200210 2002. 8
.
iii 1. 1 2. 3 2.1. 3 2.2. : vs. G5 8 3. 10 3.1. 10 3.2. 14 3.3. (Comparative Static Analysis) 16 4. 22 23 24 i
< 1> 5 < 2> 7 < 3> 9 < 4> 14 < 5> 15 < 6> 17 < 7> : 5%, R&D GDP 3% 19 < 8> : 5%, R&D GDP 5% 20 < 9> 2000 G5 21 < 1> 4 < 2>, 12 < 3> 14 ii
1963. 1966, 1967. 30., 1983. 1980... 2000 PPP 10, 2002 500 12., 1963 2000 1970 4.2%, 1980 22.8% 73.0% 1990., G5 25. G5. 1975 18.8 PPP 37 2000 687.7 PPP. 72% 1990. iii
1975 5, 270, 72, 80, 42, 49. 2000, 17 ; 7, 4, 3, 2. 25. 5% GDP 3%, 2000 50, 35. GDP 5%, 2000 42, 25. iv
1..,... IMF.,,. 40 10. 1) 500 12., 5, CDMA. ( box ). 60. 1967 ( ). 80 (< 1> )., 20. 1) 2000 PPP GDP 1
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. 2. 2. 1. 1963. 1 5 1962 1963 ( 12 )..,,. 2 5 1967 ( ). 1 1966 (KIST ). 1967 1963 4 ( ) 48. 10 1977 1000. 1981. 1985 1, 1996 10. 70, 80. 3
1997 (< 1> ). 1999 ( ). 1964 2000 15.3%. : 1995 < 1>, 1971 2000 ( ) 1971 80 4.2%, 1981 90 22.8%, 1991 2000 73.0% 30 90. 4
< 1> ( ) GDP (%) (%) 1995 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 12 14 21 32 48 67 98 105 107 120 156 382 427 969 1442 1836 2194 2825 3688 5331 6822 9072 12371 16069 19852 24252 28173 33499 41584 49890 61530 78947 94406 108781 121858 113366 119218 138485 662 595 841 1121 1448 1739 2215 2058 1870 1815 2085 3883 3434 6332 8085 8310 8302 8596 9528 12858 15526 19550 25484 31485 36828 41829 45953 49356 55264 61603 70964 84572 94406 104711 113720 100698 108096 127551 0.25 0.20 0.26 0.31 0.38 0.40 0.45 0.38 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.50 0.42 0.44 0.61 0.64 0.57 0.58 0.81 0.88 1.01 1.19 1.48 1.73 1.81 1.84 1.89 1.87 1.93 2.08 2.30 2.44 2.50 2.60 2.69 2.52 2.46 2.68 *75.6 *73.8 *72.1 *70.3 *68.6 *66.8 *65.0 70.3 68.3 66.2 53.4 46.5 66.7 64.3 47.3 48.4 52.5 49.8 53.5 49.4 33.7 27.0 24.6 23.2 24.6 21.3 20.4 19.4 19.4 17.2 16.7 15.9 18.9 22.1 23.4 26.9 26.8 24.9 *24.4 *26.2 *27.9 *29.7 *31.4 *33.2 *35.0 29.7 31.7 33.8 46.6 53.5 33.3 35.7 52.7 51.6 47.5 50.2 46.5 50.6 66.3 73.0 75.4 76.8 75.4 78.7 79.6 80.6 80.6 82.8 83.3 84.1 81.1 77.9 76.6 73.1 73.2 75.1 :,,.,,.,,. : (*) 5
, 1973, 2) 80.,. 1982 72 91 1201, 2000 4194. 1999. 60 1983. 6 70 2/3 80 83 30% 90 10% 20%. 40., 1963 1750 1. 1975 1 20 1995 10. 2000 10 8370, 32.1. 1963 690 ( ) 1977 1, 1996 10. 2000 12 78 (< 2> )., 11 3 (2000 ), 20 (2000 ), 19 1 (1997), 21 4 (1999 ), 20 2, 16 2 (1998 ). 3) 2) 1992 3) :,, 2001. 6
< 2> ( ) ( ) ( ) 1995 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1750 1906 2765 2962 4061 5024 5337 5628 5320 5599 6065 6314 10275 11661 12771 14749 15711 18434 20718 28448 32117 37103 41473 47042 52783 56545 66220 70503 73275 85268 93680 89018 100456 99433 102660 92541 100210 108370 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.9 3.3 3.5 4.0 4.2 4.8 5.4 7.2 8.0 9.2 10.2 11.4 12.7 13.5 15.6 16.4 16.9 19.5 21.2 19.9 22.3 21.8 22.3 20.0 21.5 23.1 6.9 7.3 7.6 10.8 11.8 13.3 18.4 18.7 20.1 21.4 25.7 60.5 41.6 83.1 112.9 124.5 139.6 153.2 178.0 187.4 212.4 244.5 298.3 341.6 376.1 428.9 425.4 475.1 567.5 585.1 656.8 886.9 939.8 1094.0 1187.0 1225.0 1189.7 1277.9 378.5 312.4 304.3 378.6 356.5 346.1 415.0 365.6 351.5 324.2 343.8 614.9 334.2 543.0 633.1 563.5 528.4 466.3 459.9 452.0 483.4 526.9 614.5 669.3 697.7 739.8 693.9 700.1 754.2 722.5 757.5 950.0 939.8 1053.1 1107.7 1088.1 1078.7 1177.0 :,,.,,.,,. : (FTE) 7
