ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & TOXICOLOGY Vol. 25, No. 4, 307~314 (2010) 한국성인에있어서식이를통한비소노출평가 임룻 1), 염현철 1), 김동원 1), 배혜선 1), 안수주 1), 류덕영 2), 최병선 1), 박정덕 1), * 1) 중앙대학교의과대학예방의학교실, 2) 서울대학교수의과대학 Dietary Exposure Assessment of Arsenic in Korean Adults Ruth Im 1), Hyun-Cher Youm 1), Dong-Won Kim 1), Hye-Sun Bae 1), Su-Ju Ahn 1), Doug-Young Ryu 2), Byung-Sun Choi 1) and Jung-Duck Park 1). * 1) Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University 2) College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University ABSTRACT Objectives : Arsenic (As) is ubiquitously distributed in the environment and has been known as a human carcinogen. The main source of arsenic exposure in general population is an oral route through As-contaminated water and foods. This study was performed to estimate the daily intake of As from diet and associated factors in Korean adults. Methods : We investigated 590 adults, 249 males and 341 females, with age of 20 years and older, who had not been exposed to the As occupationally. Study subjects were interviewed for demographic characteristics, lifestyles and diets during the last 24 hours. The estimation of As intake daily was based on amount of food consumption and As concentration in each food by using database of As concentrations in 117 food species. Results : Daily As intake was estimated as 56.46 μg/day, 56.60 μg/day in male and 56.36 μg/day in female. As intake was not significant from sex, age group, smoking and alcoholic habits, while was by occupation with the most intake of As in fishery. The daily As intakes was positively correlated with the total food consumption, specifically related with fishes and shellfishes, seaweeds, oils, grains and flavors. About 75% of As intake from diet was contributed by seafoods, such as 32.07 μg/day from fishes & shellfishes and 10.05 μg/day from seaweeds. However, it is necessary to evaluate if the dietary As intake affects on the levels of As in the body. Conclusions : The amount of As intake daily in Korean adults was estimated as 56.46 μg/day, and is determined mainly by diet behavior. The seafoods, such as fishes & shellfishes and seaweeds, is major source of As exposure from diet in Korean. Key words : Arsenic (As), Daily intake, Lifestyles, Seafoods, Korean adults 접수일 : 2010 년 12 월 9 일, 채택일 : 2010 년 12 월 20 일 *Corresponding author: Tel: +82-2-820-5668, Fax: +82-2-815-9509 E-mail: jdpark@cau.ac.kr 307
