–‘ ์‹ค์กฐ์ฆ์ด ์ผ์ƒํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฒด๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋กœ ์ €ํ•ญ๋ ฅ์„ ์žƒ๊ณ , ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์ด์งˆ, ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ณ‘ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ, ์ฆ‰ ๋„“์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๊ตถ์ฃผ๋ฆผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ฃฝ์Œ, ์•„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค ( ์•„์‚ฌํ•œ ์˜๋ น๋“ค ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ ์•„ํ‚ค๋ผ ์ €, ์•„์˜คํ‚ค์„œ์  2001 ๋…„)๋ผ๊ณ . ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์€ ๋ณ‘์ฐธ, ๊ธ‰์‹, ์œ„์ƒ์„ ๊ฒฝ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ตœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ ์ž‘์ „ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์˜ ์˜์‹์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตถ์ฃผ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ์žƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์ด ์—†๋˜ ๊ฒƒ, ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฒฝ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3-28 ์šฐ์ƒ ์ •์ฑ… ์ผ๋ณธ์€ 1940 ๋…„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์šฐ์ƒ๋ฒ• ์„ ์ œ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์šฐ์ƒ๋ฒ• ์ œ๏ผ‘์กฐ์—๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ฒ•์€ ์•…์งˆ์ ์ธ ์œ ์ „์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์†Œ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ž์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฑด์ „ํ•œ ์†Œ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ž์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์†Œ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹จ์ข…์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด๋ณ‘์ž ์กฐ์šธ๋ณ‘์ž ์ •์‹ ๋ฐ•์•ฝ์ž ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ๋†์•„์ž ๋“ฑ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ข… ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๋™์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ •์‹  ๋ณ‘์›์žฅ์ด ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ธธ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์šฐ์ƒ๋ฒ• ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์ œ ๋‹จ์ข… ๋‹นํ•œ ์ธ์›์ˆ˜(1941 ๋…„~1947 ๋…„) ๋‚จ์„ฑ: 217 ๋ช… ์—ฌ์„ฑ: 321 ๋ช… ํ›„์ƒ์„ฑ ์˜๋ฌด๊ตญํŽธ ์˜์ œ ๋ฐฑ๋…„์‚ฌ, 1976 ๋…„, p335 3-29์ „์‹œ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ •์ฑ… 91

์ด๋ ฅ์ „ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1941 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 16)์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ์˜์†์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ฆ์‹ ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๊ฑด ์ธ๊ตฌ์ •์ฑ… ํ™•๋ฆฝ ์š”๊ฐ• ์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์ƒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅํ›„ 10 ๋…„๊ฐ„์— ํ˜ผ์ธ ์—ฐ๋ น์„ ํ˜„์žฌ์— ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๋žต 3 ๋…„ ์•ž๋‹น๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์˜ ์ถœ์ƒ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ท  ๏ผ•๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ์šฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๋‹ค์ถœ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€์ • ํ‘œ์ฐฝ ์š”๊ฐ•์„ ์ฑ…์ •ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ž์‹์„ ๋‚ณ์•„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ‘œ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์•„ ๋ณด๊ตญ(็”ฃๅ…ๅ ฑๅ›ฝ) ๊ธฐ์šด์„ ๊ณ ์กฐ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด ์•„๊ธฐ: ์ž์‹์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์šฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ฐฝ์ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 10 ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์ž์‹์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์€ 1941 ๋…„์— ์ „๊ตญ์—์„œ 1 ๋งŒ 2000 ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ •ํŒ ์‡ผ์™€์‚ฌ 10, ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ˆ์น˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ, p150 3-30ํ•œ์„ผ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ์ „์Ÿ์€ ํ•œ์„ผ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•ํ™”, ์ƒํ™œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์•…ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1938 ๋…„(์‡ผ์™€ 13)์—๋Š” ์ฟ ๋ฅ˜ ๋‚™์ฒœ์›(ๆ —็”Ÿๆฅฝๆณ‰ๅœ’) ๋‚ด์— ํŠน๋ณ„ ๋ณ‘์‹ค ์ฆ‰ ์ค‘๊ฐ๋ฐฉ(้‡็›ฃๆˆฟ)์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์„ค ๋‚ด์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ์ž…์†Œ์ž์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ•์••์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ๋ง๊ธฐ, ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ฝ” ๋‚œ์„ธ์ด์—”(ๆฒ–็ธ„็œŒ ๅฎฎๅคๅ—้™ๅœ’)์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๊ณต์Šต์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๊ดด๋ฉธ์  ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›์žฅ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง์›์ด ์ง์žฅ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž…์›์ž๋“ค์€ ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋ถ€๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๊ณตํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋„๋ง์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ทน๋„์˜ ํ”ผ๋กœ, ์˜์–‘ ์‹ค์กฐ, ๋ณ‘์ƒ ์•…ํ™”, ์—ฐ์ผ์˜ ๊ณต์Šต์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋Š” 110 ๋ช…์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์†Œ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ”์ ์ด ๋‚จ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ฝ” ๋‚จ์ •์› ๋‹ด๋ฒผ๋ฝ ์ดฌ์˜: ์Šค์—๋‚˜๊ฐ€ 2009 ๋…„ 3-31์•„์‚ฌํ•œ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ํ‘œ๋Š” 1936 ๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1956 ๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์›์ธ ๋„์ฟ„๋„๋ฆฝ ๋งˆ์ธ ์ž์™€(ๆพๆฒข)๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ์žฌ์  ํ™˜์ž์ˆ˜์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ธ ์ž์™€๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ 1938 ๋…„์— ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด 1940 ๋…„์—๋Š” 21.9%๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋Š” 352 ๋ช…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1944 ๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธ‰์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ 1945 ๋…„ ์žฌ์ ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž 1169 ๋ช… ์ค‘ 478 ๋ช…, ์•ฝ 41%๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ธ ์ž์™€๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๋‹คํ…Œ์ธ  ์„ธ์ด์ค€(็ซ‹ๆดฅๆ”ฟ้ †)์€ ์‚ฌ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋น„์œจ์ด ํฌ๋ฉฐ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ญ์‹œ ์˜์–‘ ์‹ค์กฐ์™€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์žฅ์—ผ์ด๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‹๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์ •์€ 1939 ๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฃผ์‹์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰ ํ†ต์ œ, ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ณก๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ œ๋„ ์•„๋ž˜ ์Œ€ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ณ„์† ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ด 1945 ๋…„ 7 ์›”์—๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ 297 g(1,034 ์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ)๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ •์‹  ๋ณ‘์› ๋‚ด ๊ฐ๊ธˆ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4.์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ(๊ณ„)์˜ ์ „ํ›„ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ 73 1๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ผ๋ณธ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋™์›๊ณผ ์ €ํ•ญ ์„ ์ „์‹œํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋™์›๋˜๊ณ  ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ์กฐ์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด 15๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋“  ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋“  ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ด๊ฒƒ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 1๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ 3๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ „์‹œํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๋ฉฐ,์ „ํ›„ 67๋…„์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ๋„ ์ „๋ชจ๋Š” ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์œ„๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜(้†ซ)์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์— ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ „ํ›„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์–ด๋– ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ „์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4-215๋…„์ „์Ÿ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ๋ฉด์ฑ… 731๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด๋Š” ๋…์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „ํ›„ ์ „๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹จ์ฃ„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋Š” ์ด์‹œ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์žฅ ์ดํ•˜ ์ „์›์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฉด์ฑ…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ ๋ฉด์ฑ…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ข…์ „์‹œ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ํš์ฑ…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ตญ์ฒด ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ (์ตœ๊ณ  ์ฑ…์ž„์ž์ธ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ํšŒํ”ผ์™€ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ œ ์œ ์ง€) ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด,์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ์€ํ ๊ณต์ž‘์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ,๋ถ€๋Œ€์›๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•จ๊ตฌ๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ด์‹œ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์žฅ์€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ฌด๋ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ผ.๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฐœ์„คํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์จ์„œ๋ผ๋„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  92

๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋„ ๊ธˆ์ง€,๊ณต์ง์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์ผ๋„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ,์†Œ๋ จ๊ณผ์˜ ๋™์„œ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ด์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€(GHQ)์™€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์™€ ์€ํ ๊ณต์ž‘์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„์ฟ„ ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๋Š” 731๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์†Œ๋ จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ํ•˜๋ฐ”๋กœํ”„์Šคํฌ ์žฌํŒ(1949๋…„)์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ •(1956๋…„)์—์„œ 731๋ถ€๋Œ€์›๋„ ์ฆ์–ธํ•ด ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,๋ถ€๋Œ€์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋„์ฟ„ ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ „๋ฒ” ๋ฉด์ฑ…์ด ๋œ ํ›„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4-3731๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์ธ๋ฉธ 1945๋…„ 8์›” 9์ผ ์†Œ๋ จ์ด ์ฐธ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž,๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์€ํ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ 731๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์‹œ์„ค์€ ํญ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๊ณ ,์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋งˆ๋ฃจํƒ€ ์ „์›(๋ฏธ์กฐ๋ถ€์น˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฏธ ํ•‘ํŒก ํƒ€์˜ค๋ฅด๋‹ค ( ๆบ ๆธ• ไฟŠ ็พŽ ๅนณ ๆˆฟ ็‡ƒ ใ‚†,1991๋…„)์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด 404๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ€์Šค๋กœ ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์„œ๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์†Œ๊ฐ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋Œ€์› ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ ํƒˆ์ถœ ๋ช…๋ น์ด ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‚ฌ์—๋‹ค ์‹œ๊ฒŒํ•˜๋ฃจ( ๆœ ๆž ็น ๆ˜ฅ,๋Œ€๋ณธ์˜ ์ฐธ๋ชจ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ์ž‘์ „๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ž„)๋Š” ์ด์‹œ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์žฅ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4-4๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ฒ” ๋ฉด์ฑ… ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์นจ๋žต์ „์Ÿ์ด๋‚˜ ํƒœํ‰์–‘์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ A๊ธ‰ ์ „๋ฒ”์„ ์žฌํŒํ•œ ๋„์ฟ„ ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ 731๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋„๋งˆ ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.1946๋…„ 10์›”๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ํฌ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์„ธ๊ท ์ „ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ์‹คํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์†Œ๋ จ์€ 1947๋…„ 1์›”์— ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์ด์‹œ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ ๋“ฑ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ 3๋ช…์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์„ธ๊ท ์ „ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์˜ ์†Œ์ถ”๋ฅผ ๋ฉด์ฑ…ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์†์„ GHQ์™€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๋ฏธ์†Œ ๋ƒ‰์ „ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋…์  ์ž…์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ „๋žต ๊ตญ์ต๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1947๋…„ 8์›” 1์ผ ์ „๋ฒ” ๋ฉด์ฑ…์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ถ”์ธ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 12์›” ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์˜จ EdwinV.Hill๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ง๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๊ธด ์„ธ์›”์„ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์–ป์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠน์ • ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์—๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์•ก 25๋งŒ์—”์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ณด๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ,์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋„์ฟ„ ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ๋Š” 731๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ท ์ „์ด ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4-5ํ•˜๋ฐ”๋กœํ”„์Šคํฌ ์žฌํŒ(1949๋…„ 12์›”) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด 731๋Œ€์›์„ ์ „๋ฒ” ๋ฉด์ฑ…ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ,์†Œ๋ จ์€ ๋…์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๋กœ๋กœ์„œ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์›๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌํŒ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์˜คํ† ์กฐ( ๅฑฑ ็”ฐ ไน™ ไธ‰,๊ด€๋™๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€)๊ฐ€์ง€์“ฐ์นด ๋ฅ˜์ง€( ๆขถ ๅกš ้š† ไบŒ,๊ด€๋™๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ ๋ถ€์žฅ),์นด์™€์‹œ๋งˆ ํ‚ค์š”์‹œ( ๅท ๅณถ ๆธ…,731๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์ œ 4๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ท ์ œ์กฐ๋ถ€์žฅ),์นด๋ผ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ† ๋ฏธ์˜ค( ๆŸ„ ๆฒข ๅ ไธ‰ ๅคซ, ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ์ œ์กฐ๊ณผ์žฅ),๋‹ˆ์‹œ ํ† ์‹œํžˆ๋ฐ( ่ฅฟ ไฟŠ ่‹ฑ,731๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๊ต์œก๋ถ€์žฅ ๊ฒธ ์†์˜ค์ง€๋ถ€์žฅ)๋“ฑ 12๋ช…์ด ์žฌํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์€ ์นด์™€์‹œ๋งˆ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ท  ํญํƒ„ ์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฆ์–ธ,๋‹ˆ์‹œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฆ์–ธ,ํ›„๋ฃจ์ด์น˜ ์š”์‹œ์˜ค( ๅค ้ƒฝ ่‰ฏ ้›„ )์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ท  ์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฆ์–ธ ๋“ฑ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์žฌํŒ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณตํŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด 1950๋…„์— ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 738ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ž‘์ „์ด๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋™ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4-6์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ •(1956๋…„) ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 1956๋…„์— ํฌ๋กœ์ธ ์ „ ๋Œ€์›๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌํŒ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ „๋…„์ธ 1955๋…„ ์ €์šฐ์–ธ๋ผ์ด( ๅ‘จ ๆฉ ๆฅ )์ˆ˜์ƒ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „๋ฒ”๊ด€๋ฆฌ์†Œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ํ’€์–ด,ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์€ 5๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์‚ฌํ˜•์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ตœ๊ณ ํ˜•์€ 731๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋ฆฐ์ปค์šฐ( ๆž— ๅฃ )์ง€๋ถ€์žฅ ์‚ฌ์นดํ‚ค๋ฐ”๋ผ ํžˆ๋ฐ์˜ค( ๆฆŠ ๅŽŸ ็ง€ ๅคซ )๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์˜ ์ง•์—ญ 13๋…„์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด ์€์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ตญํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ ์ด์™ธ์—์„œ๋Š” 731๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์†Œ๋…„ ๋Œ€์›์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๋…ธ์ฆˆ์นด ์š”์‹œ์˜ค( ็ฏ  ๅกš ่‰ฏ ้›„,๊ตฌ์„ฑ ํƒ€๋ฌด๋ผ( ็”ฐ ๆ‘ ))์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ท€๊ตญ ํ›„ ์ค‘๊ท€๋ จ( ไธญ ๅธฐ ้€ฃ,์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ท€ํ™˜์ž ์—ฐ๋ฝํšŒ)์„ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ•ด,์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์ „์‹œ ์ค‘์— ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ฃ„์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ์–ธ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4-7ํ์Šˆ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ์ƒ์ฒดํ•ด๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ „ํ›„์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ํ์Šˆ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด(ํŒจ๋„ 1-21)์€ 1948๋…„์— ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ •(๊ทน๋™๊ตญ์ œ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์žฌํŒ)์—์„œ ์žฌํŒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ํ์Šˆ๋Œ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž 14๋ช… ์ค‘ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ˜• 3๋ช…,์ข…์‹ ํ˜• 2๋ช… ์™ธ ์œ ๊ธฐํ˜• ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ(1950๋…„)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐํ˜•์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์ „์›์ด ์„๋ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ๋ น๊ตฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ฒดํฌ ์งํ›„์— ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž„์ƒ์œ„์›ํšŒ ๋Š” ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์Œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ 93

์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์‹คํ—˜์— ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™ ๊ต์‹ค์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ํžˆ๋ผ๋ฏธ์ธ  ๊ณ ์ด์น˜(ๅนณๅ…‰ๅพไธ€)๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์šฉ์„œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๊ตณ์ด ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์šฉ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์‹œ์•ผ๋งˆ(็Ÿณๅฑฑ) ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž์‚ด ์ „ ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•œ ํŽธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด, ์˜ํ•™์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ( ๋ฌธ์˜ˆ์ถ˜์ถ” 19 57๋…„ 12์›”ํ˜ธ)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ์Šˆ๋Œ€ํ•™ 50๋…„์‚ฌ(19 67๋…„)๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4-8731๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „ํ›„ ์ƒํ™ฉ ํŒจ์ „ ์ „ํ›„ 7 31๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ 5 3๋ช…์€ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์›์€ ํŠน๋ณ„์—ด์ฐจ๋กœ ์žฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ๊ท€ํ™˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์›๋“ค์€ ์ด์‹œ์ด์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ์ง€์ผœ ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์€ ๊ณ ๋‚œ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ท€๊ตญํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ ์—†์ด ์ „ํ›„ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์›์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์•„ํ‚ค๋ชจํ†  ์ˆ˜์—์˜ค( ็ง‹ๅ…ƒๅฏฟๆตๅคซ) ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์˜ ์ฑ… ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค์ œ 731๋ถ€๋Œ€์—์„œ์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์œผ 4-9๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ (๊ฒฝ์ดˆ์„œ๋ฐฉ,1983๋…„)์„ ์ €์ˆ ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋„ ์ ์ง€๋งŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์น˜๋…์ผ์˜ ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์žฌํŒ ๋‚˜์น˜๋…์ผ์„ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตญ์ด ์žฌํŒํ•œ ๋‰˜๋ฅธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์žฌํŒ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ,๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ 12๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๊ณ„์† ์žฌํŒ( ็ถ™็ถš่ฃๅˆค) ์ œ 1๋ฒ•์ • ์ œ 1์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜์น˜๋…์ผ์˜ ๋น„์ธ๋„์ ์ธ ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์žฌํŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.23๋ช…์˜ ํ”ผ๊ณ  ์ค‘ 2 0๋ช…์ด ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฉฐ, ์˜์‚ฌ ์žฌํŒ ์˜ํ•™ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์žฌํŒ์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์€ 19 47๋…„ 8์›” 20์ผ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ,์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ธ ํ—ฌ์‹ฑํ‚ค ์„ ์–ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋‰˜๋ฅธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ๊ฐ•๋ น(ํŒจ๋„ 410)์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธก์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์€ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ด๋‹น ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ ๋‰˜๋ฅธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ์žฌํŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ 23๋ช… ํ•˜๋ฐ”๋กœํ”„์Šคํฌ ์žฌํŒ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ 12๋ช… ์‚ฌํ˜• ํŒ๊ฒฐ 7๋ช… ์—†์Œ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ด€ ๋‰˜๋ฅธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ๊ฐ•๋Ÿ‰ ์—†์Œ ํฌ์ƒ์ž์ˆ˜ 1300๋ช… ์ด์ƒ 3000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚˜์น˜์Šค ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ(731๋ถ€๋Œ€ ํฌํ•จ) 94

