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1 ª Ÿ (Korean J. Medicinal Crop Sci.) 19(2) : (2011) y» y» w x* Á *Á»*Á½ **Á k **Á **Á ** * w y w w, ** p w p Effects of Organic Fertilizers and Green Manure Crops on Growth Responses and Yields of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge Beom Heon Song*, Kyung A Lee*, Yoon Kee Chang*, Young Gook Kim**, Tae Jin Ahn**, Young Seob Ahn** and Chung Beom Park** *Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju , Korea. **Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Eumseong , Korea. ABSTRACT : This studies were conducted to investigate the growth responses and yields of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge which were grown with organic cultivation using two organic fertilizers and two green manure crops of hairy vetch and rye in 2008 and The lengths of stems and roots were not clearly different between organic and conventional cultivations. The root diameters and the branch numbers were slightly thicker and more in all treatments of organic cultivation than that of conventional cultivation in 2008, although they were not significantly different between two cultivating methods in The dry weights of shoot and root were heavier on organic cultivation than those on conventional cultivation. The T/ R ratios were commonly higher in organic culture, showing more clearly in 2008 than The yields were generally higher in organic cultivation than those in conventional cultivation in 2008 although the effect did not clear on yield in The organic cultivation using of organic fertilizers and green manure crops would be new method to have safety and qualitative products. The techniques of organic cultivation for Astragalus membranaceus Bunge would be studied more on utilizing the natural organic resources. Key WordsG: Astragalus membranaceus Bunge, Growth Response, Yield, Organic Agriculture, Organic Fertilizer, Green Manure Crop y» (Astragalus membranaceus) w w w. w,, š v e ¾ s w (Ma et al., 2000). y» w» z ù,, š ƒ ƒw» s û s š (Kim et al., 1996a, 1996b). t m w ü y» 1990 l ƒw ³ ƒ z w w ùkü , , w ùkû (MFAFF, 2009). w y» y w w ƒœ y š. y» 1 5 ¾ 1 š (Kim et al., 1996b). y»» w ã. q», (Seo et al., 1995; Kim et al., 1996a, 1996b), 3 (Park et al., 1988), y» (Kim et al., 1996b) mw y», t w ƒ w š, x e ƒwš,»ƒ, v (Ryoo, 2003). y y wì» Corresponding author: (Phone) ( ) bhsong@chungbuk.ac.kr Received 2011 February 24 / 1st Revised 2011 March 22 / 2nd Revised 2011 April 8 / Accepted 2011 April 11 83

2 xá Á»Á½ Á k Á Á Table 1. Chemical contents of green manure crops and organic fertilizers used in this experiment. Resources of organic matter Total-N P 2 O 5 K 2 O CaO MgO Fe Cu Mn Zn (%) (ppm) Hairy vetch , Rye Organic Fertilizer I Organic Fertilizer II t» w ƒ š. y» saponin flavonoide, formononetin linoleic acid š (Kim and Kim, 1997). y» ƒ w y y» x (Goh et al., 2009; Yin et al., 2009),» y» w w e w» w w š t y ƒ (Jeon et al., 2010)., ƒœ w š ƒ ƒ w y y z» w w.» w» w w» w š. y»»» w y y w» y w» y y x e y w y» w,» z wš w w. x» y w y»»» w p w p xs ƒ w 1» w t y» œ t w ü, w,» ƒƒ 1.0, (» w» w y» 100, 150, 200%) q 1 m w z 5 10 q w, q 90, 20, 10 q.»k y» t t y» œ w ü, w, y y x e w z m n w y» w y x e. y x e ƒƒ 15 /10a, 6 /10a q, š p z ƒ z» w w ¾ y x e xm k w. m n» y 240 / 10a, x e 121 /10a š, ü w x eƒ 2.93%, y 1.18%,»k» yw Table 1. y x e m n wš y»» w y 1 2 ƒƒ 270 / 10a, 780 /10a ƒ n w š, y» y ww»» I 1 2 ƒƒ 178 /10a, 512 /10a ƒ w,» II 1 2 ƒ ƒ 104 /10a, 297 /10a ƒ w. x e y»» 1 84 /10a, /10a ƒƒ ƒ n w, x e» yww x e m n z,»» I /10a, 470 /10a ƒƒ ƒw w š,» II /10a, 273 /10a ƒƒ ƒw w. y»,,,,, w, w, 2 3 l 7 2 e¾ w. w l ó¾, 2, w l 5 d w, w,»k ü x» w. 84

» y» p Fig. 1. Stem and root length of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge cultivated with the organic cultivation using the organic fertilizers and the green manure crops for two years, 2008 and 2009.