,, ( 13%, 2000 ). 2.2. : v s. G 5. OECD PPP. 4) 1995. 2000 G5, PPP GDP 2000 6551 PPP. 5) GDP 13.7, 4.8, 2.9, 2.1, 1.9 ( ). 2000 4700, 2 7500, 1 2700, 8200, 6100, 6000. G5. 1970 2000, 1970 3 PPP 14.6% 2000 175.6 PPP. 2000 1981, 1970. 4) PPP. ( )., 1 1000 PPP 1000. purchasing power parity (PPP).. OECD PPP. 5) 2000 PPP GDP,,,,,,,,,,. 8
3.4% 2000 2426.5 PPP. OECD 44.2%. 6) < 3> ( : 10 PPP ) 1970 0.292 89.025 18.793 20.781 12.040 13.872 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 0.259 0.254 0.285 0.528 0.473 0.876 1.116 1.141 1.141 1.212 87.067 88.877 90.515 88.814 86.529 90.567 93.507 98.256 103.321 108.322 20.171 22.002 24.639 25.053 25.385 26.394 27.232 28.837 32.019 34.933 23.466 24.036 24.174 24.558 25.469 25.658 26.868 29.158 30.774 32.000 12.616 12.963 12.926 13.481 13.596 13.934 14.136 14.610 15.532 16.139 13.639 14.200 13.805 13.368 14.762 15.762 16.228 16.501 17.025 17.879 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1.357 1.833 2.208 2.778 3.623 4.402 5.111 5.739 6.254 6.743 113.422 119.219 127.383 139.870 152.440 155.858 159.313 163.464 166.626 172.141 38.750 41.714 45.240 48.418 53.541 54.689 58.287 63.067 68.992 74.856 32.535 33.138 33.812 36.109 38.736 39.856 41.986 43.216 44.407 43.905 17.780 19.081 19.930 21.214 22.006 22.238 28.502 24.280 25.848 27.660 17.706 17.678 17.421 18.003 19.020 20.305 20.755 21.441 22.104 22.782 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1971 2000 (%) 7.602 8.638 10.077 12.236 13.844 15.385 16.735 13.778 14.800 17.556 175.828 176.534 173.013 173.636 184.928 194.637 200.958 214.605 229.470 242.646 83.670 83.592 82.229 81.895 86.695 83.945 87.307 89.704 90.304 93.694 43.327 42.091 40.626 39.861 40.201 39.804 40.895 42.059 45.247 47.370 27.246 28.236 28.332 28.092 28.081 27.905 27.448 27.742 28.897 29.442 21.474 21.722 21.957 22.552 22.216 21.896 21.133 21.644 23.087 23.536 14.6 3.4 5.5 2.8 3.0 1.8 6) G5 2000 4749 PPP ( ) OECD 79.1%. 9
, 1976 2000 5.5%, 2000 936.9 PPP.,, 2 3% 2000 473.7 PPP, 294.4 PPP, 235.4 PPP. 25, 2000 7.2%, 18.7%. GDP GDP 7.3%, 20.8%, ( ). 3. G5. 3. 1.. Kline & Rosenberg(1986). (flow ) 10
( ) (stock).. /... (dominating variable). (necessary condition) (sufficient condition).... ( ), (flow), ( ). ( ). ( )... 11
< 2>, (behavior)., ( ) (heterogeneous).. (behavior),.,. 12
.. (1) T S t = TF t + ( 1 ) T S t 1, T S t : t TF t : t : ( ) ( t 0 ) R&D,. (2) T S t 0 = i = 0 TF t 0 i ( 1 ) i ( g ),. (3) T S t 0 = TF t0 [ 1 + g g + ], (< 4> ). 7) 7) R&D ( g ). 13
< 4> 3 0.14286 : 1. 3. 2. R&D 7. 3.2. OECD PPP, 1995. 3> 14
< 5> ( : 10 PPP ) 1975 1.875 505.920 135.349 150.359 79.356 91.596 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1.886 2.139 2.299 2.839 3.540 522.441 534.845 543.149 554.276 566.716 140.192 144.741 148.956 153.564 158.337 152.542 154.790 157.619 160.225 163.659 80.676 82.357 83.908 85.570 87.191 92.004 91.915 93.235 95.361 97.641 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 4.163 4.696 5.221 5.815 6.797 582.086 600.273 620.801 643.427 668.540 164.015 172.046 181.816 193.974 207.318 168.880 174.954 181.366 187.375 193.108 89.048 91.556 94.304 98.291 102.997 99.861 102.281 105.201 107.521 109.473 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 8.011 9.618 11.834 14.505 17.495 698.144 735.906 780.714 822.387 861.420 222.236 238.150 256.860 273.981 292.196 198.677 205.728 214.375 222.877 232.265 107.863 113.301 118.737 123.609 134.032 110.883 112.668 115.210 118.665 122.065 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 20.676 23.906 27.153 30.784 34.920 898.894 934.051 969.581 1003.600 1033.351 312.527 335.810 361.551 392.341 418.550 241.511 250.596 257.850 263.464 267.022 138.709 144.270 150.830 156.016 161.434 125.653 129.379 133.238 135.225 137.169 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1976 2000 (%) 39.889 46.291 53.364 60.944 68.766 1055.229 1074.530 1102.300 1135.718 1170.569 439.563 457.169 476.999 491.180 506.649 268.594 269.172 270.004 270.318 271.677 166.155 169.946 173.171 175.748 177.492 139.064 141.277 142.830 143.836 143.932 15.5 3.4 5.4 2.4 3.3 1.8 1975 2000 < 3> < 6>, G5,. 