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1 지역사회간호학회지제 24 권제 2 호, 2013 년 6 월 J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs Vol. 24 No. 2, , June 2013 ISSN 최연희 1 김나영 2 경북대학교간호대학 1, 대구과학대학교간호학과 2 Influence of Parents Rearing Attitudes Perceived by Bullied Children on Bullying: Ego-Resilience Mediation Choi, Yeon-hee 1 Kim, Na-young 2 1 College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 2 Department of Nursing, Taegu Science University, Daegu, Korea Purpose: This study was conducted to examine effects of parents rearing attitudes perceived by bullied children. The focus in this study was on mediating effects of ego-resilience. Methods: Data were collected from 202 bullied elementary school students in grade years 5 and 6. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and structural analysis with the SPSS/WIN 19.0 program and Amos Results: First, significant positive relations between parents rearing attitudes and ego-resilience, significant negative relations between ego-resilience and bullying, and between parents rearing attitude and bullying were found. Second, the effects of ego-resilience as a mediator between perceived parents rearing attitudes and bullying were significant statistically. Conclusion: The findings suggest that educational programs for parents are needed to improve parents perception of the importance of their rearing attitudes toward bullying and nursing intervention programs for bullied children should be developed to increase their ego-resilience. Key Words: Child, Bullying, Parents, Resilience, Child rearing 서론 1. 연구의필요성요즘인터넷과 TV를통해집단따돌림으로인해유서를쓰고자살하는사건들을어렵지않게접할수있다. 최근발생하는학교폭력은저연령화, 집단화, 폭력에대한인식부족, 폭력의잔인화로학교폭력의피해정도의수준이증가하고있 으며이는사회의심각한문제로대두되고있다 (Adolescent Violence Prevention Foundation [AVPF], 2012). 청소년폭력예방재단 (AVPF, 2012) 이조사한 2011년전국학교폭력실태를살펴보면 10명중 3명이학교폭력피해경험이있으며, 최근 1년간학교폭력을당한적있다고응답한 1,677명중 31.4% 가 1번이상자살생각을해본적이있다고하였으며, 63.4% 가심리적인고통을호소하였다. 