3 » y» p Fig. 1. Stem and root length of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge cultivated with the organic cultivation using the organic fertilizers and the green manure crops for two years, 2008 and The bars represent the standard deviation (1, 1.5, 2 : Each level of application amount of organic fertilizer based on the recommended application amount of N, Con : conventional cultivation, NF : non fertilization, OF I : Organic fertilizer I, OF II : Organic fertilizer II, H : Hairy vetch, H + OF I : Hairy vetch + Organic fertilizer I, H + OF II : Hairy vetch + Organic fertilizer II, R : Rye, R + OF I : Rye + Organic fertilizer I, R + OF II : Rye + Organic fertilizer II). š y»»» w» w» y y x e w m y z y» w y» w w Fig w w» ¼ ùkû,» w w»» yw j ù», x e w» w 2 w ¼ y 2 ¼ y ƒ ù kû. y» w p ƒ y x e yw (Song et al., 2010) w w w m n w ƒ y ƒ š (Yoon and Song, 2009) y» y { w q w w w. y» 2008 w» ¼,» w ù» I 1.0 w ¼ ùkû w w, w,», š m y z w» ƒ w. w w x ùkù,» n y». x e y» ¼ (Ryoo, 2003) w.» w Fig. 2.» ~11», ~8». w,», š n ƒ»» 2008 w w» 2009» ù w w w. w y» t y» 2008» ùkû ù w w w.» j» y» w y» w j w š q. w» w z ƒ ùkù.» n» ƒ w» y» Fig y» w 85

4 xá Á»Á½ Á k Á Á Fig. 2. Stem and root diameter of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge cultivated with the organic cultivation using the organic fertilizers and the green manure crops for two years, 2008 and The bars represent the standard deviation (1, 1.5, 2 : Each level of application amount of organic fertilizer based on the recommended application amount of N, Con : conventional cultivation, NF : non fertilization, OF I : Organic fertilizer I, OF II : Organic fertilizer II, H : Hairy vetch, H + OF I : Hairy vetch + Organic fertilizer I, H + OF II : Hairy vetch + Organic fertilizer II, R : Rye, R + OF I : Rye + Organic fertilizer I, R + OF II : Rye + Organic fertilizer II). Fig. 3. No. of branches of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge cultivated with the organic cultivation using the organic fertilizers and the green manure crops for two years, 2008 and The bars represent the standard deviation (1, 1.5, 2 : Each level of application amount of organic fertilizer based on the recommended application amount of N, Con : conventional cultivation, NF : non fertilization, OF I : Organic fertilizer I, OF II : Organic fertilizer II, H : Hairy vetch, H + OF I : Hairy vetch + Organic fertilizer I, H + OF II : Hairy vetch + Organic fertilizer II, R : Rye, R + OF I : Rye + Organic fertilizer I, R + OF II : Rye + Organic fertilizer II). w»,» I» II ùkù» s ù w» j,» w w ùkù.» y w» y» w w w Table w» w» ùkûš,» ƒ ùkû. w w w ù»,» I w» II ƒw w w» ùkû,» w w. w w, T/R ~ 1.95 w» T/R ~1.05 w» w x w ùkû. y» x e w ƒw ew ew,» w.» y w» w y» w Fig » w y»» 86

5 » y» p Table 2. Fresh weight and dry weight in shoot and root tissues of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge cultivated with treating two different organic fertilizers and two green manure crops for two years, 2008 and Year Treatment Application level Fresh weight Dry weight Shoot Root Total Shoot Root Total T/R ratio NF 1) b 2) b b c d d 1.07 b Con b b b c cd cd 1.24 b 2008 OF I OF II a a a ab abc ab 1.82 a a ab a b abc ab 1.70 a a ab a b bcd bc 1.87 a a a a ab ab ab 1.71 a a a a ab a a 1.70 a a a a ab a a 1.95 a F-value 89.96** 83.68** 88.12** 10.44** 83.98** 88.21** 8.51** Con abc abc abc ab ab abc 0.88 ab 2009 H H+OF I H+OF II R R+OF I abcd abcd abcde abc abc abcd 0.87 ab abcd abcd abcde abc abc abcd 0.85 ab abcd cd bcde bc bc cd 0.98 ab ab ab ab ab a ab 1.05 a abc abc abcd bc abc abcd 0.83 ab abcd cd bcde bc bc bcd 0.86 ab cd cd de bc bc cd 0.90 ab bcd cd cde bc bc bcd 0.93 ab abcd abcd abcde abc abc abcd 0.97 ab d d e c c d 0.76 b R+OF II a a a a a a 0.90 ab bcd bcd bcde bc bc bcd 0.99 ab F-value 82.38** 82.81** 82.69** 82.12* 82.49** 82.42** ns 1) Con : conventional cultivation, NF : non fertilization, OF I : Organic fertilizer I, OF II : Organic fertilizer II, H : Hairy vetch, H + OF I : Hairy vetch + Organic fertilizer I, H + OF II : Hairy vetch + Organic fertilizer II, R : Rye, R + OF I : Rye + Organic fertilizer I, R + OF II : Rye + Organic fertilizer II 2) Same letters in a column are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT. NS : Non-significance, * : significance at P 0.05, ** : significance at P 0.01 Fig. 4. Yields of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge cultivated with treating two different organic fertilizers and two green manure crops for two years, 2008 and The bars represent the standard deviation. w ùkû,» I» II j š,» I» ƒw w ù» II w w» ùkþ y» y x e w», y 87