์žฌํŒ์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ๋‰˜๋ฅธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์› ์ฒญ์‚ฌ(์œ„)์™€ ์žฌํŒ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต(์•„๋ž˜) ์˜ค๋งˆํƒ€ ์นด์ฆˆ์ด์น˜๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜ 7 31๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋‚˜์น˜ ์˜ํ•™ ์ œ 3๋ฌธ๋ช…์‚ฌ 2003๋…„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ€ ์žฌํŒ์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ๋‰˜๋ฅธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์› ์ฒญ์‚ฌ( ์œ„) ์™€ ์žฌํŒ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต( ์•„๋ž˜) 4-10๋‰˜๋ฅธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ๊ฐ•๋ น 1.ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๋™์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.(์ค‘๋žต)๋™์˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์˜๋ฌด์™€ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ,์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.(ํ›„๋žต) 2.์‹คํ—˜์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ๋˜๊ณ ,ํ„ฐ๋ฌด๋‹ˆ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. 3.์‹คํ—˜์€( ์ค‘๋žต)๋™๋ฌผ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€,์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด ๊ณ„ํš๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 4.์‹คํ—˜์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณ ํ†ต์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 5.์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๋„ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ „์— ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. (ํ›„๋žต) 6.์‹คํ—˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ธ๋„์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. 7.๋น„๋ก ์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ž‘์•„๋„ ์ƒํ•ด ์žฅํ•ด ๋‚ด์ง€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ค€๋น„์™€ ์„ค๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 8.์‹คํ—˜์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.(ํ›„๋žต) 9.์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”,ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ณ„์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๋‚ด์ง€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ƒํƒœ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋๋‚ด๋Š” ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 10.์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋Š”( ์ค‘๋žต)์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์†ํ–‰์ด ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ•ด๋‚˜ ์žฅํ•ด๋‚˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ผ๋„ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋๋‚ผ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. TrialsofWarCrimina lsbef oreth enure mbergm i litarytr ibunalsundercontro lcoun cilla w10, U.S.Gove rnmentprintin goffi ce,19 50;Mi litarytribunalcase1,un iteds tatesv.kar lbran dt etal.,oct ober194 6-April1949์ธ ์น˜๋‹ค ํƒ€์นด์‹œ ์—ญ 4-11๋…์ผ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ช… ๋…์ผ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃ„ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…์ผ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๋ฅผ 194 7๋…„์— ์ฑ„ํƒํ•ด,๋‚˜์น˜์Šค์— ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (1949๋…„ 9์›” ์ œ์ถœ,1950๋…„ 1์›” ์ˆ˜์ •). ๋ช‡ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ธ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,๋…์ผ ์˜ํ•™์€ ์˜ํ•™์˜ ๋„๋•์  ์ „ํ†ต์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ ,์˜ํ•™ ๋ช…์˜ˆ์˜ ์งˆ์  ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ ,๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฐ ์ •์น˜์  ์›ํ•œ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ํ•™์„ ๋งค์ถ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.(์ƒ๋žต)์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ž˜ ๋…์ผ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์„ ๋ฐฐ์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—„์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งน์„ธํ•œ๋‹ค.( ์ƒ๋žต).๋…์ผ ์˜ํ•™ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์˜ ์ง์—…์  ์˜๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง์—…์  ์žฌํŒ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ์—„์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•œ๋‹ค.์žฅ๋ž˜ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ง์—…์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ•  ๋œป์ด ์—†๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.(์ดํ•˜,์ƒ๋žต) ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์žก์ง€ 1951๋…„ 7์›”,26๊ถŒ 1ํ˜ธ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‰˜๋ฅธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ๊ฐ•๋ น์„ ๋ฐŸ์€ ์„ฑ๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋…์ผ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐ€๋งน์ด ์ธ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4-12์ด ํ›„ ๋…์ผ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์นจ๋ฌต ๋…์ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด,๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1947๋…„์—๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ ์—†๋Š” ์˜ํ•™ (์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ๋ฐ‹์ฑ ๋ฆฟํžˆ/ํ”„๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ผ€,์นด๋‚˜๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์„ธ์ด์•ผ(้‡‘ๆฃฎ่ช  ไนŸ)์™ธ ์˜ฎ๊น€)์ด ์ถœํŒ๋˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ํ˜ธ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ‹์ฑ ๋ฆฟํžˆ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐํ”ผ ๋‹นํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋ชฐ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊นŠ์€ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์˜์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ,๋™์„œ๋ƒ‰์ „์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์—ญํ•™( ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค ํ‹ฐ๋ฅด ๋ฐ”์Šค์น˜์•ˆ,์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ์ผ€์ด์น˜(ๅฑฑๆœฌๅ•“ไธ€)์˜ฎ๊น€)๊ณผ,์ „ํ›„ ๋…์ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ณด์‹ ( ์•„์šฐ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ ์˜ K์นด์šธ, ํžˆ๋…ธ ์Šˆ์ด์ธ (ๆ—ฅ้‡Ž็ง€้€ธ)์˜ฎ๊น€,1976๋…„)๋“ฑ์ด ์ง€์ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค-๋‚˜์น˜์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์˜ํ•™ F ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋‚˜์น˜์Šค ์•ˆ๋ฝ์‚ฌ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋น„( 1989๋…„). ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ํ•„ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ํ™€์˜ ๋ถ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 95

์ด ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์น˜์˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”ํ–‰์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž,์˜์‚ฌ,๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ, ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ,๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ฐ ๋…ธ๋™ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ ˆ๋งํ•ด ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญ์  ๋˜๋Š” ๋„์›€์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์›,์•„๋™๋ณ‘์›,์–‘๋กœ์›, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์‹œ์„ค,์•ผ์ „๋ณ‘์›,๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์—์„œ ์™”๋‹ค.ํฌ์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ณ ,ํŒ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ฒ”ํ–‰์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ ๋‹ค. 4-13๋…์ผ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 60๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„,ํ•™์ƒ ์šด๋™์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ ธ ์„œ๋…์˜ ์ •์น˜,์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ทน๋ณต ์ด ํ•œ์ธต ๋” ์ฒ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ „์Ÿ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ธ์˜ ์ถ”๊ถ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‚˜์น˜์ฆ˜์— ๋™์˜ํ•œ ํ•™์ž,์˜์‚ฌ,๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์กฐ์ง,๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์ถ”๊ถ์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์„œ)๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” 1988๋…„์— ์„œ๋… ์ „๊ตญ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋•Œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜-1918๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 194 5๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋…์ผ ์˜ํ•™ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ „์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ด ์ „์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ฑ…(Ch.ํ”„๋กœ์Šค/G.์•„๋ฆฌ,ํŽธ)์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ด ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” 193 4๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1939๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ณด ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ํ†ต์ผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ ๋ณต๊ฐํŒ์„ ๊ฐ„ํ–‰ํ•ด,์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ํŒŒ๋ฌปํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ง๋ช… ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„๋„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‚˜์น˜์Šค ๊ฐ€๋‹ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๋…์ผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์† ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4-14 ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ฑค ํ”„๋กœ์Šค์™€ ๊ฒŸ ์•„๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€๋„ ์•„๋ž˜์— 1988๋…„ 11์›” ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.191 8๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 194 5๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋…์ผ ์˜ํ•™์„ ๋”๋“ฌ์€ ๋ณธ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š”๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1)์ œ 1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ๋…์ผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์˜์–‘ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ 2)๋ฏผ์กฑ ์œ„์ƒํ•™๊ณผ ์šฐ์ƒํ•™์˜ ๋Œ€๋‘ 3)์˜์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ด‰์‚ฌ(๋…์ผ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฒ•,1 926๋…„) 4)์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™ ์œ ์ „ํ•™ ์šฐ์ƒํ•™์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์นด์ด์ € ๋นŒํ—ค์ž„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ํƒ„์ƒ(192 7๋…„) 5)์œ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค ๋ชจ์ œ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ (1932๋…„) 6)๋‚˜์น˜ํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋˜ ์˜์‚ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ 7) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ ์ „๋ณ‘ ์•„์ด์˜ ์ถœ์ƒ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ(1933๋…„) 8)T4ํ–‰๋™(1 940~45๋…„) ์ƒ์กด์— ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช… ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ•ด( ์•ˆ๋ฝ์‚ฌ ) 9)๊ฐ•์ œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์—์„œ์˜ ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜ 10)์š”์ œํ›„ ๋ฉ˜๊ฒŒ๋ ˆ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ข… ์‹คํ—˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ œ์ž‘ 11)๋‰˜๋ฅธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ์˜์‚ฌ ์žฌํŒ 4-15ํŒจ์ „ ์งํ›„ ์ œ 12ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ(1947๋…„) 1947๋…„ 4์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ์ค‘์•™๊ณตํšŒ๋‹น์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ์ œ 12ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹จ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. GHQ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€๋ฌธ,์œก๊ตฐ๋ณ‘์› ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™์›๋˜์–ด์„œ,๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํ•™์˜ ๊ทผํ™ฉ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ ํ•™ํšŒ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์—ฐ์ œ๋Š” ์›์ž ํญํƒ„์˜ ์ž„์ƒ,๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ,๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์˜ํ•™ ๋“ฑ ์›ํญ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค, GHQ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ „ํ›„ ์ฒซ ์ดํšŒ์˜€์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ฐ€๋‹ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1947๋…„ 4์›” 1์ผ-6์ผ,์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ๋ฅผ 1๋…„ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•ด์„œ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด์‹œ ์ค‘์•™๊ณตํšŒ๋‹น์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ.3 5๊ฐœ ๋ถ„๊ณผํšŒ(์œก๊ตฐ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ œ์™ธ).๋‚ด๋นˆ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต์ค‘์œ„์ƒ๋ณต์ง€๊ตญ ์‚ผ์Šค ๋Œ€๋ น ์™ธ 10๋ช…. *๋ถ€ํšŒ๋‘(์‚ฌ์•ผ ์œ ํ‚ค์น˜)์ธ์‚ฌ ์ข…์žฐ ํ›„ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ถ€๋“์ด 1๋…„ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ ์ตœ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ๋™์ • ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์›๊ณผ ์ง€๋„์˜ ๋•๋ถ„. ์›์žํญํƒ„์˜ ์ธ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์ดํšŒ์—์„œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ ์ตœ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ์–‘ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ๋ถ€ํƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. (์กฐ์ง๋ฌธ์ œ) ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ๋„ ๊ทธ ํšŒ์น™์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ์„ค์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์™€๋„ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ . ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™์€ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์ถ”์ข…์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š” ๋†’์€ ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ํ•™์ž๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์ผ์–ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ œ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ˜„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. *ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ํ•ฉ์ฃผ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์ค‘์œ„์ƒ ํ–‰์ • ( ์‚ผ์Šค ๋Œ€๋ น), ์˜์–‘๊ณผ ์˜์—… (ํ•˜์šฐ ๋Œ€๋ น), ์™ธ๊ณผ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ ์•ฝ (๋ฐ”์šฐ์–ด ์ค‘๋ น), ์ค€์ „๋‘์—ฝ ์ ˆ์ œ๋ฒ•์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ์ ์‘๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ฒ˜์น˜ ( ์Šˆ๋ ˆ์ด๋” ์†Œ๋ น), 96

์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ (๋ณดํฌ ๋Œ€์œ„), ๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผ ์˜์—ญ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์™€ ๊ฐœ์š” (์กด์Šค ์ค‘์œ„) *์ฒซ๋‚ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ดํ‹€ ๋™์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ดํ‹€ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋ถ„๊ณผํšŒ ๊ฐœ์ตœ,๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 3์ผ์จฐ,4์ผ์งธ์— ์ดํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค *์ดํšŒ ์—ฐ์„ค ์ผ๋ณธ๋‡Œ์—ผ์˜ ์œ ํ–‰๋ณ‘ํ•™์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ (๋ฏธํƒ€๋ฌด๋ผ ์•„์“ฐ์‹œ๋กœ), ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ (์•„ํ‚ค๋งˆ์“ฐ ์‹œ๊ฒŒ๋ฃจ), ์‚ฐ์†Œ ํ™˜์› ์ ์œ„์ ์ธ ์žฅ ( ๊ตฌ๋ณด ํžˆ๋ฐ์˜ค), ์ž๋ฆฝ์ค‘์ถ”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ (๊ตฌ๋กœ์ฆˆ ํ† ์‹œ์œ ํ‚ค), ๋‡Œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ ์ „๋„๋กœ (๊ตฌ๋ฃจ๋ฉ” ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋ฃจ), ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์˜ํ•™์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ์›์žํญํƒ„ (๋‚˜์นด์ด์ฆˆ๋ฏธ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ), ์›์žํญํƒ„์˜ ์ž„์ƒ (๊ธฐ์ฟ ์น˜ ํƒ€์ผ€ํžˆ์ฝ”), ์›์žํƒ„์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ (๊ธฐ๋…ธ์‹œํƒ€ ๋ฃŒ์ค€), * ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹จ ๋‚ดํšŒ์™€ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ˆ๋‹ค ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ง„์ฃผ๊ตฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘์— ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐ๋ถ€์— ๋นŒ๋ถ™์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์˜ํ•™์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ๊นŠ์€์ง€์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค ( ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ ๋ฐฑ๋…„์˜ ๊ฑธ์Œ ์ œ 25ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก์œ„์›ํšŒ ํŽธ) *์ดํšŒ ์ „์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ฐ€๋‹ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์€ ์—†๋‹ค. *GHQ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€๋ฌธ,์œก๊ตฐ๋ณ‘์› ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํ•™์˜ ๊ทผํ™ฉ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ™•ํšŒ(์‚ฌ์•ผ ๋ถ€ํšŒ๋‘ ํํšŒ ์ธ์‚ฌ) 4-16์„ธ๊ณ„ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ์ž…ํšŒ์— ์ž„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ 1951๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ „์‹œ ์ค‘ ํ–‰ํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ ํ›„์— ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ž…ํšŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ ๋•Œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ช…์—๋„ ์–‘์ž์˜ ์ „์‹œ ์ค‘ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ(1949๋…„ 3์›”) 1949๋…„ 3์›” 30์ผ์— ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ์ฐจ ๋Œ€์˜์›ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์žฅ์ผ์น˜๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. "์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ธฐํšŒ์— ์ „์‹œ ์ค‘์— ์ ๊ตญ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ž”ํ•™ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋ฉฐ,๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅ๋˜๊ณ ,๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ•™๋Œ€ํ–‰์œ„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทœํƒ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์นดํ•˜์‹œ ์•„ํ‚ค๋ผ(้ซ˜ๆฉ‹ๆ˜Ž)์ผ๋ณธ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ 1951๋…„์— ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ(WMA)์— ๊ฐ€๋งน์— ์ž„ํ•ด WMA์— ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ช…๋ฌธ Attheannua1meetingofth ehouseofdelega tesofthejapanmedicalass ociation,heldonmarch 30,1949,t hefollo wingres olutionwasuna nimo uslypassed ; ThattheJapanMedic alas sociatio n,rep resentin gthed octorsofj apan,takesthisoccasio nto denounceat rocitiesperpetr atedontheene myd uringthew arperio d,andt ocondem nactsof maltreatmen tofpat ientswh ichareallegedandinsomeca sesknow ntohav eoccurr ed. ATakahashi,MD President TheJapanM edicala ssociati on ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐ€์ž…์„œ๋Š” GHQ์‚ผ์Šค ์ค€์žฅ,์กด์Šจ ๋Œ€๋ น์˜ ๊ต์—ด์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ฐœ์†ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ผ๋ณธ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ์žก์ง€ 24๊ถŒ 12ํ˜ธ,p1170 ๋…์ผ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ช…์€ ํŒจ๋„ 4-11 ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. 4-17 ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ์ถ”๊ถ ๋‚˜์น˜์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทผ์นœ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•™์‚ด๋‹นํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ›„๋ž€ํŠธ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜( ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•™) ๋“ฑ์€ 1970 ๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์น˜์Šค์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ถํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์žฅ์ธ ํ•œ์Šค ์„ธ๋ฒ„๋ง ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ์ด ์ทจ์ž„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค( ๋‹จ, ๋…์ผ ๋‚ด๊ณผ ํ•™ํšŒ๋‚˜ ๋…์ผ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” 2010 ๋…„ 6 ์›”์— ๊ทธ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์† ์˜นํ˜ธ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค). 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ํ›„๋ž€ํŠธ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” 731 ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์™ธ๋ฉดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ’ˆ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋”๋ŸฝํžŒ๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ถ”๊ถ์„ ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 97

1995 ๋…„ ํ›„๋ž€ํŠธ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์˜ํ•™ ํ˜‘ํšŒ ์ค€ํšŒ์› ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ 6 ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ 1. 1932 ~ 1945 ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ์— ์†Œ์† ๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰ํ•œ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„์  ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ์ฆ๋ช…๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ์†Œ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋งŒํ–‰๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ธํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—†๋‹ค. (3.4. ์ƒ๋žต) 5. ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์— 1932 ~ 1945 ๋…„์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 6. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ธ๋„์ฃผ์˜์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ด์œก๊ณผ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ์†Œ์† ํ•ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์†Œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ•ด๋ช…ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ์•ˆ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„œ ์ด ์•ˆ๊ฑด์„ ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์˜์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์€ํํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€์น˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ณ„์† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค 4-18 ์ผ๋ณธํ•™์ˆ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ์˜ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์˜ ํ™œ๋™ 1952 ๋…„ 10 ์›” 24 ์ผ, ์ผ๋ณธํ•™์ˆ ํšŒ์˜ ์ œ 13 ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ดํšŒ์— ํžˆ๋ผ๋…ธ ์š”์‹œํƒ€๋กœ( ๅนณ้‡Ž็พฉๅคช้ƒŽ), ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ ์š”์ด์น˜( ็ฆๅณถ่ฆไธ€) ์กฐ์•ฝ ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ๊ท ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธˆ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ” ๋น„์ค€ ์ด‰์ง„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋ฅผ ์˜์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ œ 7 ๋ถ€์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ํ† ๋‹ค ์‡ผ์กฐ( ๆˆธ็”ฐๆญฃไธ‰, ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์ž์™€๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™์žฅ, ์ „์Ÿ ์ „: ์ฟ„ํ† ๋Œ€ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜, ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค ์ด‰ํƒ), ํ‚ค๋ฌด๋ผ ๋ Œ( ๆœจๆ‘ๅป‰, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ๋ถ€ํšŒ์žฅ, ๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ์‹œ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์žฅ, ์ „์Ÿ ์ „: ์ฟ„ํ† ๋Œ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜, ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค ์ด‰ํƒ) ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋‹ค, ํ‚ค๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตํ† ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ด์‹œ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋„ํ•œ ๊ต๊ด€์ด๋ฉฐ, 15 ๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ ๋‹น์‹œ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ์˜ํ•™์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์ƒ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ „์‹œ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ๋น„์ค€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๊ธ‹ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์„ธ๊ท ์€ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„๋ฌด์ชผ๋ก ๊ทธ ์ ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์‹ฌํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค, ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ์€ ๋ถ€๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์€ ๋А๊ปด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฉด์ฃ„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ „ํ›„์— ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ ์ง€์œ„์— ์•ˆ์ฃผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4-19 ์ „ํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„๋Š” 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ( ์ œ 2 ๋ถ€) ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ „ํ›„์— ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋Š” ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ์žฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์ œ๋ชฉ(๊ตญํšŒ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์นธ์‚ฌ์ด๊ด€ ์†Œ์žฅ๋ถ„ ), ํ•™์œ„๋Š” ํŠน๊ธฐ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ํ•™ ์ œ๊ท  ์—ฌ๊ณผ๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ทœ์กฐํ† ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ.์ ์งˆ์— ๊ด€์ˆ  ์„ธ๊ท  ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ํ˜ธํก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ(๋…์ผ์–ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ) ํ•™์œ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™, ์—ฐ๋„ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด, 46 ๊ตํ† , 46 ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„, 46 ์ด๊ณผ๋Œ€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์šฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ตํ† , 46 ์ง€ํ›„ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ๊ท  ์ˆ˜์ค€์ธ ๋…์†Œ์˜ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋‡Œ๋‚ด ์ ‘์ข… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ท ์กฑ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ[์ฐธ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ: ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž/์นด๋‚˜ํ•˜๋ผ์ถœํŒ, 1980.10. FC14-93] ๊ฒŒ์ด์˜ค, 46 ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋ชจํ† , 46 ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ๊ท  ์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์“ฐ์“ฐ๊ฐ€๋ฌด์‹œ๋ณ‘์— ๋ฌผ๋ ค ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒŒ์ด์˜ค, 46 ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ํƒ€, 46 ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝœ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์‘์šฉ ์ผ€์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์ฅ๋ฒผ๋ก ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํŒŒ์ƒํ’ ํŠธํ‚ค์†Œ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์  ํšจ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ตํ† , 46 ๋„์ฟ„, 46 ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋ชจํ† , 46 98

