Chapter 1. 화학공업 (Chemical Industry)
목차 1 Introduction 2 History 3 Characteristics
1. Introduction 화학공업 (Chem. Industry): 적절한장치내에서원료를화학적으로변환시켜인류에게필요한물질을생산하는공업 유기화학공업 (C, H, O, N): 석탄 cokes/coal tar/gas 무기화학공업 ( 논외 ) : 석회석아세틸렌
화학공업 Production of Chemicals Natural resources (coal, limestone) (petroleum, NG) (biomass) (metal, mineral) Chem. Conversion (processing) ( 화학반응공정 ) ( 분리, 정제공정 ) Product (chemicals) unit rxn unit operation basic research by chemist technology development by engineer Further treatments End products (paint, medicine, cosmetics, adhesive)
화학공업 vs. 석유화학공업 Chemical Industry Natural resources (coal, limestone) (petroleum, NG) (biomass) (metal, mineral) Chem. Conv. (processing) ( 화학반응공정 ) ( 분리, 정제공정 ) 석유공업 (Petroleum Industry) petroleum, NG Refining 화학원료 정유산업연료유 ( 고부가가치 2~5X) Product(chemicals) Further treatments 화학반응 / 전환공정 석유화학산업 End products (paint, medicine, cosmetics, adhesive) Chemicals 100 배 ( 농약원제 ) 최종제품 ( 고분자 :>90%): 고부가가치
화학공업 vs. 석유화학공업 화학공학의기본지식 구조 물성 가공간의상관관계 고분자신소재 + 경량성, 가공성 ( 기계적, 전기적, 광학적특성 ) 고분자 > 90% ( 고부가가치 ) 금속 / 세라믹대체 항공산업 : 고성능고분자 자동차 : 고성능고분자 ( 충격강도, High T) 전자 : 절연성우수
화학과화학공학의비교 화학화학공학 화학반응기초이론화학합성 ( 새로운합성론 ) 화학메커니즘연구 화학반응의응용경제성있는합성기술공장설계, 공정자동화 화학적현상의원리탐구 화학이론을바탕으로인류의의식주에관련된소재를생산하기위한공장의설계및운전에관련된사항을연구
Terminology Science: <scientia ( 라틴어 ) : 지식, 안다 > 과학이란인간이겪은경험을논리적인체계로통합하는것 : Einstein 과학은조화로운질서로나타나는자연의미를추구하는것 : H. 쁘왕캐르 인간의호기심이자연현상으로부터얻은지식을체계화한지식 < 자연을이해하고자하는욕망에서출발, 인간이전에존재 > Technology: <Teche : 기능, 솜씨 > + <logos : 조직화 > 물리적인환경을소재로인간의생존과평안을위해서무엇인가를만드는행위 : 브로노브스키인간의생존과평화를위해서물질적인대상을만드는사람들의수단의총체 : 피셔인류의생존및복지증진을위한환경을제어하는물리적수단 도구를사용하여목적을달성하는행위를한정 ( 본능적행위제외 : e.q. 거미집 ) Engineering: <ingenium> 라는로마군장비에서기원 <ingeniarors: 중세기계조작병 > 과학과기술을적용하는것이며, 현실문제를해결 ( 종합학문 / 종합예술 )
Terminology Engineering: <ingenium> 라는로마군장비에서기원 <ingeniarors: 중세기계조작병 > 인류의이익을위하여연구, 경험, 실무에서얻어진판단력과자연의지식, 재료와자연의힘을경제적으로이용하는방법을찾아내는종합학문 : Accreditation Board for Eng and Technology 과학과기술을적용하는것이며, 현실문제를해결 ( 실제적, 능률적, 경제적, human factor) 최선의방법 화폐가치로환산인간에의해적용 ( 물리적인차원 ) ( 적자생존 ) ( 지성, 감성이영향을미침 ) 과학적지식과기술적수단, 그리고인간의지성과감성을총동원하여가장경제적인방법으로현실사회가요구하는문제를해결하는종합학문이요, 종합예술
Inorganic Chemicals Chemical Products 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 97-98 change Ammonia 1,713 1,831 1,811 1,836 1,689-8% Ammonium sulfate a 1,710 1,771 1,756 1,780 1,618 nm Calcium superphosphate 395 367 328 329 306-7 Carbon black 698 757 757 776 723-7 Chlorine, liquid 872 942 894 928 881-5 Hydrochloric acid 2,370 2,469 2,416 2,539 2,420-5 Nitrogen b 9,098 9,130 9,314 9,676 9,716 0 Oxygen b 8,277 8,598 8,904 9,795 9,188-6 Sodium carbonate 1,050 1,049 926 801 722-10 Sodium hydroxide 3,786 4,004 4,062 4,391 4,252-3 Sodium silicate 831 836 800 795 765-4 Sulfuric acid 6,594 6,888 6,851 6,828 6,733-1 Titanium dioxide 238 249 238 241 251 4