1975, 1975 18.7 PPP, 1981 41.6 PPP, 1991 206.8 PPP, 2000 687.7 PPP 15
15.5%.. 1976 2000 1976 2000 668.9 PPP, 20.9% 1981 1990 20.9%, 1991 2000 71.9%., 25 2/ 3 90 10. 1975 5059.2 PPP 3.4% 2000 1 1705.7 PPP. 1353.5 PPP 5.4% 2000 5066.5 PPP, 43.3%.,, 2.4%, 3.3%, 1.8%. 2000 2716.8 PPP, 1774.9 PPP, 1439.3 PPP. 3.3. (Co m p a ra t iv e S t a t ic A n a ly s is ). 1975 2000 1.0 < 6>. 25 37. 1975 15 10, 10. 16
< 6> 1975 1.0 2000 1.0 1975 1.0 269.8 72.2 80.2 42.3 48.8 0.0 7.4 2.0 2.2 1.2 1.3 1976 1.0 278.6 74.8 81.4 43.0 49.1 0.0 7.6 2.0 2.2 1.2 1.3 1977 1.1 285.2 77.2 82.6 43.9 49.0 0.0 7.8 2.1 2.3 1.2 1.3 1978 1.2 289.7 79.4 84.1 44.7 49.7 0.0 7.9 2.2 2.3 1.2 1.4 1979 1.5 295.6 81.9 85.5 45.6 50.9 0.0 8.1 2.2 2.3 1.2 1.4 1980 1.9 302.2 84.4 87.3 46.5 52.1 0.1 8.2 2.3 2.4 1.3 1.4 1981 2.2 310.4 87.5 90.1 47.5 53.3 0.1 8.5 2.4 2.5 1.3 1.5 1982 2.5 320.1 91.8 93.3 48.8 54.5 0.1 8.7 2.5 2.5 1.3 1.5 1983 2.8 331.1 97.0 96.7 50.3 56.1 0.1 9.0 2.6 2.6 1.4 1.5 1984 3.1 343.1 103.4 99.9 52.4 57.3 0.1 9.4 2.8 2.7 1.4 1.6 1985 3.6 356.5 110.6 103.0 54.9 58.4 0.1 9.7 3.0 2.8 1.5 1.6 1986 4.3 372.3 118.5 106.0 57.5 59.1 0.1 10.2 3.2 2.9 1.6 1.6 1987 5.1 392.5 127.0 109.7 60.4 60.1 0.1 10.7 3.5 3.0 1.6 1.6 1988 6.3 416.4 137.0 114.3 63.3 61.4 0.2 11.4 3.7 3.1 1.7 1.7 1989 7.7 438.6 146.1 118.9 65.9 63.3 0.2 12.0 4.0 3.2 1.8 1.7 1990 9.3 459.4 155.8 123.9 71.5 65.1 0.3 12.5 4.2 3.4 1.9 1.8 1991 11.0 479.4 166.7 128.8 74.0 67.0 0.3 13.1 4.5 3.5 2.0 1.8 1992 12.7 498.1 179.1 133.6 76.9 69.0 0.3 13.6 4.9 3.6 2.1 1.9 1993 14.5 517.1 192.8 137.5 80.4 71.1 0.4 14.1 5.3 3.7 2.2 1.9 1994 16.4 535.2 209.2 140.5 83.2 72.1 0.4 14.6 5.7 3.8 2.3 2.0 1995 18.6 551.1 223.2 142.4 86.1 73.2 0.5 15.0 6.1 3.9 2.3 2.0 1996 21.3 562.8 234.4 143.2 88.6 74.2 0.6 15.3 6.4 3.9 2.4 2.0 1997 24.7 573.1 243.8 143.6 90.6 75.3 0.7 15.6 6.6 3.9 2.5 2.1 1998 28.5 587.9 254.4 144.0 92.4 76.2 0.8 16.0 6.9 3.9 2.5 2.1 1999 32.5 605.7 262.0 144.2 93.7 76.7 0.9 16.5 7.1 3.9 2.6 2.1 2000 36.7 624.3 270.2 144.9 94.7 76.8 1.0 17.0 7.4 4.0 2.6 2.1 1975 G5, 270, 72. 80, 42 49 17
., 1975 5. 2000, 17.0. 7.4, 4.0, 2.6, 2.1. 25 5., G5 1975 2000., 25. G5 catch up?. 2001 5% GDP 3%., ceteris paribus, < 7> 35 2000 ( 5097 PPP ). 2035 GDP 3 6130 PPP (1995 ), 2035 1084 PPP (1995 ). 5% GDP 5%, < 8>., ceteris paribus, 2025 5185 PPP 2000, 2042 1 1954 PPP 2000. 18
< 7> : 5%, R&D GDP 3% ( : 10 PPP ) R&D GDP 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 72.720 77.132 83.669 92.351 100.824 109.171 117.462 125.764 134.133 142.624 151.284 160.159 169.291 178.718 188.479 198.611 209.148 220.125 231.577 243.537 256.042 269.124 282.821 297.168 312.203 327.965 344.493 361.829 380.016 399.098 419.123 440.139 462.198 485.352 509.657 535.173 561.959 590.081 619.605 650.603 683.148 717.318 753.195 790.864 830.416 871.944 915.547 961.329 1009.400 1059.874 20.635 21.667 22.750 23.887 25.082 26.336 27.653 29.035 30.487 32.011 33.612 35.292 37.057 38.910 40.855 42.898 45.043 47.295 49.660 52.143 54.750 57.488 60.362 63.380 66.549 69.877 73.370 77.039 80.891 84.936 89.182 93.641 98.323 103.240 108.402 113.822 119.513 125.488 131.763 138.351 145.269 152.532 160.159 168.166 176.575 185.404 194.674 204.407 214.628 225.359 688 722 758 796 836 878 922 968 1016 1067 1120 1176 1235 1297 1362 1430 1501 1577 1655 1738 1825 1916 2012 2113 2218 2329 2446 2568 2696 2831 2973 3121 3277 3441 3613 3794 3984 4183 4392 4612 4842 5084 5339 5606 5886 6180 6489 6814 7154 7512 19