이자료에의하면특히, 초등학생의폭력피해가상당히심 주요어 : 아동, 집단따돌림, 부모, 양육, 자아탄력성 Corresponding author: Kim Na-young Department of Nursing, Taegu Science University, 390 Taejeon-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu , Korea. Tel: , Fax: , Kimny@tsu.ac.kr 투고일 : 2013년 1월 22일 / 심사완료일 : 2013년 5월 22일 / 게재확정일 : 2013년 6월 18일 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. c 2013 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

2 각한데, 조사에참여한청소년중 72.9% 가초등학교때처음으로피해를당했다고보고했으며학교급별학교폭력피해비율을살펴보면초등 1~3학년이 26.5%, 초등 4~6학년이 46.2%, 중학생 24%, 고등학생이 3.3% 로나타나초등학교고학년이가장높은수치를나타내었다 (AVPF, 2012). 또한, 서울, 경기지역의초, 중, 고학생 1,100명을대상으로설문조사를실시한 Kim (2011) 의연구결과고등학생에비해중학생이, 중학생에비해초등학생이집단따돌림피해정도가많았다. 이를통해중고등학생의학교폭력보다초등학생의학교폭력의피해가더심각함을알수있으며, 초등학생의학교폭력피해비율이전년도에비해더욱증가하여저연령화가심화되고있음을시사하였다. 특히, 2인이상의학생에게피해를당한학생은전체의 67.9 % 로, 전년도보다증가한것으로나타났는데 (AVPF, 2012), 2인이상의학생에게피해를입는다는것은즉집단으로폭력을행사한것에피해를받았다는것을의미하는것으로이것은두명이상이집단을이루어특정인을그가소속되어있는집단에서소외시켜서구성원으로서역할을제대로못하게하거나인격적으로무시, 음해하는신체적, 언어적일체의행위인집단따돌림으로볼수있다 (Khu, 1999). 교육과학기술부 (Ministry of Education, Science and Technology [MEST], 2012) 의 2012년학교폭력실태전수조사자료에의하면언어폭력과집단따돌림이차지하는비율이 64.5% 로학교폭력의유형가운데가장높게나타났다. 집단따돌림이란용어는학자에따라다양하게정의되고있는데 bullying, harrassment, peer abuse, mobbing 등과일본의이지메라는표현등이있다. 집단따돌림을 bullying 으로정의한 Olweus (1978) 는한학생이반복적, 지속적으로한명, 혹은그이상의다른학생들의부정적행위에노출되었을때집단따돌림으로볼수있다고하였다. 이러한집단따돌림은아동의건전한성장과발달에부정적영향을미치게되는데아동기에또래관계에서생긴부정적인감정과경험을통해아동의우울, 불안, 외로움수준이높게나타났으며집단따돌림은아동의심리적부적응및학교부적응과관련성이높은것으로나타났다 (Kim, 2011). 따돌림피해학생들은자존감이낮았으며 (Jung & Cho, 2011), 피해아동은굴욕감, 적대감, 복수충동, 절망감, 불안, 공포등심리적고통을겪게되고, 부정적인상황이지속될때가출, 범죄, 자살등과같은극단적인문제행동으로표출되기도한다 (AVPF, 2012). 집단따돌림의영향요인에는여러가지심리사회적변인들 이포함되지만, 그중에서도부모와자녀와의관계가중요한것으로알려져있다 (Pontzer & Daniel, 2010). 이는가정이인간으로하여금최초로기본적인행동양식을배우게하며특히, 부모의양육태도가아동의발달에있어가장장기간에걸쳐영향을주기때문이다 (Jung & Cho, 2011). 부모의자율적이고애정적인양육태도에따라긍정적으로자란아동은대인관계가원만하고학업과학교생활에적응을잘하며학교에대한감정, 태도, 동기가긍정적이다 (Ha & Lee, 2009). 이처럼아동의친사회적관계와관련한또다른개념으로자아탄력성을들수있다. Rutter (1985) 는환경의역경과스트레스적상황조건하에놀랍게잘기능하고스트레스를잘극복하는아동을발견하고그러한아동이가지고있는특성을자아탄력성 (ego-resilience) 이라고언급하였다. 자아탄력성은스트레스와역경, 위험에도불구하고건강하게적응할수있는능력으로정의되며긴장, 인내의수준을상황에따라조절할수있는능력이라는점에서스트레스를견뎌내는저항능력보다포괄적인개념으로설명된다 (Block & Kremen, 1996). 