Organic Chemicals Chemical Products 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 97-98 change Acetaldehyde 369 395 419 436 414-5% Acetic acid 519 574 599 620 654 5 Acetone 354 396 417 458 459 0 Acrylonitrile 610 663 675 730 667-9 Benzene c 3,620 4,013 4,177 4,502 4,203-7 Butadiene 856 991 1,025 1,052 977-7 Butanol 380 424 415 447 424-5 Caprolactam 519 545 555 556 519-7 Cyclohexane 640 681 639 721 652-10 Dioctyl phthalate 292 298 315 310 261-16 Ethylene 6,125 6,944 7,138 7,416 7,076-5 Ethylene dichloride 2,792 2,932 3,116 3,491 3,491 0 Ethylene glycol 567 709 751 886 920 4 Ethylene oxide 716 803 840 952 953 0 Octanol 305 321 331 321 285-11 Phenol 675 771 768 833 851 2 Phthalic acid 308 316 342 330 301-9 Propylene 4,435 4,956 5,143 5,409 5,101-6 Propylene glycol 283 304 296 295 274-7 Styrene 2,598 2,939 3,085 3,035 2,767-9 Terephthalic acid 1,579 1,681 1,561 1,663 1,616-3 Toluene c 1,219 1,374 1,370 1,419 1,349-5 Toluene diisocyanate 144 160 166 192 192 0 Urea 694 719 771 760 703-8 Xylene c 3,627 4,154 3,931 4,634 4,340-6
US Top 50 Highest Volume Chemical 1993 Rank Production Growth (billion lbs) 1977-1991 1993 1997 Chemical 1993 1997 (% year) 1 1 Sulfuric acid 80.31 68.80 1.0 2 6 Nitrogen 65.29 24.04 6.4 3 4 Oxygen 46.52 31.86 2.4 4 5 Ethylene 41.25 24.65 3.3 5 2 Lime 36.80 37.78-0.2 6 3 Ammonia 34.50 32.35 0.4 7 8 Sodium hydroxide 25.71 21.00 1.3 8 7 Chlorine 24.06 21.30 0.8 9 Methyl tert-butyl ether 24.05 10 10 Phosphoric acid 23.04 15.60 2.5 11 13 Propylene 22.40 12.56 3.7 12 9 Sodium carbonate 19.80 15.97 1.4 13 15 Ethylene dichloride 17.95 10.48 3.4 14 11 Nitric acid 17.07 14.77 0.9 15 12 Ammonium nitrate 16.79 13.97 1.2 18 14 Benzene 12.32 11.25 0.6 22 19 Styrene 10.07 6.82 2.5 27 17 Toluene 6.38 7.73-1.2 Total organics 257.4 Total inganics 427.9 2.3 Grand Total 685.3
2004 Global Top 50 Chem. Co. Dow, BASF, and DuPont lead the pack yet again RANK Chemical Change Sales from ($Millions) (%) Chemical Sales as % of Total Sales (%) Headquarters Country Chemical Operating Profits a (M$) Change from (%) 2004 2003 COMPANY 2004 2003 2003 Profits as Operating % of Total Profit Marg Operating in b Profit (%) (%) Identifiable Chemical Assets ($Millions) Chemical Assets as % of Total Assets (%) Operating Return on Chemical Assets (%) 1 1 Dow Chemical 40,161.0 23.1 100.0 U.S. 3,459.0 66.1 100.0 8.60 $45,885.00 100.0% 7.5% 2 2 BASF 38,189.1 12.9 81.8 Germany 4,375.6 130.5 72.4 11.5 26,860.7 63.7 16.3 3 3 DuPont d 30,130.0-0.4 99.9 U.S. na - - - 19,074.0 98.0-4 8 Royal Dutch/Shell 29,497.0 41.7 11.1 U.K. Netherlands 