< 8> : 5%, R&D GDP 5% ( : 10 PPP ) R&D GDP 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 72.720 77.132 83.669 106.107 127.060 146.825 165.662 183.799 201.435 218.746 235.889 253.002 270.211 287.629 305.360 323.499 342.135 361.351 381.226 401.837 423.257 445.559 468.812 493.090 518.461 544.999 572.775 601.866 632.346 664.295 697.794 732.927 769.783 808.451 849.027 891.610 936.303 983.215 1032.458 1084.152 1138.421 1195.394 1255.208 1318.007 1383.940 1453.165 1525.848 1602.161 1682.287 1766.416 34.391 36.111 37.916 39.812 41.803 43.893 46.088 48.392 50.812 53.352 56.020 58.821 61.762 64.850 68.092 71.497 75.072 78.825 82.767 86.905 91.250 95.813 100.603 105.634 110.915 116.461 122.284 128.398 134.818 141.559 148.637 156.069 163.872 172.066 180.669 189.703 199.188 209.147 219.605 230.585 242.114 254.220 266.931 280.277 294.291 309.006 324.456 340.679 357.713 375.599 688 722 758 796 836 878 922 968 1016 1067 1120 1176 1235 1297 1362 1430 1501 1577 1655 1738 1825 1916 2012 2113 2218 2329 2446 2568 2696 2831 2973 3121 3277 3441 3613 3794 3984 4183 4392 4612 4842 5084 5339 5606 5886 6180 6489 6814 7154 7512 20
2025 GDP 2 2180 PPP (1995 ) 2025 1109 PPP (1995 ) 2042 GDP 5 840 PPP (1995 ) 2042 2542 PPP (1995 ) < 9> 2000 G5 5% R&D : GDP 3% 5% R&D : GDP 5% G5 50 35 23 14 11 42 25 14 8 6 : 2001 G5 2000. 2000 25, 42. 25 42 2000 ( 1000 PPP, 2500 PPP, 1995 ) (2000 176 PPP, 1995 ) catch up (< 7>, < 8> < 9> ).,, G5. 21
4., 20. 80, 80. 30 2/3 90 10. 20. 10 500 10. /,. 2000 5.8%, 13.5%., 2000, 40 50, 25 35. 20.,. 22
,,., 30, 1997., 50,, 1997.,,.,,. IMF, I nternational F inancial S tatis tics, 2000, 2001. Kline, S.J. and N. Rosenberg (1986), "An Overview of Innovation," in R. Landau and N. Rosenberg, eds., The P ositive S um S trategy, Washington; National Academy Press. OECD, M ain Science and T echnology Indicators,. OECD, National A ccounts of OE CD Countries, Vol.1, 2002. http://news.yahoo.co.kr/headlines/bs/ 20020710/yn/yn2002071021137.html http://www.ktf.com/lab/news/view.jsp?seq =152 23
< > : 1.,,. 2.,,. 3.,,. 4. IMF, International Financial Statistics, 2000, 2001. 5. OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators,. 6. OECD, N ational A ccounts of OE CD Countries, Vol.1, 2002. : 1. PPP PPP GDP GDP. 2. 1999 GDP (euro). 3. (*). interpolation trend extrapolation. 24
< A1> GDP PPP R&D GDP R&D 10 ( ) 10 (1995 ) Deflators 10 PPP ( ) 10 PPP (1995) PPP deflators 10 PPP (1995) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2725 3379 4172 5378 7597 10228 13998 17946 24233 31036 37789 47383 54431 63858 73004 81312 94862 111198 132112 148197 178797 216511 245700 277497 323407 377350 418479 453276 444367 482744 517097 56771 61436 64185 71707 77520 82484 91490 100820 109652 117561 114860 122437 131159 145462 157336 167654 186004 206304 227779 241757 263324 287914 303333 320066 346631 377350 402771 422832 394642 437665 476148 0.0480 0.0550 0.0650 0.0750 0.0980 0.1240 0.1530 0.1780 0.2210 0.2640 0.3290 0.3870 