์šฐํ•œ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์‚ด๋ชจ๋„ฌ๋ผ๊ท ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ, ์ „์ƒ์˜ ํ›„์œ  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฅ˜๋งน์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์—ผ๊ท ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ตํ† ๋ถ€๋ฆฝ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€, 47 ๋„์ฟ„, 47 ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ , 47 ์žฅ์—ผ๊ท ์˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ๋ณ„ ๋ฉด์—ญ ํŒŒ์ƒํ’ ํ•ญ๋…๋งˆ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์˜ ์ œ๋ฒ• ์žฅํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค๊ท ์˜ ๋ณ€์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ B.C.G.์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์•ผํ† ๋ณ‘๊ท ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒŒ์ด์˜ค, ๋งˆ๊ณ ์•ผ, ๊ฒŒ์ด์˜ค, ๋„ํ˜ธ์ฟ , ๊ฒŒ์ด์˜ค, ์ฒญ๋…„๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ต ์ฒซ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์ง€๊ฒฌ ๋ณด์œ  ๋‡Œ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์•ก ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ, 48 ๋‹ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ํƒ€, 49 47 47 47 47 47 4-20 ์š”์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ํžˆ์‚ฌํ† ( ๅ‰ๆ‘ๅฏฟไบบ) ์˜ ๋ณ€๋ช… ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ์ „๋ฒ” ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฌด๋ผ ์„ธ์ด์น˜์”จ(ๆฃฎๆ‘่ช ไธ€) ์•…๋งˆ์˜ ํฌ์‹ ๆ‚ช้ญ”ใฎ้ฃฝ ้ฃŸ ์— ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์…€๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. <์ค‘๋žต>๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž ์œ  ์˜์ง€๋กœ ์–‘์‹ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด๋‹ค. <์ค‘๋žต>๊ฐœ ์ธ์˜ ์–‘์‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ์„๊นŒ? <์ค‘๋žต>๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ „์‹œ ์ค‘์— ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ ๋˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „๋ฒ” ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์–ธ๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฌธ์ฑ…์„ ๋‹นํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์–ด๊ธ‹ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์š”์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ํžˆ์‚ฌํ† : ํฌ์ˆ˜ ํšŒ๊ณ , ์š”์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ์„ ์ƒ ํฌ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋… ํ–‰์‚ฌํšŒ, 1984 ๋…„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅ๋œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด์กŒ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ€๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๋‰˜๋ฅธ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตํ† ๋ถ€๋ฆฝ ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•™์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1978 ๋…„์—๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ ์‘ํ•™ ์˜ ์„ ๊ตฌ์  ์‹ค์ ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ›ˆ์‚ผ๋“ฑ์šฑ์ผ์ƒ(ๅ‹ณไธ‰็ญ‰ๆ—ญๆ—ฅ่ณž) ์ด ์ˆ˜ ์—ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์š”์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ํžˆ์‚ฌํ† ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ (ํŒจ๋„ 1-11)์— ์ „์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4-21 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ๋…น์‹ญ์ž(ใƒŸใƒ‰ใƒชๅๅญ—), ์•ฝ๋ฌผํ”ผํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—์ด์ฆˆ ๊ฐ„์—ผ โ‘  ์•ฝ๋ฌผํ”ผํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—์ด์ฆˆ(1989-1996) ๊ฐ„์—ผ(1998-2008) ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์•ฝ๋ฌผํ”ผํ•ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…น ์‹ญ์ž(ํ˜„ ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ๋ฏธ์ธ ๋น„์‹œ(็”ฐ่พบไธ‰่ฑ))๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ๋„ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์ถ”๊ถ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•ด ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ๋งก์€ ๋‚˜์ดํ†  ๋ฃŒ์ด์น˜(ๅ†…่—ค่‰ฏไธ€)๋Š” 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์†Œ์œ ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ท ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฑด์กฐ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์ œ์กฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ดํ† ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ 3 ๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„์ธ 1950 ๋…„ 9 ์›”์— ํ‚คํƒ€๋…ธ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ธ ๊ตฌ(ๅŒ—้‡Žๆ”ฟๆฌก)์™€ ํ›„ํƒ€๊ธฐ ํžˆ๋ฐ์˜ค (ไบŒๆœจ็ง€้›„) ๋“ฑ ์ „ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์›๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ผ๋ณธํ˜ˆ์•ก์€ํ–‰์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ˜ˆ์šฉ ํ˜ˆ ์•ก ๋“ฑ ์ œ์กฐ, ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋…ธ๋ž€ ํ”ผ(้ป„่‰ฒใ„่ก€)๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋งคํ˜ˆ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ„์—ผ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1964 ๋…„์— ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์‹ญ์ž์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ—Œํ˜ˆ ์ถ”์ง„์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ช…์„ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋…น์‹ญ์ž๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด ํ”ผ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ ๊ฒ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1968 ๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ „ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋„ ์ „ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜ˆ์šฐ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ด ์‘๊ณ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์žฌ ์ œ์กฐ, ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ 1977 ๋…„์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๊ฒ ์ œ์กฐ ์Šน์ธ์ด ์ทจ์†Œ๋œ ํ›„๋„, 1982 ๋…„์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์šฐ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์—์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•œ ํ›„๋„, ํ”ผ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๊ฒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ด ์‘๊ณ ์ธ์ž ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์† ํŒ๋งคํ•ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผํ”ผํ•ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—์ด์ฆˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4-22 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ๋…น์‹ญ์ž, ์•ฝ๋ฌผํ”ผํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—์ด์ฆˆ ๊ฐ„์—ผ โ‘ก ๋…น์‹ญ์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ œ์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ •์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ด, ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ณด์ฆํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์œ„์ƒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ(ํ˜„ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ)์—๋Š” ์ „ํ›„ ๋งŽ์€ ์ „ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์žฅ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ์š”์ง์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…น์‹ญ์ž๋Š” ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ๋ฏธ์ธ ๋น„์‹œ ์ œ์•ฝ์— ์ธ๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋™์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์œ„๋ฐ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—…๋ฌด ์ •์ง€ ์ฒ˜ ๋ถ„(2010 ๋…„ 4 ์›”)๊ณผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ฝ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์‹œํ—˜ ๋ฏธ์‹ค์‹œ(2011 ๋…„ 1 ์›”) ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ณ„์† ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ ์•ฝํ•ด ์—์ด์ฆˆ ๊ด€๋ จ๋„(์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ ์ผ„์ด์น˜๋กœ 2001 ๋…„ 5 ์›” ์ž‘์„ฑ) 4-23๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ‘์ˆ˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ–‰๋ฐฉ ๊ตญํšŒ์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ถ์€ ์ „ํ›„ ์งํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ณต ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์–ธ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 99

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1986 ๋…„ ๋ฏธํ•˜์› ๋ณต์›๊ตฐ์ธ์œ„์›ํšŒ ๋ณด์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์†Œ์œ„์›ํšŒ ๊ณต์ฒญํšŒ์—์„œ ํ•ซ์ฑ  ์œก๊ตฐ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตญ์žฅ์€ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” 1950 ๋…„๋Œ€๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์žํฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ธ๋ช… ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๆˆฆไบ‰ใจๅŒปใฎๅ€ซ็† ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ง„ํ–‰ํšŒ๋Š” 2009 ๋…„์ดˆ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฉ์œ„๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์™€ ์„ธ๊ท ์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ ๊ณตํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์š”์ฒญํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค 986 ๋…„ 9 ์›” 17 ์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•˜์› ๋ณต์› ๊ตฐ์ธ์œ„ ๋ณด์ƒ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†Œ์œ„์›ํšŒ ๊ณต์ฒญํšŒ์—์„œ ์ฆ์ธ ์กด H ํ•ซ์ฑ  ์œก๊ตฐ ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตญ์žฅ์˜ 4-24๋…๊ฐ€์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ(้บๆฃ„) ์ผ๋ณธ ์œก๊ตฐ(๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ด๊ตฐ)์€ ์„ธํ† ๋‚˜์ด์นด์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋„์—์„œ ์ง€์›Œ์ง„ ์„ฌ ์˜ค์˜ค์ฟ ๋…ธ ์„ฌ์—์„œ ์ดํ๋ฆฌํŠธ, ๋ฃจ์ด์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ, ํฌ์Šค๊ฒ ๋“ฑ ๋…๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์— ์ œ์กฐํ•ด, ํ‚คํƒ€ํ์Šˆ ์†Œ๋„ค(ๆ›ฝๆ น)์ œ์กฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „์„ ์— ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ท ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ์— 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋… ๊ฐ€์Šค์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์‹œ๋…ธ(็ฟ’ๅฟ—้‡Ž)ํ•™๊ต์™€ ์ œํœดํ•ด ์น˜์น˜ํ• ์— 516 ๋ถ€๋Œ€(๊ด€๋™๊ตฐ ํ™”ํ•™๋ถ€)๊ฐ€ ์„ค ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์ด ์œ ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋…๊ฐ€์Šคํƒ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2003 ๋…„ 8 ์›” ์œ ๊ธฐ๋œ ๋…๊ฐ€์Šค์บ”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์น˜์น˜ํ• ์—์„œ 44 ๋ช…์ด ๋…ธ์ถœํ•ด 1 ๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ•œ ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทธ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ ์žฌํŒ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…๊ฐ€์Šค ์ €์žฅ๊ณ ์˜€๋˜ ๊ณณ (ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆํ˜„ ์˜ค์ฟ ๋…ธ์‹œ๋งˆ) ์น˜์น˜ํ•˜์–ผ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋…๊ฐ€์Šค ํ”ผํ•ด ์†Œ์†ก 4-25731๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ท ์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ ์†Œ์†ก ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ 731๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์‹ค์ „ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์œ ์กฑ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ฃ„์™€ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌํŒ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.19 95๋…„์— ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ž ์œ ์กฑ ์นœ๋ž€์น˜(ๆ•ฌ๏คŸ่Š)๋“ฑ์ด,1 997๋…„์— ์„ธ๊ท ์ „ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž 180๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•ด ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฒ•์ •์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์žฌํŒ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ท ์ „์— ์˜ํ•ด ํฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,2 007๋…„ 5์›”์— ์ตœ๊ณ ์žฌํŒ์†Œ๋Š” ์›๊ณ ์˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ „์Ÿ ํ”ผํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ด ์ œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ,๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ „ํ›„ ๋ณด์ƒ ์†Œ์†ก๊ณผ ์ผ๊ด„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ํ˜„์žฌ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นœ๋ž€์น˜.๋‚จํŽธ ์ธ„์ง€์ž‰์ด 194 1๋…„ 7์›” ๋ชจ๋ž€๊ฐ• ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์–ด ํŠน์ด์ทจ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ 731๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ๋‹ค.19 95๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ฃ„์™€ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ด ์ œ์†Œ.๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ๋„ ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค(199 1๋…„ 8์›” ํ•‘ํŒก์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜). 100

5.์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์˜(ๅŒป)์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ์ œ 5๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ,์ง„๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•ด ์˜ํ•™ ๊ต์œก์—๋„ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1515๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ฐ€๋‹ด์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌใ‚ โ‘  ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ 15๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ฐ€๋‹ด์€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์‹คํƒœ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ช…์€ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ก 731๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋น„์ธ๋„์  ์˜ํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜,์„ธ๊ท ์ „ ๋…๊ฐ€์Šค์ „,์œก๊ตฐ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์—ฐ์Šต์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทœ์Šˆ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ด๋‹ค. โ‘ข ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜‘์กฐ ๋“ฑ ์ „์Ÿ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ฃ ๋น„์ธ๋„์  ์˜ํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜,์„ธ๊ท ์ „ ๋…๊ฐ€์Šค์ „์€ ์กฐ์ง์ ,์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ค ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๊ฐ€๋‹ด์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทนํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ฅ ์ธ์ข…์  ํŽธ๊ฒฌ,์šฐ์ƒ ์‚ฌ์ƒ,์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ โ‘  ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์€ํํ•ด ์†Œ์ถ”๋ฅผ ๋ฉดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ก์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ œ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์€ํํ•ด ์†Œ์ถ”๋ฅผ ๋ฉดํ–ˆ๋‹ค.. โ‘ข๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์˜๋„ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ค์ฃผ๋ฉด ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์žฌํŒ์—๋Š” ํšŒ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•ด,๋ฉด์ฑ…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์€ํํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ฃ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ™•์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•ด ํ”ผํ•ด์ž ์œ ์กฑ ๋“ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ฃ„,๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. โ‘ค์˜ํ•™๊ณ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ ,์ „ํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ๋Š” ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์žฌ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ฅ์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜ํ•™์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ฃ„ ํ™œ๋™์€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ”ผํ•ด์ž ์œ ์กฑ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. 5-2์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์  ์˜์˜ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ถŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์กด์—„์„ ์œ ๋ฆฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€?๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ž๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,๊ทธ๋“ค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹๊นŒ? ์ „ํ›„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์กด์—„์— ๊ด€๊ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์ƒํ†ต ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ?. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ ์—†๋Š” ์œค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์„ ๊ด€์ฒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 4์›”์— ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ์ œ 27ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ค‘ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜ํ•™ ์ „์‹œ ์‹คํ–‰์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ฃผ์ตœ ์‹ฌํฌ์ง€์—„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์œ„ํฌ๋ผ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋„ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠนํžˆ ์€ํ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์ง์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.731๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€๋กœ๋„ ๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ฃ„ ํ‘œ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋žต) ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ,์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ,์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€์˜ ๋Œ€์น˜์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ,์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Š˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ๊ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด,๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€์˜ ๊ณต๋ฒ” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ Š์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์‹œ์ผœ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์งˆ ํ•„์š”๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์€ํ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๋ฒ”์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ Š์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ด ์ฑ…์ž„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 101

5-3์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„๋Š” ์ „์‹œ ์ค‘ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ช…,๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 4๋…„์— 1๋ฒˆ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณต์‹ ๊ธฐํš์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์‹คํ˜„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” 1949๋…„ 3์›”์— ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ ๊ฒฐ์˜(ํŒจ๋„ 4-1 6์ฐธ์กฐ)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•๋ น ์— ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตํ›ˆ์€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•๋ น 2002๋…„ 4์›” 2์ผ ์ฑ„ํƒ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก ,์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์œ ์ง€ ํ˜น์€ ์ฆ์ง„์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์ค‘๋Œ€์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๋ฅ˜์• ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ด‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 1.์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ •์‹ ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด,ํ•ญ์ƒ ์˜ํ•™์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์Šต๋“์— ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ทธ ์ง„๋ณด ๋ฐœ์ „์— ํž˜์“ด๋‹ค. 2.์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ง์—…์˜ ์กด์—„๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ž๊ฐํ•ด,๊ต์–‘์„ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋†’์ด๋„๋ก ์œ ๋…ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3.์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•ด,๋‹ค์ •์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋งˆ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ,์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. 4.์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์กด๊ฒฝํ•ด,์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹คํ•œ๋‹ค. 5.์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ํž˜์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฒ•๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ์ค€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ•์งˆ์„œ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. 6.์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜์—…์ด๋ฉฐ,์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. 5-4๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถ”๊ถ ๋‹นํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์•…๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ํ™๋ชจ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ€๋ณ๋‹ค ๋Œ€์ผ๋ณธ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ ๋ฏผ์€ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ,๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋งน์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์กฑ (๊ตฐ์ธ์น™์œ ,188 2๋…„)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ ,๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์กด์—„ ์ธ๊ถŒ์€ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๋˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์—ฐํ•œ ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„,ํƒ€๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋ฉธ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์นจ๋žต๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ’์กฐ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ๋„ ์นจ๋žต์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋งค๊น€๋˜์–ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์—์„œ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์ธ๋„์ ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ํ›„ ๋‰˜๋ฅธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ๊ฐ•๋ น (1947๋…„,ํŒจ๋„ 4-10)์€ 19 64๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ—ฌ์‹ฑํ‚ค ์„ ์–ธ ์— ๊ณ„์Šน๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์›์น™ ์ด ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์ธํผ๋“œ์ปจ์„ผํŠธ(informe dconsen t)(๋‚ฉ๋“ ์ง„๋ฃŒ,์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณ‘์ƒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ)๋„ 196 0๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 70๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋งก๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ์— ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด,์ „ํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฐฉ์€ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 5-5์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ „ํ›„์— ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ๋น„์ธ๋„์ ์ธ ์ธ์ฒด์‹คํ—˜์ด๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž ํ”ผํ•ด,์•ฝ๋ฌผํ”ผํ•ด ๋“ฑ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์—…,๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์ถ”๊ถ ๋‹นํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ,์‚ฌ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ ,๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‹์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜์‚ฌํšŒ( WMA)๋Š” ์œค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด,๊ณ ๋ฌธ ๋“ฑ ๋น„์ธ๋„์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํƒ„ํ•ตํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๋˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋‚ด๊ณผํ•™ํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์ทจ์ง€์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์–ธ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ 15๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋‹ด์„ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ,์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ WMA๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ณธ ์„ ์–ธ 1981๋…„ ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ,๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ณธ์˜ ์ œ 34ํšŒ WMA์ดํšŒ์—์„œ ์ฑ„ํƒ ์„œ ๋ฌธ ์˜์‚ฌ,ํ™˜์ž ๋ฐ ๋” ๋„“์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค.์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์–‘์‹ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ–‰๋™ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด์™€ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ–‰๋™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์„ ์–ธ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šน์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ ์กฐ์ง์€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜นํ˜ธํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.๋ฒ•๋ฅ ,์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ–‰์œ„,๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰์ •์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ก€์ด๋“ ์ง€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅ ๋‚ด์ง€ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 102

5-6๋…์ผ ์ •์‹ ์˜ํ•™ ์ •์‹ ์š”๋ฒ• ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™ํšŒ(DGPPN)์˜ ์‚ฌ์ฃ„ ํ‘œ๋ช… ์ „์‹œ ์ค‘์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์™€๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…์ผ์—์„œ๋Š” DG PPN์— ์˜ํ•ด 2010๋…„ 11์›” 26์ผ์— 70๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์นจ๋ฌต์„ ๊นจ๊ณ  ์•ฝ 3,000๋ช…์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๋„ ์ง‘ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๋‚˜์น˜์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„๊ฐ„ 25๋งŒ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์ •์‹ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํšŒ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ถ”๋„ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์‹ ์˜ํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ํ•™ํšŒ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‹จ์ฃ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— "์‹œ์„ค์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ฃ„์™€ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฌธ ํ•™ํšŒ์˜ ๊ด€์—ฌ"์„ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์‚ผ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(์ž์„ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž๋ฃŒํŽธ ์Šˆ๋‚˜์ด๋” ํšŒ์žฅ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด์—ญํŒ ์ฐธ์กฐ) ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ๋นผ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. DGPPN์ถ”๋„ ์ง‘ํšŒ,์™ผ์ชฝ ๋์€ ์Šˆ๋‚˜์ด๋” ํšŒ์žฅ(2 009๋…„ 1์›”~201 2๋…„ 12์›”):์•„ํ—จ RWTH๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜, ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์› ์ •์‹ ์˜ํ•™ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์š”๋ฒ• ์‹ฌ์‹ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ณผ์žฅ,๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ์ด๋‹ˆ์•„๋Œ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๊ฒธ์ž„(์‚ฌ์ง„:์Šˆ๋‚˜์ด๋”) 5-7๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก ์ผ๋ณธ,๋…์ผ,์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™,์˜ํ•™๋ถ€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ,์˜ํ•™์‚ฌ,์˜ํ•™๊ฐœ๋ก ,ํ—ฌ์‹ฑํ‚ค ์„ ์–ธ, ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก ์‹ค์‹œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ•™๊ฐœ๋ก ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” 3๊ฐœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์˜ํ•™์‚ฌ,ํ—ฌ์‹ฑํ‚ค ์„ ์–ธ,์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ ๊ณ ,ํŠนํžˆ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” 10%์—๋„ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด,๋…์ผ ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ต์œก์—๋Š” 15๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์€ํ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ 80๊ฐœ ํ•™๊ต,๋…์ผ 30๊ฐœ ํ•™๊ต(2 007๋…„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ 2011๋…„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ํšŒ๋‹ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ง‘๊ณ„),์ค‘๊ตญ 107๊ฐœ ํ•™๊ต(์นจํ™”์ผ๊ตฐ 731๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์ฃ„์ฆ ์ง„์—ด๊ด€,์ค‘๊ตญ,2 011๋…„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ),์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€(๋…์ผ์€ ์˜์–ด,์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ํ•œ์–ด)๋ฅผ ์šฐ์†กํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐํŽธ ๋ฐ˜์†ก์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ค์‹œ. 5-8 ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ œ( ๆœ‰ไบ‹ๆณ•ๅˆถ )๋กœ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋™์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€์—์„œ๋„ ์˜ํ•™์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1999 ๋…„ ์ด ํ›„ ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ์‚ฌ์‹œ์— ์ „๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์—ญํ• ์ด ๊ทœ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์™”๋˜ ๊ธธ ์„ ๊ฑท๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ œ ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์‚ฌํƒœ ๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉด ์ž์œ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ–‰ ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„ ๋™์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„ ๋™์› ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์š”์  โ‘  ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ์ง€์ž์ฒด, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ถœ๋™ '์˜๋ฌด'์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‹  ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ก ์ž์œ„๋Œ€์˜ ๋ช…๋ น(๊ณต์šฉ๋ น์„œ, ๅ…ฌ็”จไปคๆ›ธ)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํ† ์ง€, ์‹œ์„ค, ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฑด์„ค ์šด์†ก ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์— ์ข…์‚ฌ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‚ฌ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณ‘์› ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์— ๋‘๊ณ , ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๊ฐ•์ œ ๋™์› ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋“ฑ๋„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ ๋ฌผ์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฒŒ์น™์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์œ„๋Œ€๋ฒ• ์ œ 103 ์กฐ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด ์ข…์‚ฌ ๋ช…๋ น ๊ณต์šฉ ์˜์„œ 5-9์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์— ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ค„์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ „์ฒด ๊ณผํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ(๋ฐฉ์œ„)๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์‹คํžˆ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ธ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€(์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™)๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ(๋ฐฉ์œ„)๋ฅผ ๋นผ๊ณ ์„œ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๊ธˆ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์—๋„ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜ํ•™๋„ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋Š” ์•„ ๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (ONR ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋„์ฟ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ) ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํ›„์— ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ•™, ํ™”ํ•™, ์˜ํ•™ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™ 3 ๊ฐœ์ƒ ์™ธ 57 ๋ช…์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์›น ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค ๋ฏธ ๊ธฐ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์œ ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„/๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ, ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ์‹ ๋ฌธ 2010 ๋…„ 9 ์›” 8 ์ผ 103