930.0 nm 2.9 3.2 18,330.0 9.5 5.1 5 6 Exxon mobil e 27,781.0 37.6 9.5 U.S. 3,428.0 139.4 13.5 12.3 21,154.0 10.8 16.2 6 5 Total 24,927.9 16.1 16.3 France 1,350.7 94.6 6.8 5.4 6,452.7 6.2 20.9 7 7 BP 21,209.0 31.9 7.2 U.K. -337.0 nm def def 10,660.0 8.4 def 8 4 Bayer f 19,088.3 10.0 61.3 Germany 1,409.2 nm 65.3 7.8 24,046.0 57.7 5.9 9 13 China Petroleum & Chemical 16,730.0 39.4 22.4 China 2,261.0 428.3 29.7 13.5 12,685.0 25.0 17.8 10 9 Mitsubishi Chemical 16,274.0 14.8 80.4 Japan 1,116.0 60.6 81.2 6.9 12,849.0 70.5 8.7 43 45 LG Chem k 6,309.0 38.4 78.9 South Korea 704.0 89.2 90.6 9.6 2,324.0 74.1 30.3 * Dow chemical, BASF, and DuPont, the trio that for four years has dominated this magazine s rankings of the world s top companies * U.S. companies had aggregate sales of $181.4 billion up 25.8% over the previous year.
SPENDING R&D and capital spending showed mixed picture CHEMICAL CAPITAL SPENDING CHEMICAL R&D SPENDING 2004 ($ Millions) CHANGE FROM 2003 % OF CHEMICAL SALES 2004 ($ Millions) CHANGE FROM 2003 % OF CHEMICAL SALES Dow Chemical $ 1,333.0 21.2 % 3.3 % $1,022.0 4.1 % 2.5 % BASF 2,400.5-15.8 6.3 1,459.0 6.2 3.8 Dupont 1,232.0-28.1 4.1 1,333.0-1.2 4.4 Shell Chemicals 705.0 17.7 2.4 Na - - Exxon Mobile 690.0-0.3 2.5 Na - - Total 1,125.6-18.8 4.5 629.1 0.0 2.5 BP 929.0 19.9 4.4 Na - - Bayer 672.9-38.3 3.7 1,138.1-6.1 6.3 Mitsubishi Chemical 407.4-3.1 2.5 Na - -- SABIC 1,157.8-43.6 7.3 Na - -
2008 Global Top 50 Chem. Co. RANK 2008 2007 COMPANY Chemical Sales ($Millions) 2008 Chang e from 2007 Chemical Sales as % of Total Sales Headquarters Country Chemical Operating Profits ($ Millions) Change from 2007 Profits as % of Total Operatin g Profit Operating Profit Margin Identifiabl echemical Assets ($ Millions) Assets As % of Total Assets 1 1 BASF $70,485 0.9% 76.8% Germany $3,857 38.9% 40.5% 5.5% $62,598 83.6% 2 2 Dow Chemical 57,514 7.5 100.0 U.S. 2,172-44.1 100.0 3.8 45,474 100.0 3 3 IneosGroup 47,000 Na 100.0 Englan d na na na na na na 4 12 LyondellBasell 38,420 90.7 75.8 Netherland -3,079 nm nm def na na 5 4 ExxonMobil 38,388 4.2 8.4 U.S. 2,957-35.2 6.5 7.7 20,156 8.8 6 7 SABIC 34,407 17.8 85.6 Saudi Arabia 9,769-11.5 80.0 28.4 60,802 83.9 7 5 Sinopec 33,795.0.6 15.6 China -1,921 nm nm def 17,471 17.7 8 6 DuPont 30,387 4.0 99.5 U.S. 2,806-32.4 76.9 9.2 19,267 98.3 9 8 Total 29,676 1.7 11.2 France -85 nm nm def na na 10 9 Formosa Plastics Group 27,476-0.7 51.1 Taiwan 1,322-66.3 56.7 4.8 26,267 65.1 24 26 LG Chem 13,553 28.3 100.0 S. Korea 1,202 24.0 100.0 8.9 4,865 100.0
Big Changes 2008
Top 50 US Chemical Companies 2011
Top 50 US Chemical Companies 2011