자아탄력성이높은아동은삶은의미가있으며스스로운명을통제할수있다고인식하고외향적이며, 성실하고정서적으로안정되어있으며자신의경험에대해개방적인특성을가지며 (Ku, Hwang, & Kim, 2001), 아동의높은자아탄력성은학교생활적응에긍정적인영향을준다 (Ha & Lee, 2009). 지금까지의집단따돌림피해에대한연구에서주로자아존중감, 자아개념, 학교생활적응등의변수가사용되었고 (Kim, 2009; Kim & Kim, 2011), 자아탄력성을매개로한연구는소수이며자아탄력성을매개로하여집단따돌림피해초등학생이지각한부모의양육태도가현재우리사회에서심각한문제로나타나고있는집단따돌림정도에미치는영향을조사한연구는미흡한실정이다. 따라서본연구는집단따돌림이가장많이일어나는초등학생고학년에속하는초등학생 5, 6학년을대상으로부모의양육태도가자아탄력성을매개하여집단따돌림에어떻게영향을주고있는지알아보고자한다. 이는보건교사가집단따돌림의부정적인영향을완화시킬수있는자아탄력성이라는아동의보호요인이자, 내적자원을발달, 증진시킬수있는정신건강보건교육프로그램및학부모교육프로그램을개발하고자할때의기초자료로활용하는데도움이되리라본다. 2. 연구목적본연구의구체적인목적은다음과같다. Vol. 24 No. 2,

3 최연희 김나영 집단따돌림피해아동이지각하는부모의양육태도와자아탄력성, 집단따돌림피해아동의자아탄력성과집단따돌림과의관계를파악한다. 집단따돌림피해아동이지각하는부모의양육태도와집단따돌림간의관계에서자아탄력성은매개효과를검증한다. 3. 개념적틀본연구는여러문헌과선행연구의결과를토대로집단따돌림피해아동이지각한부모의양육태도가자아탄력성을매개변수로집단따돌림에미치는영향에대한연구모형을구축하기위해개념적틀을도출하였다. 먼저부모의양육태도와자아탄력성과의관계에관한연구를살펴보면 Ha와 Lee (2009) 의연구에서는아동이부모양육태도를긍정적이고애정적으로인식할수록아동은자아탄력적이라하였으며, Kim과 Kim (2011) 의연구에서는부모의양육태도를애정적, 긍정적으로지각할수록자아탄력성이증가할뿐만아니라자신을의미있고가치있는존재로인식하였다. Roh (2010) 의연구에서도부모의양육태도가긍정적일수록자아탄력성이증가하여두변수는정적상관이있는것으로나타났다. 따라서선행연구결과를바탕으로부모의양육태도에서자아탄력성으로의인과성을추정할수있다. 부모의양육태도와집단따돌림과의관계를살펴보면 Choi 와 Chae (2000) 의연구에서는아동이부모의양육태도를거부적으로지각할수록집단따돌림피해경향이높아진다고하였다. Jung과 Cho (2011) 의연구에서는부모의양육태도가애정적이고자율적일수록따돌림피해정도가낮은것으로나타났으며 Park과 Chae (2011) 의연구에서도부모의온정적, 애정적태도가낮을수록공격적, 무시적, 거부적태도가높을수록집단따돌림피해경험을더많이하는것으로나타났다. 따라서부모의양육태도에서집단따돌림으로의인과성을추정해볼수있다. 자아탄력성과집단따돌림과의관계에대한선행연구는소수이나, 관련성이있는몇가지연구를살펴볼수있다. 집단따돌림의경우또래관계의어려움으로분석할수있기때문에먼저자아탄력성과또래관계와의관련성연구에서자아탄력성과집단따돌림과의관련성을추정해볼수있다. Hur (2004) 의연구와 Kim (2009) 의연구에서자아탄력성이높은아동의경우긍정적인또래관계를보이고또래관계에서적응수준이높았다. 또한, Chae와 Song (2004) 의연구에서또래관계 에어려움이있는아동의특성으로낮은자아탄력성을보고하였으며, Choi, Jhin과 Kim (2001) 의연구에서는집단따돌림피해아동에게서유의하게자아탄력성이낮게측정되는것으로나타났다. 특히, Hur (2004) 의연구에서는자아탄력성이또래관계와자아개방, 공감적이해의촉진적의사소통능력을유의미하게설명하는변수로나타나사회성발달및또래관계에서자아탄력성이매우중요한요인임을나타내었다. Lee (2012) 는자아탄력성이높은아동들은스트레스상황에잘적응하고대인관계가원만하며, 자아탄력성이또래관계의갈등상황에적절히대처하고건강한관계를이끌어낼수있는내적자원으로활용될수있다고하였다. 따라서자아탄력성이또래와의관계가원활하지않은집단따돌림에영향을미칠것이라는인과성을추정하였으며이상의선행연구를바탕으로자아탄력성을매개변수로한개념적틀은 Figure 1과같다. 4. 연구가설본연구에서설정한연구가설은다음과같다. 가설 1. 집단따돌림피해아동이지각하는부모의양육태도와자아탄력성, 집단따돌림피해아동의자아탄력성과집단따돌림에각각상관이있을것이다. 가설 2. 집단따돌림피해아동이지각하는부모의양육태도와집단따돌림간의관계에서자아탄력성은매개효과를나타낼것이다. 가설 2를검증하기위해연구모형과경쟁모형을설정하고가장적합한모형을확인하고자하였다. 연구모형은집단따돌림피해아동이지각하는부모의양육태도가집단따돌림에직접적인영향을미치기도하지만자아탄력성을매개로영향을미친다고하는부분매개모형이다. 경쟁모형은집단따돌림피해아동이지각하는부모의양육태도가자아탄력성을통해서집단따돌림에영향을미친다고가정하는완전매개모형이다. Figure 1. Conceptual framework (mediating effect). 216 Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

