特殊敎育再活科學硏究 Journal of Special Education & Rehabilitation Science Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 95~115, 컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링이자폐장애학생의사회적의사소통기술에미치는효과 The Effects of

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1 特殊敎育再活科學硏究 Journal of Special Education & Rehabilitation Science Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 95~115, The Effects of Computer-Based Videotaped Self-Modeling on Social Communication Skills of Students with Autistic Disorder 조재규 * Jo, Jae Gyu < 요약 > 본연구는를알아보았다. 연구대상은의사소통기술이부족한 세의자폐장애학생에게컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링을실시하였을때대상학생들의사회적의사소통기술 ( 의사소통시도하기, 의사소통반응하기 ) 에어떤영향을미치는지를알아보고자하였다. 본연구를통해얻어진결과는첫째, 컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링중재를사용하였을때자폐장애학생의의사소통시도하기수행률이향상되고유지되었다. 기초선기간중에는대상학생 A 와 C 둘다매우낮은수행률을보였으나중재기간동안점차수행률이증가되어중재후기에는높은수행률을보였으며, 중재기간이후에도유지되었다. 둘째, 컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링중재를사용하였을때대상학생 B 의의사소통반응하기수행률이향상되고유지되었다. 기초선기간중에는대상학생 B 는매우낮은수행률을보였으나중재기간동안점차수행률이증가되어중재후기에는높은수행률을보였으며, 중재기간이후에도유지되었다. 모든단계가끝난뒤에각학생의담임교사들에게 IRP - 15 를작성한결과중재수용도는아주높게나타났다. 핵심어 : 자폐장애, 비디오자기모델링, 사회적의사소통기술 * 경동대학교중등특수교육과교수 ( 교신저자 : special@k1.ac.kr) Department of Special Education, Kyungdong University

2 特殊敎育再活科學硏究 ( 第 47 卷第 3 號 ) Ⅰ. 서론 Kanner(1943) 는자폐장애아동의주요특징으로다른사람과의정서적인접촉의일탈과환경변화에저항하는강박적인욕구, 제한된관심과반복적인행동, 대인관계적인의사소통에사용하려는의도가없는언어, 그리고지적이면서우수에찬얼굴과우수한인지적능력을보유하고있으며, 타인의정서와관련된능력의선천적인장애로고통받는다고개념화하였다 (Klin & Volkmar, 1999). 최근에는자폐장애학생의여러문제들중사회적의사소통기술의장애를가장의미있는자폐적인특성으로파악하고있다 (Tanguay, 2000). 사회적의사소통기술의결여는자기자신이다른사람에게적절한상호작용을시도하는것이외에도, 다른사람이자신에게시도해오는사회적상호작용활동내에포함된신체언어나얼굴표정등의단서들을이해하고대처하는능력을제한한다. 자폐장애학생은눈맞춤이나사회적미소와같은초기의사회적의사소통기술에실패하거나 (Wicks-Nelson & Israel, 2003), 거의관심을보이지않으며, 사회적상호작용활동이지극히수동적이거나특이한양상을보인다 (Wing & Gould, 1979). 또한자폐장애학생은사회적능력이낮을뿐만아니라또래들과의상호관계를맺을수있는충분한기회가주어져도정신연령에적합한사회적의사소통기술을발달시키지못하며 (Lord, 1993), 자폐장애학생의일반적인기능은점차향상되지만사회적의사소통기술의결함은성인이되어도여전히지속된다. 1980년대이후부터자폐장애학생의언어및의사소통능력을평가하는데있어사회성발달과밀접하게관련되어있는화용론적인측면이강조되어왔다 (Wetherby et al., 1998). 즉, 자폐장애학생은단어를발음하는능력이나언어구조 ( 문법 ) 를배우는능력에서는큰장애가없지만, 어휘력발달과단어의뜻을이해하는것과같은언어의의미적측면 (semantic aspect) 과언어를사회상황에서적절히사용하는언어의사회적혹은화용적측면 (social or pragmatic aspect) 에문제가있다는것이다 (Tager-Flüsberg, 2000). 의사소통측면에서보면, 자폐장애학생은사회성결함으로인해효과적인사회적상호작용을촉진하는비언어적, 언어적의사소통체제의자발적인사용이결핍되어있으며 (Shah & Wing, 1986), 얼굴단서와다른비언어적의사소통정보사용능력에서손상을가진다. 또한말의운율에결함이나타나고말의속도가너무빠르거나말의강도를적절하게조절할수없으며, 주제유지하기, 말주고받기등에어려움을가지고있고배경없이이야기하는것, 문맥과상관없는주제를제시하는모습을