์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์œ ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๋จธ๋‹ˆ. ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ ๊ณ„์† ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจ๋ž„ ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ์‹ ๋ฌธ 2010 ๋…„ 9 ์›” 10 ์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ: WEB ์‹ ์„œ 5-10์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์˜ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ง„๋ณด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์› ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ํฌ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจํ™”๋œ ์กฐ์ง์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์šด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณดํ†ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์ง ์˜๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์ง ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊นŠ์–ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์˜ ์กด์—„ ์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ๋Œ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”, ๋‚จ๋ถ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ๋“ฑ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ด์ต์ด ์ƒ์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐ์ž‘์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹์ด ์˜๋ฃŒ์— ์‘์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œค๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช… ์œค๋ฆฌ, ์˜๋ฃŒ ์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด, ์œค๋ฆฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ ๋“ฑ ์กฐ์ง์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต ์œก ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ (์‚ฌ์ด์˜ค ๋“ฑ, ์ž„์ƒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 34, 2007 ๋…„) ( ๆ–Ž ๅฐพ ใ‚‰ ่‡จ ๅบŠ ่ฉ• ไพก 34) ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์—…์—๊ฒŒ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋งค์ฒด์—๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ๊ณ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. 5-11 ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณ„์†์„ 1 15 ๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์—ฌ, "์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตํ›ˆ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2 ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์— ๊ณตํ—Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตํ›ˆ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3 ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ฃ„, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œค๋ฆฌ ์„ ์–ธ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „ํ›„ ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋„ ๋นผ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. S ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์‹คํ—˜ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜ ์ž„์ƒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ์—†์ด ํ™˜์ž ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 5 ๋Œ€ํ•™, ๋ณ‘์› ๋“ฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ํ•™ํšŒ ๋“ฑ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ํ™˜์ž๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์˜ ์ฐธ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฌดํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™˜์ž ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ์กด์—„, ์ธ๊ถŒ, ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•„ ์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 6 ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ถฉ์‹ค ๊ฐ•ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 7 ์ž˜๋ชป์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์ž๋‚˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์–‘์‹ฌ์  ๊ณต ์šฉ๋ น( ๅ…ฌ ็”จ ไปค ) ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ (ํŒจ๋„ 5-8 ๊ณต์šฉ ์˜์„œ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ฐธ์กฐ)๋“ฑ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 8 ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ํƒ๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ฐ€๋‹ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ์— ์š”์ฒญํ•œ๋‹ค 2012 ๋…„ ๊ตํ†  '์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜( ๅŒป )์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ'์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์ถ”์ง„ ์„ ์–ธ ์ œ 28 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ๊ฐ€ 2011 ๋…„ 4 ์›” 2 ์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4 ์›” 10 ์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„์ฟ„์—์„œ "์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Š” ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ - ์ดํ•ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „ -"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , "์˜๋ฃŒ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ† ๋ก ์˜ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐํš๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™ ์ดํšŒ๋Š” "์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌ ํšŒ์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ง„๋ณด ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•™์ˆ ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒœ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ดํšŒ์—์„œ "์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ฐ€๋‹ด"์— ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ 35 ๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ๊ธฐํš๋˜๋„๋ก ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์‹คํ˜„์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ์ง„๋ณด ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ•™ ์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๋„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฆˆ์Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ํ–‰๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ๋ด„์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ† ๋ก ์˜ ์žฅ'์—์„œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ค‘์š” ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ „์Ÿ์‹œ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐ, ํฉ์–ด ์—†์–ด์ง๊ณผ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ณต๊ฐœ, ์€ํ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ์ „์Ÿ ๊ฐ€๋‹ด์˜ ์ „๋ชจ ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋„ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ์ ๋ นํ•œ GHQ (์—ฐ ํ•ฉ๊ตฐ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€)๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ ์˜์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ฌ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 104

์ „ํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์†Œ์†์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” 1951 ๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐ€์ž…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ "์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜ ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐํšŒ์— ์ „์‹œ ์ค‘์— ์ ๊ตญ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํญํ–‰์„ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ ์žฅ๋˜๋Š” 2 ~ 3 ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์ง„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ•™๋Œ€ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ๋‚ด์–ด, ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์˜๋ฃŒ(์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ ์œ ์ง€ ํšŒ๋ณต ์ฆ์ง„), ์ธ๊ถŒ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ๊ทผ์ ˆ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กด ์—„์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์กฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ณธ์—ฐ์˜ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋„์ €ํžˆ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ(๊ณ„)์˜ ํ’ํ† ๋Š” ์ „ํ›„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ๊ณ , ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ณผ์‹ค์ด๋‚˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํ”ผํ•ด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํฌ์ƒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„์—๋„ ์ผ ๋ณธ ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ (๊ณ„)์€ ์ „์‹œ์˜ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„์ธ๋„์  ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ 21 ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋‹ซ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค" (์™€์ด์ฏ”์ ฏ์นด, 1985 ๋…„)๋ผ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตํ›ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜์น˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋‚ด๋ชฐ๋ฆฐ 25 ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์ •์‹  ์žฅ์• ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ํšŒ์žฅ์˜ ์ถ”๋ชจ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋…์ผ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ์š”๋ฒ•์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™ํšŒ (2010 ๋…„ 11 ์›”) ๋ฐ "๋‹ค์–‘ ํ•œ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด์˜ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊นŠ์€ ์œ ๊ฐ์„ ํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์น˜์‹œ๋Œ€ ์˜ํ•™์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์šฉ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฒญ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ์–ธ์„ ํ•œ ๋…์ผ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ ์ดํšŒ(2012 ๋…„ 5 ์›”) ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ , ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋น„์ธ๋„์  ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ์ด๋‚˜ ์•ž ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋•Œ, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ•™ํšŒ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋“ฑ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 28 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ๋„ "๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋‹ซ๋Š” ์—์„œ ์•„์ง ๋น ์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒƒ ์„ ์œ ๊ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†์„ ๋†“๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ์€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋„์ฟ„์—์„œ "์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„"์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์‹œ์™€ ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ํ† ๋ก ์ž๋„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜ ์—ฌ, ์ „๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ์‹ฌํฌ์ง€์—„์„ ๋…์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐํšํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐํš์€ 2011 ๋…„ 3 ์›” 11 ์ผ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋™์ผ๋ณธ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ›„์—๋„ ์ด ๊ธฐํš์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 2015 ๋…„ ๊ตํ† ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ 29 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ” ๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•ด ์ด์‹œ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ 731 ๋ถ€๋Œ€์žฅ๊ณผ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์›๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ตํ† ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์‹ฌ ํฌ์ง€์—„์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐํš์„ ํ†ตํ•ด "์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜ํ•™"์„ ์ •๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ฐจ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋“ฑ์ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ, ๊ฐ ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•™ํšŒ์˜ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ์˜ ์ž์„ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ 29 ํšŒ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™(์ด)ํšŒ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ–‰ํ•ด ์ง„ ์ธ๋„์ฃผ์˜์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž”์ธํ•œ "์ธ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜" "์ƒ์ฒด ํ•ด๋ถ€" ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํš์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”์ฒญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ตํ›ˆ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ์˜๋ฃŒ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค. 2012 ๋…„ 11 ์›” "์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ถ”์ง„์œ„์›ํšŒ ํŒจ๋„ ์ง‘ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ•™์ž ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ "15 ๋…„ ์ „์Ÿ"์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ด๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ฐœํ–‰ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ์ž 2012 ๋…„ 10 ์›” 8 ์ผ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ถ”์ง„์œ„์›ํšŒ -------------------------------------------------- 151-0053 ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์‹œ๋ถ€์•ผ๊ตฌ ์š”์š”๊ธฐ 2-5-5 ์‹ ์ฃผ์ฟ ๋†ํ˜‘ํšŒ๊ด€ 6F ์ „๊ตญ ๋ณดํ—˜์˜ ๋‹จ์ฒด ์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ ๋‚ด "์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ถ”์ง„์œ„์›ํšŒ URL : http://avic.doc-net.or.jp ์ „ํ™” ( ไปฃ ) 03-3375-5121 ํŒฉ์Šค 03-3375-1862 -------------------------------------------------- (๋ถˆํ—ˆ ๋ณต์ œ) ็›ฃ ่จณ ่€… : ไปป ็ฅฅ ่ตซ ๅŠด ๅƒ ็’ฐ ๅขƒ ๅฅ ๅบท ็ ” ็ฉถ ๆ‰€ ๆ‰€ ้•ท, ่ท ๆฅญ ็’ฐ ๅขƒ ๅŒป ๅญฆ ๅฐ‚ ้–€ ๅŒป ้›ป ่ฉฑ ็•ช ๅท : +82-10-8774-5709, ใƒกใƒผใƒซใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒฌใ‚น:imkooro@daum.net 105

KriegundMedizin BegleitheftzurAusstellung FaktenunddieVerantwortungfurdieTeilnahmederjapanischen medizinischeninstituteam15jahre-krieg DiedeutscheVersion Übersetzer:KUBOSchun ichi 106

Ausstellung.KriegundMedizin undinternationalessymposium:kriegundmedizin ProspektüberdasHalten ZusammenmitderrasantenEntwicklungindermedizinischenWissenschaftundPraxis,diemanin dergen-forschungsehenkann,werdenhoherestandardsdermedizinischenethikerforderlich,dabei sollendiemenschlichewurdeunddasrechtdiegrundlagedafursein.wirmussenaufrichtigan diebisherigegeschichtederjapanischernmedizinischenwissenschaftundpraxiszuruuckdenken. VoralleminJapanmussenwirselberdasprufen, dassderjapanischearzteverbandundder japanische Verband der medizinischen Wissenschaften den Krieg unterstutzten und an den unmenschlichentatenwieexperimenteammenschlichenkorperodervivisektionen,dieu.a.die Einheit731machte,beteiligtwaren,undmansolldarausdieLehreziehen. WeildiedamaligenMaterialienundDokumenten,dieangeblichverbranntwurdenundverloren gingen,d.h.diesedokumenteimmernochnichtveroffentlichtunddamitverschleiertsind,ist diese Prufungsarbeitnichtsoeinfach. Wasdie Einheit 731 betrifft, hatdasdamaligeghq (HauptquartierderAlliierten)diebetreffendenMedizinerundArzteverhorteundsprachsiefrei, umdieforschungsergebnissezubekommen. Unter diesen Umstanden sagt man in der japanischen medizinischen Welt:.Alles bleibt unklar Alles schon erledigt oder. Tabu Und bis heute hat man sich damit nicht auseinandergesetzt,diesesaufdergrundlagederhistorischenmaterialienzuprufen. InDeutschlandistesganzanders.DerdeutscheArzteverbandhat1947dieTeilnahmeder deutschenarztewahrenddeskriegesverurteiltund1950eineerklarungabgegebenr.berliner Arzteverbanddannhat1988eineErklarunguberdieVerantwortungderArztefurdenNazismusund seineopferabgegebenunddasbuch.wertdermenschen publiziert.diedeutschegesellschaft furpsychiatrie,psychotherapieundnervenheilkunde(dgppn)hatbeiderjahresversammlungim Novermber2010eineGedenkstundefurdieOpferderZwangsubersiedlung,derZwangssterilisation undeuthanasieveranstaltet,dieimnamenderdeutschenpsychiatrieverubtwurden.undsiehat sichbeidenopfernundihrenfamilienentschuldigt,dassihreehemaligeorganisationunddie deutschenpsychiaterihnendieungerechtenschmerzengaba.manhatsichauchentschuldigt,dass manmehrals70jahrelangdietatsacheverschwiegen,bagatalisiertunduntergedruckthat,und hatversprochen,sichweiterhindamitzubeschaftigen. Wer aber vor der Vergangenheit die Augen verschliest, wird blind fur die Gegenwart. (Weizsacker1985).WirmussenvonderGeschichtelernenundunsmitdenobengenannten unmenschlichentatenauseinandersetzen.dasistfurdieentwocklungdermedizinundpraxis unbedingtnotig-imlaufeder60jahrenachdemkriegsinddiezeugenaussagederbetroffenen unddiedamaligendokumenteschwerzusammeln,alsomussenwirunsbeeilen.diezeitwirdimmer knapper. Um die auf die historischen Tatsachen basierende objektibe Forschung weiter voranzutreiben,sollenwirauchmithistorikern,bioethikern,historikernunddendamaligen Opfernzusammenarbeiten. JedersollsichmitderGeschichtederKriegsunterstutzungauseinandersetzen,abervorallem sollendiemedizinischenwissenschaftlerundmedizinerselberdasuntersuchenunddenburgern dasergebnisveroffentlichen,weildieartundweise,wiesiesichdamitbeschaaftigen,auch direktmitdemmenschlichenlebenzutunhat. Wirhabenbeider28.GeneralversammlungderJapanMedicalKongressmehrmalsvergebens gefordert, dass sich der japanische Arzteverband die Aufgabe geben soll, sich damit zu beschaftigen. WirwollendeshalbnundieZwischenerbgebnisseunsererUntersuchungalseineAusstellung veroffentlichen. Das ist eine Zusammenarbeit mit der Bibliothe des Noto-Friedensforschungsinstitut der Meiji Universitat. Und wir wollen zum Symposium den deutschenforschereinladenunddaruberdiskutieren,wiewir,japanerunddeutsche,unsmitder WirklichkeitdermedizinischenKriegsverbrechendurchdieMedizinerauseinadergesetzthabenund wasfureinelehrewirdarausfurdiemedizinischeausbildungunddiemedizinischeethikgezogen haben.diesesproblemistgeradeheutesehrwichtig,weildieentwicklungdermedizinauchdie WurdederMenschengefahrenkonnte,undjedersollsichdamitauseinadersetzen.Wirhoffen,dass die Leute, die diese Ausstellung besuchen, auch daruber nachdenken, die Wahrheit der Kriegsbeteiligung der japanischen Arzte und Mediziner am 15 Jahre-Krieg war und welche Verantwortungsiedafurtragensollen.DamitwollenwirzurVerbesserungdermedizinischenEthik injapanbeitragen. September2012 Forderungsvereinfurdie.Kriegund medizinischeethik 107

Einführung Am30.März1949beiderJahresversammlungderDelegiertengabderJapanischeMedizinische VerbandeineeinstimigeErklärung: DerJapanischeMedizinischeVerband,derdieÄrztevonJapanvertritt,nimmtdiese Gelegenheit,dieGreueltatenzuverurteilen,dieaufdenFeindwährendderKriegsperiode verübtwurden,unddietatendermißhandlungvonpatientenzuverurteilen. DieseAussagesagtabernichtsüberdieeigentlichen"Grausamkeiten."Ohneeinepräzise EinschätzunghistorischerEreignissekönnenwirnichtkritisierenoderjene "Grausamkeiten verurteilen. DieseAusstellungbietetMaterialienan,diesoweitentdecktenTatsachenzuidentifizieren, undgibtunsalsderjapanischenmedizinischeninstitutiondiegelegenheit,sichalsdie japanischenmedizinischeninstitutionenzubereuenundsichzuentschuldige.diese AusstellungdrücktunserenBeschlußaus,umniegegenmedizinischeEthikzuhandeln. DieseAusstellungbestehtaus5TeilenundeinergemeinsamenAusstellung: 1.HistorischeTatsachenüberdieVergehen,diewährenddesKriegesvonmedizinischen GelehrtenundÄrztenbegangenwurden. 2.JapannischekolonialeMedizinundPraktiken 3.MobilmachungderMedizinerunddieProtestedagegen 4.NachkriegszeitdermedizinischenWeltinJapan 5.UntersuchungderhistorischenTatsacheundEthikderMedizin 108

6.Gemeinsame Ausstellung: Bibliothek des Noto-Friedenserziehungsinstitut der Meiji Universität. 1-1HistorischeFaktenüberdieStraftatenderMedizinerundÄrztewährenddesKrieges Diese Ausstellung zeigt im 1. Teil die Tatsache, daß die japanischen Mediziner und Ärzte hauptsächlichinüberseeländernvom1932biszumkriegsendeimaugust1945insgesamttausende oderzig-tausendeleutealsgegenstanddermedizinischenexperimenteundübungrbehandeltenund ermordeten. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Praktiken stehen hauptsächlich das Ishii Network einschließlicheinheit731,organisiertvonshiroishiifürforschunginmilitärischermedizin unddenmilitärischenkrankenhäusernindenbesetztengebieten.einigeandereexperimentewurden auch bei berühmten Akademien durchgeführt, wie Manchuria Medical College und Kyushu Imperial-Universität. 1-2ShiroIshii ShiroIshiischloß1920dasMedizinstudiumanderKyotoImperial-Universitätab.DasVerbot giftigergaseundbiologischerwaffenvomgenfprotokollin1925inspirierteparadoxerweiseishii, umdaspotentialvonbiologischenwaffenzuerkennenunddieoberenrängevonderarmeeindie ForschungunddieEntwicklungsolcherWaffenzuveranlassen.1930kamIshiiausdemStudiumim Westenzurückundfingan,beiderjapanischenArmee,anderMilitärischenMedizinschule, AbteilungEpidemischerVerhütung,alsProfessorzudienen.MittelsderProduktionbiologischer Waffensollteerversuchthaben,nichtnurdenStatusderArmeechirurgezuverbessernaberein NetzwerkderForschungsinstitutionenfürmilitärischeMedizin,diediemedizinischenInstitute vondenkaiserlichenuniversitätenübertreffenwürde,auchzuschaffen. 1-3DasHauptquartierdesEpidemischeVerhütungsforschungslaboratoriumindermilitärischen medizinischenschulederjapanischenarmee 1931beganndieKwantung-ArmeedenMandschurischenVorfallunderoberteNordöstlichesChina. DieseEreignissegabenIshiieineGelegenheit,seinenPlanherauszutragen.ImfolgendenJahr, 1932,gründeteerdasEpidemischeVerhütungsforschungslaboratoriumbeiderMilitärischenSchule derjapanischenarmeeintokyo.esistdieseslaboratorium,dasalsdashauptquartierdesishii Networkdiente.DienotorischeEinheit731istzwardieHauptinstitutionfürExperimenteam MenschenunddieFabrikfürbiologischeWaffen,aberistnichtdasZentrumvomNetzwerkselbst. ManhatinderamerikanischenNationalbibliothekdie BerichtedesEpidemischen VerhütungsforschungslaboratoriumsderjapanischenArmee(Teil2) entdeckt,dereinemengeder ForschungsberichtedervielenÄrztedermedizinischenHochschulenenthält,dieanderEinheit 731undandenmedizinischenSchulenderjapanischenArmeearbeiteten. Juli1989wurdenausdemBodendesehemaligenVerhütungslaboratoriumsdieKnochenderetwa 100Menschenentdeckt.SiesindhauptsächlichvondenAsiatenundnachdemGutachtenderFachleute gibtesdagekünsteltebehandlungen.immernochheutewerdendieknochenausgegraben. 1-4TogoEinheitinBeiyinhe ZurgleichenZeitalsdasFundamentdesEpidemischenVerhütungsforschungslaboratoriumsgegründet wurde,gründeteishiiinbeiyinhe,einemschlechtendorfindernähevonwuchang,ungefähr70km (43.5Meilen)SüdostenvonHarbineineAbteilungfürdieWasserversorgung,diealsTogoEinheit genanntwurde.hierwurdenhautsächlichdieexperimenteandenchinesenausgeübt. 109