4 5. 용어정의 2. 연구대상 1) 집단따돌림집단따돌림은두명이상이집단을이루어특정인을그가소속되어있는집단에서소외시켜서구성원으로서역할을제대로못하게하거나인격적으로무시, 음해하는신체적, 언어적일체의행위를말하며 (Khu, 1999), 본연구에서는 Choi와 Chae (2000) 가학생들의집단따돌림피해정도를소외형, 언어형, 신체형의하위척도로구성하여개발한척도를사용하여측정한점수를말한다. 2) 집단따돌림피해아동집단따돌림의피해경험이있는아동으로본연구에서는일개시에소재한 3개초등학교의 5, 6학년학생 580명을대상으로 Choi와 Chae (2000) 가개발한집단따돌림피해척도에서최근 6개월동안집단따돌림경험을가끔당하였다, 일주일에한두번씩당하였다, 일주일에여러번당하였다에응답한학생을말한다. 3) 부모의양육태도부모가자녀를양육함에있어서보편적으로나타내는행동이나태도를말하며본연구에서는 Rohner (1991) 가개발한수용-거부차원과자율-통제차원으로구성된부모양육태도척도를 Sung (1993) 이번안하고 Park (2010) 이수정한것을사용하여측정한점수를말한다. 4) 자아탄력성자아탄력성은상황의요구에따라자아통제를강화시키거나완화시키는메타적인능력을의미하는것으로 (Block & Kremen, 1996), 본연구에서는 Block과 Kremen (1996) 의대인관계, 활력성, 감정통제, 호기심, 낙관성의하위척도로구성된자아탄력성척도를 Park (1997) 이번안한것을사용하여측정한점수를말한다. 본연구는일개시에소재한 3개초등학교의 5, 6학년학생 580명을대상으로 Choi와 Chae (2000) 가개발한집단따돌림피해척도에서최근 6개월동안집단따돌림경험을가끔당하였다, 일주일에한두번씩당하였다, 일주일에여러번당하였다에응답한학생을대상으로하였으며, 전체설문지에서집단따돌림경험이전혀없었다로응답한설문지와불성실한설문지를제외한총 202부를분석에사용하였다. 구조방정식을위한표본의크기는학자마다차이가있지만 200 이상은되어야한다는 Jackson (2003) 의기준을충족하였다. 3. 연구도구일반적특성부분으로성별, 학년, 경제적수준, 성적수준, 주관적건강상태 5문항, 부모의양육태도 10문항, 집단따돌림정도 15문항, 자아탄력성 14문항으로총 44문항이다. 1) 부모의양육태도아동이지각하는부모의양육태도는 Rohner (1991) 가개발하고 Sung (1993) 이번안하고 Park (2010) 이수정한것을본연구에사용하였다. 이척도는수용-거부차원과자율-통제차원의 2개의하위요인으로구성되어있으며총 10문항으로 5점 Likert척도이며전혀그렇지않다가 1점에서매우그렇다 5점으로구성되어있다. 점수가높을수록아동이지각하는부모의양육태도가긍정적임을의미한다. 수용적차원은존중과이해, 애정으로자녀를대하는태도이며, 거부적차원은무시, 학대, 무관심으로자녀를대하는태도이다. 자율적차원은책임을강조하고자율적으로자녀를대하는태도이며통제적차원은지시, 지배, 금지, 억압으로자녀를대하는태도이다. 역채점문항은 4, 5, 6, 9, 10번문항이다. Park (2010) 의연구에서 Cronbach's =.67이었으며, 본연구에서도구의신뢰도는 Cronbach's =.75였다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계본연구는집단따돌림피해경험이있는초등학생 5, 6학년을대상으로부모의양육태도와집단따돌림과의관계에서자아탄력성의매개효과를분석하기위한서술적조사연구이다. 2) 자아탄력성자아탄력성은 Block과 Kremen (1996) 의자아탄력성척도를 Park (1997) 이번안한것을사용하였다. 이척도는대인관계, 활력성, 감정통제, 호기심, 낙관성의총 5개하위요인 14문항으로구성되어있다. 4점척도로 전혀아니다 1점에서 매우그렇다 4점으로만들어졌으며각척도들은초등학교고학년들이쉽게이해하고답할수있는문장으로구성되어있 Vol. 24 No. 2,

