KOREAN J. FOOD SCI. TECHNOL. Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 706~711 (2009) The Korean Society of Food Science and Technology g w w š w ƒ» yz ÁÁÁw 1 Áx³* ww tw, 1 w t Protective Effects of Branched-chain Amino Acid (BCAA)-enriched Corn Gluten Hydrolysates on Ethanol-induced Hepatic Injury in Rats Yong Il Chung, In Young Bae, Ji Yeon Lee, Hyang Sook Chun 1, and Hyeon Gyu Lee* Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University 1 Food Safety Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute Abstract Hepatoprotective effects of corn gluten hydrolysates (CGH) were investigated in rats orally treated with ethanol (30%(v/v), 3 g/kg body weight/day) for 4 weeks. Six-week old Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into four dietary groups: normal diet (N), alcohol diet (E), E+CGH 1% diet (CGH-1%), and E+CGH 3% diet (CGH-3%). Body weights and liver indices were not significantly different among the four groups. However, food intakes were lower in the CGH groups than in the normal group (p<0.05). The administration of CGH significantly reduced serum alkaline phosphatase activity by 30% compared to the alcohol diet group. Among the antioxidative enzymes assessed, catalase activity was significantly decreased by 79% in the CGH diet groups compared to the alcohol diet group. In comparison to the alcohol-treated group, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was increased by 20%, while microsomal ethanol oxidizing system activity was decreased by 20% in the CGH-treated groups. Furthermore, the area under the curve of the blood acetaldehyde concentration versus time profile after the administration of ethanol was significantly lower for the CGH rats than for the ethanol or asparaginic acid treated groups. Thus, CGH seems to offer beneficial effects by protecting against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity by improving the acetaldehyde-related metabolizing system. Key words: corn gluten hydrolysates, ethanol-induced hepatic injury, alcohol metabolism g w ü ƒjù»k. ü k pwù f xw (1). w, k w z šx, k w,» e ƒ (2-4). ü g pw y alcohol dehydrogenase(adh)ƒ wš, pw aldehyde dehydrogenase(aldh) w lp y(5,6). g microsomal ethanol oxidizing system(meos) w pw ƒwš, w pw 4-8 y w g y š (7-9). *Corresponding author: Hyeon Gyu Lee, Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea Tel: 82-2-2220-1202 Fax: 82-2-2292-1226 E-mail: hyeonlee@hanyang.ac.kr Received June 17, 2009; revised August 10, 2009; accepted August 10, 2009 w y wù wš ü superoxide dismutase(sod), glutathione peroxidase(gpx), catalase wy z w y (2,10,11). p, ü wy z catalase g y w šš ù, k w š p w (5). t ü w ƒ w (lipoprotein) w ü x w g w w (12). p, ù l w ƒ š, ƒw w y(, v,, y w z) š w ƒwš (13,14). rk w w wš(15), g g wz ADH ALDH y x g wj zƒ (16). w, tyœ rte rk qw, g, g l, x w z ùkü(17). g w rk z Yamaguchi (18,19) k šx w û r k ww œw z w. 706
ù rkƒ l ƒw(corn gluten hydrolysates, CGH) g yz g wy w š. CGH g w yz mwš, CGH ƒ w g n» k zy y w. l ƒw l ()gvdg(incheon, Korea) wš, ƒw w Celluclast TM (Trichoderma reesei, 700 U/g), Alkalase TM( Bacillus licheniformis, 2.4 U/g), Flavourzyme TM (Aspergillus oryzae, 1,000 U/g) Novozymes (Begsvaerd, Denmark) t w. l ƒw l 125 C o 8 z, Celluclast ( w TM 0.5% (w/w)) ƒw 50 o C, ph 5.0 2 w. l ƒw 20% xk g(a. oryzae wš w ) z w ww., A. oryzae 30 C 2 o wš, ƒ 20%(w/w), 5%(w/w)ƒ ƒ w 45 C o w.» yw z( Alkalase TM Flavourzyme ) w TM 0.5%(w/ w) ƒw z, 45 C 72 ƒw o w. w œ mw ƒw (Pilot filter press, Jeil Co., Daegu, Korea), (Rotary vacuum evaporator system N- 11, Eyela, Tokyo, Japan), k(pilot electrodialysis Acilyzer 02, Astom Corp., Tokyo, Japan) e z, y(pilot» KL-8, Seo Gang Engineering Co., Chungnam, Korea) w w. w l ƒw 5.0%, 62.5%, ky 26.5%, 0.0%, z 6.0% š, BCAA w 40.7%(valine 7.6%, isoleucine 9.8%, leucine 9.57%) wš. x e g w w yz 200 g ü 6 Spargue-Dawley f (Central Lab., Animal