Yoshio Kurihara, der von 1935 bis 1936 an der Togo Einheit engestellt war, bezeugte nach dem Krieg, ein Dauerexperiment unter Satoshi Sugawara so durchgeführt zu haben, in dem nichts als Wasser erlaubt wurde. Das Ergebnis war so, dass man mit dem normalen Wasser 45 Tage, mit dem destillierten Wasser 33 Tage leben konnte. Die Leute, die das destillerte Wasser bekamen, baten vor dem Tod um das Wasser mit Geschmack. Jemand, der 45 Tage leben konnte, war Arzt, der "Zuo Guangya" hieß. Er war Intellektueller und nicht kein Bandit. 1-5BauderEinrichtungeninPingfang DieEinrichtungenvonderTogoEinheitinBeiyinhewarenungenugend,todlicheExperimentean denmenschenindergrosenmasebetrachtlichundheimlichzufuhren.undimseptember1934konnten 16 Leute fliehen konnten und das Geheimnis blos gestellt wurde, wurden die Einrichtungen geschlossenundderumzugnachpingfang,ungefahr15kmsudostlichvonharbingeplant. Die Burger von 4 Dorfern um Pingfang wurden mit Zwang ausgewiesen und da wurden das Hauptquartier der Einheit 731, die verschiedenen Labaratorien, das Gefangnis, der eigene Flughafen,dieQuartierfurdieFamilienderMitgleiderderEinheit(sogenanntesTogo-Dorf), QuartierfurdiejungenMitglieder,dasKraftwerkfurdieHeizung:diegigantischenEinritungen furdieforschungundfabrikderbiologischenwaffe. Hierwohnten1942mehrals3,000dieEinheit731-MitgliederundihreFamilien. EineGesamtsummevon80Quatratkilometer,diedieEinrichtungenvonPingfangumgaben,wurden einebesonderemilitarischezonebezeichnet.die6quatratkilometerumdashauptquartierwurden deutlich von einer Schlammmauer eingeschlossen, hohe Spannung telegraphiert, und ein Wassergraben. Das Gebaude, das als dasexperimentelle Forschungsinstitution und Fabrik der biologischenwaffenundalsdasoberhauptfunktionierte,wurdero-hausnachseinerformgerufen. (ro).menschlichethemenwurdenindenzweibesonderengefangnissenbehalten,dieinsviereck desgebaudesgesetztwurden,damit,auchwennsieausdengefangnissenherauskommenkonnten, SienichtausdemTeildesKomplexesherauskommenkonnten. 1-6ZweigstellederEinheit731 Einheit 731 selbst hatte 150 Km nordwestlich von Harbin, in Anda und Hailar die Feldversuchungsgelande.UndimDezember1940wurdennachdemMilitarbefehlweitere4Zweifstellen gegrundet:inmudanjiang,linkou,sunwuundheilar.diesezweigstellenlagenanderrussischen GrenzeundwarenfurdenKrieggegenRussland.Alsowurden5Zweigstellen(einschlieslichDalian). 1-7.BesonderesUbertragungsverfahren der.maruta UnterderEinheit731wurdendieOpferderExperimenteamMenschenwurdenMmaruta (Baumstamme) gerufen.chirurgmajorkiyoshikawashima,oberhauptderproduktionsabteilung,gabzu,alser aufdemmilitargerichtvondersowjetunion(khabarovsk-gericht)verhortwurde,dassogarfrauen undkinderindenbesonderengefangnisseneingekerkertwordenwaren. Diese Leute wurden von der militarischen Polizei gebracht und dieses Verfahren als.besonderesubertragungsverfahren genannt,ummenschenthemenzubeschaffenundzureinheit 731zuschicken.UngefahrKawashimazufolgewurdenzurEinheitalsexperimentelleMaterialien 400bis600LeuteproJahrubergebenundwurdenbiszurNiederlagewenigstensbiszu3000Leute in5jahrengebracht;niemanduberlebte. 1-8DieStrukuturderEinheit731 DerKommandeurderEinheit731warmeistensShiroIshii,abervomAugust1942biszumMarz1945 warmasajikitanokommandeur,aberdanachbisaugust1945warwiederishiiimamt. DieEinheit731bestehtaus8Abteilung,zumZentrumderEinheitgehorendie1.,die2.,die 3.unddie4.Abteilung. InsRO-Gebaudewarendie1.AbteilungfurdieBakterienforschung(Leiter:HitoshiKikuchi) unddie4.abteilungfurdieproduktionderbakterien(leiter:kiyoshikawashima)untergebracht, aberdie1.abteilungbestehtausmehrals10kleinerensektionen,dienachderartderbakterien geteilitwaren. Die4.Abteilungkonnte,nachderAussagevonKiyzoshiKawashima)in4Monaten300kgPest, 800s900kgTypund1000kgCholeraproduzieren.DiehierhergestelltenPest-Bakterienwurden tatsachlichindenmehrals10gebieteninchinaumhergestreut. Die2.Abteilung(Leiter:SumiOota)wardieAbteilungfurdendenwirklichenEinsatzund zuderdiepflanzenvernichtungsforschung((zukimasazagisawa),insektenforschung(hideotanaka) unddieflugforschung(mihomasuda)gehorten.dieflohen,diedenpestanstecken,wurdenhier gezuchtet. 110

Die3.Abteilung(Leiter:ToyoyoshiEguchi)stelltedieWasserfiltergeratvonIshii-Methode her.dieseabteilunglagnebendemmilitarkrankenhausinharbin,umsichdenanscheinzugeben, alsobdieeinheit731einorganisationderwasserversorgungfurdieepidemiepraventionware. aberinderwahrheitwurdehierdiebakterien(pest)-bombeausdemkeramik-behalterhergestellt. Auserdem gab es hier die Abteilungen fur die Ausbildung, Allgemeine Angelegenheiten, MaterialienundMedizinischeUntersuchung.InderAbteilungfurMedizinischeUntersuchungwurden nichtnurdieeinheit-mitgliederuntersucht,sonderndieexperimentevon"maruta"ammenschen ausgefuhrt. 1-9EntwicklungderpestinfektiosenBombendurchdieEinheit731 Als die effentivste biologische Waffe entwicklete die Einheit 731 die Pestbombe. Deshalb entwickeltedieeinheit731einemethode,durchdiediebakteriennichtdirektaußerspannweite aufgelöstwerden,indemmanihrevektoreninfiziert,flöhe,unddaszerstreuenvonihnenüber MatratzenoderdasFüllenvonKeramikbombenmitsolcheninfiziertenFlöhengemachtwird.Norbert H.Fell,dernachdemKriegdiedieEiheit-Mitgliederverhörte,berichteteinseinemBerichtvom 30.Juni1947folgendermaßen: "ZiemlichvielArbeitwurdefürdieMethidenentwicklungvomZüchtenvonFlöhenunddem InfizierenvonihnendurchRattengemacht.Eswurdegefunden,daßdieseFlöheungefähr30Tage langunterdenbestenbedingungenüberlebtundwarinfectivfürdieselängederzeit.eswurde auchgefunden,daßeinflohbißpropersonnormalerweiseinfektionverursachte.eswurdeauch gefunden,daß,wennthemensichfreiineinemzimmerbewegten,dasproquadratischermetereine Konzentration von 20 Flöhen enthält, 6 von 10 Themen wurden engesteckt und 4 sind gestorben."(fell-bericht). DiemeistenBakterien,dietatsächlichinChinazerstreutwurden,warendiesePest-Flöhen. 1-10WirkunstestderPestbakterien YoshioShinozuka(geboren.Tamura)warderehemaligeJuniormitgliedderEinheit731undschreibt überdieexperimenteammenschenmitderpestunddemimpfstofffolgendermaßen: "AuchinderKarasawa-SektionwurdenimNamedesGifttestdieExperimenteamMenschenund dievivisektionenausgeführt. DiehesgestelltenBakterienmüssenansteckungsfähigseinund tödlichsein,sonstkonntenwirdasnichtgebrauchen.wirversuchten,tödlichebakterienzu entwickeln.normalerweisewurdedaserstmitdenmäusengetestet,aberumschnellundeinfach zumachen,wurdendieversucheammenschenausgeführt.damithabeich5menschengetötet.das warindersonderabteilung.unterdenbaukomplexvomrogabeszweistöckigegebäude,bau7und 8,indenenesObduktionszimmer.WirhabendasimLaborimGebäude8gemacht." 1-11ErfrierungsexperimentederEinheit731 HisatoYoshimuraführtedieErfrierungsexperimenteinEinheit731von1938zurNiederlagein 1945.SeineExperimente,indenendieGliedermenschlicherThemenkünstlichgefrorenwaren,waren grausam. In1941beieinerVersammlungdesHarbin-ZweigesdesMandschureiMedizinischenVerbandes hältyoshimuraeinenvortragüberdasergebnisvonseinerforschungundpräsentierteinengraphen, derdieänderunginderhauttemperaturunddasvolumenderfingerwährenddererstarrungder Fingeraufzeichnet. YoshimuraveröffentlichtenachdemdemKriegdenähnlichenTatbestandineinemPapierin EnglischundaberstehtdortdasDiagrammnicht,dasursprünglichinseinemVortragstandund dieergebnissevoneinemexperimentaneinem3-tagaltensäuglingzeigte.dasdiagrammzeigte eindeutigdasfrierenvondenfingerndeskindes. 1-12ExperimenteanbiologischenWaffen"Anthrax"vonEinheit731 N.H..FellerstattetüberverschiedeneExperimenteanbiologischenWaffeneinenausführlichen BerichtvomJuni1947. "IndenmeistenFällenwurdendiemenschlichenThemenanEinsätzegebundenundwurdenmit HelmenundKörperpanzergeschützt.DieBombenverschiedenerArtenwurdenstatischgesprengt, odermitzeitzündern,nachdemsieausflugzeugabgeworfenwurden." "6von10Themenentwickelteneinenbestimmtenbacteremia,und4vondiesenwurdenbetrachtet, vonderrespiratorischenstreckeinfiziertwordenzusein;allevierdieserletztenthemenstarben. AberdiesevierThemenwarennur25Metervondernächstenvonden9Bomben,dieineinerSalve 111

gesprengtwurden. 1-13 Experimentedesepidemischenhemorrhagic-Fiebers Shiro Kasahara, der zu Einheit 731 vom Kitasato-Institut ging, veröffentlichtezusammenmitdemeinheit731kommandantmasajikitanu.a. 1944 einen Artikel und isolierte den Agenten epidemischenhemorrhagic-fiebers. Hemorrhagic-Fieber war im nordöstlichen China an der Grenze zu Sowietunion verbreitet und auch Son Go-Fieber genannt. Kasahara selbst sagte nach demkrieg zu, dass erdieexperimenteammenschenunddievivisektionenverübte. Und Naeo Ikeda schreibt in senem Bericht "Forschungsergebnis der Experimente überhemorrhagic-fieber", dass er dieangsetecktenflöheaufdenbauchdes Maruyama gelegt und die Krankheitausbrechenließ. 112

1-14VerbreitungderWasserversorgungsabteilungfürEpidemieprävention DieWasserversorgungsabteilungfürEpidemiepräventionwieinEinheit731inHarbinwurdeüberall inchinagegründet, bis1940inpejing(abteilung1855), Nanjing(Abteilung1644), und Guandong(Anteilung8604). DieseAbteilungenstandenunterdemKommandojeweilsderNordchinaarmee,Mittelchinaarmee undsüdchinaarmee,wieeinheitunterderkwantung-armee.diesewasserversorgungsabteilungenfür Epidemieprävention haben einige oder mehr als zehn Zweige unter sich, die auch mit dem MilitörkrankenhausoderdemDojinkai-Krankenhausodermitdermandschurischenmedizinischen Hochschulezusammenarbeiteten.SolcherweisewurdendieOrganisaitonenfürdenbiologischenKrieg gegründet,dieabermiteniheit731menschlichundmateriellengverbundenundnichtnurishii sondernauchdiemitgliederdereinheit731besuchtenregelmäßigdieseabteilungeninchina.der biologischekriegderjapanischenarmeewurdevondiesenabteilungen,vorallemabteilung1644 vonnanjingausgeführt,mitdenbakterien,dieineinheit731produziertwurden. Als die japanische Armee besetzte Februar 1942 Singapur und gründete sofort die WasserversorgungsabteilungfürEpidemieprävention(Abteilung9420),zuderRyoichiNaitooder AkioKihoinausPingfanggeschicktwurden,umdortdieLeutezutrainieren. SowurdedieOrganisationfürdenbiologischenKrieginderjapanischenArmeestrukuiert. IndenWasserversorgungsabteilungenfürEpidemiepräventionundihrenZweisstellenwurdenauch dieexperimenteammenschenverübt. 1-15Abteilung1644inNanjingundExpwerimenteamMenschen 1988wurdenaufderehemaligenGeländederBakterienfabrikderAbteilung1644inNanjingdie KastenmitdenKopfschädelnentdeckt.ManhatdieSchädelgründlichuntersuchtundkamzum Ergebnis,eshadeltsichum41Menschen,vom17jährigenbis30jährigen,27Männer,1Frau(andere sindnichtidentifizierbar).dieknochewarenschwarz,alsomitschwefelsäurebearbeitet.man konnteauchgendercholeraentdecken.diesemenschenwareneindeutigdieopferderexperimente mitdenbakterien. Diese Forschungsberichte sind im Nanjing-Masaker-Museum zu sehen, zusammen mit den ausgegrabenenknochen. 1-16Pferde-EpidemieverhütungsabteilunginderKwantung-Armee(Abteilung100) 1936,indergleichenZeit,woEinheit731gegründetwurde,wurdeauchinChangchundie Pferde-EpidemieverhütungsabteilunginderKwantung-Armee(Abteilung100)gegründet.Dortwurden nichtnurtierexperimentesondernauchsolcheammenschenausgeübt. EhemaligerFeldwebelderAbteilung100inderKwantung-Armee,KazuoMitomo,machtebeim sowjetischenmilitärgerichtinkhabarovskin1949überseineerfahrungdieaussageundgabzu, beidergifterprpbungalsassistentdabeigewesenzusein. 1-18SchadendurchdenEinsatzderbiologischenWaffe DieWahrheitderSchädendurchdiebiologischeWaffederjapanischenArmeewurdeletztenJahren immer klarer durch Untersuchungen der japanischen Bürgerinitiven und des chinesichen Untersuchungsausschuß.Die"Wirkung"derbiologischenWaffeistsogefährlich,weildasweiter ansteckbarist. DiePestbombe,dieam4.Oktober1940inChuichenabgeworfenwurde,verursachtenichtnur mehrals1,500tote,sonderneinbahnbeamterwurdeangestecktundinder120kmentferntenstadt sindmehrals200leutegestorben.dieepidemiewurdeumdiestadtherumverbreitetundineinem DorfistmehtalseinDrittelderBevölkerung,mehrals400Menschen,gestorben. DiePestbombe,dieauch4.November1940inChanhduoangeworfenwurde,fordertemehrals7,000 Tote. DieVerbreitungderEpidemiegabeinAnschein,alsobdieEpidemiedanatürlichentstanden hätte,wasdiebobenabwurfverschleiernkonnte. DieZahlderOpferbeträgtmindestensmehrals10,000,wiederjapanischeObersteGerichtshof 113

immai2007bestätigthat.aberessollnureinteilsein.essollweiteruntersuchtwerden. 1-19NeuesDokumentüberdenEinsatzderbiologischenWaffe NeulichwurdeinternesDokumentderEinheit731entdeckt,diedenEisatzderbiologischenWaffe beweist(asahi-zeitung,15.10.2011).eshandeltsichumeinenteilderdissertation,die MedizinerJunichiKaneko,derEinheit731gehörte,andieTokyoUniversitätabgab.Daswar eigentlicheinteildernichtveröffentlichteten1.teildes "EpidemiepräventionsforschungsberichtderMedizinschulederArmee.Esgehtumpestansteckende Flöhe.ErbehandeltinseiberArbeit6EinsätzeinChinavon1940bis1942undregistriertdie SummederFlöheunddieZahlderInfizierten,dieinsgesammt25,964zählten.Diebisherige BehauptungderjapanischenRegierung,EsgebekeineBeweise,wurdeunbegründet. 1-20FeldversuchederbiologischenWaffen Im Ishii Network wurden chemische Waffen und giftige Substanzen auch entwickelt und experimentiertmitsowiebiologischenwaffen.diessagtsowohluns,daßeinheit731undandere Institutionen des Ishii Network nicht nur Laboratorien waren, als auch Produktion, aber funktionierteauchalseinrichtungen,wodieexperimenteammenschenverübtwurden,fürdie japanischearmee.einberichtübereinemchemischenwaffenversuchineinheit731wurdenachdem Kriegentdeckt.DemBerichtzufolge,derSefgansimSeptember1940eingesetzt.IndreiRegionen unterverschiedenenbedingungenwurdenisgesamt10,000senfgasgeschossenundeinheit731hat genaudiewirkungenauf16versuchspersonenbeobachtetundregistriert. 1-21FalldermedizinischenFakultätderKaiserlichenUniversitätKyushu VonMaibisJuni1945habenProf.FukujiroIshiyamaundseineSchülerderI.Abteilungfür ChirurgieandermedizinischenFakultät,KyushuKaiserlicheUniversität,experimentelle ChirurgiedurchgeführtundtöteteachtKriegsgefangenen,dieBesatzungeinesUS-MilitärB-29, dieabgeschossenwurden. 17.Mai:ExtilpationeinerganzeLungejeweilsvonzweiKriegsgefangenen 22.Mai:TotaleEntfernungdesMagensvoneinemGefangenen,BlutstillungdurchKompression deraorta,wodurchherzstillstand,dannamoffenenbrustkorbherzmassageundherzchirurgie; EinschnittindenOberbaucheinesanderenGefangenen,EntfernungderGallenblase,Exzisioneiner Leberlappen 25.Mai:HirnoperationaufeinenGefangenen(Trigeminus-Block) 2.Juni:Zeichnenüber500ccvonBlutausderrechtenOberschenkelarterievoneinemGefangenen, Injizieren ihn mit etwa 300cc eines Blutersatz; mediastinalen Operation an einem anderen Gefangenen;EntfernungderGallenblaseeinesanderenGefangenen,Injizieren200ccBlutersatz, EntfernungderLeber, BrustoffenenHerzmassage, myokardialereinschnittundnahtmaterial, BlutstillungdurchDrückenderAorta. 1-22ForschungderHygieneinderkaltenJahreszeit Chirurg Major Kazuharu Tanimura im Datong Armee-Krankenhaus organisierte ein Winterhygiene-ForschungsteamundführteeineFeldausübunginInnererMongoleivom31.Januar zumfebruar11,1941.derzweckwar,dieerfrierungzuforschen,aufchirurgischemeingriff, hemostasisundblutübertragunginzelten.alsdiematerialiendesteamshabendie8chinesen mitgenommenundanihnenwurdenverschiedeneexperimenteundchirurgischeeingriffeausgeführt. SiewurdenschließlichviviseziertoderwurdenzumTodgeschossen. 1-23Experimente,SchlachtfeldchirurgischeEingriffs-technikenzuentwickeln DieExperimente,dievonTanimurau.a.ausgeführtwurdensind: 1.EnfernungdesDarmsundAnastomose 2.KnieamputationdeslinkenBeines 114