5 최연희 김나영 다. Park (1997) 의연구에서 Cronbach's =.85였으며, 본연구에서도구의신뢰도는 Cronbach's =.80이었다. 3) 집단따돌림본연구에서학생들의집단따돌림의피해정도를측정하기위하여 Choi와 Chae (2000) 가제작한도구를사용하였다. 설문의구성은집단따돌림을소외형, 언어형, 신체형으로구분하여 5문항씩총 15문항으로구성되어있으며전혀없었다가 0점, 가끔이 1점, 일주일에한두번씩은 2점, 일주일에여러번은 3점을배점하여점수가높을수록피해경험의정도가큼을나타낸다. 소외형은은밀하고은근하게무리를지어한사람을소외시키는유형이고언어형은놀림, 조롱, 욕을하거나협박하는유형으로주로언어로고통을주며따돌리는유형이며, 신체형은강제적인심부름, 신체를이용한심한장난, 강탈, 구타가위주가되는따돌림유형이다. Choi와 Chae (2000) 의연구에서 Cronbach's =.85였으며, 본연구에서도구의신뢰도는 Cronbach's =.79였다. 4. 자료수집본연구의조사기간은 2012년 6월 2일부터 30일까지로일개시에소재한초등학교 3개교의교장, 교감, 교무부장의승낙을받고연구자가직접담임교사에게연구의목적, 설문지작성요령과유의사항, 연구에동의하지않을경우참여하지않아도됨을충분히설명하고미리제작된설문지를배부하였다. 윤리적인고려를위해수집된자료는연구목적으로만사용할것과자료의비밀보장을약속하였다. 설문지작성시연구참여동의서를첨부하였고연구참여동의서에는참여를원하지않을경우언제라도철회가가능하다는내용을아동이쉽게알수있는용어를사용하여제시하였다. 연구참여동의서에서명한경우만자기보고법으로직접설문지를작성하도록하여회수하였다. 작성소요시간은약 25분정도였다. 기에대한유의도를검증하기위해 Sobel test 를시행하였다. 1. 대상자의일반적특성 연구결과 대상자의일반적인특성을 Table 1을통해살펴보면, 성별은남학생이 52%, 여학생이 48% 였고, 5학년이 50.5%, 6학년이 49.5% 였다. 경제적수준은 보통이다 로응답한학생이 72.3%, 잘사는편이다 로응답한학생이 24.2%, 가난한편 은 3.5% 로나타났다. 성적은 중 65.8%, 상 20.8%, 하 13.4% 로나타났다. 주관적건강상태는 좋은편 으로응답한학생이 59.9%, 보통 으로응답한학생은 26.7%, 나쁜편 은 13.4% 로나타났다. Table 1. The General Characteristics Characteristics Categories n(%) Gender Boy 105 (52.0) Girl 97(48.0) Grade Economic status Subjective school record Subjective health status 5th 6th Good Moderate Poor Top Middle Bottom Good Moderate Poor 102 (50.5) 100 (49.5) 49(24.2) 146 (72.3) 7 (3.5) 42(20.8) 133 (65.8) 27(13.4) 121 (59.9) 54(26.7) 27(13.4) Total 202 (100.0) 2. 집단따돌림피해아동의부모양육태도, 자아탄력성, 집단따돌림의평균과표준편차및상관관계 5. 자료분석수집된자료는 SPSS/WIN 19.0을이용하여평균및표준편차를산출하고상관을분석하였고, AMOS 19.0을이용하여구조방정식모형을사용하였다. 본연구에서는모형의적합도를평가하기위해 CFI, TLI, RMSEA를사용하였고, 서로포함관계 (nested relationship) 에있는모형들을비교하기위해 x 2 차이검증을실시하였다. 추가적으로매개효과의크 집단따돌림피해아동의부모양육태도, 자아탄력성, 집단따돌림의평균과표준편차, 변수들간의상관관계는 Table 2 와같다. 집단따돌림피해아동의부모양육태도의평균은 37.0로나타났고, 자아탄력성의평균은 35.7, 집단따돌림의평균은 21.4로나타났다. 집단따돌림피해아동의부모양육태도와자아탄력성 (r=.33, p<.001) 은정적상관관계, 자아탄력성과집단따돌림 (r=-.38, p <.001), 부모양육태도와집단따돌림 (r=-.43, p<.001) 은부적상관관계가있었다. 218 Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