화학산업의위상 생산액 부가가치 ( 제조업비중 : %) 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 화 학 7.9 8.5 8.2 8.2 8.3 7.9 8.4 9.9 8.7 9.8 석유화학 2.8 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.8 3.4 4.0 5.8 5.3 5.5 화 학 8.0 8.6 8.8 8.7 8.2 8.2 8.7 11.5 9.5 10.2 석유화학 2.0 2.7 2.6 3.0 3.4 2.8 3.3 4.3 3.4 4.2 생산액 부가가치 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 화 학 9.5 9.7 10.1 10.5 10.3 11.3 11.2 11.5 11.5 석유화학 5.3 5.4 5.4 6.2 6.1 5.8 6.0 6.5 6.3 화 학 10.3 10.8 10.4 11.4 11.6 11.4 11.6 11.5 11.5 석유화학 4.2 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.2 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.8
제조업생산액 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 생산액 (10 억원 ) 부가가치 (10 억원 ) 종업원수 ( 천명, 월평균 ) 수출 ( 억불 ) 제조업 (A) 77,033 26,737 2,438 화학산업 - - - 석유화학 (B) 2,333 552 11 (B/A) 3 2.1 0.4 제조업 (A) 176,440 70,925 3,020 화학산업 - - - 석유화학 (B) 4,883 1,428 18 (B/A) 2.8 2 0.6 제조업 (A) 226,819 96,018 2,801 화학산업 19,279 8,257 - 석유화학 (B) 7,723 2,584 31 (B/A) 3.4 2.7 1.1 제조업 (A) 255,926 108,522 2,885 화학산업 20,985 8,898 - 석유화학 (B) 8,026 2,801 29 (B/A) 3.1 2.6 1 제조업 (A) 299,246 129,611 2,930 화학산업 24,538 11,276 - 석유화학 (B) 10,202 3,882 30 (B/A) 3.4 3 1 제조업 (A) 364,821 149,825 2,599 1,240 화학산업 30,280 12,538 162 석유화학 (B) 16,275 6,484 32 60 (B/A) 4.46 3.4 1.1 4.8 제조업 (A) 401,953 174,215 2,486 화학산업 31,754 14,285 160 석유화학 (B) 13,493 4,933 29 56 (B/A) 3.4 2.8 1.2 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001 화학산업 56 조 2004 화학산업 ~70 조 화학산업 ~9 % 석유산업 4.5% 제조업 (A) 434,895 181,085 2,372 화학산업 36,531 15,754 157 석유화학 (B) 17,330 6,008 29 70 (B/A) 4 3.3 1.1 제조업 (A) 425,007 166,538 2,119 화학산업 42,075 17,459 159 석유화학 (B) 21,026 7,211 30 68 (B/A) 5.8 4.3 1.3 제조업 (A) 479,733 200,935 2,357 화학산업 41,736 19,880 155 석유화학 (B) 20,427 6,806 26 72 (B/A) 5.3 3.4 1.1 제조업 (A) 534,396 205,209 3,260 화학산업 52,370 20,999 152 석유화학 (B) 29,392 8,584 24 97 (B/A) 5.5 4.2 0.7 제조업 (A) 548,565 206,610 3,339 화학산업 52,113 21204 166 석유화학 (B) 26,000 8,584 24 84 (B/A) 5.3 4.2 0.7
2012 년주요산업별생산전망 2011 2012 2010 상반기하반기계상반기하반기계자동차 ( 천대 ) 4,272 2,303 2,354 4,657 2,421 2,432 4,853 조선 ( 만 CGT) 1,491 765 845 1,610 753 780 1,533 철강 ( 천통 ) 65,942 36,338 35,945 72,283 36,528 37,338 73,866 석유화학 ( 천톤 ) 21,223 10,454 10,870 21,324 10,945 11,261 22,206 반도체 ( 십억원 ) 61,251 31,287 29,974 61,261 30,150 32,160 62,310 2012 년주요산업별내수전망 2010 2011 2012 상반기 하반기 계 상반기 하반기 계 자동차 ( 천대 ) 1,570 798 794 1,592 764 768 1532 조선 ( 만CGT) 105 48 50 98 46 48 94 철강 ( 천통 ) 52,390 29,845 26,546 56,391 27,819 2,7970 55,789 석유화학 ( 천톤 ) 10,254 5,347 5,291 10,638 5,427 5,460 10,887 반도체 ( 십억원 ) 38,628 21,563 20,145 41,708 20,254 21,882 42,136 출처 : 산업연구원 http://www.kiet.re.kr