3 보인다 (Klin & Volkmar, 2003; Tager-Flüsberg, Paul, & Lord, 2005). 또한자폐성아동은다른사람에게반응하는능력은가지고있지만자신이먼저시도하는기술은특히손상되어있다 (Mundy & Crowson, 1997). 자폐장애학생의인간사회적상호작용의특성이되는사회적어려움의형태를더잘이해하기위해사회적인지능력과성질에초점을맞추고있다 (Mundy & Stella, 2001). 마음이론 (Theory of Mind) 은행동으로부터지식, 사고방식, 믿음, 의도와같은타인의마음의상태를유추하는인지능력으로 (Baron-Cohen, 1995), 마음이론의장애는사회적이고실용적기능에서의결손을가지고온다 (Baron-Cohen, 1995; Leslie, 1987). 마음이론의장애는자폐장애학생이다른사람의생각과감정으로부터자기자신의생각과감정을구분해내지못하게하고, 사회적이해와대화에서겪는어려움들을증가시킨다. 예를들면, 자폐장애학생이타인들의대화의도와관용어같은대화의이해적특성, 그리고대화할때주제유지의관습을따르는것등에서어려움을보인다 (Landa, 2000; Mundy & Stella, 2001; Twachtman-Cullen, 2000). 자폐장애학생들에게효과적으로나타난최근의방법은비디오모델링을이용하는것이다. 비디오모델링은자폐장애학생들이목표행동을수행하는모델이나오는비디오를시청하고모방하게하는것이다 (Charlop-Christy, Le, & Freeman, 2000). 비디오테이프의모델링행동들이목적에의해분리된방법으로제시되기때문에대상학생은행동들을기억하고암시하고일반화하는것을배운다. 비디오모델링은가정과학교에서사용하기에적절하며행동을수정하고습득또는숙련시키는방법으로쓰인다. 비디오모델링은기술의일반화를증가시키는데필수적인다양한본보기를제공하고현재의치료프로그램의효과를증가시키는것으로보이며 (Stokes & Baer, 1977), 실제모델링에비해서시간이나비용에서더효과적이다 (Charlop-Christy, Le, & Freeman, 2000). 비디오모델링에서의가장좋은모델은관찰자와연령이유사하고, 관찰자와유사한특징을가지고있으며, 약간높은능력을보여주는모델이다. 최적의조건을가진모델의특성세가지로관찰자와모델의연령과특성의유사성, 문제의공유성, 능력의우월성등을제시하고있다 (Hosford & Mills, 1983). 비디오자기모델링 (videotaped self-modeling) 은자기자신을모델로사용함으로써이러한관찰자에대한모델의유사성을극대화시킬수있는방법으로 (Buggey, 1995) 비디오를통해자기자신의바람직한목표행동만을정확하게독립적으로수행하는것을관찰함으로써행동의변화가일어나게하는것을말하며, 자신의현재하는행동이라기보다는앞으로자신이할수있는행동의모델을보는것이기때문에피이드포워드 (feedforward) 기능을한다 (Dowrick, 1983).