6 4. 매개모형의검증연구모형은부모의양육태도와집단따돌림간에자아탄력성이매개하며, 부모의양육태도가집단따돌림에도직접적인영향을미친다고가정하는부분매개모형이다. 경쟁모형은부모의양육태도가자아탄력성을통해서만집단따돌림에영향을미치며직접적인영향은없다고가정하는완전매개모형이다. 이들두모형중어느모형이더좋은모형인지알아보고더좋은모형을최종적으로선택하는방법으로모형검증을실시하였다. 부분매개모형인연구모형은 Figure 2이며, 완전매개모형인경쟁모형은 Figure 3과같으며연구모형과경쟁모형의모수추정치는 Table 3과같다. 자아탄력성이부모의양육태도와집단따돌림에어떻게매개하는지알아보기위해 Table 4와같이연구모형과경쟁모형의부합도지수를조사하였다. 모형적합도검증에서 RMSEA 값은.05에서.08 사이면적합한적합도라볼수있고,.10 이상이면부적절한적합도라판단할수있는데 (Browne & Cudeck, 1993).087은비교적적합한수준이라볼수있겠으며, TLI와 CFI의경우그값이.90 이상이면적합도가좋다고할수있는데 (Hong, 2007), 부분매개모형과완전매개모형모두.90 이상으로적합한모형으로나타났다. 다음단계에서는연구모형과경쟁모형중어떤모형이더적절한모형인가를밝히기위해모형검증을실시하였다. 한모형이다른모형에내재된 (nested) 경우 x 2 차이를검사하는데, 이때영가설은자료를설명하는정도에서두모형간차이가없다는것이다 (Hong, 2007). Table 4에제시된결과 를보면두모형의 x 2 차이값은 이며, 자유도의차이값은 1이다. 이는자유도의차이인 1에대한 x 2 차이의임계값인 3.841보다크기때문에양쪽유의수준.05에서통계적으로유의미한차이가있다고볼수있어영가설을기각하고연구가설을선택하는데이때 x 2 검증결과가통계적으로유의미하면복잡한모형을, 유의미하지않으면간명한모형을선택하므로 (Hong, 2007), 본연구에서는연구모형이선택되었다. 즉, 집단따돌림피해아동의부모양육태도가자아탄력성을매개하여집단따돌림에영향을미칠뿐만아니라직접적인영향도미치는것으로나타났다. 매개효과의회귀계수가통계적으로유의미하게나타났더라도, 그효과크기를확인할필요가있다. Table 5에제시된총효과분해표를살펴보면집단따돌림피해아동이지각한부모양육태도가직접적으로집단따돌림에미치는효과는 -.324, 자아탄력성을매개로하여집단따돌림에미치는영향은 로나타났다. 다중상관치 (SMC, squared multiple correlations) 를살펴보면연구모형이자아탄력성을설명하는정도는 11% 이며집단따돌림을설명하는정도는 22.5% 로나타났다. 매개효과는독립변인에서매개변인으로가는경로 (a) 와매개변인에서종속변인으로가는경로 (b) 가모두유의미하게나타났을때살펴볼수있다. 본연구에서는집단따돌림피해아동이지각한부모의양육태도가자아탄력성에직접적인영향을미치는것으로나타났고 (a=.258, p<.001), 자아탄력성역시집단따돌림에직접적인영향을미치는것으로나타났다 (b=-.485, p<.01). 집단따돌림피해아동의부모양육태도가 Table 2. Mean, Standard Deviation and Correlation of Bulling, Parents' Rearing Attitude and Ego-resilience (N=202) Variables M±SD Parents' rearing attitude Ego-resilience Bulling Parents' rearing attitude 37.0± Ego-resilience 35.7± *** 1 Bulling 21.4± *** -.38*** 1 ***p<.001. Table 3. Parameter of Partially Mediated Model and Fully Mediated Model (N=202) Model Path B SE t β Partially mediated model Fully mediated model **p<.01, ***p<.001. Ego-resilience Parents' rearing attitude Bullying Ego-resilience Bullying Parents' rearing attitude Ego-resilience Parents' rearing attitude Bullying Ego-resilience *** -3.13** -3.49*** 3.59*** -4.73*** Vol. 24 No. 2,