0.4150 0.4390 0.4640 0.4850 0.5100 0.5390 0.5800 0.6130 0.6790 0.7520 0.8100 0.8670 0.9330 1.0390 1.0720 1.1260 1.1030 1.0860 22.779 25.973 28.371 33.650 39.394 45.896 53.911 63.120 73.701 85.511 91.414 106.410 121.189 139.470 156.588 172.066 195.183 223.218 255.005 280.869 318.046 360.050 388.905 420.074 464.157 516.560 562.170 601.916 568.650 639.487 715.084 76.945 83.538 87.612 98.423 105.697 112.604 125.212 137.743 150.153 160.758 157.395 167.572 179.719 198.945 215.356 229.296 254.439 282.390 311.927 330.902 360.614 393.889 415.307 438.114 474.259 516.560 551.429 579.061 540.326 599.188 655.072 0.2960 0.3109 0.3238 0.3419 0.3727 0.4076 0.4306 0.4582 0.4908 0.5319 0.5808 0.6350 0.6743 0.7010 0.7271 0.7504 0.7671 0.7905 0.8175 0.8488 0.8820 0.9141 0.9364 0.9588 0.9787 1.0195 1.0395 1.0524 1.0673 1.0916 119.6277 130.0966 147.0516 159.8217 192.8466 222.8517 259.6502 284.3156 328.8015 362.9475 413.3831 445.2871 449.1414 457.8619 466.2171 472.5629 486.0157 498.1588 518.0761 527.6374 562.1734 601.3359 631.7738 660.5908 696.7621 730.5057 744.3994 753.0552 781.4420 754.8926 723.1276 316.65 373.30 398.90 397.50 484.00 484.00 484.00 484.00 484.00 484.00 659.90 700.50 748.80 795.50 827.40 890.20 861.40 792.30 684.10 679.60 716.40 760.80 788.40 808.10 788.70 774.70 844.20 1695.00 1204.00 1138.00 1264.50 0.38 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.50 0.42 0.70 0.81 0.76 0.71 0.77 0.81 1.02 1.11 1.29 1.58 1.73 1.81 1.84 1.89 1.87 1.93 2.08 2.30 2.58 2.68 2.79 2.89 2.55 2.47 2.68 0.292 0.259 0.254 0.285 0.528 0.473 0.876 1.116 1.141 1.141 1.212 1.357 1.833 2.208 2.778 3.623 4.402 5.111 5.739 6.254 6.743 7.602 8.638 10.077 12.236 13.844 15.385 16.735 13.778 14.800 17.556 5628 5320 5599 6065 6314 10275 11661 12771 14749 15711 18434 20718 28448 32117 37103 41473 47042 52783 56545 66220 70503 73275 85268 93680 89018 100456 99433 102660 92541 100210 108370 25
< A2> GDP PPP R&D GDP R&D 10 ( ) 10 (1995 ) Deflators 10 PPP ( ) 10 PPP (1995) PPP deflators 10 PPP (1995) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1025.5 1114.0 1224.7 1369.3 1484.4 1617.8 1805.3 2011.7 2274.9 2544.4 2771.5 3104.5 3228.6 3502.0 3896.6 4174.9 4411.8 4698.9 5061.9 5439.7 5750.8 5930.7 6261.8 6582.9 6993.3 7338.4 7751.1 8256.5 8720.2 9206.9 9810.2 3464.0 3583.0 3782.0 4005.1 3982.7 3969.2 4192.9 4390.0 4634.7 4783.4 4771.9 4888.9 4787.9 4995.4 5359.0 5563.5 5751.2 5944.5 6191.8 6408.7 6520.5 6488.1 6686.9 6865.6 7145.5 7338.4 7603.0 7943.0 8285.9 8626.7 8986.9 0.2960 0.3109 0.3238 0.3419 0.3727 0.4076 0.4306 0.4582 0.4908 0.5319 0.5808 0.6350 0.6743 0.7010 0.7271 0.7504 0.7671 0.7905 0.8175 0.8488 0.8820 0.9141 0.9364 0.9588 0.9787 1.0195 1.0395 1.0524 1.0673 1.0916 2.57 2.43 2.35 2.26 2.23 2.18 2.16 2.13 2.12 2.16 2.27 2.32 2.49 2.55 2.61 2.74 2.71 2.68 2.64 2.60 2.64 2.71 2.64 2.52 2.43 2.52 2.56 2.53 2.59 2.66 2.70 89.025 87.067 88.877 90.515 88.814 86.529 90.567 93.507 98.256 103.321 108.322 113.422 119.219 127.383 139.870 152.440 155.858 159.313 163.464 166.626 172.141 175.828 176.534 173.013 173.636 184.928 194.637 200.958 214.605 229.470 242.646 543800 523500 515000 514600 520600 527400 535200 560600 586600 614500 651200 683300 711900 751700 797800 849200 896500 923300 949200 *952025 *957675 960500 *962650 964800 *976250 987700 *1050900 1114100 *1116006 *1139813 *1163620 26