4 特殊敎育再活科學硏究 ( 第 47 卷第 3 號 ) 오늘날까지비디오모델링이사용된경험적연구들은자폐장애학생들의대화기술 ( 홍성희, 2003; 김선경, 1998; Charlop & Milstein, 1989), 조망수용능력 (Charlop-Christy & Daneshvar, 2003; LeBlanc et al., 2003), 놀이연속성 (D Ateno, Mangiapanello, & Taylor, 2003), 사회적시작행동 (Nikopoulos & Keenan, 2003, 2004) 등에서중재의긍정적인효과를보여주었다. 현재까지자폐장애아동들에게사용된비디오모델링중재연구들을살펴보면다음과같다. LeBlanc 등 (2003) 은일반교실에통합된 3명의자폐장애아동에게사고방식을수용하는능력을기르기위하여비디오모델링과강화물의통합된중재를사용하였으며, 비디오모델링과강화물중재를사용하고나서모든아동들은정확하게과제를수행하였다. Charlop-Christy와 Daneshvar(2003) 는방과후프로그램을받고있는자폐장애아동 3명에게사고방식의수용을지도하기위해서비디오모델링을사용하였는데, 자폐장애아동은사고방식수용능력을학습할수있고비디오모델링이빠르고효과적인교육방법이라는이전연구의결과들을뒷받침해주었다. D Ateno 등 (2003) 은비디오모델링을자폐장애아동에게놀이연속성을가르치기위해사용하였으며, 비디오모델링중재는모델화된언어적그리고운동반응모두에서증가시켰다. Nikopoulos와 Keenan (2003) 은자폐장애아동들에게사회적시작 (social initiation) 을증가시키기위해비디오모델링중재의효과를처음으로분석하였는데, 비디오모델링은 7명중 4명의아동에게서사회적시작기술을증가시켰다. 또한비디오모델링이장난감, 환경그리고또래아동들과일반화된적절한놀이에서보내는시간을증가시키는데도움을주었다. Nikopoulos와 Keenan(2004) 은 3명의자폐장애아동들에게사회적시작과놀이행동을가르치기위해서비디오모델링절차를사용하였으며, 비디오모델링절차의사용이후에사회적시작과상호호혜적놀이에사용한시간이모두증가함을보여주었다. 이상에서살펴본바와같이자폐장애학생을교육하는데가장효과적인중재는비디오모델링을이용하는것으로학생의이해와일반화를증가시키는데있어서성공적인중재결과를보이고있다. 특히, 비디오모델링은자폐장애학생의시각적강점을이용하고훈련기간에반복과동일함을통해서학습을증가시킨다. 자폐장애학생들이보이는사회적의사소통에서의어려움을개선하기위하여적절한중재전략을발전시키는데에는더많은연구가필요하며, 비디오자기모델링은자폐장애학생들이가지는눈에띠는질적인차이를줄이는논리적이고유용한중재로서시도될수있을것이다. 본연구의목적은컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링이자폐장애학생의사회적의사소통기술의습득및유지에미치는효과를밝히고자한다.

5 본연구의목적을달성하기위해설정된구체적인연구문제는다음과같다. 첫째, 컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링이자폐장애학생의의사소통시도하기에미치는효과를알아본다. 둘째, 컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링이자폐장애학생의의사소통반응하기에미치는효과를알아본다. Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 연구대상 본연구의대상은서울특별시에위치한특수교육기관에재학중이며, 사회적의사소통기술이부족한자폐장애학생들중에서담임교사의추천과학부모의동의를받아선정하였다. 구체적인선정기준은첫째, 장애관련기관이나병원에서자폐장애로진단을받은학생, 둘째, 학교생활중사회적의사소통기술에문제를보이는학생, 셋째, 사회적의사소통기술과관련된중재를받은경험이없는학생, 넷째, 비디오화면을제시하였을때, 동영상의동작및상황을이해할수있는학생, 다섯째, 약물을복용하거나다른감각장애나신체적장애가없는학생을선정하였다. 연구대상으로선정된학생들의검사결과와일반적인특성을살펴보면아래 < 표 2-1> 과같다. < 표 2-1> 대상학생별특성 영역 학생 학생 A 학생 B 학생 C 생활연령 / 성별 10 세 6 개월 / 남 10 세 2 개월 / 남 10 세 2 개월 / 여 자폐증평정척도 (CARS) 35.5 경증자폐 42 중증자폐 38 중증자폐 사회성숙도검사 SA : 6 세 8 개월 SQ : SA : 5 세 2 개월 SQ : SA : 6 세 1 개월 Q : 취학전아동의수용 - 표현언어척도 (PRES) RLA : 5 세 4 개월 ELA : 4 세 10 개월 CLA : 5 세 1 개월 RLA : 4 세 6 개월 ELA : 3 세 8 개월 CLA : 4 세 1 개월 RLA : 5 세 2 개월 ELA : 4 세 8 개월 CLA : 4 세 11 개월 인지적특성 읽기와쓰기를수행할수있으며, 3-4 어문의문장을읽고이해할수있음. 익숙한단어를읽고쓸수있으며, 제시된도형을보고따라그릴수있음 글을읽고문장을이해하는것은가능하나상황에대한이해도는떨어짐.