308 EHT Vol. 25, No. 4 서 론 비소 (Arsenic) 는다양한형태의화합물로서지각에서광범위하게존재하는주요환경오염물질이다. 비소는인간발암물질 (human carcinogen, IARC Group I) 로분류되어있을뿐만아니라피부질환, 심혈관계질환, 호흡기계질환, 소화기계질환, 신경계질환등인체에위해성이높은금속물질로서알려져있다 [1]. 비소는반도체산업, 유리제품생산, 합금등다양한산업장에서사용되고있으며, 1940 년대부터살충제, 제초제등에도사용되었으나 1960 년대부터농약에서의비소사용이사라지기시작되면서사용이중단되었다 [2,3]. 또한비소는의학분야에서도오래전부터사용되었으며최근까지 acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) 의치료제로도사용되었다 [4-6]. 과거놀이기구, 책상, 울타리, 바닥제등에방부제로서비소화합물인 copper chrome arsenic (CCA) 의사용은생활환경중에서의비소노출원의하나이다 [7]. 비소의인체노출경로는경구, 호흡기및피부등이다. 그러나피부를통한비소의인체노출은매우미미하다. 이중비소에직업적으로노출되고있지않은일반인들에게있어서비소의주요노출원은비소에오염된물과토양및농ㆍ수산식품등식이에의한경구노출이다. 오염된물과공기를통한비소노출은주로 3 가와 5 가의무기비소형태이나, 특별히비소에노출되지않은일반인구집단에서의비소섭취는비소함유량이높은생선과해산물등수산식품을통해노출되는비소로서주로유기화합물형태의비소이다 [8]. 우리나라는 3 면이바다로서일상식생활에서어패류와해조류등수산식품의섭취를통한비소노출이많을것으로사료된다. 비소의독성은비소의형태에따라차이가있는데주로무기비소 (Arsenite, Arsenate) 가유기비소 (Arsenobetaine, Arsenocholine, Arsenosugars) 에비해독성이강하며, 3 가비소가 5 가비소에비해독성이강하다 [1]. 따라서인구집단에서비소에노출되는노출원에따라비소의독성이다르게나타날수있다. 인체의비소에대한노출정도는식이섭취조사를통한외적노출 (external exposure) 과체내생물학적지표를이용한내적노출 (internal exposure) 수준을평가할수있다. 식이를통한노출평가는조사전 24 시간동안조사대상자가섭취한총식이를조사 하는 24 시간회상법 (24 hour recall method) 이많이사용되고있다. 비소의생물학적노출평가는요, 혈액및머리카락 손톱 발톱중비소농도가이용되고있다. 이중요중비소는가장널리이용되는노출지표로서비교적최근의비소에대한노출정도를잘반영한다. 머리카락 손톱 발톱은비교적과거의비소노출을반영하는지표로이용되며, 혈중비소는최근고농도의비소노출평가에이용될수있으나일반인구집단에서의노출평가지표로서는그유용성이제한적이다 [3,9]. 한국인에있어서비소에의한인체위해성평가를위해서는우선적으로노출수준에대한역학적자료가요구된다. 따라서직업적으로비소에노출되지않는일반인구집단에있어서비소에대한노출수준평가에있어서는주된노출원인식이를통한노출량의평가가우선적이다. 지금까지국내에서도여러연구자들에의해한국인의비소섭취량에대한자료가보고되었으나 [10-16], 지역사회인구집단을대상으로조사대상자들의인구학적요인이나생활행태등에따른비소노출수준평가자료는매우부족한실정이다. 이번연구에서는직업적으로비소에노출되지않은성인을대상으로식이를통한 1 일비소섭취량을추정하여식이를통한노출수준을평가하고, 조사대상자들의성, 연령등인적요인과음주, 흡연, 직업등생활행태및식이양상등역학적요인들과의관련성을분석하였다. 1. 조사대상자 연구대상및방법 임의로선정한도시지역 2 개의시와농촌지역의 2 개군및 2 곳의어촌지역을대상으로하였다. 조사대상지역에거주하고있으며직업적으로비소에노출된적이없는일반인구집단을대상으로연구목적, 조사방법과내용및진행절차등을설명하고, 조사에참여하기로동의한 20 세이상의성인을대상으로하였다. 조사에동의하는경우미리작성된연구참여동의서를이용하여다시보완설명을한후자필서명한사람을조사대상자로선정하였다. 조사에참여한사람은남자 249 명, 여자 341 명으로서총 590 명을조사대상자로하였다.