주요업체정유 석유화학사업실적 단위 : 억원 SK 에너지정유 석유화학 GS 칼텍스정유 석유화학 매출 8 조 3490 2 조 9432 5 조 8304 2 조 5448 매출 8 조 5088 1 조 164 5 조 52 1 조 69 6893 영업이익 2299 1677-683 2587 영업이익 이익 766-475 2459 2008 년 2 분기 2009 년 2 분기 정유업계원유오르는데수요부진, 수백억원대영업손실, 설비투자늦추고비용절감 2008 년 2 분기 2009 년 2 분기 석유화학업계중국수출물량늘어나며호황수천억원대영업이익, 공장증설등 몸집불리기
가동율 제조업평균가동률단위 :% 주요업종별가동률지수변화 2005 년 =100 80% 81.3 76.5% 2009 년 1 월 2009 년 6 월 60 61.4 식료품제조 화학물질 화학품제조 85.2 94.7 101.1 102.0 40 08년1 9 12 09년1 2 3 4 5 6월 섬유제조 74.0 99.5 제조업가동률지수 2005 년 =100 102.9 100 97.4 고무 플라스틱 철강제조 68.9 97.5 67.8 85.7 80 72.9 반도체 68.8 100.7 60 영상및음향기기 91.0 115.7 40 08년1 9 12 09년1 2 3 4 5 6월 자동차및트레일러 58.8 99.2 자료 : 통계청 자료 : 통계청
실적분석대상기업 (2011)
글로벌화학기업실적
범용기업실적비교
스페셜티기업실적비교
다가화기업실적비교
EBIT Earning Before Interest and Tax Net sales - Cost of goods sold - Depreciation EBIT - Interest paid - Taxable income -Tax Net income
분기별실적및성장추이
기업규모별성과비교
기업실적추정치 ( 09 Q2) 한국 글로벌
1. Introduction 1) 의식주소재의대량공급 limited resources mass production and cheap 타산업부가가치제고에결정적역할 ex) 전자산업, 자동차, battery 기술수준에따라부가가치상승이급격 Margin : 성숙산업 : 1~4%, 고부가가치 : 30~40%, 의약 90% 2) 환경보전기술보급 듀퐁사 : 프레온대체품, 분해되는플라스틱산업화 국내 : 식물성유지를사용한저공해세제 생물공학적방법에의한무공해세제개발 3) 자본집약적이며두뇌집약적산업 : 기술력과자본력 ( 석유화학 ) ( 정밀화학 ) 4) 선진국의기술및시장독점경향 ex) 물질특허, know-how
Resource Implications
Top 10 Problems
2. History and Future ( 세계 ) 5000 년전 : Egypt - 포도주여과, 바닷물의담수화 7C 경 : Greece - 화약제조 17C : 문예부흥시대 - 비누대량제조, 질소비료농산물수확증대 1900 s : 정유공장가솔린 1920 : propylene isopropyl alcohol: 석유화학공업의기원 2차대전 : 페니실린의산업화, 합성섬유 (nylon) ( 국내 ) 1960 s : 비료산업, 석유화학산업 ( 현재울산, 여천, 대산 )( 세계 3 위 ) - 1964 유공정유공장 35000 bbl/d - 1972 naphtha 분해공장 + 9 개공장 1970 s : Growth and Diversification 1980 s : Restructuring and Globalization 정밀화학산업 ( 자급율 ~80%) Cf. 글락소 : 잔탁 > 30 억 $ 세계시장 Cf. 200 M$ / drug development 1990 s Consolidation and Specialization 2000 s 첨단산업 2010 s 환경, green chemistry, renewable. sustainable
Green Chemistry
US Environmental Regulations
Green Chemical Growth in Markets
E Factor
Chemical Sector E Factors
3. Characteristics 1) Maturity overcapacity intense competition, low price, low profitably (1997, 외환위기 ) (1998, restructuring) (global and regional new growth origin 발굴 ) ( 고부가가치창출 ) Before 1980 stress the growth ( 고도성장 ) 1954 1974 US 8.5~9.0% (1976 17%) 1974 Japan 11.7% 1975 W. Europe 9.7% 1980 s 고도성장에대한후유증 (ramification of maturity) 1990 s Government regulations (relative to pollution, worker safety, ecology) takes toll on profitably happened in chem industry (particularly with commodity chemicals)
Why Chronic Overcapacity?
Restructuring CH 3 CH 3 Selling: PO + HO CH 2 CHOH Propylene glycol H 2 O + O PO UC: polyether glycol ARCO (barely profitable) Major manuf. of PO( PEG) more captive use of PO Increased its biz well above critical mass CH 3 H 2 O + O PO CH 3 CHOH CH 2 OH Propylene glycol + O CH 3 HOCHCH 2 CH 3 OCH 2 CH OH n CH 3 diisocyanate HOCHCH 2 O CH 2 CH OH n Purethane CH 3 CH 3 (Difunctional)polyether glycol