3.absichtlicherSchußundBeahndlunzuketu 4.BluttranfusionvonaufbewahrtemBlut,gefrorenemBlutundBluteinesSchafs 5.absichtlicheErfrierungundBehandlung 1-24ErfrierungsexperimentevonTanimurau.a.undseineTrauerredefürdieOpfer FrühamMorgenvom6.Februar1941habenTanimurau.a.unterBedingungenwieindennassenSocken undhandschuhen,betrunken,hunger,mitatropinu.a.geführt. NachdenExperimentenwurden8MenschengetötetundhieltTanimuraeineTrauerrede. 1-25ChirurgischeTrainierungindenmilitärischenKrankenhäusern GetrenntvonEinheit731anästhesiertemanindenArmeekrankenhäuserninChinaoftGefangene ChineseundviviseziertensiezumTodundnannteneineChirurgischeEingriffsausübung.Diese chirurgischenausübungenwurdenbeabsichtigt,neulingschirurgeinderbehandlungdersoldaten angeblichauszubilden,umverletzteinderfrontzubehandeln. 2JapanischekolonialeMedizinundPraktiken BisNiederlagevon1945regierteJapanKolonieneinschließlichderkoreanischenHalbinselund Taiwans,gründeteManchukuo,undgingweiter,umChinaundSüdöstlichesAsieneinzunehmen. DieserTeilstelltdieGeschichtediesesKolonialismusmitInformationenüberKriegund Medizinvor. 1895führtediekolonialeRegierungWesternMedizininTaiwan,JapansersteKolonie,ein.Das Government-GeneralvonTaiwanmachteBereitstellungenfüreinQuarantänensystemundkonstruierte medizinischeinstitutionenundeinrichtungenfürmedizinischeausbildung. DerLeiterdieserBewegungwarArztShinpeiGoto,MinistervonÖffentlichemWohlergehenvom Government-GeneralvonTaiwan.Gotoglaubte,durchdieHygieneundGesundheitspflegeverwaltung kolonialeherrschaftübertaiwanrechtfertigenzukönnen. 2-2Taiwan ZudieserZeitwarMalariaeineKrankheit,diedasManagementvonderKoloniesehrbeeinflußte. HygienenverwaltunginTaiwanseitdemAnfangvonderKolonialisierungkonzentriertsichauf GegenmaßnahmengegendiesesFieber.DieCentralResearchHygiene-Abteilungwurdeaufgestellt, undeinegründlicheuntersuchungdermalariawurdegestartet. DieMortaritätwegenderMalariawurdeeinmalimmerniedriger,aberseit1930erwurdediese KrankheitimsüdlichenTelvonTaiwanwiederverbreitet,weilwegendesWasserbausfürdie ReisproduktiondiegeeignetenBedingungenfürdieMalariaentstand. 2-3Korea NachderKoloniarisierungvonKoreawurde1907daskoreanischeKrankenhausgegründet,dessen ersterdirektorsusumusato,generalinspektorderjapanischenarmeewurde.weiterwurdeninden RegionendieKrankenhäusergegründet,derenDirektorebenfallsdieMilitärärztewaren,damit mandieseinstitutionenimkriegzummilitörischenzweckbenutzenkönnte. EngeVerbindungzwischenderkoreanischenMedizinundderjapanischenArmeekannmanheute aufdemphotosehen. 2-4Mikronesien 1922errangJapandurchdenVersaillerVertragMandatfürMikronesien.Japangründetedadie BehördeundeineEntwicklungsfirma,umdasLandzuentwickeln. Japanbauteauf7InselndieKrankenhäuserundauf4IndelndieLagerfürdieLepra-Krankheit, wodiekrankenisoliertaufgenommenwurden. 2-5Manchuku 1911gründetedieSüdmandschureiEisenbahngesellschaft("Mantetsu")inShenyangdie SüdmandschureiMedizinischeHochschule,diespäterzurMandschureiMedizinhochschulewurde. 115

DieseUniversitätwardasZentrumderMedizinforschungimnordöstlichenChina. 2-6VivisektionenanderMandschureiMedizinhochschule EinigeForschungsberichtederUniversitätbeweisen,dassdieVivisektionenderChinesenverübt wurden.ineinemberichtstehendiesätze:"ichkonneganzfrischeundganzgendegerirnvon Nordchinesenvielsammeln." HerrZhangPiqing,ehemaligerLaboratoriumsassistentanderUnisagt,dassvomHerbstvon 1942zumFrühlingvon'43dieVivisektionenausgeführtwurdenunderdanachdieLeichenbeseitigen undindenkesselraumtransportierenmusste. 2-7WanderklinikderMandschureiMedizinhochschule MandschureiMedizinhochschuleschicktedieWanderklinikmitIhrenLehrernundStudenten,umden BürgernWohltatderjapanischenMeditzinzuerweisen. AberderwirklicheZweckdesSendenprojekteswar,dieEisenbahngesellschaftzufördernund deshalbunterdenbewohnerneinennotwendigenguteneindruckzumachen. AußerdemorganisiertenmedizinischeStudentenbesonderemedizinischeTeams,um landwirtschaftlichensiedlernhygienenleitunganzubieten.siewurdenauchmitderverhütungder Epidemienbeschäftigt,wieMalaria,CholeraunddiePest. 2-8WanderklinikinMandschukoku,organisiertvondenZeitungen Mainichi-Zeitung(Osaka)undAsahi-Zeitung(Tokyo)schicktenzusammenkostenloseWanderklinik nachmandschukoku. DaarbeiteteninderWahrheitdieÄrztederMandschureiMedizinhochschule.1931beider6. Wanderklinikbehandelteman8,691MenschenindemWestmandschukokuin50Tagen. 2-9NaturwissenschaftforschungsinstitutinShanghai JapanischesAußenministeriumgründete1931nachdemBoxeraufstandmitdemEntschädigungsgeld diesesnaturwissenschaftforschungsinstitutinshanghai,umdienaturwissenschaftpurzu erforschen. AbermanbeschäftigtesichinderWahrheitmitderEpidemiforschungimAuftragderArmee. DieForscherwieYoshitakaKomiyau.a.,diedaarbeiteten,gabenImpfunggegenCholeraund damitwarenandertätigkeitderepidemieverhütungbeteiligt. 2-10Dojinkai-KlinikinChina Dojinkaiwurde1902vonderpolitischenundwirtschaftlichenWeltunddermedizinischenWelt gegründet,ummedizin,pharmazieundihrerelevantentechnologienüberallinchinaundanderen asiatischenländernauszubreiten.vordemchinesisch-japanischenkrieghattederverband4 Kliniken,abernachdemKriegsausbruchstandderVerbandunterdermilitärischenFührungund unterstütztemedizinischdiearmee. 2-11VerbreitungderDojinkai-Institute NachdemAusbruchdesChinesisch-JapanischenKriegswurdederDojinkaiimbesetztenTeilvon ChinazurBesänftigungsnedizinundderEpidemieverhütungeingesetztundhatteinsgesamt44 ZweigstelleundInstituteinChina. DieÄrzte,Apotheker,KrankenschwesterundAngestelltendesDojinkaiwurdennachChina geschickt.diezahlderangestelltendesdojinkaibetrug1,455(stand:endejuni1942). 2-12Südostasien-Indonesien 1941besetzteJapanBurma,Malaya,IndonesienundPhilippinenundbeschlagnahmtedieForschungsundBildungsinstitute. JapanischerWissenschaftlerwurdenDirektorenderInstitute. 2-13Besänftigungsmedizin 116

UmdieBürgerindenbesetztenLändernzubesänftigen,behandeltemandieBürgerkostenlos. 2-14MaßnahmegegendieLepraindenbesetztenLändern DasGeneralgouvernementinTaiwanundKoreahatdieHeilanstaltgegendieLepragebaut.Ineinem HeilanstaltinKoreawurdefrüheralsinJapaneinGefängnisgebaut,indemdieKrankengesperrt wurdenunddiechiristenzumbesuchdesshintoschreinsgezwundenwurden.wennderbesuchgeweigert wurdeoderdiefluchtversuchtwurde,wurdedermannalsstrafesterillisiert. IneinemheilanstaltinTaiwanwurdenauchdieStellisationundAbtreibunggezwungen.Im BeinhausgibtesimmernochvieleUrnen,aufdiekeineAngehörigenAnsprucherhoben. 2-15MilitärarztundArmee-Prostituierte AnsderChinesisch-JapanischeKrieg1937begann,wurdenseitdemEndedesJahresimmermehr Soldatenbordellgebaut.DieMilitärärztehattenauchdieAufgabe,dieGeschlechtkrankheitunter densoldatenzuverhüten,damitsiediearmee-prostituiertenuntersuchten. DiemeistenArmee-ProstituiertenstammtenmeistensausKorea. 3.MobilmachungderMedizinundPraktikenundProtestedagegen WaswurdebeiderGeneralbilisierungskriegvondenEinzelnenundInstitutionenerwartet,die sichmitmeditinundpraktikenbeschäftigten? WasfürAufgabehatmanvonihnenerwartetundwiekonntemansiemobilmachen?Wiehandelten siedann?wiewardiewirklichkeitdermobilmachung? Im3.TeilderAusstellungbehandentenwirdieMobilmachungderMedizinundPraktikenundzeigen denrealensachverhaltdermeditzin. BeidermedizinischenMobilmachungweredendieGeneralversammlungdesjapanischen Ärzteverbandes,wissenschaftlicheGesellschaftundGründungderGorschungsbeihilfebehandelt. BeiderMobilmachungderärztlichenBehandlungbehandenwirdieMobilmachungderÄrzteund Krankenschwester.Wirbetonenauch,dassdieÄrzte,MedizinerundMedizinstudentendawaren, diegegendieunmenschlicheforschungunddenangriffskriegprotestierten. ImBereichderärztlichenBehandlunngundHygienemachenwiraufdasVolkaufmerksam,das mobiliseritwurde.derzwangvondamalszurzeugungunddieleute,dieausdiesermobilmachung ausgeschlossenwurden,erwähnt. 3-2GeneralversammlungdesjapanischenMedizinerverbandeswährenddesKrieges DerMedizinerverbandbegannmitder1.VollversammlungderVereinigungderjapanischenMediziner imjahr1902,diedannvonder3.vollversammunganzumjapanischenmedizinerverbandumgenannt, undseitdemalle4jahrefindetdasstatt,bisheute. Beider12.GeneralversammlungwurdederMedizinerverbandinstitutionarisiertundimJahr 1948warderVerbandmitdemjapanischenÄrzteverbandvereinigt. ImlaufederGeschichtedesjapanischenMedizinerverbandesfandwährenddes15JahreKrieges dreimaldiegeneralversammlung,die9,die10.unddie11.. 3-3Die9.GeneralversammlungdesjapanischenMedizinerverbandes(1934) DawurdendieForschungsergebnisseberichtet,dieausdermedizinischenundärztlichenTätigkeit inmandschureistammten.tairagoda(generalinspektorderarmee)undshiroishii(militärarzt im3.grad)berichteten.diepräsenzdermilitärmedizinwurdestärker. Die12.Abteilung(Eugenik)fordertedasGesetz,dasdieStellirisationermöglicht. 3-4Die10.GeneralversammlungdesjapanischenMedizinerverbandes(1934) DerVorstandentschiedsich,denInhaltderGeneralversammlungnichaufdierein wissenschaftlichenthemenzubeschränken. ChikahikoKoizumi,derbeiderGeneralversammlungeinenSondervortraghielt,war GeneralleutnantderArmeeundab1941biszumKriegsendeGesundheitsminister. 117

118 3-5MedizinischeVorträgeunterdemKriegszeitenregimebeider10.Generalversammlungdes japanischenmedizinerverbandes(1934) Beider10.GeneralversammlungdesjapanischenMedizinerverbandes(1934)wurde"Medizinisches SeminarunterdemKriegszeitenregime"veranstaltet. SolcheThemen,diemitdemKriegundderKolonieverwaltungzutunhaben,wurdendabei behandelt:"chirurgieimfront,flugundgistgas","lungentuberkuloseundrippenfellentzündung", Körperkraft",Epidemievorbeugung","Kurzsichtigkeit"oderEinheimischeKrankheitinMandschurei undnordchina"usw.. IndiesemSeminarhieltderdeutscheNazi-LeutnantOttoMuntscheinenVortragüberdie NachwirkungendesGiftgas.MasaoTsuzuki,Medizin-ProfessorderTokyoUniversität,dereimal Militärarztgewesenwar,hielteinenVortragüberdieKriegsverletzungwährenddesChinesisch- JapanischenKriegs.NachdemKriegwareralsVertreterdermedizinischenAbteilungdes UntersuchungsausschußderSchädendurchdieAtombombe,daszumWissenschaftsratdes Kulturministeriumsgehörte,fürdieUntersuchunginHiroshimazuständig.DieumfangreichenDaten derkrankenwurdenalleandieamerikanischearmeegegebenundnichtzumnutzderbehandlung derhibakushabenutzt. 3-6Die11.GeneralversammlungdesjapanischenMedizinerverbandes(1942) InderÖffnungsredewurdendieGründungderKriegsmedizin,Befürwortungdesasiatischen MedizinerverbandesundNationalisierungderMedizinforschungbetont. IndeneinyelnenAbteilungenwurdenu.a.Hitzebestöndihkeit,Kälteresistenzforschung, EpidemieimKontinent,RassistischeBeobachtungderGeisteskrankheit,FlugundHNO,Pathologie destiedruckundhochdruck,medizinischesgerätfürknochenverletzungenusw.behandelt.daswaren solchethemen,diemitderkriegsmedizinzutunhatten,dieimzeitalterderhochentwickelten KriegswaffewieKampfflugzeugoderindenerweitertenKriegsplätzeundBesatzungszonen. 3-7JapanischeGesellschaftderPathologiewährenddesKrieges(1) DerLehrervonShiroIshii,Prof.KenjiKiyonovonderKyotoKaiserlichenUniversität,sagte beiseinereröffnungsrededergeneralversammlung: "DieForschungsmaterialienderjapanischenGesellschaftderPathologiebefindensichheute undkünftigimkontinent." UndimSondervortragüberdiePathologieimKriegbeider31.Generalversammlung(1941)sagte MasatamiHirai,LeutnantundMilitärarzt(PathologischesSeminarderMilitärschulederArmee), folgendermaßen: "SeitdemKriegsausbruchvom11.7.1937biszum10.7.1940hatdieganzeArmeeinsgesamt1,888 obuduziert.wennman218vondersonderforschungdazurechnet,fast2,000.einzehteldavonwurde zurmilitärischenmedizinschulegeschickt.esgibtnochfast200,dienichtveröffentlicht,aber zurforschungbenutztwruden." DieseAussagevonHiraihat,sosagtman,mitdenKnochenzutun,die1989inderehemaligen GeländederMilitärischenMedizinschuleentdecktwurden. UndüberdieSonderforschungsabteilung,die218obduktierte,istnochnichtaufgeklärt. 3-8JapanischeGesellschaftderPathologiewährenddesKrieges(2) 19MitgliederderJapanischenGesellschaftderPathologiehabenmitEinheit731zutun.Weitere Forscher(Militärarzt,Forscher,MitarbeiterderArmee)sindbekannt,diemitdemInstitutfür HygieneinDalianodernahestehenderAbteilung(Abteilung1644inNanjing),alsoinsgesamt32 Forscher. NachdemKriegignoriertedieGesellschaftdieEiheit731unddieLeute,dieden Bakterienkriegmitmachten,nahmendieführendenPositionenwieUni-ProfessorenoderDirektor desinstitutein. 3-9JapanischeGesellsachaftderRassenhzgiene JapanischeGesellsachaftderRassenhzgienewurdeimNovember1930unterProf.SenNagaivonder

medhizinischenfakultätdertokyokaiserlichenuniversität)gegründet.dasmottoder Gesellschaftwar"ReinigungdesGrunddesLebensundWohlstandderNation". DirektnachderGündungderGesellschaftwurdedasAusschußfürdasGesetzder Sterillisation"gegründet."DerVorschlagzurFörderungderrassistischenHygiene"wurde verabschiedetunddiegesellschaftversuchte,rassistischegedankedurchverschiedenevorträge oderausstellungzuverbreitenunddamitdiskriminiertediemenschenunddievölker. 3-10JapanischeLepra-Gesellschaft JapanischeLepra-GesellschaftmachteVorschlägeundEingabesehraktiv. DieseVorschalägeundEingabeforderten,dieLepraßKrankenganzzuisolierenunddamitdie GründungderGroßasiatischenWohlstandssphärezuunterstützen. AberdamalswarderTrendderBehandlungderLepra-KrankheitschonkeineabsoluteIsolierung derkranken,sonderndietrennungderkrankenwiebeidenanderenkrankheitenoderdietherapie zuhause.1941wardiewirkungdersulfonamideschonbekannt. 3-11/3-12JapanischeVereinigungzurFörderungderWissenschaft JapanischeVereinigungzurFörderungderWissenschaftwurde1932gegründet.JVFWverlangtevon denministeriendieakutualenproblemeundfördertedamitdieforschungen,diezurstaatspolitik nahestanden. 3-13UnterstützungderwissenscahftlichenForschungundMedizinforschung NebenderJapanischenVereinigungzurFörderungderWissenschaftwurdenfolgendepolitische Maßnahmenpraktiziert: 1.ErhöhungderUnterstützungderwissenscahftlichenForschung(Kulturministerium) 2.GründungdesAusschußfürMobilmachungderWissenschaftler 3.GründungderMedizinischenInstituteindenUniversitäten 3-14MaßnahmegegendenMangelderÄrztedurchdieMobilisierungwährenddesKriegs DieUngleichverteilungderÄrzteinderStadtundaufdemLandwurdenachder Showa-WirtschaftskrisenichtgelöstundwährenddesKriegeswurdenvieleÄrztealsMilitärärzte mobilisiert.dasproblemdesdorfesohnearztwarernst.diezahlderarztlosendorfeswarim Jahr19272,909Dörfer,aberimJahr19393,600. FolgendeMaßnahmewurdevorgeschlagen: 1.GründungdermedizinischenFachschulederArmeeundUniversitäten 2.GrümdungderMedizinischenFachschule 3.GründungderMedizinischenFrauenfachschule 3-15MobilisierungderMedizinstudenten Seit1939wurdemilitärischeStudentenerziehungfüraleeUniversitätenobligatorisch.Auchin dermedizinischenfakultätwurdediemilitärischeerziehungdurchdieoffiziereobligatorisch. EswurdeauchüberdieHygieneundEpidemieverhütungoderKriegsverletzungunterrichtet. UndimgleichenJahrwurde"StudentenabteilungderHygiene"gegründetundinden SommerfeirienwurdendieStudentennachdemnordöstlichenChinagesendet,umdieHygienezu erforschen. 3-16AlsMilitärarztzumKrieg DieArmeehatteStipendiumfürdieMedizinstudenten,umnachdemStudiumMilitärarztzuwerden. DieÄrztekonntennachdemnormalenMedizinsudiumeinenKursbesuchen,sichalsMilitärarzt auszubilden. DieAbsorbentenderMedizinfachhochschuleinOsakavon1932bis1944wareninsgesamt2,410und diehälftevonihnenwaralsmilitätarzttätig.335menschensindimkrieggestorben,dasbeträgt 13.9%derAbsorbenden. 119