6 特殊敎育再活科學硏究 ( 第 47 卷第 3 號 ) 사회적특성 교사의지시를잘따르고또래와의관계에서적극적인모습을보임. 고집이매우세며음악을듣는것을좋아함. 평상시에조용한편이나자신의요구가충족되지않으면문제행동을하는경우가있음. 혼자서 TV 를보는것을좋아함. 가끔씩충동적인모습을보이며, 자신의욕구가만족될때까지떼를쓰며, 주위사람에게과도한간섭을하는모습을보임. 언어적특성 자신의의사를 3 어절구어로표현하며, 교사의지시에적절하게반응하나가끔이해를하면서도다른말이나행동을하는경우가있음. 상황에적절하지않은말을반복적으로표현하는경우도있음. 자발적인의사소통시도가거의나타나지않음. 교사의언어적지시에잘따르는편이며, 대부분의표현언어는자신의요구를관철시키기위한형태로반복적 반향어적특성을가짐. 새로운상황이나사물에대한두려움이많음편임. 자발적인의사소통반응이거의나타나지않음. 자신의의사를단어나열형태로 3 어절로표현할수있으며, 자신에게필요한경우에만구어를사용하며, 자발적인의사소통은부족한편임. 반향어를보이기도하며, 주제유지하기에어려움을보임. 자발적인의사소통시도가거의나타나지않음. 2. 연구환경및기간 본연구에서면접 관찰, 기초선, 중재, 유지의측정은대상학생들이재학중인특수교육기관에서실시되었으며, 교육실내의환경은학생용책상 1개, 의자 2개, 책장, 진열장등이있다. 연구기간은대상자선정및도구제작기간은 2007년 2월 12일 3월 23일이며, 기초선및중재기간은 3월 26일 6월 15일까지주 2회실시하였으며, 유지는중재가종료된 2주후인 7월 2일 7 월 13일까지 2주간 4회실시하였다. 3. 연구도구및측정 1) 컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링중재를위하여 3개의비디오테이프로만들었으며, 각비디오테이프는대상학생이목표행동을보이는장면을자연스럽게편집하고대략 3분정도의길이로제작하였다. 그리고각각의비디오테이프는파워포인트를사용하여자동진행슬라이드쇼로만들어졌다. 컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링은후지쓰-타블렛 PC를사용하며, 시작 을클릭하면파워포인트가자동적으로실행되며, 각학생은컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링중재중에는청각적인방해가능성을줄이기위해헤드폰을착용하였다.

7 2) 관찰기록대상학생의사회적의사소통기술에대한정보를모으기위해사회적상호작용관찰기록지를사용하였다. 사회적상호작용관찰기록은목표행동에대한빈도는부분간격기록법을사용해수집되며, 이것은제시된사회적의사소통기술 ( 의사소통시도하기, 의사소통반응하기 ) 의발생빈도 ( 발생간격의수 ) 와부재빈도, 발생비율과부재비율을측정하기위한것이다. 사회적상호작용관찰기록지는한칸에 15초로모두 80개로나누어져있으며, 20분동안의기록을합산하였다. 사회적상호작용관찰기록지를사용하는관찰자는대상학생의목표행동을먼저 10초동안관찰을하고 5초동안에결과를기록하였다. 4. 목표행동의조작적정의 각대상학생들에게나타난초기행동들은사회적의사소통 ( 의사소통시도하기, 의사소통반응하기 ) 과관련이있다. 각대상학생의기능분석과부모및담임교사와의면담을통해목표행동을설정하였다. 이연구에서의종속변인은의사소통시도하기 ( 학생 A, 학생 C) 와의사소통반응하기 ( 학생 B) 이다. 의사소통시도하기는의사소통상대자의의사소통행위없이대상학생이자발적으로의사소통을시도하는것이나서로의사소통을주고받는상황에서새로운화제를언어로표현한경우를측정하였으며, 의사소통반응하기는의사소통상대의선행진술에대한반응이나질문에대한대답으로기존의화제를유지하여언어로표현하는경우를측정하였다. 5. 연구설계 본연구에서는컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링이사회적의사소통기술에미치는효과를규명하기위하여세명의자폐장애학생에게단일대상연구중대상자간중다간헐기초선설계 (multiple probe design across subjects; Horner & Baer, 1978) 를사용하였다. 이설계는중다기초선설계의응용설계로서중재에들어가지않는대상학생의기초선자료를계속측정하지않는방법이다 (Tawney & Gast, 1984). 이설계는기초선기간이길어질경우불필요한기초선측정을막아주고, 길어진기초선기간동안에빈번하게나타나는부적절한행동을막아준다 ( 이소현, 박은혜, 김영태, 2000).