식이와비소노출 309 2. 설문조사 연구의목적에따라작성된설문지를이용하여미리훈련된연구원들이개인면접을통하여설문조사하였다. 설문내용은일반인구학적특징, 흡연과음주등생활습관, 24 시간회상법을이용한식이설문등을포함하였다. 24 시간회상식이설문조사는조사전날 24 시간동안아침, 점심, 저녁식사를중심으로시간대별로간식을포함하여섭취한식품또는음식의종류와각각의섭취량등모든식이내용을조사하였다. 이때식이섭취에대한조사를표준화하기위하여미리준비한그릇모형, 음식사진등을이용하여조사대상자가섭취한음식의종류와양을정확하게기억해낼수있도록유도하였다. 3. 식이에의한비소섭취량추정 조사대상자들의조사전 24 시간동안의식이를통한비소섭취량을추정하였다. 조사대상자들이섭취한식품별섭취량은국내다소비식품을중심으로 117 종의식품을이용한설문조사자료로부터산출하였다. 이때식이조사에서이용된 117 종식품들중비소함유량은국내에서보고된각식품중비소함유량에관한 15 편의논문으로부터얻었다. 이번연구에서이용된 15 편의논문은최근 10 년간발표된논문을우선순위로하고학진등재유무, 자 료의대표성등을고려하여최종선정하였다. 117 종의식품류는곡류, 서류, 당류, 두류, 채소류, 과일류, 육류, 어패류, 해조류, 유지류, 우유류, 음료류, 조미료류, 난류및기타등의 16 개식품군으로분류하였다. 조사대상자의 1 인당 1 일총비소섭취량 (μg/day) 과개인별체중으로보정한체중 kg 당 1 일총비소섭취량 (μg/kg body weight/day) 은식품별 1 일섭취량 (g) 과식품중비소함유량 (mg/kg) 으로부터산출하였다. 4. 자료정리및분석 조사대상자들로부터 24 시간회상법으로조사된식이섭취자료는 CAN-Pro 3.0 ( 한국영양학회 ) 을이용하여섭취한식품으로부터 1 일총에너지섭취량과식품별섭취량을분석하였다. 조사결과얻은자료는엑셀을이용하여정리하였고, 통계적분석은 SPSS (SPSS INC., Chicago, IL, USA) 을이용하였다. 식이섭취량과식이중비소섭취량은평균 ± 표준편차로표시하였고, 평균치비교는 t- 검정또는 ANOVA 를사용하였으며 Duncan 사후분석을시행하였다. 범주형자료는빈도와분율로나타내었고 chi-square 검정을이용하여분포를비교하였다. 식이와비소섭취량과의관련성은 Pearson 의상관분석을이용하였다. 분석된자료의통계적유의성은 p 0.05 수준에서평가하였다. Table 1. Characteristics of the study subjects Group Male Female Total (n=249) (n=341) (n=590) Statistics ~39 23 (9.2%) 44 (12.9%) 67 (11.4%) Age (years) 40~59 109 (43.8%) 150 (44.0%) 259 (43.9%) χ 2 =2.19 60~ 117 (47.0%) 147 (43.1%) 264 (447%) Average 57.2±13.7 56.4±14.6 56.7±14.3 t=0.66 Current 100 (40.2%) 10 (2.9%) 110 (18.6%) Smoking Ex-smoker 81 (32.5%) 8 (2.4%) 89 (15.1%) χ 2 =292.59 None 68 (27.3%) 323 (94.7%) 391 (66.3%) Alcohol drinking Yes 190 (76.3%) 126 (37.0%) 316 (53.4%) No 59 (23.7%) 215 (63.1%) 274 (46.4%) χ 2 =89.61 Officer 44 (17.7%) 33 (9.7%) 77 (13.1%) Farmer 85 (34.1%) 57 (16.7%) 142 (24.1%) Occupation Fishery 48 (19.3%) 48 (14.1%) 96 (16.3%) χ 2 =58.58 Service 22 (8.8%) 43 (12.6%) 65 (11.0%) Simple labor 50 (20.1%) 160 (46.9%) 210 (35.6%) *p 0.05, p 0.01.
310 EHT Vol. 25, No. 4 연구결과 1. 조사대상자들의인구학적특성 이번조사대상자는남자 249 명, 여자 341 명으로총 590 명이었고연령, 흡연력, 음주력, 직업력등인구학적특성은 Table 1 과같다. 즉전체조사대상자들의평균연령은 56.7 세이었고, 성별로는남자 57.2 세, 여자 56.4 세로서남녀간차이는없었다. 연령별로는 40 세미만 11.4%, 40~59 세 43.9%, 60 세이상 44.7% 이었고, 성별에따른연령분포의차이는관찰되지않았다. 흡연력은남자의경우현재흡연자 40.2%, 과거흡연자 32.5%, 비흡연자 27.3% 이었으나, 여성에서는대부분비흡연자로서 94.7% 를차지하였다. 음주력은남자에서 76.3% 로서여자에서의 37.0% 보다높았다. 조사대상자들의직업분포를보면남자에서는농업인구가 34.1% 로가장많았고단순노무 20.1%, 어업 19.3%, 사무직및기능원 17.7%, 서비스 8.8% 등이었고, 여자에서는단순노무및주부 46.9%, 농업인구 16.7%, 어업 14.1%, 서비스 12.6%, 사무직및기능원 9.7% 등으로서남 녀간에직업력분포는차이가있었다. 