3-17VerstärkungderGesundheitspolitikundUmstruktuierungdermedizinischenOrganeund Ärztverbandes DerSchwerpunktderGesundheitspolitikderRegierunglaginderTuberkuloseundderHygieneder MutterundKind.NachdieserPolitikwurdeesumstruktuiert. 1.NachderPolitik(GesundeSoldaten,gesundesVolk)wurdedieVersicherungerweitert. 2.DieÄrztehattennundienationaleAufgabe.DieEröffnungeinerPraxiswurdebeschränkt,die ÄrztebekammenobligatorischeAufgabe,dieMobilisierungderÄrzte. 3.DerjapanischeÄrzteverbandmusstefürdieKriegsführungdieKrankenhäuserreformierenund einnationalesorganisationgründen,umdiestaatspolitikzuunterstützen. 3-18/19ZusammenaribeitdesÄrzteverbandesfürdenKrieg DerjapanischeÄrzteverbandarbeitetefürdenKrieg.Z.B.derÄrzteverbandvonKumamoto/Kyushu spendetediegerätezurarmeeundallemitgliederbeiderflugangriffübungmobilisiert. Und1942wurdedasVolksmedizingesetzerlasstundderjapanischeÄrzteverbandwarnichtmehr keinvereinderpraktischenärzte,sondernwurdezurorganisation,fürdiestaatspolitikder VerstärkungdesVolkeszuarbeiten. 3-20MobilisierungderKrankenschwester DieKrankenschwester,dieallmeinalsMilitärkrankenschwestergenanntwurden,warendie mobilisiertenrot-kreuz-krankenschwesterunddiekrankenschwester,dieinden Militärkrankenhöusernarbeiteten. ObwohlsiedieKinderhatten,musstensieindenKrieggehen. 3-21MilitärkrankenschwesterimKrieg DieZahldermobilisiertenRot-Kreuz-Krankenschwesterbeträgtinsgesamt30,000.Siemusstenam KriegsendemanchmaldenschwerkverletztenSoldatenstarkeArzneispritzenoderbeider VivisektiondabeiseinoderzumSelbstmordgezwungenwerden. DieZahldertotenKrankenschwesternahmständigzu,vorallemimJahr1945starbdieHälfte. 3-22MedikamenteimKrieg SeitdemEndeder1930erJahrelittendiemedizinischenInstituionenamMangelderMedikamente. DierationiertenMedikamentekonntenndiepraktischenÄrztenurgegendieEinkaufkartekaufen, dievomgouveneurausgegebenwurde. DiePharmazieinsdustrieändertesich.BeiderTanabe-Pharmaziez.B.arbeitetemanfäürdie Militär.DieMediakmentezummilitärischenZweckwurdeimmerwichtigerundesnahmmehralsdie HälftedesUmsatzesein.UnddieSankyo-PharmaziestelltenachdemVerlangenderArmeedie RauchschleieroderdieMedikamenteher,dieAugenderPilotezuverbessern. DerKriegbereitetedenMedikamentenschadenoderdieVergiftungnachdemKriegvor.Z.B. diesmon-krankheitstammtvielleichtauchvonderveränderungdespharmaziegesetzes(1939),das dieverwendungdeschinoformerweiterte.dasphiloponwarursprünglichvonderdainihon-pharmazie alsweckaminverkauft,umwährenddeskriegesbeimstudiumoderbeiderarbeitwachzubleiben, vondemabervieleleuteabhängigwurden. DiejapanischeDrogenpolitokinChinawarinderWahrheitdieVermehrungderDrogenabhängigen. DieKwantung-ArmeezüchtigtedenSenfinMongoleiundverkaufteOpium,MorphinundKokain,um Geldmittelzuschaffen.SiekontrolliertedieDrogennurscheinbar. 3-23ProtestierteMediziner DerPathologeShomatsuYokoyamaarbeitetezunächstalsMilitärarztinderAbteilung1855. Erwurdebefohlen,dieMedikamentezuentwickeln,umdieSchußwundeimBauchzuheilen.Under hattebefehl,soeinexperimentzumachen,ersolleinenchinesischengefangenendurchstechen. Abererhatsofortgeweigert,soeinunmenschlichesExperimentzumachen.Erwurdedanninden Kriegsfrontgeschickt. UndderbekannteEpidemieforscherundMedizingeschichteforscherYoshioKawakidawurde,alser 120

andemepidemieforschungsinstitutdertokyouniversitätarbeitete,befohlen,fürden Bakterienkriegzuarbeiten,underhatdenBefehlabgelehnt.ErhateineStrafeerwartet,aber derdirektor,prof.takeotamiya,hatnur"verstanden"gesagt. 3-24ProtestierteMedizinstudenten EsgabdeiÄrzteundMedizinstudenten,dieinderZeitderunterdrücktenRedefreiheiternstüber dieidealemedizinnachdachten. MinoruTakahashi(1942,AssistentdermedhizinischenFakultätderTohokuKaiserlichen Universität)wurdewegendesGesetzzurAufrechthaltundderöffentlichenSicherheitzweimal verhaftetundsaß4jahreimgefängnis.erhateinbuchgeschrieben"tohoku-medizinischeanalyse desdorfes".nachdemurteilhabeerdashygienischeproblemimdorfausdemkommunistischen Stadnpunktanalysiert. UndYuichiImamuraundYasuTsudaundHirotoshiTojima(MedizinstudentenderKyoto KaiserlichenUniversität,Tuberkuloseforschungsabteilung)haben1941die Untersuchungsergebnisseveröffentlicht.DashatdiePolizwigelesenundsiewurdenverhaftet. 3-25WahrheitderärztlichenBehandlungundHygiene MobilisierteKörperdesVolkes.FürdieGesundheitdesVolkeswardieBekämpfungderTuberkulose ganzwichtig.umdengsundekörperzuschaffen,wurdedasgesetz"gesetzderkräftedesvolkes" erlasst.unddertestderkörperkraftwurdeobligatorisch. 3-26Musterung BeiderMusterungmurdenderKörperbauunddieKörperkraftgetestet.GnazwichtigwardieAusdauer. Dashattedamitzutun,dassdiejapanischeArmeealleLebensmittenanOrtundStellebeschaffen wollte.diesoldatenmusstenschweregepäcktragen,deswegenwardieausdauersehrwichtig. DieTuberkulosewarderwichtigeUntersuchungspunktunddasRöntgenwurde1942eingeführt. 3-27AmEndederMobilmachung AkiraFujiwara,derbewiesenhat,dassmehralsdieHälftederkriegstotenJapanerverhungerte, hatsogesagt: "DurchdenMangeloderUnterbrechungderVersorgungwardieUnternährungimKriegnormalund manverlordenwiderstandundstarbanmalaria,chorela,beriberiusw.,alsostarbwegender Verhungerung." Fujiwarameint,derMangelderVersorgungstammtdavon,dassdieArmeedie VersorgungsabteilungundHygienegeringschätzteundanderseitsdieKriegsstrategieimmer vorrangigwar.diearmeebekamkeinschlechtesgewissen,wenndiediesoldatenverlorodersie verhungernließ. 3-28Dominanzpolitik Japanhat1940"Volksdominanzgesetz"erlassen.UmdieDominanzdesVolkeszuschutzen,wurde mansterillisiert:geisteskranken. ZurSterillisationbrauchtemaneigentlichdieZustimmungderFamilie,abernurmitder ZustimmungdesKrankenhausdirektorskonntemangegenseinenWillensterillisiertwerden. SterillisiertePersonen(1941ß47) 217Männer 321Frauen 3-29Bevölkerungspolitik InderKriegszeitgriffderStaatindieFamilieein.1941wurdeeinGesetzerlasst,umdas Bevölkerungswachstumzufördern. UmmehrKinderzubekommen,sollemaninnächsten10Jahren3Jahrefrüherheiratenundjedes Paarsolldurschschnittlich5Kinderbekommen. DasGesundheitsministeriumszeichnetediekinderreichenFamilienaus. 121

3-30VerstärkteIsolierungderLepra-Kranken DurchdenKriegwurdendieLepra-KrankenstarkisoliertunddamitwurdeihreLebensumgebung schlechter. 1938wurdeineinemHeilanstalteinSonderkrankenzimmergebaut,einGefängnis.Damitwollteman dieunzufriedenheitderkrankenmitgewaltunterdrücken. AmEndedesKriegswurdeeinAnstaltinOkinawabombadiert,unddurchdenamerikanischen LuftangriffwurdedasGebäudetotalzerstört.AlleAngestelltenverließendasHaus.DieKranken flohenindengrubanderküsteund110krankestarben. 3-31VerhungerteGeisteskranken ImstädtischenKrankenhausMatsuzawanahmdieZahlderTotenab1938drastischzuunderreichte 1940schon21.9%,352Krankenstarben. Ab1944nahmdieZahlwiederdrastischzuund478von1169Krankenstarben,fast41%. SeijunTatetsu,derdieseStatistikanalysierte,vermutetdenGrunddafür. NachihmsollmananderUnternährungundchronischenDarmenentzündunggestorbensein.Die damaligeversorgungdeslebensmittelwarganzschlecht.protagkonntemanjuli1945nur297g (1,034Kalorien)nehmen.UnterdenUmständenimGeisteskrankhauswaresunmöglich,dasLeben aufrechtzuhalten. 4.JapanischeMedizinweltnachdemKrieg DieMedizinundmedizinischeBehandlungwurdenindenKriegmobilisiertunddiemedizinische Welthatdamitengzusammengearbeitet. PassivoderaktivhattenvieleMedizinerundÄrztedamitzutun.Einigeprotestiertendagegen, abersiebliebenausnahme. Alles,waswirbishergezeighaben,wardurchdieZeugenundUntersuchungennachdemKrieg bestätigtundbewiesen.aberdasbleibtnocheinteilderwahrheit.unddasgesamtbildistnach 67Jahrenimmernochunklar. Nunwollenwirsehen,wieesnachdemKriegwarundist. 4-2ImmunitätdesKriegsverbrechenwährenddes15JahreKrieges DasVerbrechenderMedizinerundÄrztevonEinheitu.a.sollteeigentlichalsKriegsverbrechen wieindeutschlandverurteiltwerden.inderwirklichkeiterhieltenshiroishiiundseinealle ManschaftImmunität.UmdieImmunitätzuerhalten,wurdeamKriegsendefolgendesunternommen. 1.UmdaskaisersystemzuerhaltenundKriegsschulddesKaiserszuvermeiden,wurdealles verschleiert. 2.AlleMitglirderEinheitundIhreFamilienwurdenbefohlen,nichtzusagen.ShiroIshiihat befohlen,allesindentodmitzunehmen.erhatauchgesagt,jedensteineinzelnumzudrehen,wenn jemandetwasgesagthätte.erhatauchverboten,untereinanderzukontaktierenundeinöffentliche Amtzunehmen. 3.ManhandeltemitdemGHQundversuchte,alleszuverschleiern,weilderKaltkriegzwischen denusaundsowietunionbegann.beidentokioterprozessenwardieeinheit731keinthema.an dieusawurdendieforschungsdatendereinheit731angeboten. SpäterbeimProzessinChabarowsk(1949)undimchinesichenSondermilitärgerichtshof(1956)wurde durchdiezeugendiewahrheitdereinheit731enthüllt,aberzuspät.dieusahabensichbei dentokioterproyessenentschieden,diemitgliederdereinheitzubefreien. 4-3VerschleierungderBeweismaterialienderEinheit731 AlsderSowjetam9.August1945denKrieggegenJapanerklärte,wurdedasHauptgebäudederEinheit durchdiebombezerstört,umdasgeheimniszuverschleiern.undalle"maruta"(404menschen) wurdendurdengiftgasgetötet.alledokumenteundforschungsmaterialienwurdenmeistens verbranntunddieeiheitmitgliederundihrefamiliesolltensofotdenortverlassen. 122

123 4-4ImmunitätderKriegsverbrecherdurchdieUSA MansollteeigentlichbeidenTokioterProzessendieEinheit731verurteilen.SchonimOktober 1946wurdedieWirklichkeitklar,weildieKriegsgefangenen,diemitderEiheit731zutun hatten,verhörtwurden.dersowjtverlagteimjanuar1947direktvondenusa,ishiiundführende Leutezuverhören. AberJapanbekamdasVersprechenvondenUSA(GHQ),dieLeutezubefreien,gegendie Forschungsdaten.UnterderdamaligenSituation,demkaltenKrieg,wardieErwerbungderDaten sehrwichtigfürdiestrategieundnationalesinteresse.dieusa-regierunghatam1.august1948 dieimmunitätbestätigt.edwinhill,derzuruntersuchungimdezemberkam,schließtseinenbericht mitfolgendenwortenab: "FürdieseDatenhabensichjapanischeWissenschaftlerMillionenDollerundlangeJahre investiert.""solcheinformationenüberbestimmtebakteriensindbeiunsnichtzuerwerben,weil dieexperimenteammenschennichterlaubtsind.diesedatenbekommenwirfür250,000yen,das istganzbillig,wennmandenkt,wievielmandazuinvestierthat.! SowardieEinheit731keinThemabeiTokioterProzessen. 4-5ProzessinChabarowsk(Dezember1949) WöhrenddieUSAderEinheit731undihrenMitgliederndieImmunitätgab,machtederSowjetdas ProzessgegendiegefangenenMitglieder.OtomiYamada(KommandantderKwantung-Armee),Ryuji Shinozuka(ärztlicherLeiterderKwantung-Armee),KiyoshiKawashima (Bakterienproduktionsabteilungsleiterder4.AbteilungderEinheit731),TomioKarasawa(Leiter derbakterienproduktionsabteilung)undtoshihidenishi(leiterdererziehung)u.a,insgesamt 12Leutewurdenverurteilt. DieAussagenimGerichtenthaltendieAussagevonKawashimaüberdieExperimenteder Bakterienbombe,dieAussagevonNishiüberdiepathologhischenExperimente,dieAussagevon YoshioFuruichiüberdieBakterienexperimenteundandereausführlichenAussagen.Die GerichtsverhandlungwaroffenunddieDokumentewurden1950insJapanischübersetzt.738Seiten langedokumentesindsehrwichtigehistorischematerialien,diediestrategiederjapanische ArmeefürdieEntwicklungderbiologischenWaffedokumentierten. 4-6SondermilitärgerichtshofinChina(1956) InChinagabes1956denProzeßgegendiegefangenenehemeligenMitglieder.EinJahrvoeher, 1955,hatZhouEnlaidieAmnestiefürdiejapanischenKrieggefangenenvorgeschlagen.Die Angeklagtenwarennuchnoch5Personen.EsgabkeinenTodesurteil.HideoShinohara,Militärarzt undleiterder731einheitbekam13jahre-gefängnis,abererkonntenächstesjahrwegender AmnestienachJapanzurückkommen. AußerdenÄrzteundMedizinerwarYoshioShinozuka,derJuniormitgliedderEinheit731 gewesenwar,eineperson,dienachderrückkehreineorganisationderchina-rückkehrergründete unddieaussageüberdieverbrechenderjapanerwährenddeskriegesnichtscheute. 4-7UntersuchungdesFallderVivisektionenanderKyushuUniversitätnachdemKrieg DerFallderVivisektionanderKyushuUniversitätwurdebeimMilitärgerichthofinYokohamaim Jahr1949verurteilt.Vonden14Uni-Angehörigenerhielten3Todesurteil,2lebenslänliche GefängnisstrafeundzeitigeFreiheitstrafe.AbernachdemAUsbruchdesKriegesinKoreawurden allebefreit. GleichnachdemHaftdurchdieBesatzungsarmeehatderAusschußderUnialleVerantwortung deruniabgelehnt,diebetreffendenleutehättenauseigenerinitiativedieuni-anlagebenutzt. Prof.GoichiHiramitsu,derzumExperimentseinLaboranbot,sagteohneReuefolgendermaßen: "WennProf.Ishiyama,derMuthatte,unerlaubteOperationzumachen,mindestensvorseinem SelbstmorddieBerichtederOperationhiterlassenkönnte,würdedasdemFortschrittder medizinischenfortschrittbeitragen." Die50JahreGeschichtederKyzushuUniversität(1967)beschreibt,esgebenochungeklärte Probleme,aberdieUnimachtkeineneueUntersuchung.

124 4-8ÄrzteundMediziner,diemitderEinheitzutunhatten,nachdemKrieg 53ÄrztederEinheit731kamenvorundnachdemKriegmitdemFlugzeugzurück.UndandereMitglieder kamenmitdensonderzügenschnellnachjapanzurück.diemitgleiderfolgtendembefehlvonishii undlebetensehrschwer,aberdiezurückgekommenenärztenahmenohneselbstkritikdiewichtigen PositioneninderMedizinweltein. EsgabnurwenigeÄrztewieSueoMatsuzawa,dereinBuchveröffentlichte: "FragedermedizinischenEthik-dieErfahrungeninderEinheit731". 4-9ProzessgegendieNazi-ExperimenteamMenscheninNürnberg EinProzeßvon12ProzessengegendieKriegsverbrechendurchNaziwargegendieunmenschlichen ExperimenteamMenschendurchNazi.20von23AngeglagtenwarenÄrzte. Am20.August1947wurden7von23AngeklagtenzumTodverurteilt,dabeiwurdederNürnberger Kodexgezeigt,dernuneininternationalanerkanntesethischesKrieteriumwurde. 4-10DerNürnbergerKodex 1.DiefreiwilligeZustimmungderVersuchspersonistunbedingterforderlich.Dasheißt,dass diebetreffendepersonimjuristischensinnefähigseinmuss,ihreeinwilligungzugeben;dass sieinderlageseinmuss,unbeeinflusstdurchgewalt,betrug,list,druck,vortäuschungoder irgendeineandereformderüberredungoderdeszwanges,vonihremurteilsvermögengebrauchzu machen;dasssiedasbetreffendegebietinseineneinzelheitenhinreichendkennenundverstehen muss,umeineverständigeundinformierteentscheidungtreffenzukönnen.dieseletztebedingung machtesnotwendig,dassderversuchspersonvordereinholungihrerzustimmungdaswesen,die LängeundderZweckdesVersuchesklargemachtwerden;sowiedieMethodeunddieMittel,welche angewendetwerdensollen,alleunannehmlichkeitenundgefahren,welchemitfugzuerwartensind, unddiefolgenfürihregesundheitoderihreperson,welchesichausderteilnahmeergebenmögen. DiePflichtundVerantwortlichkeit,denWertderZustimmungfestzustellen,obliegtjedem,der denversuchanordnet,leitetoderihndurchführt.diesisteinepersönlichepflichtund Verantwortlichkeit,welchenichtstraflosanandereweitergegebenwerdenkann. 2.DerVersuchmusssogestaltetsein,dassfruchtbareErgebnissefürdasWohlderGesellschaft zuerwartensind,welchenichtdurchandereforschungsmittelodermethodenzuerlangensind. ErdarfseinerNaturnachnichtwillkürlichoderüberflüssigsein. 3.DerVersuchistsozuplanenundaufErgebnissenvonTierversuchenundnaturkundlichemWissen überdiekrankheitoderdasforschungsproblemaufzubauen,dassdiezuerwartendenergebnisse diedurchführungdesversuchsrechtfertigenwerden. 4.DerVersuchistsoauszuführen,dassallesunnötigekörperlicheundseelischeLeidenund Schädigungenvermiedenwerden. 5.KeinVersuchdarfdurchgeführtwerden,wennvonvornhereinmitFugangenommenwerdenkann, dasseszumtododereinemdauerndenschadenführenwird,höchstensjeneversucheausgenommen, beiwelchenderversuchsleitergleichzeitigalsversuchspersondient. 6.DieGefährdungdarfniemalsüberjeneGrenzenhinausgehen,diedurchdiehumanitäreBedeutung deszulösendenproblemsvorgegebensind. 7.EsistfürausreichendeVorbereitungundgeeigneteVorrichtungenSorgezutragen,umdie VersuchspersonauchvordergeringstenMöglichkeitvonVerletzung,bleibendemSchadenoderTod zuschützen. 8.DerVersuchdarfnurvonwissenschaftlichqualifiziertenPersonendurchgeführtwerden.Größte GeschicklichkeitundVorsichtsindaufallenStufendesVersuchsvondenjenigenzuverlangen, diedenversuchleitenoderdurchführen. 9.WährenddesVersuchesmussderVersuchspersonfreigestelltbleiben,denVersuchzubeenden, wennsiekörperlichoderpsychischeinenpunkterreichthat,andemihrseinefortsetzung unmöglicherscheint. 10.ImVerlaufdesVersuchsmussderVersuchsleiterjederzeitdaraufvorbereitetsein,denVersuch abzubrechen,wenneraufgrunddesvonihmverlangtengutenglaubens,seinerbesonderen