8 特殊敎育再活科學硏究 ( 第 47 卷第 3 號 ) 6. 연구절차 1) 목표행동의확인목표행동은대상학생의관찰과부모및담임교사의면담을통해서사회적의사소통기술과연관되어정해진다. 면담은 O Neill 등 (1997) 의기능적사정면담 (Functional Assessment Interview) 을참조하여반구조적 (semi-structured) 인방법으로이루어졌다. 이면담의초점은각학생의강점과약점, 목표행동의빈도등의확인에맞춰진다. 각학생에게목표행동이확인되면사전관찰을통해서기초선단계시작이전에이행동들과관련된세부정보들을수집하였으며, 이관찰자료는각학생에게맞는비디오테이프를개발하는데사용하였다. 2) 관찰자훈련관찰자는자폐장애학생을 5년이상지도한경험이있는 2명의특수교육전문가이며, 관찰자들은목표행동이녹화된비디오테이프를사용하여관찰자간신뢰도가 90% 이상에이를때까지사전교육을받았다. 3) 기초선단계기초선관찰은안정성이있을때까지계속되었으며, 부모나담임교사같이대상학생과관련있는사람들에게기초선결과를보여주고이러한경향이평상시의행동과비슷한지확인하였다. 4) 중재단계각각의대상학생을위한비디오테이프는중재시작전에 6mm 디지털캠코더를사용해서제작하였으며, 비디오모델링에관한지식을가지고있는특수교육전문가 2명이비디오자기모델링점검기록지를사용하여비디오테이프들을검토하였다. 중재기간동안각학생은헤드폰을착용하고중재시작을위해서 시작 버튼을누르게하였으며, 각학생의목표상황이전에한번씩보여주었다. 관찰자료는기초선자료와같은방법으로수집되며관찰은일주일에 2회, 각각 20분수행하였다. 각학생에게중재가시작된첫주에연구자는비디오테이프와관련된질문을통하여대상학생의이해정도를평가하였다.

9 5) 유지단계중재종료 2주후에목표기술들의유지를평가하는관찰이이루어졌다. 유지단계의자료는기초선과중재단계의자료와같은방법으로수집되었으며, 관찰은한주에 2번씩각각 20분간실시하며 2주간 4회기동안실시하였다. 7. 자료수집및분석 본연구의기초선, 중재, 유지까지의모든회기를비디오로녹화하여대상학생의발화를사회적상호작용관찰기록지에기록하였으며, 각학생의목표와관련된사회적의사소통기술에서의빈도변화를시각적으로분석하였다. 각학생의사회적의사소통에서의회기별평균은연구의각단계에서도표화되며도표는각학생의회기별행동을나타낸다. 각단계에서각학생의목표행동에대한평균, 표준편차와같은기술통계는 SPSS 12.0K/Win을이용하였다. 8. 관찰자간신뢰도 관찰자간신뢰도는자료의신뢰도를평가하기위해서계산되며사용한공식은 아래와같다. 관찰자간신뢰도 = 동의구간수 동의구간수 + 비동의구간수 100 관찰자간신뢰도는모든학생에게서 80% 이상을보여야한다. 각학생의단계별관찰자간신뢰도를살펴보면, 학생 A는기초선 87%, 중재 92%, 유지 89% 이며, 학생 B는기초선 88%, 중재 91%, 유지 87.5% 이며, 학생 C는기초선 88.5%, 중재 90.5%, 90% 등으로나타났다. 9. 중재수용도 컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링을받아들일수있는중재로여기는지에대해각학생의담임교사를통해측정하였다. 각대상학생의담임교사에게중재평정프로파일 (Intervention Rating Profile; IRP-15; Martens et al., 1985) 을작성하게하였다. IRP-15는중재수용도를산출하기위해 15개의문항으로구성되어있으며, IRP-15의신뢰도는.98(Martens, et al., 1985) 이다. 점수는