2. 조사대상자들의식이행태 조사대상자들의식품군별 1 일평균섭취량은 Table 2 와같다. 즉, 조사대상자들의 1 일평균에너지섭취량과총식품섭취량은남자에서 1779.1 kcal 와 1285.7 g, 여자 1461.6 kcal 및 1085.1 g 로서남자가여자보다많이섭취하였다 (p 0.01). 식품군별로볼때곡류, 종실류, 채소류, 육류및기타식품은남자가많이섭취하였고, 우유류는여자가많이섭취하는것으로나타났다. 3. 식이를통한 1 일총비소섭취량 이번연구에서조사대상자들이식이를통해섭취한식품군별총비소섭취량은 Table 3 과같다. 즉, 조사대상자들의식이를통한 1 일평균총비소섭취량은 56.46 μg/day, 0.93 μg/kg/day 이었고, 성별로는남자 56.60 μg/day, 0.84 μg/kg/day, 여자 56.36 μg/ day, 0.99 μg/kg/day 로서성별에따른총비소섭취량의유의한차이는관찰되지않았다. 각식품군에따른 1 일총비소섭취량은어패류를통한섭취량이 Table 2. Daily intakes of each food group in the study subjects (Unit: g/day) Group Male Female Total (n=249) (n=341) (n=590) Statistics Grains 269.6±89.8 229.9±105.2 246.6±100.8 t=4.93 Potatoes 32.1±71.7 35.4±78.3 34.0±75.5 t=-0.52 Sugars 6.8±9.4 5.8±13.1 6.2±11.6 t=1.13 Pulse 45.3±58.8 34.8±54.9 39.3±56.4 t=2.23* Seeds 2.2±7.7 1.6±7.5 1.9±7.6 t=1.01 Vegetables 323.1±219.2 256.1±170.9 284.3±195.4 t=4.01 Fruits 152.9±355.9 171.7±343.2 163.8±348.4 t=-0.65 Meats 73.5±134.9 43.9±69.2 56.4±103.1 t=3.17 Fishes and shellfishes 60.2±91.1 51.8±78.8 55.3±84.2 t=1.17 Seaweeds 2.4±7.4 3.3±9.1 2.9±8.4 t=-1.39 Oils 4.6±6.5 5.2±6.7 5.0±6.6 t=-0.95 Milks 36.2±78.2 68.4±138.6 54.8±118.0 t=-3.58 Beverages 100.6±175.5 76.9±244.7 86.9±218.3 t=1.37 Condiments 30.1±25.1 26.8±23.4 28.1±24.2 t=1.62 Eggs 12.5±28.1 13.1±28.3 12.9±28.2 t=-0.27 Others 133.7±369.0 60.5±203.0 91.4±287.1 t=3.08 Total food intake 1285.7±674.1 1085.1±616.9 1169.8±648.7 t=3.75 Energy (kcal/day) 1779.1±661.1 1461.6±606.9 1595.6±649.1 t=6.04 *p 0.05, p 0.01, data presented as mean and standard deviation.
식이와비소노출 311 Table 3. Daily intakes of total arsenic from each food group in the study subjects (Unit: μg As/day) Group Male Female Total (n=249) (n=341) (n=590) Statistics Grains 9.35±4.51 (16.5%) 8.00±4.60 (14.2%) 8.57±4.61 (15.2%) t=3.54 Potatoes 1.36±3.05 (2.40%) 1.50±3.24 (2.7%) 1.44±3.16 (2.6%) t=-0.56 Sugars 0.003±0.004 (0.01%) 0.003±0.006 (0.01%) 0.003±0.006 (0.01%) t=1.01 Pulse 1.46±1.94 (2.6%) 1.11±1.70 (1.9%) 1.26±1.81 (2.2%) t=2.22* Seeds 0.15±0.53 (0.3%) 0.04±0.13 (0.07%) 0.09±0.36 (0.2%) t=2.92 Vegetables 0.53±0.39 (0.9%) 0.46±0.34 (0.8%) 0.49±0.37 (0.9%) t=2.24* Fruits 0.57±1.51 (1.0%) 0.69±1.55 (1.2%) 0.64±1.53 (1.1%) t=-0.95 