< A3> GDP PPP R&D GDP R&D 10 ( ) 10 (1995 ) Deflators 10 PPP ( ) 10 PPP (1995) PPP deflators 10 PPP (1995) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 73345 80701 92394 112498 134244 148327 166573 185622 204404 221547 243235 261028 274050 285579 304859 325792 340948 355937 381579 409602 441915 469230 481582 486519 491835 497739 510802 521862 515835 512530 511836 192507 206926 224257 241931 238868 245169 256661 270192 283894 298984 309854 320673 330978 339975 354487 371909 381801 397695 422101 441858 463223 480768 485956 487494 490364 497739 517006 521862 506714 500029 502292 0.3810 0.3900 0.4120 0.4650 0.5620 0.6050 0.6490 0.6870 0.7200 0.7410 0.7850 0.8140 0.8280 0.8400 0.8600 0.8760 0.8930 0.8950 0.9040 0.9270 0.9540 0.9760 0.9910 0.9980 1.0030 0.9880 1.0180 1.0250 1.0190 301.886 333.790 378.736 434.978 466.331 525.097 581.627 648.883 734.979 844.174 950.537 1081.059 1182.917 1265.589 1377.006 1491.742 1571.874 1693.141 1872.364 2056.524 2262.751 2430.483 2559.412 2639.726 2723.506 2928.880 3084.274 3201.376 3095.677 3158.791 3307.157 1181.940 1237.479 1341.595 1449.360 1431.602 1475.861 1534.526 1601.897 1686.348 1778.828 1828.948 1881.065 1940.202 1984.207 2060.322 2150.241 2214.112 2312.968 2463.542 2593.672 2731.965 2817.156 2843.254 2855.164 2883.614 2928.880 3030.507 3085.068 3051.140 3071.560 3144.086 0.2554 0.2697 0.2823 0.3001 0.3257 0.3558 0.3790 0.4051 0.4358 0.4746 0.5197 0.5747 0.6097 0.6378 0.6683 0.6938 0.7099 0.7320 0.7600 0.7929 0.8283 0.8627 0.9002 0.9245 0.9445 1.0177 1.0377 1.0146 1.0284 1.0519 242.9560 241.7718 243.9536 258.6292 287.8728 282.4754 286.3915 286.0639 278.1086 262.4423 255.8922 241.4558 231.6731 225.6491 221.3926 218.3970 216.9054 210.2229 203.7953 199.1720 195.2999 193.0604 188.1612 184.3066 180.5889 169.9418 165.6150 163.0118 166.6308 162.2551 154.7662 357.65 314.80 302.00 280.00 300.95 305.15 292.80 240.00 194.60 239.70 203.00 219.90 235.00 232.20 251.10 200.50 159.10 123.50 125.85 143.45 134.40 125.20 124.75 111.85 99.74 102.83 116.00 129.95 115.60 102.20 114.90 1.59 1.63 1.64 1.70 1.75 1.72 1.72 1.70 1.71 1.80 1.91 2.06 2.15 2.28 2.35 2.49 2.47 2.52 2.56 2.66 2.74 2.97 2.94 2.88 2.84 2.96 2.77 2.83 2.94 2.94 2.98 18.793 20.171 22.002 24.639 25.053 25.385 26.394 27.232 28.837 32.019 34.933 38.750 41.714 45.240 48.418 53.541 54.689 58.287 63.067 68.992 74.856 83.670 83.592 82.229 81.895 86.695 83.945 87.307 89.704 90.304 93.694 172002 194347 198084 226604 238179 255202 260250 271956 273102 281920 302585 317487 329728 342237 370045 381282 405554 418337 441876 461634 484346 598333 622410 641083 658866 673421 617365 625442 652845 658910 647572 27
< A4> GDP PPP R&D GDP R&D 10 ( ) 10 (1995 ) Deflators 10 PPP ( ) 10 PPP (1995) PPP deflators 10 PPP (1995) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 675.3 749.1 822.9 917.4 958.1 1027.7 1117.5 1194.2 1283.0 1388.4 1471.0 1535.5 1586.9 1667.1 1749.5 1826.0 1927.9 1991.2 2094.3 2223.5 2431.2 2938.0 3155.2 3235.4 3394.4 3523.0 3586.0 3666.6 3784.2 1982.3 2032.3 1810.5 1863.4 1945.4 2038.7 1987.8 2019.1 2116.5 2179.2 2246.9 2341.3 2365.0 2369.6 2344.0 2385.0 2453.7 2508.2 2567.1 2602.9 2695.4 2793.3 2954.1 3346.2 3422.1 3384.3 3463.7 3523.0 3550.5 3601.8 3677.6 1904.2 1963.6 37.3 40.2 42.3 45.0 48.2 50.9 52.8 54.8 57.1 59.3 62.2 64.8 67.7 69.9 71.3 72.8 75.1 76.5 77.7 79.6 82.3 87.8 92.2 95.6 98.0 100.0 101.0 101.8 102.9 104.1 103.5 249.522 271.567 296.303 330.012 358.885 387.088 434.321 477.373 529.026 600.369 663.936 736.127 776.549 827.986 892.501 945.640 993.214 1043.401 1122.945 1213.113 1306.645 1402.914 1527.390 