10 特殊敎育再活科學硏究 ( 第 47 卷第 3 號 ) 범위이고점수가높을수록더큰중재수용단계를나타내며, 점수가 52.50을넘으면수용가능한중재로간주된다 (Von Brork & Elliot, 1987). 모든단계가끝난뒤에각대상학생의담임교사는 IRP-15를작성하였다. 각학생별로중재수용도를구체적으로살펴보면, 학생 A는 87.0, 학생 B는 81.0, 학생 C는 92.0 등으로나타났으며, 평균 (M) 은 86.67이었다. 이러한결과는담임교사들이컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링을자폐장애학생의사회적의사소통기술을향상시켜주는유용한중재로인식하고있음을보여준다. Ⅲ. 연구결과 컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링이자폐장애학생의사회적의사소통기술에미친영향을비교분석한결과, 세학생모두에게서사회적의사소통기술이증가하였으며이러한효과는중재를종료한후에도유지되었다. 각학생에대한구체적인사회적의사소통기술의평균수행률은 < 그림 3-1> 에제시되어있다. < 그림 3-1> 에나타난바와같이, 모든학생에게서사회적의사소통기술 ( 의사소통시도하기, 의사소통반응하기 ) 수행률이증가하였다. 즉, 컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링중재가각대상학생의사회적의사소통기술에긍정적인영향을미쳤음을알수있다. 사회적의사소통기술의변화를각학생별로구체적으로살펴보면다음과같다. < 표 3-1> 학생 A의의사소통시도하기의변화 (%) 구분단계 평균 (M) 표준편차 (SD) 최소값 최대값 기초선 중재 유지 위의 < 표 3-1> 에서보는바와같이학생 A 의의사소통시도하기의수행률은기 초선기간에는 5%-10% 범위였으며, 평균 7.67%(SD=2.52) 수준을나타내었다. 4 회기부터중재가시작되었으며조금씩증가하여 9 회부터는안정성을보였다. 중재

11 기간의의사소통시도하기는 35%-88% 범위에서평균 73.43%(SD=14.20) 의수 행률을보였다. 중재종료 2 주뒤에 4 번의평가가이루어졌으며유지기간동안에 는 72%-77% 범위에서평균 74.25%(SD=2.22) 의수행률을보였다 기초선 중재 유지 학생 A 사회적 의사소통 기술 수행률 (%) 학생 B 학생 C 회기 < 그림 3-1> 대상자간사회적의사소통기술수행률의변화

12 特殊敎育再活科學硏究 ( 第 47 卷第 3 號 ) < 표 3-2> 학생 B 의의사소통반응하기의변화 (%) 단계 구분 평균 (M) 표준편차 (SD) 최소값최대값 기초선 중재 유지 위의 < 표 3-2> 에서보는바와같이학생 A의의사소통반응하기의수행률은기초선기간에는 2%-5% 범위였으며, 평균 3.86%(SD=1.22) 수준을나타내었다. 12회기부터중재가시작되었으며 17회기부터는안정성을보였다. 중재기간의의사소통반응하기는 25%-80% 범위에서평균 68.85%(SD=14.82) 의수행률을보였다. 중재종료 2주뒤에 4번의평가가이루어졌으며, 유지기간동안에는 58%-68% 범위에서평균 63.75%(SD=4.65) 의수행률을보였다. < 표 3-3> 학생 C 의의사소통시도하기의변화 (%) 단계 구분 평균 (M) 표준편차 (SD) 최소값최대값 기초선 중재 유지 위의 < 표 3-3> 에서보는바와같이학생 C의의사소통시도하기의수행률은기초선기간에는 5%-8% 범위였으며, 평균 6.25%(SD=1.28) 수준을나타내었다. 16회기부터중재가시작되었으며조금씩증가하여 18회기부터는안정성을보였다. 중재기간의의사소통시도하기는 38%-70% 범위에서평균 59.11%(SD=10.90) 의수행률을보였다. 중재종료 2주뒤에 4번의유지평가가이루어졌으며, 유지기간동안에는 56%-65% 범위에서평균 60.25%(SD= 3.77) 의수행률을보였다. 이상에서구체적으로살펴본바와같이, 본연구를통해얻어진결과는다음과같다.