7 최연희 김나영 Figure 2. Research model: partially mediated model (standardized beta weight). Figure 3. Fully mediated model (standardized beta weight). 자아탄력성을매개로하여하여집단따돌림에미치는간접적인영향은 -.085로나타났다. 이매개효과의크기에대한유의도를검증하기위해 Sobel Test를시행하였다. Sobel (1982) 의 Z공식에의하면 Z값이양쪽유의수준.05에서임계치인 1.96보다클경우매개효과가유의하다. 본연구에서는집단따돌림피해아동이지각한부모양육태도가집단따돌림에미치는영향에서자아탄력성의매개효과가유의한것으로나타났다 (Z=-2.39, p<.01). 이는집단따돌림피해아동이지각한부모의양육태도가집단따돌림에직접적으로영향을미치기도하지만, 자아탄력성을통해간접적으로영향을미치기도한다는것을나타낸다. 논의본연구에서는집단따돌림피해아동이지각한부모의양육태도가집단따돌림에미치는영향에있어자아탄력성이매개효과를가지는지알아보았다. 아동의외부적환경요인이라볼수있는부모의양육태도가집단따돌림에미치는영향을확인하고아동의내적요인인자아탄력성의영향을검증한연구이다. 먼저변인들간상관관계를알아보고집단따돌림피해아동이지각한부모의양육태도와집단따돌림간의관계에서자아탄력성의매개효과를살펴본결과는다음과같다. 첫째, 집단따돌림피해아동이지각한부모의양육태도와자아탄력성은정적상관관계를나타내었다. 이는집단따돌림 220 Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

8 Table 4. Goodness of Fit Variables x 2 df x 2 /df CFI TLI RMSEA Partially mediated model Fully mediated model Table 5. Direct, Indirect, Total Effect, and SMC Variables Categories Direct effect Indirect effect Total effect SMC Parents' rearing attitude Resilience Bullying Ego-resilience Bullying SMC=squared multiple correlations. (N=202) 피해아동이지각한부모의양육태도가수용적이고자율적일수록아동의자아탄력성이높아질수있음을의미한다. 이것은아동이부모의양육태도를긍정적으로지각하는것이환경의역경과스트레스를잘이겨낼수있는힘인자아탄력성을길러주는것에도움이된다는의미가된다. 아동이부모의양육태도를긍정적으로지각할수록아동이자아탄력적이라는여러연구 (Ha & Lee, 2009; Kim & Kim, 2011) 와부모와의양육태도와자아탄력성이정적상관이있는것으로나타난 Roh (2010) 의연구도본연구결과를지지하였다. 둘째, 집단따돌림피해아동이지각한부모의양육태도와집단따돌림은부적상관관계를나타내었다. 이것은부모의양육태도가거부적, 통제적일수록집단따돌림피해정도가증가한다는것을의미한다. Park과 Chae (2011) 의연구에서도부모의양육태도와집단따돌림간의매우유의미한상관이있는것으로나타나본연구결과를지지하였는데부모의양육태도가공격적, 무시적, 거부적인태도일수록집단따돌림피해경험이높았다. 부모의거부적양육태도와집단따돌림피해경향간에정적상관관계를나타낸 Choi와 Chae (2000) 의연구와부모의애정적이고자율적인양육태도가집단따돌림의피해행동과부적상관을나타낸 Jung과 Cho (2011) 의연구도본연구결과와일치하였다. 특히, Choi와 Chae (2000) 의연구에서는부모로부터수용적이지못한태도로양육되어진경우또래에게도수용되지못하거나역으로따돌림이라는공격성으로도표출될수있다고하여부모의양육태도가또래와의관계, 즉집단따돌림에영향을줄수있음을시사하였다. 셋째, 집단따돌림피해아동의자아탄력성과집단따돌림은부적상관관계를나타내었다. 