Inc., Seoul, Korea)w (Samyang Co., Seoul, Korea) 1 k z ù w 4 (n=10) ù w., (N), k n (E), k CGH ƒw x (CGH-1% CGH-3%) ù 4 w. g n 30% k (kg) 3g k w w ( 9:00-10:00) 1z n w. 50%(w/v) s n w eƒ g w wš, AIN-93G(Dyets Inc., Bethlehem, PA, USA) œ w. x» w w, y ww(23 o C, 55%) 12»(08:00-20:00) w. wr, x g e CGH kw x 16 œ k w 0.5% carboxymethyl celluiose(cmc) xkk asparginic acid ƒw yz 707 CGH z w., (kg) 1g n wš, 30 z 30% k (3 g/kg body weight) n z 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9 hr x(0.5 ml) w. e 4 w 12 k z l g xw x 4 o C, 3,000 rpm 15 w x w z 70 o C w x ü yw t w. x w z ww w wš w z, sw 100 g» ywš, 70 o C w z w. w 0.25 M sucrose (5 mm Tris, 0.5 mm EDTA; ph 7.2) 4 ml ƒw ³yk 4 o C, 700 g 15 w. 4 o C, 12,000 g 15 w mg z wš, 4 o C, 48,000 g 1 šw m j z w ¾ 70 o C w. mg z GPX, SOD ALDH, m ADH, j MEOS y d ƒƒ w. zy d x alkaline phosphatase(alp), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), alanine aminotransferase(gpt) y Reitman-Frankel (20) kit(asan Pharm, Seoul, Korea) w w. ü SOD y Winterbourn (21) xw xanthine xanthine oxidase w ferricytochrome C y ww dw, cytochrome C y 50% ww 1unit tw. Catalase y Johansson-Hakan (22) w 550 nm Ÿ dw z, formaldehyde t w tšl y w. GPX y Flohe (23) w w Ÿ y 365 nm 30 3 dw unit y ùkü. ADH ALDHy Lebsack (24) Shin (25) w 340 nm NADH t dw. ü malondialdehyde(mda) y t wù MDA w ³yw 33 mm ferrous sulphate-ascorbate ƒw 37 o C 30 g. 2 volume 10% TCA š, 100 o C 10 k, þƒw 532 nm Ÿ dw. x k pw - š w k n z xw xl 4 o C, 3,000 rpm 15 w w x ü k pw w kit(roche Korea Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea) w w., 3 ml NAD x 100 µl yww 20 o C 5 k z 340 nm Ÿ dw k w w. p w 3mL NAD x 200 µl ywwš 3 ew z 340 nm dw Ÿ,
708 w twz 41 «6y (2009) Table 1. Weight gain, food intake, and liver weight in rats treated with 30% ethanol containing corn gluten hydrolysates Group Body weight gain (g/4 wk) Food intake (g/day) Liver weight (g/100 g b.w.) Normal NS135.92±10.88 NS1) 21.14±1.45 a2) NS18.23±1.32 NS Ethanol 139.84±20.85 20.58±2.00 ab 18.05±1.39 CGH-1% 131.38±13.18 19.08±1.79 b 16.76±1.36 CGH-3% 136.33±16.46 19.43±1.68 b 17.22±1.00 1) Not significant. 2) Means with different letters in a column were significantly different at p<0.05. w kz 50 µl yww 20 C 3 o k z dw Ÿ l w. k x kw k pw - šw (area under the blood concentration-time curve: AUC) w w., x k pw 0 l 9 ¾ dw š wš, l Õ œ w x¾ (AUC 09 hr ) w. m x Statistical Package for the Social Science(SPSS, Version 12.0, 2004, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) w ƒ x s³ tr wš, (Analysis of variance; ANOVA) z Duncan s multiple range test w 0.05 w ƒ x w. š ƒ, y g x f w 4 e ƒ, y Table 1. ƒ ù, CGH 1% 3% w x û.» z Lee Chyun(12) w,»y w ùkù x (26,27). w w w» w 100 g y w w., k w g w x ùkù. x yw t g x» z w CGH z x ALP, GOT GPT y y mw w(fig. 1). g n x ALP y 20% ƒw, CGH w 30% w. ALP,,, k, ALP ƒ y s s y w t (28). g n wì CGH œ w ALP z k z» k (p<0.05). ù 1% 3% CGH. Fig. 1, GOT GPT y g n CGH y. GOT GPT Fig. 1. Plasma biochemical parameters for liver function in rats treated with 30% ethanol containing corn gluten hydrolysates. ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GOT, aspartate aminotransferase; GPT, alanine aminotransferase. ù wš, x m w, y p w y x ƒw (29-32). z s wƒ n w x» t. ù x CGH GOT GPT y ƒƒ ùkù w» (12) w. w
ƒw yz 709 Table 2. Antioxidative enzyme activities and malondialdehyde level in rats treated with 30% ethanol containing corn gluten hydrolysates Group SOD 1) GPX 2) Catalase MDA 3) (U/min/mg protein) (µmol/mg protein) (nmol/g tissue) Normal NS2.82±0.70 NS4) NS197.11±45.22 NS 141.80±21.14 b NS1.66±0.62 NS Ethanol 2.97±0.86 189.42±83.89 191.34±50.71 a 1.45±0.35 CGH-1% 2.85±0.29 155.42±53.00 152.44±35.93 b 1.31±0.34 CGH-3% 2.70±0.62 147.97±67.10 151.16±28.93 b 1.36±0.35 1) Superoxide dismutase, 2) Glutathione peroxidase, 3) Malondialdehyde. 