13 첫째, 컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링중재를사용하였을때자폐장애학생의의사소통시도하기수행률이향상되고유지되었다. 기초선기간중에는대상학생 A와 C 둘다매우낮은수행률을보였으나중재기간동안점차수행률이증가되어중재후기에는높은수행률을보였으며, 중재가종료된이후에도유지되었다. 둘째, 컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링중재를사용하였을때자폐장애학생 B 의의사소통반응하기수행률이향상되고유지되었다. 기초선기간중에는대상학생 B의매우낮은수행률을보였으나중재기간동안점차수행률이증가되어중재후기에는높은수행률을보였으며, 중재가종료된이후에도유지되었다. Ⅳ. 논의및결론 본연구는를알아보았다. 연구대상은사회적의사소통기술이부족한 10-11세의중증자폐장애학생이며, 이들에게컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링중재를실시하였을때사회적의사소통기술 ( 의사소통시도하기, 의사소통반응하기 ) 에어떤영향을미치는지를알아보고자하였다. 본연구의결론은다음과같다. 첫째, 컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링은자폐장애학생의의사소통시도하기를향상시키고유지시키는데있어서효과적이다. 둘째, 컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링은자폐장애학생의의사소통반응하기를향상시키고유지시키는데있어서효과적이다. 본연구는사회적의사소통기술을의사소통시도하기 ( 학생 A, 학생 C) 와의사소통반응하기 ( 학생 B) 로정의하였고, 대상학생별로사회적의사소통기술의변화를분석하였다. 대상학생별사회적의사소통기술의변화와경향은모든자폐장애학생들에게서유사하였다. 기초선단계에서사회적의사소통기술의수준은매우낮았으나중재실시후급격한행동의증가가나타났고, 중재가소거된유지단계에서도비슷한수준을유지하였다. 따라서컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링중재는자폐장애학생의사회적의사소통기술을향상시키고유지시키는있어서매우효율적인중재방법이라고결론지을수있다. 본연구의대상모두는중재이전까지사회적의사소통기술을거의보이지않았으나중재가시작된이후빠른시간내에목표행동을습득하고유지하였다. 이와같은빠른습득과유지의이유는살펴보면다음과같다.

14 特殊敎育再活科學硏究 ( 第 47 卷第 3 號 ) 첫째, 자폐장애학생의시각적학습특성에서의장점을고려하여비디오모델링을중재도구로사용하였다. 자폐장애학생은여러가지감각자극들중에서시각적기억이뛰어나며 ( 양문봉, 2000), 이미지를머리속에그리면서사고하는성향을가지고있으므로, 자폐장애학생들의교육에시각적정보지원을고려하는것이매우중요하다 (Quill, 1995). 그러므로자폐장애학생에게시각적단서를활용한비디오자기모델링중재는매우유용한접근이라고여겨진다. 둘째, 본연구에서는자폐장애학생들의선호도에근거하여중재전략을구성하였다. 대상학생들의특성을고려하여시청각적주의집중촉진효과를활용하였으며, 외부적인강화없이대상학생의선호도에근거하여중재전략을수립하였다. 즉, 비디오자기모델링중재는외적인행동조절강화인자대신에컴퓨터나비디오에높은관심을나타내는대상학생들의특성및선호도를중재전략에도입함으로써대상학생들의내적강화를촉진했을가능성을보여주고있다 (Taylor, Levin, & Jasper, 1999). 또한비디오자기모델링은비디오를통하여자신의모습을보는것이더강한동기를부여하여효과적으로대상학생의주의집중을향상시킨것으로여겨진다. 셋째, 비디오자기모델링을컴퓨터기반에서작동할수있도록중재도구를제작하였다. 자폐장애학생들은컴퓨터, TV, 비디오등의시각적인매체를좋아하는특성을보이며, 최근의컴퓨터보급및사용의증가, 각종소프트웨어기술의발전등은이러한연구를더욱필요로하고있다. 본연구는비디오자기모델링을단독으로사용한기존의연구들과는달리비디오자기모델링을컴퓨터기반에중재하도록하여효과를극대화했다고할수있으며, 결과적으로사회적의사소통기술의향상이나타난것으로여겨진다. 지금까지자폐장애학생의사회적의사소통기술향상을위해비디오자기모델링중재를컴퓨터기반에서실현한연구활동이거의없었다는점에서이번연구의의의가있다고할것이다. 그러므로사회적상황에적절한사회적의사소통기술에어려움을보이는자폐장애학생의중재도구로컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링중재를선정한것은적절한것으로여겨진다. 본연구는연구대상수가매우적으므로연구결과를일반화하는데무리가있으며, 상황과대상에대한일반화를평가하지못하였다. 또한후속연구에서는자폐장애학생뿐만아니라사회적의사소통기술에어려움을가지고있는정신지체학생, 정서 행동장애학생, 언어장애학생등의다른장애영역학생에게도컴퓨터기반비디오자기모델링중재가효과적인지에대한후속연구가필요할것으로여겨진다.