1538.530 1640.826 1747.855 1768.955 1884.321 1944.417 2019.539 2126.794 994.315 1024.717 1068.277 1119.184 1121.365 1107.334 1166.281 1199.468 1235.413 1287.606 1300.235 1306.634 1299.322 1325.977 1366.227 1398.396 1433.667 1457.832 1511.066 1563.631 1614.172 1660.040 1697.204 1678.768 1718.163 1747.855 1761.246 1785.795 1820.727 1854.397 1910.094 0.2509 0.2650 0.2774 0.2949 0.3200 0.3496 0.3724 0.3980 0.4282 0.4663 0.5106 0.5634 0.5977 0.6244 0.6533 0.6762 0.6928 0.7157 0.7431 0.7758 0.8095 0.8451 0.8999 0.9165 0.9550 1.0044 1.0552 1.0679 1.0891 1.1134 2.7064 2.7584 2.7772 2.7799 2.6697 2.6550 2.5730 2.5016 2.4252 2.3126 2.2156 2.0859 2.0435 2.0134 1.9602 1.9310 1.9411 1.9084 1.8650 1.8329 1.8606 2.0942 2.0657 2.1029 2.0687 2.0156 2.0272 1.9458 1.9462 0.9816 0.9556 3.6480 3.2685 3.2015 2.7030 2.4095 2.6223 2.3625 2.1050 1.8280 1.7315 1.9590 2.2548 2.3765 2.7238 3.1480 2.4613 1.9408 1.5815 1.7803 1.6978 1.4940 1.5160 1.6140 1.7263 1.5488 1.4335 1.5548 1.7921 1.6730 0.9954 1.0747 2.09 2.29 2.25 2.16 2.19 2.30 2.20 2.24 *2.36 2.39 *2.46 2.49 *2.55 2.55 *2.64 2.77 2.78 2.88 2.86 2.84 2.72 2.61 2.48 2.42 2.32 2.30 2.26 2.29 2.31 2.44 2.48 20.781 23.466 24.036 24.174 24.558 25.469 25.658 26.868 29.158 30.774 32.000 32.535 33.138 33.812 36.109 38.736 39.856 41.986 43.216 44.407 43.905 43.327 42.091 40.626 39.861 40.201 39.804 40.895 42.059 45.247 47.370 82500 90206 96000 101019 102500 103736 104500 110972 *116475 121978 *123328 124678 *127761 130843 *139241 147639 *156627 165614 *184678 *203742 *222805 241869 234280 *233492 *231916 231128 230189 235793 237712 255260 259214 28
< A5> GDP PPP R&D GDP R&D 10 ( ) 10 (1995 ) Deflators 10 PPP ( ) 10 PPP (1995) PPP deflators 10 PPP (1995) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 793.5 884.2 987.9 1129.8 1303.0 1467.9 1700.6 1917.8 2245.7 2552.2 2882.2 3239.1 3706.8 4100.9 4460.8 4771.2 5135.4 5416.4 5837.1 6274.1 6623.5 6895.1 7119.6 7229.7 7488.2 7758.9 7955.4 8205.7 8564.4 1349.8 1405.4 4220.7 4421.0 4616.4 4869.8 5011.5 4992.9 5216.6 5387.1 5558.7 5735.3 5834.4 5900.0 6056.9 6093.5 6178.4 6294.5 6451.5 6597.3 6891.5 7195.1 7375.8 7454.2 7549.9 7484.2 7610.0 7758.9 7837.8 7990.0 8266.8 1297.9 1342.3 18.8000 20.0000 21.4000 23.2000 26.0000 29.4000 32.6000 35.6000 40.4000 44.5000 49.4000 54.9000 61.2000 67.3000 72.2000 75.8000 79.6000 82.1000 84.7000 87.2000 89.8000 92.5000 94.3000 96.6000 98.4000 100.0000 101.5000 102.7000 103.6000 104.0000 104.7000 184.558 204.335 223.365 250.382 279.724 303.399 337.186 373.804 413.362 463.539 513.213 568.281 615.503 648.966 687.169 718.969 752.546 796.436 864.419 937.779 1001.039 1056.978 1110.361 1099.467 1132.755 1200.034 1209.931 1261.822 1322.282 1392.783 1478.359 643.841 674.638 704.530 742.856 765.956 763.824 796.239 821.858 849.391 877.521 891.656 902.519 926.274 940.110 955.586 969.443 992.778 1017.932 1064.904 1109.357 1138.291 1149.629 1166.779 1156.428 1180.320 1200.034 1213.270 1236.375 1278.428 1319.505 1369.407 0.2867 0.3029 0.3170 0.3371 0.3652 0.3972 0.4235 0.4548 0.4867 0.5282 0.5756 0.6297 0.6645 0.6903 0.7191 0.7416 0.7580 0.7824 0.8117 0.8453 0.8794 0.9194 0.9516 0.9507 0.9597 0.9972 1.0206 1.0343 1.0555 1.0796 4.2995 4.3272 4.4228 4.5123 4.6582 4.8382 5.0435 5.1305 5.4328 5.5059 5.6160 5.6998 6.0224 6.3191 6.4916 6.6362 6.8240 6.8008 6.7526 6.6904 6.6166 6.5234 6.4120 6.5756 6.6106 6.4656 6.5751 6.5031 6.4770 0.9691 0.9506 5.5542 5.1157 5.1157 4.7085 4.4445 4.4855 4.9698 4.7050 