4) Not significant. CGH g w GOT GPT y ALP y w. x wy z y y Table 2, CGH w x SOD GPX y MDA g n e. ù catalase zy g n w CGH 79%¾ w. ü wy z SOD catalase ü wy l» w z, SOD superoxide radical w hydrogen peroxide yjš, catalase w y (33-35). Kim (36) k n w ü SOD,, ƒ š š, w z y š w., Aykac (37) k nƒ catalase y y j w š w. p, Lee Chyun(12) ƒ catalase SOD y wš w. g» zz CGH z wy y z catalase w. g z y 4 g nw w» CGH e ADH, ALDH MEOS y r Fig. 2. g n w ADH y ù, ALDH y g n w CGH 20% ƒw. ALDH ü x» w y-y w z,,»,, x, x w xw w(38). ethanol ADH w acetaldehyde yš, s aldehyde ALDH w acetic acid y (39). w CGH g w z alcohol 1 ww ADH 2 aldehyde w ALDH y w z q. ü MEOS w 10-25% g ƒ, g n mj P-450 w y s MEOS y wš, ƒ MEOS g y NADPH w û w (40). Lieber(41) w MEOS û Km e ƒ ADH Kmeƒ x g ƒ y ƒš šw. g MEOS y ƒ mj P-450 Fig. 2. Effect of corn gluten hydrolysates on hepatic alcohol metabolizing enzyme activity in 30% ethanol treated-rats. ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase; ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; MEOS, microsomal ethanol oxidizing system. y w w (42). x MEOS y g n w ƒ, Kishimoto (43) Koivula Lindros(44) š w. p, 3%
710 w twz 41 «6y (2009) Fig. 3. Time dependent changes of blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentration after administration of ethanol in rats. CGH w g nw w ü MEOS y 20% CGHƒ MEOS y w z. g n ƒ MEOS y CGH w CGH g yz»w. g n x g CGH 30% k nw xw x ethanol acetaldehyde w Fig. 3. g x ethanol y ƒ. ù acetaldehyde CGH n 30 zl wƒ 9 x. w acetaldehyde y š w yw,, asparaginic acid, CGH ƒƒ 953, 1,009, 380 mg hr/dl CGH w. p, w zw asparaginic acid, w. CGH g w g y acetaldehyde w g w» w w ƒ. l ƒw(corn gluten hydrolysates, CGH) g» yz w z., 4 ww g nw w jš, x yw» t(alp, GOT, GPT), s ü wy z(sod, GPX, catalase) y (MDA) g z(adh, ALDH, MEOS) y w. w g ethanol acetaldehyde w z w. g y w k n CGH z, w CGH w. g ƒ x ALP y CGH e 30% w, GOT GPT y y. g ü wy catalase zy g n w CGH 79%¾ w. ADH y ù, ALDH y g n w CGH 20% ƒw. p, CGH MEOSy w w 3% CGH w g n w 20%¾ y w. g z n x ethanol ƒ. ù acetaldehyde CGH n w wš, š w yw, 60% w z., CGH g ALDH MEOS y w ü g w» yz wì ethanol acetaldehyde ü j» y ƒ w. x 1. Ramchandani VA, Bosron WF, Li TK. Research advances in ethanol metabolism. Pathol. Biol. 49: 676-682 (2001) 2. Lee EH, Chyun JH. Effect of β-carotene supplementation on lipid peroxide levels and antioxidative enzyme artivities in alcoholic fatty liver rats. Korean J. Nutr. 38: 289-296 (2005) 3. Cha YS, Sachan DS. Acetyl carnitine-mediated inhibition of ethanol oxidation in hepatocytes. Alcohol 12: 289-294 (1995) 4. Rouach H, Clement M, Ofanelli MT, Janvier B, Nordmann J, Nordmann R. Hepatic lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial susceptibility to peroxidative attacks during ethanol inhalation and withdrawal. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 753: 439-444 (1983) 5. Peters TJ. Ethanol metabolism. Brit. Med. Bull. 38: 17-20 (1982) 6. Pikkarainen PH, Salaspuro MP, Lieber CS. A method for the determination of free acetaldehyde in plasma. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 3: 259-261 (1979) 7. Umulis DM, Gurmen NM, Singh P, Fogler HS. A physiologically based model for ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism in human beings. Alcohol 35: 3-12 (2005) 8. Lieber CS. Relationships between nutrition, alcohol use, and liver disease. Alcohol Res. Health 27: 220-231 (2003) 9. Jung BS. Metabolic effects of alcohol. Korean J. Food Nutr. 4: 207-211 (1991) 10. Rouach H, Clement M, Ofanelli MT, Janvier B, Nordmann J, Nordmann R. Hepatic lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial susceptibility to peroxidative attacks during ethanol inhalation and withdrawal. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 753: 439-444 (1983) 11. Moncade C, Torres V, Varghese G, Albano E, Israsel Y. Ethanolderived immuno reactive species formed by radical mechanisms.
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