Meats 0.13±0.23 (0.2%) 0.11±0.18 (0.2%) 0.12±0.20 (0.2%) t=1.16 Fishes and shellfishes 29.97±72.69 (52.9%) 33.61±99.83 (59.6%) 32.07±89.34 (56.8%) t=-0.51 Seaweeds 11.96±46.69 (21.1%) 8.66±23.69 (15.4%) 10.05±35.28 (17.8%) t=1.02 Oils 0.002±0.003 (0.01%) 0.003±0.003 (0.01%) 0.002±0.003 (0.01%) t=-0.96 Milks 0.65±0.58 (1.2%) 1.75±4.92 (3.1%) 1.28±4.13 (2.3%) t=-3.50 Beverages 0.06±0.11 (0.1%) 0.05±0.16 (0.09%) 0.05±0.14 (0.09%) t=1.10 Condiments 0.32±0.26 (0.6%) 0.30±0.30 (0.5%) 0.31±0.28 (0.6%) t=1.10 Eggs 0.009±0.02 (0.02%) 0.01±0.02 (0.02%) 0.01±0.02 (0.02%) t=-0.21 Others 0.08±0.29 (0.1%) 0.05±0.31(0.09%) 0.06±0.30 (0.1%) t=1.17 Total (μg As/day) 56.60±88.74 (100.0%) 56.36±102.30 (100.0%) 56.46±96.73 (100.0%) t=0.03 (μg As/kg/day) 0.84±1.22 0.99±1.87 0.93±1.63 t=-1.17 *p 0.05, p 0.01, data presented as mean and standard deviation. Table 4. Daily intakes of total arsenic by age and life-styles in the study subjects Group Male Female Total (μg As/day) (μg As/kg/day) (μg As/day) (μg As/kg/day) (μg As/day) (μg As/kg/day) ~39 61.76±65.23 0.91±1.00 57.92±67.66 1.01±1.16 59.24±66.36 0.98±1.10 Age (years) 40~59 65.35±114.28 0.94±1.50 63.09±120.13 1.05±2.13 64.04±117.48 1.00±1.89 60~ 47.43±60.87 0.74±0.94 49.02±90.51 0.92±1.77 48.32±78.63 0.84±1.46 Statistics F=1.19 F=0.78 F=0.71 F=0.16 F=1.76 F=0.66 Current 61.61±106.22 0.90±1.41 53.36±90.76 0.92±1.58 71.96±135.00 1.15±2.31 Smoking Ex-smoker 53.05±66.58 0.82±1.01 175.40±289.02 3.54±5.82 50.86±64.13 0.79±0.98 None 53.46±84.37 0.79±1.17 53.36±90.76 0.92±1.58 53.38±89.58 0.90±1.51 Statistics F=0.27 F=0.19 F=7.48 F=10.35 F=1.76 F=1.37 Yes 56.94±87.91 0.84±1.20 43.03±41.16 0.74±0.68 51.39±73.19 0.80±1.03 Alcohol drinking No 55.51±92.09 0.83±1.30 64.17±124.38 1.14±2.29 62.31±118.07 1.08±2.12 Statistics t=-0.11 t=-0.08 t=2.29 t=2.37 t=1.33 t=1.91 Officer 55.88±75.50 0.81±1.09 57.65±71.10 0.96±1.11 56.64±73.17 0.87±1.09 Farmer 40.83±47.23 0.62±0.72 60.57±92.62 1.10±1.56 48.76±69.50 0.81±1.15 Occupation Fishery 77.49±138.11 1.11±1.78 101.52±222.09 1.80±4.14 89.51±184.35 1.45±3.19 Service 74.85±78.56 1.06±1.08 55.25±65.59 0.92±1.05 61.88±70.25 0.97±1.05 Simple labor 55.96±95.28 0.89±1.36 41.34±42.10 0.72±0.76 44.82±59.29 0.76±0.94 Statistics F=1.58 F=1.49 F=3.32* F=3.15* F=3.91 F=3.26 *p 0.05, p 0.01, data presented as mean and standard deviation. 32.07 μg/day 로서가장많았고, 해조류 10.05 μg/day, 곡류 8.57 μg/day 등순이었다. 즉, 식품섭취를통해 노출되는비소의약 75% 가어패류와해조류등의수산식품을통해노출되었으며, 곡류, 서류, 종실류