ErfahrungundseinessorgfältigenUrteilsvermutenmuss,daßeineFortsetzungdesVersuches eineverletzung,einebleibendeschädigungoderdentodderversuchspersonzurfolgehaben könnte. 4-11ErklärungdesdeutschenÄrzteverbandes DerdeutscheÄrzteverbandhat1947dieErklärunggegenalledeutschenÄrzte,dieandenVerbrechen gegendiemenschheitbeteiligtwaren,angenommenunddachtedarübernach,dasssiemitdennazis zusammengearbeitethabenunddieverbrechenbegangen.(1949/50) DerdeutscheÄrzteverbanderklärtenachdemNürnbergerKodex.ErkonntenachderErklärung indeninternationalenärztverbandeintreten. 4-12SchweigenderdeutschenmedizinischenWelt ObdieAuseinadersetzungderdeutschenmedizinischenWeltmitihrerGeschichteweiter vorangegangenist,istesnichtklar. 1947hatAlexanderMitscherlicheinBuchveröffentlicht:"WissenschaftohneMenschlichkeit". UnderruftedieUntersuchungderTatbeständeauf.AbererbekamdurchdiesesBuchÄrgerbei seinenkollegenundwurdeisoliert. DerGrund,warumdieUntersuchungnichtweitergegangenist,istdaraufzurückzuführen:Die DiskussionüberdieEthikderWissenschaftwarunterdenÄrztennichtgenugunddiePolitikdes kaltenkriegesunddieselbstverteidigungdermedizinerundärzte,dienachdemkriegfieführende PositioneninderdeutschenGesellschaftnahmen. 4-13UntersuchungderdeutchenMedizinwelt Inden60erJahrenwurdedieBewegungderJugendlichenundStudentenaktivunddiePolitikund GesellschaftinderBundesrepublikdemokratisiert.UnddamitwurdedieAuseinadersetzungmit dervergangeiheitaktuell.nichtnurdiekriegsverbrecherwurdenverfolgt,sonderndie VerantwortungderWissenschaftler,Ärzte,verschiedenerBürgerorganisationenundeinzelbner Bürgerwurdegefragt. BerlinerÄrzteverbandhat1988beiderKonferenzdesdeutschenÄrzteverbandeseine Ausstellungveranstaltet:"WertdesMenschen-DeutscheMedizinvon1918bis1945"undgabeine Erklärung.dieAUsstellungwurdeauchalsBuchveröffentlicht. UndderÄrzteverbandhatauchdie"internationaleÄrzteblätter"von1934bis1939 wiedergedrucktundveröffentlichtdamitdiedokumentenüberdievergessenenemigriertenärzte. DieAuseinadersetzungdermedizinischenWeltmitderNazi-VergangenheitgehtinDeutschland weiterundesgibtkeinende. 4-14"WertdesMenschen" DasBuch"WertdesMenschen"wurdeNovember1988unterderLeitungvonChristianProssundGötz AlzdurchdenBerlinerÄrzteverbandpubuliziert.DerInhaltdesBuchüberdiedeutscheMeditin von1918bis1945ist: 1.ErnährungundGesundheitdesdeutschenVilkesnachdem1.Weltkrieg 2.RassismusundEugenik 3.DienstderÄrztefür"GesundheitdesVolkes" 4.KaiserWilhelmInstitut,einZentrumderVolkskunde,GenetikundEugenik 5.WarnungvonJuliusMosesvordenmedizinischenExperimenten(1932) 6.Ärzte,dieleichtnazisiertwurden 7.ÄrztealsVertreterdesVolkesfürdieVerhütungderGeburtdesKindesmitderErbkrankheit 8.T4-Aktion(1940-45)Euthanasie-GeisteskrankewurdenalsLebenohneLebenswertgetötet. 9.ExperimenteamMenschenimKozentrationslager 10.ExperimenteamMenschenundHerstellungderPräparatedurchJosefMengele 11.NürnbergerProzessgegendieÄrzte 4-15Die12.GeneralversammlungderjapanischenMedizinernachdemKrieg(1947) 125

126 Beider12.GeneralversammlungderjapanischenMedizinerinOsaka(1.-6.April1947)fielendie TeilnahmevondenamerikanischenÄrztenundihreVorträgeauf. DieärztlicheAbteilungdesGHQunddieFachärztederMilitärkrankenhäusernahmendaranteil undberichtetenüberdieneuemedizin.esgabzwareinvortagüberdie"klinischeuntersuchung, PathologieundRadiologiederAtombombe",aberJapanischeVorträgewarensolche,diedenWill desghqspiegelten.trotzdererstengeneralversammungnachdemkriegwaresvonderuntersuchung derkriegsverbrechenundselbstkritiknichtdierede. 4-16"Selbstkritik"desjapanischenÄrzteverbandesbeimEintrittindeninternationalen Ärzteverband 1951wurdederEintrittdesjapanischenÄrzteverbandesunddesdeutscheb'ruteverbandesinden internationalenärzteverbanderklaubt,nachdemdiebeidenverbändedieverbrechen,diemediziner undärztewährenddeskriegesausgeübthatten,kritisierten.diebeidenerklärungezeigenden UnterschieddesUmgangsmitdenKriegsverbrechenderbeidenLänder. 4-17VerfolgungderKriegsverbrechenvonÄrzteniminternationalenÄrzteverband Prof.FranzBrau(Uni.Kalifornien,Dematologie),dessenVerwandtedurchNazigetötetwurde,und andereverfolgtenseit1970erjahrendieärzte,diefürdennaziarbeiteten.deswegenkonnte derarzthansseweringnichtzumpräsidentdesinternationalesnärzteverbandeswerden(übrigens verteidigtenihndiedeutschegesellschaftderinnerenmedizinundderdeutscheärzteverband biszuseinemtodinjuni2010.). Prof.FranzBrau,derdieKriegsverbrechenderEinheit731erfuhr,verfolgtedie VerantwortungdesjapanischcenÄrzteverbandes.Ersagte,wennmandieEinheit731wegsieht, verlierendiejapanischenärztediewürde. ErhatbeiderKongressdesinternationaleenÄrzteverbandes1995eineErklärungvon6Punkten vorgeschlagen. DerjapanischeVerbanderklärte,allesseischonerledigtundstellteeinenAntrag,diese Erklärungfristloszuverlegen.DerjapanischeVerbandversuchtkeineUntersuchungund Selbstkritik,wiedasBuch"WertdesMenschen",sonderneherwillmanallesverschleiern. 4-18AktionderBetroffenenderEinheit731imJapanischenWissenschaftrat Am24.Oktober1952fanddie13.GeneralversammlungdesjapanischenWissenschaftsratstatt.Davei stelltengitarohirano,yoichifkushimau.a.einenantrag,ratifizierungdesgenferkonvention (VerbotderVerwendungderbiologischenWaffe)zuverlangen. AberShozoToda(KanazawaUni,ehemaligerProfessoranderKyotoUniundBeauftragterim EpidemieverhütungslabordermilitärischenMedizinschulederArmee)undRenKimura(Vizepräsident desjapanischenärzteverbandes,rektorderstädtischenuninagoya,ehemaligerprofessorander KyotoUni,BeauftragterdermilitärischenMedizinschulederArmee),diezur7.Abteilung (Medizin)gehörten,warendagegen.TodaundKimurawarenProfessorenanderKyotoUniversität undlehrtenishiiundwarengeradediepersonen,diewährenddes15jahrekriegesdiemediziner indieeinheit731schickten. IhrArgumentwar:"JapanhatjetztdenKriegaufgegeben,alsobrauchtmansolchenVertrag nichtzuratifizieren,dermitdemkriegzutunhat.""diebakteriensindheutealswaffenicht zugebrauchen,alsoberuhigensiesich." UnddannwurdedieserAntragabgelehnt. HierfindetmankeineSelbstkritikgegendieVerbrechen,diedieMedizinerundÄrzteverübten. WeildieUSAsiefreigesprochenhaben,fühlensiesichinihremAmtwohl. 4-19InderjapanischenmedizinischenWeltwurdenachdemKriegderDoktortitelandieBetroffenen dereinheit731gegeben DieLeute,dieim"ForschungsberichtderEpidemieverhütungdermilitärischenMedizinschuleder Armee(2.Teil)"ihreArbeitveröffentlichten,konntennachdemKriegdenDoktortitelinden Universitätenbekommen.

127 Eswarenisgesamt22Personen,OsakaUni,KyotoUni,HokkaidoUni,KeioUni,KumamotoUni, TokyoUni,TohokuUni,NagoyaUni,NiigataUniu.a. AllehabendenTitelzwischen1946und49erworben. 4-20SelbstverteidigungvonHIsatoYoshimura "Esistschonfalsch,wennmandenkt,dassmaninderArmeenachseinemeigenenGedankenund nachdemgewissenhandelnkann.wogibteseinearmee,indermannachseinemgewissenhandeln kann." DasistdasselbeArgument,dasmaninDeutschlandhörte:"DieÄrztewärenselbergefährlich geworden,wennsiedieexperimenteammenschennichtgemachthätten.""dieärztefolgtennurdem Befehl." AberdieseArgumentewurdenbeimNürnbergerProzessabgelehnt. YoshimurawurdeProfessoranderKyotoPreäfekturUniversitätunddannauchRektorderUni. 1978bekamerdannwegenderForchungderAdaptioneinenOrden. 4-21Einheit731undGrünesKreuz,durchBlutprodukteübertragenesAidsundHepathetis(1) DurchBlutprodukteübertragenesAids(1989-1996)undHepathetis(1998-2008)warendie bekanntestenmedikamentenschaden.grüneskreuz(tanabe-mitsubishi-pharmazie)wurdebeiden beidenproyessenverurteilt.ryoichinaito,derdiefirmagründeteundpräsidentwar,hateine Vergangenheit,dasserimZentrumderEinheit731war.UmdieBakterienwaffezuproduzieren, forschteerdietrocknenblutprodukte. NaitogründeteimSeptember1950,3MonatenachdemAusbruchdesKoreaKrieges,zusammen mitehemaligenmitgliederdereinheitseijikitanoundhideofutakidiefirma"japanbludbank". DieFirmastelltedieBlutprodukteherundverkaufte. 1964,nachdemdasRoteKreuzdieBlutspendenförderte,hatmadenNamenderFirmaverändert zum"grünenkreuz"undverkauftefebrinogen.nachdemdaspur-blutplasma1968indenusaverboten wurde,hatmanweiterdasblutplasmaimportiertundverkauft. Undnachdem1977indenUSAFebrinogennichtverkauftwurde,inportiertedieFirmadie Pridukteweiterundverkaufte. 4-22Einheit731undGrünesKreuz,durchBlutprodukteübertragenesAidsundHepathetis(2) ImNationalepidemieverhütungsinstitut,dasdiePlutproduktedesGrünenKreuzprüfteunddessen Sicherheitgarantierte,arbeitetendieBetroffenenderEinhei731undsiehabendieführenden Psotionen. GrünesKreuzgehörtnunzurTanabe-Mitsubishi-Pharmazie,abervonderFirmahörtmaneinige rechtswidrigehandlungen. 4-23WosinddievondenUSAbeschlaggenommenenDokumente? ImParlamentsuchtemanseitdemKriegsendedieDokumente.DieJapanischeRegierung,dieeimal dieveröffentlichungderdokumenteüberdieeinheit731nötigfand,habendiedokumentefast nichtveröffentlicht. Aber1986beideröffentlichenAnhörungdesamerikanischenUnterhausessagteman,die DukumenteüberdieEinheit731wurdenbiszumEnde1950erJahreinHolzkasteneingepacktnach Japanzurückgegeben. UnserFörderungsverein"KriegundmedizinischeEthik"fordertseit2009vom VerteidigungsministerdieVeröffentlichungderDokumente. 4-24AufgegebeneGiftbombe DiejapanischeArmeehataufderInselOogunojimaGiftgasheimlichproduziert,inKyushuindie BombegefülltundinChinamassenweiseverwendet.WiedieEiheit731fürdenBakteienkriegin Harbingegründetwurde,wurdedieEinheit516inQiqihargegründet. NachdemKriegbekamenvieleLeutedurchdieaufgegebenenGiftbombeSchaden.ImAugust2003 wurden44menschenvergiftetundeieristgestorben.dieopferhabendiejapanischeregierung

angeklagt. 4-25ProzessgegendieEinheit731unddenBakterienkriegundForderungderstaatlichen Reparationen DieOpferderExperimenteamMenschendurchdieEinheiet731unddurchdiebiologischenWaffen undihrefamiliehabendiejapanischeregierungangeklagtundfordertdiestaatlichen Reparationen. DieOpferderExperimenteamMenschenhaben1995und180OpferderbiologischenWaffehaben denprozessbegonnen.imlaufedesprozesseswurdedietatsacheanerkannt,dassdieopferdie OpferderExperimenteundderbiologischenWaffesind.AberderUrteidesOberstenGerichthofs immai2007hatdieanklageabgelehnt,weilesdamalskeingesetzfürstaatlichereparationen gab.dasproblemitsimmernochungelöst. 5.UntersuchungderGeschichteundEthikderMedizin Im5.teilwollenwirunserenWillenzeigen,niewiederamKriegzubeteiligenundwirwollen vondergeschichtelernen. 5-2DerSinn,heuteüberdieKriegsverbrechennachzudenken UnterwelchenUmständenwarendieMedizinerundÄrzteandenunmenschlichenExperimenteam MenschenundderEnwicklungderbiologischenWaffebeteiligt?WaresnichtausNeugieroderzum eigenengewinn?hatdasähnlichkentenmitdenmedizinerundärzte,diedie Medikamentenschadenverursachten.WirmüssendieseDiskussionweiterentwickeln.Wirmüssendie WahrheitgenauuntersuchenundDieProblemeklarmachen,umdieEthikderMedizinerundÄrzte festzumachenunddenvertrauendesvolkeswiederzugewinnen. 5-3WichtigkeitdermedizinischenEthik JapanischemedizinischeWelthättenochgründlichereUntersuchungenundSelbstkritikder KriegsverbrechenwährenddesKriegesmachensollen.WirverlangenvonderGeneralversammlung, diealle4jahrestattfindet,einoffiziellesprojekt,dasnochnichtrealisiertist. DerjapanischeÄrzteverbandistdamitzufrieden,dassmanimMärz1949eineErklärunggab. Damitwarfürsiealleserledigt. UndimethischenGrundsatzvomjapanischenÄrzteverband(2.4.2002)findetmankeine SelbstkritikderKriegsverbrechenundkeineLehredaraus. 5-4Ungenügende"EthikderMedizin" 5-5VerantwortungderMedizinerundÄrzte 5-6EntschuldigungserklärungderDGPPN 5-7UngenägendeErziehungdermedizinischenEthik InJapanwirddieKriegsverbrechenderMedizinerundÄrztenurwenigbehandeltimGegenteilzu anderenländern.dashtdamitzutun,dassdiekriegsverbrechenderärztewährenddeskrieges verschleiertwurdeundnichtuntersuchtwurde. 5-8Struktur,mitdemNotstandgesetzdasVolkunddieMedizinzumobilisieren HeutenochhatdieMedizinmitderMilitärzutunundsogaristdamitfesterverbunden.Das Nottstandgesetz(1999)ermöglichtdasVolkwiederzumobilisieren.MankanndieKrankenhäuser unterkontrollestellenunddieärzteundkrankenschwestermobilisieren. 5-9KriegundMedizinforschung,EntwicklungdermedizinischenTechnologie DieBeziehungderMedizinmitdemKriegistauchheutesehrwichtig.Dasbeweist,dassdieHälfte desetasfürallewissenschaftenfürdiemilitär(verteidigung)ist.unddiebio-technologie 128

129 istmitdermilitätengverbunden. 5-10IndustrieundMedizinforschung,EntwicklungderMedizinischenTechnologie WeilMedizinmitderIndustrieengverbudenist,gibtesGefahr,verursachtdasvielleichtz.B. denunmenschlichen,unwürdigenmedikamententestoderdiemedizinerwollenvonderindustrie Profitgewinnen. MankannGenmanipulierenundOrganetransplantieren.EsentstandnundasProblemderEthik. UmunsmitdisemProblemaueinaderzusetzen,sollenwirüberdieStrukturundFunktiondes EthikausschußoderEthischeErziehungnachdenken. 5-11 WirforderndieoffizielleUntersuchungderKriegsbeteiligungderMedizinerundÄrzteund dieselbstkritikandenjapanischenärzteverband ErklärungzurFörderungder"medizinischenEthik" Die28.GeneralversammlungdesjapanischenÄrzteverbandesfandvon2.4.-10.4.2011inTokyounter demmotto"medizinundärztlichebehandlung,umdaslebenunddiezukunftdererdezuerweitern, -Verständnis,VertrauenundEntwicklung"statt.DieSammlungwaroffennichtnurfürdie MedizinerundÄrzte,sondernauchfürdieBürger. WrihabenbeiderVerwammlungmerhmalseinProjektvorgeschlagen,umdieKriegsbeteiligung dermedizinerundärztezuprüfen,wasabernichtnochnichtrealierbarist. WeildieDokumenteverbranntoderimmernochverschleriertwurdenundnichtveröffentlicht wurden,istdiewahrheitderkriegsbeteiligungimmernochnichtklarundschwerprüfbar.was dieeinheit731angeht,hatdasghqdiebetroffenenmedizinerundärzteverhört,aberihnengegen dieforschungsergebnissedieimmunität. DieEntwicklungderMedizinundmedizinischenBehandlungistneutebemerkenswertundwir stehenvoreinemneuenethischenproblem.undwirmüssendiesesproblemlösen.esistdeswegen sehrwichtig,dasswirandiebieherigegeschichtedermedizinundmedizinischenbehandlung zurückdenken. DerjapanischeÄrzteverbandhatnachdemKriegbeimEintirttandeninternationalen ÄrzteverbanddieGreueltatenandenFeindenkritisiert.Undmanmeintdamit,allesseischon erledigt.mansollsichernstmitdentatendermedizinerundärzteauseinadersetzenunddie künftigemedizin(rettugdesleben,gesundheit),menschenrecht,ausrottungderdiskriminierung, menschlichewürdesollengrundlagederjapanischenmedizinsein.dasistaberinderheutigen Landschaftnichtzuerreichen.DieVerhältnissederjapanischenmedizinischenWelthabenmit denmedizinischenmissgeschick,fehlversucheundmedikamentenschadenundmitihrenopfernetwas zutunundwurdenkritisiert.ohnedieauseinadersetzungmitdervergangenheithatjapandas Jahr2000erreicht. "WerabervorderVergangenheitdieAugenverschliesst,wirdblindfürdie Gegenwart."(Weizsäcker)DeutschlandhatdieLehregezogen.DieGDPPNhatsichenschuldigt,dass diegeisteskrankenindernazizeitdurchdieärztezumtodgezwungenwurden(2010),oderder deutscheärzteverbandhatimmai2012innürnbergeineerklärungveröffentlichtundbatdieopfer dernazistischenmedizinumdieverzeihung.wirmüssenauchlernen.wirmüssendieunmensclichen TatendurchdieMedizinerundÄrzteuntersuchenunddiewahreGeschichtezeigen,dasistunbedingt nötigfürdieethikdermedizinundfürdiekünfitigemedizinundmedizinischebehandlung.dabei sollsichderjapanischeärzteverbandalsvertreterdermedizinundmedizinischerbehandlung damitbeschäftigen. Die28.GeneralversammlungkonntenichtindieVergangenheithieinschauen.Wirsindtraurig undmüssenunsbeidenopfernentschuldigen,dasswirnichtstarkgenugwaren.aberwirwollen mindestensintokyoeineausstellungundeininternationalessyposiumveranstalten.wirwollen die GästeausDeutschlandeinladen.DaswurdedurchdieKatastrophevom11.3.2011einmaabgesagt.

WirwollenbeiderGeneralversammlungimJahr2015nocheinmalversuchen. AlleUniversitätenmüssenaufderGrundlagedergeschichtlichenUntrsuchungdieStudenten ausbildenunddieethikdermedizinunterrichten.wirmüssenüberdieorganisationdesverbandes nocheinmalnachdenken.wirwollenbeidergeneralversammlungdesverbandesgenaudieernste AuseinadersetzungmitderKriegsbeteiligungderMedizinerundÄrzteunddengrausamen ExperimentenamMenschendurchdiejapanischenMedizinerundÄrzte.Wirwollenweiterdieses Problemverfolgenudnversuchen,ausderGeschichtedieLehrefürdiekünftigeMedizinund medizinischebehandlungzuziehen. November2012 Förderungsvereinder"KriegundmedizinischenEthik" 130