4.1800 4.0200 4.5160 5.7480 6.7250 8.3475 9.5920 7.5610 6.4550 5.3400 6.0590 5.7880 5.1290 5.1800 5.5065 5.8955 5.3460 4.9000 5.2370 5.9881 5.6221 0.9954 1.0747 1.87 1.87 1.84 1.74 1.76 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.72 1.77 1.81 1.97 2.06 2.12 2.22 2.27 2.24 2.80 2.28 2.33 2.43 2.37 2.42 2.45 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.22 2.17 2.19 2.15 12.040 12.616 12.963 12.926 13.481 13.596 13.934 14.136 14.610 15.532 16.139 17.780 19.081 19.930 21.214 22.006 22.238 28.502 24.280 25.848 27.660 27.246 28.236 28.332 28.092 28.081 27.905 27.448 27.742 28.897 29.442 58500 60100 61200 62700 64100 65300 67000 67981 *70435 72889 *79195 85500 90076 92682 98210 102253 104953 109359 115163 120659 *125220 129780 141710 145898 149193 151249 154827 154742 155727 160424 *165734 29
< A6> GDP PPP R&D GDP R&D 10 ( ) 10 (1995 ) Deflators 10 PPP ( ) 10 PPP (1995) PPP deflators 10 PPP (1995) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 51.17 57.37 64.26 73.99 83.61 105.50 124.92 145.48 167.81 197.42 230.53 253.25 276.94 302.62 324.15 355.35 381.82 419.46 467.76 513.28 556.22 584.54 608.17 639.36 677.59 713.98 756.06 805.40 851.65 891.00 934.92 416.02 424.96 440.14 474.29 464.50 462.72 474.98 486.56 502.43 516.81 505.55 499.51 508.15 527.21 540.25 560.49 583.82 609.68 641.65 655.53 659.81 649.49 650.45 665.31 694.96 713.98 731.91 757.67 777.76 795.54 820.11 12.3000 13.5000 14.6000 15.6000 18.0000 22.8000 26.3000 29.9000 33.4000 38.2000 45.6000 50.7000 54.5000 57.4000 60.0000 63.4000 65.4000 68.8000 72.9000 78.3000 84.3000 90.0000 93.5000 96.1000 97.5000 100.0000 103.3000 106.3000 109.5000 112.0000 114.0000 179.000 193.014 209.287 237.601 254.821 278.172 303.028 330.334 367.679 410.823 442.550 480.505 518.207 561.104 602.533 644.739 687.772 744.877 813.932 870.676 925.286 922.664 991.987 1007.810 1055.771 1099.805 1183.519 1288.330 1330.424 1385.521 1461.325 639.279 652.585 676.200 725.189 713.698 709.728 729.399 746.110 771.064 791.171 774.534 763.208 778.377 806.515 826.938 856.774 890.591 930.712 979.060 1000.164 1008.042 994.147 996.412 1021.244 1068.821 1099.805 1128.663 1167.545 1202.460 1228.023 1265.357 0.2800 0.2958 0.3095 0.3276 0.3570 0.3919 0.4154 0.4427 0.4768 0.5193 0.5714 0.6296 0.6658 0.6957 0.7286 0.7525 0.7723 0.8003 0.8313 0.8705 0.9179 0.9281 0.9956 0.9868 0.9878 1.0486 1.1035 1.1064 1.1283 1.1549 0.2859 0.2972 0.3070 0.3114 0.3281 0.3793 0.4122 0.4404 0.4564 0.4805 0.5209 0.5270 0.5344 0.5393 0.5380 0.5512 0.5552 0.5631 0.5747 0.5895 0.6011 0.6335 0.6131 0.6344 0.6418 0.6492 0.6388 0.6252 0.6401 0.6431 0.6398 2.3937 2.5525 2.3481 2.3232 2.3485 2.0235 1.7024 1.9060 2.0345 2.2240 2.3850 1.9080 1.6145 1.4506 1.1563 1.4445 1.4745 1.8715 1.8095 1.6055 1.9280 1.8707 1.5120 1.4812 1.5625 1.5500 1.6980 1.6538 1.6635 1.6164 1.4922 *2.17 2.09 2.10 *1.90 *1.87 2.08 *2.16 *2.17 2.14 *2.15 *2.31 2.32 *2.27 2.16 *2.18 2.22 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.21 2.26 2.16 2.18 2.15 2.11 2.02 1.94 1.81 1.80 1.88 1.86 13.872 13.639 14.200 13.805 13.368 14.762 15.762 16.228 16.501 17.025 17.879 17.706 17.678 17.421 18.003 19.020 20.305 20.755 21.441 22.104 22.782 21.474 21.722 21.957 22.552 22.216 21.896 21.133 21.644 23.087 23.536 63440 66401 77385 *82868 *84825 81300 *84825 *87798 87245 *87798 *91875 95400 *94700 94000 *92000 90000 102000 101000 102000 120977 *124489 128000 131000 135000 142000 145673 144735 145641 157662 149317 152278 30