312 EHT Vol. 25, No. 4 등농작물을통해약 20% 가노출되는것으로나타났다. 4. 조사대상자들의인구학적요인에따른 1일총비소섭취량 조사대상자들의성별, 연령, 흡연, 음주, 직업등의인구학적요인과생활형태에따른 1 일총비소섭취량은 Table 4 와같다. 즉, 조사대상자들의연령군에따른 1 일총비소섭취량은남자의경우 40 세미만군에서는 61.76 μg/day 이었고 40~59 세군에서는 65.35 μg/day 로서다소증가되었으나 60 세이상군에서 47.43 μg/day 로감소되었다. 여자에서도 40 세미만군 57.92 μg/day, 40~59 세군 63.09 μg/day, 60 세이상군 49.02 μg/day 로서남자와비슷한양상이었다. 그러나 1 일평균총비소섭취량은남자와여자모두에서연령군에따른통계적으로유의한차이는관찰되지않았다. 1 일총비소섭취량은흡연및음주행태에따라서도유의한차이가관찰되지않았다. 조사대상자들의사회적활동영역이비교적잘반영될수있는직업에따른 1 일총비소섭취량은전체조사대상자중어업종사자 89.51 μg/day, 서비스업 61.88 μg/day, 사무직및기능원 56.64 μg/day, 농업종사자 48.76 μg/day, 단순노무및주부 44.82 μg/day 등순으로서어업종사자에서기타직업군에비해식이를통한총비소섭취량이통계적으로유의하게높은것으로나타났다 (p 0.01). 성별로도남, 여모두에서어업종사자에서가장높게관찰되었다. 5. 식이와총비소섭취량과의관련성 조사대상자들의 1 일총비소섭취량과식품군별식품섭취량간의관련성을분석한결과 Table 5 와같다. 즉, 식이를통한 1 일총비소섭취량은남자에서는에너지섭취량및총식이섭취량과유의한양의관련성이있었다. 식품군에따라서는어패류의섭취량 (r=0.743) 이 1 일총비소섭취량과가장높은양의상관이있었으며, 해조류 (r=0.514) 와유지류 (r=0.354) 의섭취량과도유의한관련성이있는것으로관찰되었다. 여자에서는에너지섭취량과유의한양의상관이있으며식품군에따라서는남자에서와같이어패류의섭취량 (r=0.768) 이 1 일총비소섭취량과가장높은양의상관이있었으며, Table 5. Pearson s correlation coefficients between total arsenic intakes and food intakes from each food group in the study subjects Food groups Male Female Total Energy (kcal) 0.215 0.177 0.186 Total food intakes 0.131* 0.106 0.114* Grains 0.04 0.117* 0.089* Potatoes 0.01-0.018-0.008 Sugars 0.06 0.023 0.033 Pulse 0.04-0.045-0.010 Seeds -0.07 0.002-0.024 Vegetables -0.04-0.018-0.028 Fruits 0.03-0.036-0.011 Meats -0.07 0.011-0.030 Fishes and shellfishes 0.743 0.768 0.749 Seaweeds 0.514 0.244 0.335 Oils 0.354 0.122* 0.210 Milks 0.119 0.042 0.060 Beverages -0.054-0.006-0.021 Condiments 0.064 0.115* 0.094* Eggs 0.048-0.032-0.001 Others 0.039 0.006 0.022 *p 0.05, p 0.01. 해조류 (r=0.244), 유지류 (r=0.122), 곡류 (r=0.117) 및조미료류 (r=0.115) 등의섭취량과도유의한관련성이있는것으로나타났다. 고 찰 이번연구에서는특별히비소에노출된적이없는 590 명 ( 남자 249 명, 여자 341 명 ) 의일반인구집단을대상으로식이를통한 1 일비소총섭취량을추정하였고, 인구학적요인과생활행태및식이습관등에따른비소섭취량을분석하였다. 이번조사에서한국성인의식이를통한 1 일총비소섭취량은 56.46 μg/day, 0.93 μg/kg/day 이었고, 성별로는남자 56.60 μg/day, 0.84 μg/kg/day, 여자 56.36 μg/day, 0.99 μg/kg/day 이었다. 본연구에서 1 일총비소섭취량은총에너지및식품섭취량과는유의한양의상관성이있었고, 식품군에따라서는어패류, 해조류, 유지류, 곡류및조미료류와유의한관련이있었다. 이번조사에서식이를통한 1 일총비소섭취량의 56.8% 는어패류를통해섭취되었으며, 해조류 17.8%, 곡류 15.2% 로서일반인구집단에서주