6 xá Á»Á½ Á k Á Á Fig. 5. Correlationship between the yields and four growth characters; number of branches (A), stem length (B), stem diameter (C), and shoot weight (D) of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge., w, x e +» I» y +» II» w ù kûš,» j w w. y» x e w (Ryoo, 2003) w w w, x e y x e 7% y 20% (Song et al., 2010) w y w» y» w y» z w ƒ w q. y» w Fig. 5. w y»,,, š ù w, w y» ƒ j w w ùkù j w š q. w w œ w š š, y»» mw y w w š, y y w, ƒw (Lee et al., 2002) tg y w x,, x w ƒw y ƒ (Lee and Kim, 2008) w y» œ w ƒ š q.» w w. LITERATURE CITED Goh EJ, Seong ES, Lee JG, Na JK, Lim JD, Kim MJ, Kim NY, Lee KH, Seo JS, Choi DS, Chung IM and Yu CY. (2009). Antioxidant activities according to peeling and cultivated years of Astragalus membranaceus roots. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 17:

7 » y» p Jeon YH, Moon JW, Kweon HJ, Jeoung YJ, An CS, Jin HL, Hur SJ and Lim BO. (2010). Effects of Lycii fructus and Astragalus membranaceus mixed extracts on immunomodulators and prevention of diabetic cataract and retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 18: Kim JS and Kim CS. (1997). A study on the constituents from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus. Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy. 28: Kim YG, Chang YH, Lee ST and Yu HS. (1996a). Studies on planting density and labor-saving in machine sowing for Astragalus membranaceus Bunge. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 4: Kim YG, Kim KS, Chang YH and Yu HS. (1996b). Effects of harvesting time on growth and root yield in Astragalus membranaceus Bunge. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 4: Lee H, Kim KU, Son TK, Lee JE and Lee SC. (2002). Saikosaponin contents and growth characteristics on cutting and flower removal in Bupleurum falcatum L.. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 10: Lee SS and Kim CH. (2008). Effects of planting density on growth and yield of vegetable soybean varieties. Korean Journal of Crop Science. 53: Ma XQ, Duan JA, Zhe DY, Dong TTX and Tsim KWK. (2000). Species identification of Radix astragali (Huangqi) by DNA sequence of its 5S-rRNA spacer domain. Phytochemistry. 54: Park NK, Choi DU, Chang SM and Choi J. (1988). Effects of N, P 2 O 5, and K 2 O application on the yield and quality of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge root. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer. 21: Ryoo JW. (2003). Effects of hairy vetch and animal slurry on growth and yield of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 11: Statistic Information of Agriculture. (2009). Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Korea. Seo JS, Kim KS, Soh HS, Park SU and Son SG. (1995). Effects of pant density on growth and root yield at different harvesting year in Astragalus membranaceus. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 3: Song BH, Lee KA, Jeon WT, Kim MT, Cho HS, Oh IS, Kim CG and Kang UG. (2010). Effects of green manure crops of legume and gramineae on growth responses and yields in rice cultivation with respect to environment friendly agriculture. Korean Journal of Crop Science. 55: Yin Y, Heo SI, Jung MJ and Wang MH. (2009). Antioxidant and antiabetic effects of various sections of Astragalus membranaceus. Korean Society of Pharmacognosy. 40:1-5. Yoon MY and Song BH. (2009). Study on patterns of decomposition and mineral outflow of barley and hairy vetch as green manure crops applied into soil with respect to environmental friendly agriculture. Journal of Agriculture Science. 25:

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