Merge and Acquisition Selling Trade in 1992 : much impact in major biz ICI (Imperial Chem. Industries) DuPont MMA biz European Nyron biz Combination in 1994 Montedison s polyolefin biz (1 st ) Shell s polyolefin biz (2 nd ) 5 times large than third produces (AMOCO)
M&A: Cosmetics ramp up research in encapsulation and delivery systems Air Products & Chemicals acquired Rovi Cosmetics Clariant s in traditional synthetic organic chemistry. last August, a partnership with Belgium s KitoZyme that gives Clariant access to fungi-derived personal care biopolymers. in October 2011, bought Germany-based Oberhausen Technology Center to bring formulation expertise in-house. Rhodia: acquisition of U.S. surfactants company McIntyre in 2009 and Chinese surfactants maker Feixiang in 2010
Enhancing Cosmetics Evonik: Dry Water Capsum: Captivating Concept Evonik: Dry Water Rhodia: Delivery Vehicle
(2) Participation in international trade USA : 2 advantages ample NG steam cracking of ethane(cheaper) ample propylene by steam cracking + catalytic cracking Utilization of byproducts (e.g. propylene): assure profit W. Europe : highly export-oriented (25-40%: domestic) Japan : no competition due to expensive imported naphtha Competition from developing country : *(Korea, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Middle east) * Saudi : 25% of oil reserves reasonable associated gas
(3) Capital intensity and economies of scale 1 Mass production 2 Most economical on a large scale Before World War II, used more general purpose equit and operated batch process After World War II, petroleum refining industry: developed 1 st continuous process on a large scale and applied to chem industry 1951 1972 Early 1990 70 M lb/year 1 B lb/yr 1.5 B lb/yr Economies of scale arises from geometric factors capacity (l) 3, cost (surface) (capacity) 2/3 cf. heat exchanger: (capacity) 1 few economies of scale control system (capacity) 0 infinite 3 Improved technology size and complexity high capital investment
(4) Freedom of market entry: Turn-key plants requirement is large amount of capital (capital investment + merchandising + large cash flow) Pharmaceutical industry: 200 M$/drug for development (1990s) cf) 글락소잔탁 : 3 B$/yr Detergent industry: massive amount of advertising 가 ) Other barriers such as 1 Lack of technology(reductance to license technology ex) Dupont : HMDA by hydrocyanation of butadiene AKZO : Aramid business by finding loopholes of Dupont s patent 2 Company s culture: interest in upstream operations PMMA 생산 acrylic sheet Molders 에판매 3 Low price (low profitability) deter market entry 나 ) how to survive?
