.,? [3 ] When I was young, my parents worshipped medical doctors doctors as if they were exceptional beings who possesed( ) possessing godlike qualities.. was dramed (X) But I never dreamed of pursuing a career in medicine until I entered the hospital for a rare disease.. not A until B: B A... I became a medical curiosity, attracting some of the area s top specialists to look in on me and review my case.. As a patient, and a teenager eager to return to college, I asked each doctor who examined me, What caused my disease? How will you make me better? > n o d The typical response was nonverbal. They shook their heads and walked out of my room. I remember thinking to myself, Well, I could do that.,,.??..,.. that(o) When it became clear to me what no doctor could answer my basic questions, I walked out of the hospital against medical advice.,. Returning to college, I pursued medicine with a great passion.. it that. what that.
2.? [3 ] Curitiba, known as the Green City of Brazil, has the world best bus system. The buses drive on bus-only lanes, with a wait of as little as ninety seconds between buses. Curitiba. 90. Bus stops are glass tubes where passengers pay before entry.,. Combined with an easy and cheap fare structure, the system is efficient and popular with all classes of society.. About 28 percent of bus users do have cars, but they choose not to use them to get to and from work. 28,. The city s streets are amazingly free of congestion, and the air is nearly pollution-free.,. People of the city say the bus system plays a huge role in making their city joyful.. Many other cities around the world wanting to use eco-efficient transportation gets inspiration from the bus system of Curitiba. Curitiba. get 2
3.? [3 ] There is a very old story, often told to fill time during training courses, involving a man trying to fix his broken boiler.,,. Despite his best efforts over many months, he simply can t mend it. Eventually he gives in and decides to call in an expert repairman.., ( ). The engineer arrives, gives a gentle tap on the side of the boiler, and standing back as it erupts into life.,, ( ). The engineer presents the man with a bill, and the man argues that he should only pay a small fee as the job only took the engineer a few moments.,. The engineer quietly explains that the man has to pay not for the time he took to tap the boiler, but rather for the years of experience involved in knowing exactly where to tap.,. stands 3
4.? [3 ] Work is labor, a job is trading currency for labor, and trading for labor is an ancient practice.,,. Unfortunately, sometimes people were traded as if they were property. Historians can trace slavery as far back as ancient Egypt.,.. Prisoners were often turned into slaves, as did criminals.. America, of course, has its own history of slavery, where Africans were captured and shipped in the most terrible conditions to the emerging United States.,. Another form of labor ownership was the so-called debt-slave. Although illegal almost everywhere, this practice still exists in parts of the world today..,. In order to pay off one debts, a person becomes a virtual slave. He or she works to pay off debts that never seem to lessen.,.. 4
5.? [3 ] Can a computer be made to think? This is the question being asked by artificial intelligence?. researchers. Although even home computers can do thousands of routine calculations each second, it is not known whether a computer can be designed what will. actually think for itself. In support of the idea, some scientists suggest that a computer is already similar to the human brain when processing information.. Based on their observations, these scientists believe that the human mind, which is called consciousness, stores and sorts information in the same way a computer does.,. What more, they point out that a thinking computer would be a great benefit to our society. One use, for example, would be to provide companionship to lonely people!.,! 5
6.? [3 ] Today, despite what the birthday cards say, turning fifty no longer marks the beginning of a long, slow descent into old age.,, 50. Instead, it s a time when people start embracing the idea of living better and maintaining a balanced, vital lifestyle.,,. This new life stage is still being defined. I simply call it extended middle age... It s now seen as a time when people have the freedom and opportunity to do things they e always. wanted to do. Those of us enter this period of our lives don t want to be defined by our age, and we don t want to live in fear that our possibilities become more limited as we get older.,. We still want to make a difference in the world. And because of increased longevity and generally better health, we still have a lot of years left to do it..,. *longevity: 6
7.,? [3 ] The origins of the alphabet are not precisely known. It is believed to have originated between 700 B.C. and 500 B.C. in the lands along the eastern Mediterranean.. 700 500. Even the Greeks and the Romans, much closer to the problem than ourselves, were not entirely sure where the alphabet had originated.. They considered the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Assyrians, Cretians, and Hebrews among the possible inventors.,,,. While the nationality of the inventor(s) is unknown, it is clear that the alphabet originated with the ( ),. North Semitic peoples. It was the Phoenician version of the North Semitic alphabet that eventually was adopted by the Greeks, who then went on to make some changes of their own.,. The alphabets in use today throughout Western civilization is derived from this Greek alphabet.. 7
8.,? Architecture is generally conceived, designed, and realized in response to an existing set of conditions.,,. These conditions may be purely functional in nature, or they may also reflect in varying degrees the social, political, and economic climate.,,,. In any case, it is assumed that the existing set of conditions is much less satisfactory and that a,,. new set of conditions would be desirable. The initial phase of any design process is the recognition of a problematic condition and the decision to find a solution to it.. Design is above all a purposeful endeavor. A designer must first document the existing conditions of a problem and collecting relevant data to be analyzed..,. This is the critical phase of the design process since the nature of a solution is related to how a problem is defined.,. collect 8
9.? [3 ] It is one of the great ironies of modern times that, ~ with all of our time-saving creations, people have less time to themselves than ever before.. Life in the Middle Ages is usually portrayed as gloomy, but one commodity people had more of than their successors were leisure time.,. In Europe through the Middle Ages, the average number of holidays per year was around 5 days., 5. It is interesting to note that still today, poorer countries take more holidays, on average, than richer ones.. It has often been the very creations intended to save time that have been most responsible for increasing the workload.. For example, today vacuum cleaners and other products have raised peoples cleanliness standards even higher, and it makes people invest the time needed to propel these products against the suddenly defeatable household dirt and bacteria.,,. was 9