식이와비소노출 313 로식이를통해노출되는비소의주요노출원은수산식품인것으로나타났다. 또한아시아국가의주된섭취식품인곡류도비소의노출원으로서어느정도기여를하는것으로해석된다. 조사대상자들의성별, 연령및흡연과음주등생활행태에따른 1 일총비소섭취량은통계적으로차이가없었다. 반면직업력에따른 1 일총비소섭취량은어업종사자에서 89.51 μg/day 로서다른직업군보다높게나타났다. 이는수산식품을자주접할수있는직업적특성에따라영향을받는것으로사료된다. 이와같은결과를종합하여볼때, 식이를통한 1 일총비소섭취량은주로개개인의식이행태에의해영향을받으며수산식품이비소노출의주된원인인것으로판단된다. 한국인의 1 일총비소섭취량은국내보고된자료에따라다소차이가있는것으로나타났다. 이는보고자마다연구대상자의연령분포및적용된식품의종류와수, 식품중비소함유량참고치의추정방법및식품중비소함유량분석방법과분석계절등의차이에일부기인하는것으로사료된다. 즉, 이번연구결과에서추정된식이를통한 1 인당 1 일총비소섭취량을그동안국내에서실시된전국의전연령층을연구대상자로한국민건강영양조사에서얻은자료를이용하여식품의약품안전청 (KFDA) 에서매년보고된총식이조사보고자료와비교해볼때, 2000 년의 119 μg/day [10] 과 2004 년도자료의 125 μg/day [14] 을제외하고는 38.5 μg/day, 39.0 μg/day, 42.3 μg/day, 9.0 μg/day, 26.5 μg/day [11-13,15,16] 로서본연구결과가다소높거나비슷한수준이어서우리나라성인의식이를통한총비소섭취량의추정자료로서적절한것으로판단된다. 국외자료와의비교에있어서도각국가별비소섭취량은각연구자의연구설계, 분석방법등에따라다양하므로직접적인비교에있어서다소제한적이나우리나라성인의식이를통한비소노출량은수산식품섭취량이높은일본 (182 μg/day, [17]), 중국 (220 μg/day, [18]) 이나스페인 (286 μg/day, [19]), 노르웨이 (101 μg/day, [20]), 프랑스 (109 μg/day, [21]) 등유럽국가들에비해서는낮은수준이나캐나다 (38.1 μg/day, [22]), 벨기에 (11.5 μg/day, [23]), 네덜란드 (38 μg/day, [24]), 인도 (10 μg/day, [25]) 및미국 (2~92 μg/day, [26]) 등에비해서는다소높은것으로판단된다. 식이를통한비소노출의참고치로서 FAO/WHO 합동식품첨가물전문가위원회 (JECFA, FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives) 는비소의주간잠정섭취허용량 (PTWI: provisional tolerable weekly intake) 으로서무기비소의경우 15 μg/kg body weight/week, 총비소는 350 μg/kg body weight/ week 을제시하고있다 [27]. 본연구의한국성인 1 일총비소섭취량으로부터산출한주간잠정섭취량은 6.51 μg/kg body weight/week 로서 JECFA 의안전기준인 PTWI 총비소 350 μg/kg body weight/ week 와비교해볼때, 우리나라성인에있어서식이를통한총비소에대한노출은상대적으로안전한것으로나타났다. 이번연구에서얻은식이를통한비소노출량은지역주민들을대상으로한역학조사에서개인면접에의해얻어진개개인의식품섭취량을근거로추정된대표값으로서그의의가있다고할수있다. 그러나이번조사에서이용된 24 시간회상법에의한식이조사는조사전 1 일간의식이섭취만이반영되었으며건강기능식품및한약제등을통한섭취는반영되지않은제한점이있다. 또한직업적으로비소에노출되지않은일반인구집단에서음용수는주요비소노출원이될수있으나이번연구에서음용수를통한노출량은고려되지못하였다. 향후비소의인체위해성평가를위해서는다양한노출원을반영한우리나라사람들에서비소의총외부노출량의평가가요구되며, 이런외부노출수준및식품군에따른비소섭취량을내부노출수준을반영하는요중비소및비소의형태에따른분리 정량자료와비교 분석해봄으로써한국인에있어서비소에대한노출과그위해성을평가할수있는기본자료가마련될수있을것으로기대된다. 요약하면, 이번연구에서비소에특별히노출되지않은일반인구집단에서식이를통한비소에대한노출은주로수산식품섭취에기인된것으로서개개인의비소노출수준은개인의식이행태와밀접한관련성이있을것으로판단되며, 우리나라성인의경우식이를통한총비소에대한노출량은상대적으로안전한수준인것으로사료된다. 감사의글 이논문은 2009 년도정부 ( 교육과학기술부 ) 의재
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