(5) Dislocations(important for planners) Events over which given co. has no control but which markedly affect that co s biz 1 Unleaded gasoline: Made tetraalkyl lead obsolete in USA Etyl corp-victim of dislocation ($90M profit $20M ) but specialized and semi-commodity biz (large supplier of bulk pharmaceutical (ibuprofen) ARCO : windfall CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 Propylene + H 3 C C CH 3 + C H 3 C CH 3 OOH t-butyl hydroperoxide O OH t-butanol (byproduct) Propylene glycol
2 Clean air act: unleaded gasoline Ar content in gasoline: 35 25% Octane 향상 3 Phillips Petroleum Co. 미국 (1970 s) : LPG cracker naphtha cracking (butadiene 수율 ) *Metathesis 필요없을것으로예상 Saudi Arabia : 수반 gas의 ethane만을사용 세계에서가장값싼 LPG공급 Rubust process : flexibility Dynamic : affected by new technology, new environment, 예 : steam cracking시에 feed stock이 unstable할경우gas와 liquid HC 동시에사용하는공정 Cf. Metathesis : butandiol 생산 (one of the most important rxns) 2CH 2 =CHCH 3 CH 2 =CH 2 + CH 3 CH=CHCH 3 butadiene -H Propylene(cheap) Expensive 2
Aramid O O O O Cl C C Cl + H 2 N NH 2 C C NH terephthaloyl chloride p-phenylene diamine Kevlan NH n O O Cl C C Cl + H2 N NH 3 NH NH OC CO n m-phenylene diamine Nomex
Fiber: stronger than steel Liquid crystalline polymer(the 1 st ) (either in melt or in sol n) Spun in conc n H 2 SO 4 sol n Applications: replacement of asbestos tire cord (for large vehicles) Reinforcement for epoxy for canoe manufacture cloth for boat sails Cf. Nomex : in same group (next page) O O Cl C C Cl + NH 2 NH 2 terephthaloyl Chloride p-phenylene diamine condensation O O C CNH NH n kevlan
Cf. 1 st generation res. = blue skies research little participation by management (when a project reached development and marketing stages, management is required) Researchers = group of people difficult to communicate 2 nd generation research: tech service strong participation by marketing branch but not by top management 3 rd generation of res.: Communication skill Res = as a part of org. ( 기업의목적과부합 ) 1 Internal development a thru licensing or strategic alliances(make-or-buy decision) in manufacturing eq. DuPont(1958) : Maleic acid process Spandex(Lycra ) Join with Monsanto (largest Maleic anhydride producer)
2 Avoid duplication eq. 25 patent processes for 1,4 butadiol or propylene oxide 1993 : 51 ENPLA manufacturing Co s 60% of biz enjoyed by companies (GE, Dupont, Bayer, Hoechst Celanese, BASF) 19% by 8 (Allied, Monsanto, Asahi chem., Mitsubishi Chem., Tiejin Mitsubishi Chem.), DSM, Toray 21% by 37 companies ( no critical mass) waste * (Linear) polyurethane elastomer O (CH 2 ) n NHC O n HO P OH + OCN R NCO + HO R' OH glycol O O O O P OCNH R NHCO[R' OCNH R NHCO] n polyol segment(soft) pu hard segment