0. (A), (B), (C)? [3 ] Most of us have a strong fear of failure. It s partly because we don t want to look bad in front of others, but it s also about how we see ourselves..,. Psychologists have found that people (A)[use / using] all sorts of self-handicapping strategies such as not trying very hard, listening to music, or using another type of distraction to protect their self-esteem when performing important tasks.,,. The beauty of not trying too hard is that, (B)[you should / should you] fail, you can always say that it is irrelevant to your ability.,,. In some ways it s a rational strategy. If you succeed you look especially gifted; if not, then your excuse is already there. But the problem with selfhandicapping is pretty (C)[obvious / obviously]..,.. Self-handicapping behaviors are definitely associated with lower motivation, less persistence at difficult tasks, less self-guided learning, and lower performance in general. *self-handicapping:,,. use should you obvious 0
.,? [3 ] During the colonial period of world history, the global market structure looked much different than it does today.,. In this particular system, the European countries traveled the globe looking for places to collect,. raw materials. They then shipped these raw materials back to their home countries and manufactured these items into finished products.. Next, they exported the majority of these products around the world. The native resources and peoples were most often exploited and used as tools for creating wealth for their western countries.,.. The effects of this were what the economies of these particular western countries grew very rapidly and the local colonial inhabitants were subjected to substandard living conditions.. that
2.,? [3 ] Language wears many hats, but its most important job is to help us name or describe what is in the world.,. As the American writer Howard Rheingold says, Finding a name for something is a way of conjuring its existence, of making it possible for people to see a pattern where they didn t see anything before. Howard Rheingold,,. So we have nouns for things, verbs for actions, and adjectives and adverbs for describing those things and actions.,,. But the world changes constantly. New things are created; light bulbs are appearing over people s heads all the time, signaling new ideas and theories..,. We re compelled to create new words to name and describe our new inventions and ideas and institutions; we re driven to create new meanings for existing words accommodate our newly modified ( ). things and actions., *conjure:. to accommodate 2
3.,? [3 ] Before the washing machine was invented, people used washboards to scrub, or they carried their laundry to riverbanks and streams, where they beat and rubbed it against rocks.,,.... Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spindries.,,,,,. With its electrical and mechanical system, the washing machine is one of the most technologically advanced examples of a large household appliance.. It not only cleans clothes, but it is so with far less water, detergent, and energy than washing by hand requires.,,. Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical mechanical phenomenon.,. cleans does. 3
4. (A), (B), (C)? [3 ] I love the Peanuts cartoon strip featuring good ol Charlie Brown and his friends during Thanksgiving. Snoopy is perched on the top of his doghouse, looking (A)[sad / sadly]. good ol Charlie Brown Peanuts. Snoopy. Inside, all his friends are gathered around the table. The turkey is in the center of the table, and surrounding it (B)[are / is] all the other dishes we typically enjoy at this holiday: potatoes, green beans, cranberry salad, rolls, and gravy..,,,,,,. Snoopy obviously would rather be inside, but instead, he utters a classic line of contentment when he says, It could be worse. Snoopy,... I could have been a turkey. I think we can learn something from that lovable dog: No matter (C)[how / what] tough your situation it could have been worse.,. sad are how 4
5.? [3 ] I knew a man once who had attained some success, but a recession adversely affected the industry which he was employed.,. Many workers had to be laid off, and he was among them temporarily, he was told. Something happened to his spirit as the layoff dragged on and he was reduced to a financially difficult situation.,,.. Finally he had to take a low-status job, and he was lucky to get it. It was all he could find to bring in some money to care for his wife and children.,.. For a while his negative attitude deepened, triggered by the fact that his brother was a distinguished and successful, even famous man.,,. But he has plugged away and done a good job for his family. *plug away:. where 5
6. (A), (B), (C)? [3 ] Reading to your baby will get him used to language. Very early on, your baby will not understand what you are saying, (A)[nor / or] will he appreciate any pictures, but he will soon start to identify words and sentiments through the tone of your voice..,. Unborn babies can recognize their mother s (and often their father s) voice (B)[while / during] in the womb. ( ). Once born, your baby knows who you are and already has a strong connection to you.,,. The way you use your voice, the tone and pace, can make a huge difference to his understanding.,. When you read to your baby, you are also giving him the opportunity to encounter a wider range of vocabulary and (C)[to hear / heard] words that might not be used in ordinary conversation.,. nor while to hear 6
7.,? [3 ] Why do we often feel that others are paying more do (X) attention to us than they really are?? The spotlight effect means seeing ourselves at center stage, thus intuitively overestimating the extent to which others attention is aimed at us.,. Timothy Lawson explored the spotlight effect by having college students change into a sweatshirt with a big popular logo on the front before meeting a group of peers. Timothy Lawson. Nearly 40 percent of them were sure the other students would remember what the shirt said, but remembered only 0 percent actually did. 40, 0. Most observers did not even notice that the students changed sweatshirts after leaving the room for a few minutes.. In another experiment, even noticeable clothes, such as a T-shirt with singer Barry Manilow on it, provoking only 23 percent of observers to notice far fewer than the 50 percent estimated by the students sporting the 970s soft rock singer on their chests. *sport: Barry Manilow, 23., 970 50. provoked 7