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18 特殊敎育再活科學硏究 ( 第 47 卷第 3 號 ) Koegel, R. L., & Koegel, L. K. (1995). Teaching children with autism. Strategies for initiating positive interactions and improving learning opportunities. Baltimore, MD: Brookes. Landa, R. (2000). Social language use in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. In A. Klin, F. R. Volkmar, & S. S. Sparrow (Eds.), Asperger syndrome (pp ). New York: Guilford Press. LeBlanc, L. A., Coates, A. M., Daneshvar, S., Charlop-Christy, M. H., Morris, C., & Lancaster, B. M. (2003). Using video modeling and reinforcement to teach perspective-taking skills to children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36(2), Leslie, A. (1987). Pretense and represenation: The origins of theory of mind. Psychological Review, 94, Lord, C. (1993). Early social development in autism. In E. Schopler, M. Bourgondien & M. Bristol (Eds.), Preschool issues in autism (pp ). New York: Plenum Press. Lotter. V. (1967). Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children. I: prevalence. Social Psychiatry, 1, Martens, B. K., Witt, J. C., Elliot, S., & Darveaux, D. (1985). Teacher judgments concerning the acceptability of school based interventions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 16, Mundy, P., & Crowson, M. (1997). Joint attention and early social communication: Implications for research on intervention with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27(6), Mundy, P., & Stella, J. (2001). Joint attention, orienting, and nonverbal communication in autism. In A. M. Wetherby & B. M. Prizant (Eds.), Autism Spectrum Disorders: A transactional developmental perspective (pp ). Baltimore: Brookes. National Research Council (2001). Educating children with autism. Committee on Educational Interventions for Children with Autism. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Autism. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Nikopoulos, C. K., & Keenan, M. (2003). Promoting social initiation in children with autism using video modeling. Behavioral Interventions, 18, Nikopoulos, C. K., & Keenan, M. (2004). Effects of video modeling on social initiations by children with autism. Journal of Applied

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21 <Abstract> The Effects of Computer-Based Videotaped Self-Modeling on Social Communication Skills of Students with Autistic Disorder Jo, Jae Gyu This research carried out computer-based videotaped self-modeling on students aged who lack communication skills due to their autistic disorder and examined the effects on the social communication skills (initiation of communication, response to communication) of those students. The results of this research were as follows. First, the use of computer-based videotaped self-modeling enhanced and maintained the execution rate of initiation of communication for the students with autistic disorder. During the baseline period, the student A and C showed very low execution rate but the execution rate has increased gradually over the intervention period. By the later stage, it showed high execution rate and the high rate was maintained after the intervention period. Second, the use of computer-based videotaped self-modeling enhanced and maintained the higher execution rate of response to communication. During the baseline period, the student B showed very low execution rate but the execution rate increased over the intervention period. By the later stage high execution rate was observed and the high rate was maintained after the intervention period. At the end of all the processes, the results of the IRP-15 prepared by each home teachers showed intervention acceptability to be high. Key Words : autistic disorder, videotaped self-modeling, social communication skills 논문접수 : / 수정본접수 : / 게재승인 :

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