Maleic Anhydride
(6) Strong Regulations 1 Chem industries: one of most regulated 2 Why? To protected and improve workers and nations health, safety and environment 3 Table 1.8 regulations(9) clean air act (2) : $25B/yr cost removal of Asbestos(Table1.9) more cost than N1H budget($9.2b) $ 11.5B Early 1990 s : 20% of capital investment in 1990, 3.8 B$, 60% red n in pollution FDA : short fiber asbestos and dioxine harmful but little danger to general population
(7) High R&D Expenditure Res. Intensive (hires > 15% graduates of all scientists and engineers in USA) 1 R&D budget : doubled from 1970 to 1992 3~4% of sales : normal, 국내 : 2% 10~15% of sales : pharmaceutical 2 Research trend : risky & expensive biz Initially: technology push TV, sulfonamides, laser, etc. (2차대전중, 후 ) government tax incentives 1940-1965 : time of great discovery appl. Such as corrosion inhibitors, electronics chem and food antioxidants Mid-1960 s: Demand pull hard-water compatible detergents jumbo jets anto w/ low exhaust emissions isobutene for MTBE by cat. cracking cat. 1990 s: pollution abatement and control Ecologically oriented projects
다이옥신 다이옥신 : 벤젠고리에염소를포함하고있는화합물 지방에잘녹기때문에체외로배출되지않고지방조직에축적됨 2, 3, 7, 8 - 사염화다이옥신 (TCDD: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) 이가장유독한물질임 다이옥신의생성과환경배출 염소를함유한유기화합물이탈때다이옥신이생성 현재는쓰레기를불태울때주로발생함 인체흡수와독성 : 환경호르몬 97% 음식을통해흡수, 3% 는호흡기를통해흡수 - 담배연기가일반적 내분비계교란물질 - 에스트로겐관련내분비계에작용하여독성나타냄 TCDD의축적-피부질환, 면역력감소, 기형아출산, 성기이상, 암유발 관련사건 1949 년 : 미국, 염소살균제공장폭발사고 피부질환발생 1963년 : 제초제공장폭발사고 -4명사망, 50여명건강이상 이공장에서생산된고엽제는베트남전에사용 1999 년 : 벨기에, 동물사료에서다이옥신검출 2000 년 : 한국, 모유에서높은수준의다이옥신검출
다이옥신의구조
Summary Criticality and pervasiveness Critical to economy of a developed country - in 19C + 20C 전반부 : sulfuric acid as a gauge of industrial development (grandfather of economic indicators) - at present : ethylene production as a yardstick of industrial sophistication chem. Industry advanced economy Not replaceable: pervasive and reflected in all goods and services static but dynamic and innovative 타산업부가가치제고에결정적역할 display: 소비재비중 40-50%( 소재시장 22 조원 ) 2 차전지 : 전기자동차용 FC (10 조원 ) 반도체 : 20-30% (25 조원 ) Printing 시장 : Color printer 급신장 (12조원) 기술수준에따라부가가치상승이급격 의약 > 90% ( 신약 ), 고부가가치 30-40%, 성숙산업 1-4%
Shoeller Textile: C-change In nature: (1) Pine cones open.in the membrane: (2) Polymer structure opens and becomes extremely permeable for water vapour. (3) Excess body heat and moisture can escape to the outside air. (4) Wind and waterproof.