자아탄력성과집단따돌림정도와의관계에대한연구는소수이나 Chae와 Song (2004) 의연구에서는또래관계에어려움이있는아동의성격특성으로 낮은자아탄력성을보고하였고, Choi 등 (2001) 의연구에서는집단따돌림무경험아동에비해집단따돌림피해및가해아동이유의하게자아탄력성이낮게측정되어본연구결과와맥을같이하였다. Hur (2004) 와 Kim (2009) 의연구에서는자아탄력성이높은아동은낮은아동에비해긍정적인또래관계를보이고또래관계에잘적응하는것으로나타나본연구결과를지지하였다. Song (2010) 의연구에서는자아탄력성요인중대인관계요인만이집단따돌림피해수준에부적인영향을미치는것으로나타났는데이는초등학생을대상으로한본연구와는달리청소년을대상으로한연구였으며, 집단따돌림척도가본연구와는차이가있어결과가다르게나타났다고판단되며앞으로아동과청소년을비교한집단따돌림과자아탄력성과의추후연구가필요할것으로사료된다. 넷째, 본연구결과집단따돌림피해아동이지각한부모의양육태도와집단따돌림간의관계에서자아탄력성이매개변인으로서역할을하는것으로나타났다. 이것은부모의양육태도가직접적인원인이되기도하지만자아탄력성을매개로간접적인영향을준다는것을의미한다. Roh (2010) 의연구에서는부모의양육태도와긍정적또래관계에아동의자아탄력성이완전매개하고부모의양육태도와부정적또래관계에아동의자아탄력성이부분매개효과를갖는것으로나타났는데, 집단따돌림을부정적또래관계에포함된다고생각하였을때본연구결과와맥을같이한다고볼수있다. Jung과 Cho (2011) 의연구에서는부모의양육태도와따돌림피해행동과의관계에서개인내적요인인자존감이매개효과를가지는것으로나타났는데자아탄력성과자아존중감은개념은서로다르나개인내적요인이라는차원에서볼때비슷한성격을지니고있으며 Kim과 Kim (2011) 의연구에서자아탄력성과자아존중감은모든하위요인에서정적상관이있는것으로나 Vol. 24 No. 2,

9 최연희 김나영 타나자아탄력성을매개로본연구결과의참고자료가될수있을것이다. 본연구결과부모양육태도가집단따돌림에미치는직접효과가자아탄력성을매개로하는간접효과에비해큰것으로나타났는데이는집단따돌림피해문제를중재함에있어서부모의양육태도에대한중요성인식과개선이집단따돌림피해아동의자아탄력성을증진시키는일만큼중요하고시급함을시사한다. 집단따돌림문제는단순한아동의사회성부족문제가아니며, 피해아동에대한중재만큼중요하게다루어야할것이부모가자녀에게어떤양육태도를취해왔는지에관한것이며이를개선시켜나가야한다는것이다. 아동이또래관계에심각한문제가생겨고통을겪고있음에도불구하고가정에서부모와소통이되지않아상의할수없을때아동은혼자서극단적인방법을선택하기도한다. 실제적으로부모의양육태도는지속적으로그아동에게영향을미쳐왔기때문에단시간에변화될수있는부분이아니며인식의변화없이는개선이쉽지않을것이다. 집단따돌림발생시아동만을집단따돌림문제에개입시키는것이아니라부모들의참여와상담, 교육이필수적이며이를위해서는집단따돌림피해아동을위한프로그램뿐만아니라집단따돌림과피해아동의부모를위한상담및교육프로그램이개발되고운영되어야할것이다. 집단따돌림이일어나기전에미리예방하는것이더욱중요한데부모들이수용적이고자율적인태도로자녀교육에임할수있도록건강한가정과부모의올바른양육태도의중요성에대한지속적인홍보와교육이필요할것이다. 이를위해파급력이높은대중매체를이용하여부모양육태도에대한중요성에대한지식을보급하는것도하나의방법이될수있을것이다. 일선학교에서는집단따돌림문제가발생하였을때부모들은일반적으로부모자신의양육태도에문제가있음을인식하기보다전학을시키거나가해학생의징계조치, 일시적인상담등으로사건을마무리하고자하는경향이있는데담임교사, 보건교사, 상담교사, 사회복지사그리고지역사회정신건강전문가들은부모교육과함께집단따돌림문제에관련한전문적인서비스를지속적으로제공할수있는체계를마련하여야할것이다. 본연구결과부모의양육태도가자아탄력성을매개로집단따돌림에영향을주는데이는부모의부정적인양육태도는자아탄력성을낮추어집단따돌림피해에영향을준다는것을의미하고이때아동의내적자원인자아탄력성을길러준다면집단따돌림의피해정도가낮아질수있을것이다. 집단따돌 림피해아동에게우울뿐만아니라자아탄력성수준을측정하여상담및교육에참고가될수있도록중재하여야할것이며, 아동의자아탄력성을증진시키는프로그램이집단따돌림아동에게필요한중재가될수있음을시사한다. 본연구는집단따돌림과자아탄력성을관련시켜수행한연구와관련된중재프로그램이매우부족한상황에서최근심각한사회문제가되고있는집단따돌림문제에접근하여개인내적자원으로환경에유연하게대처할수있는능력인자아탄력성을매개로하여정신건강보건교육프로그램개발시도움이될수있는기초자료를제공한것에의의가있다고하겠다. Park (2005) 의연구에서는집단따돌림피해에영향을주는요인으로개인체계요인, 가족체계요인, 학교체계요인으로나누어총체적으로살펴보았는데본연구에서는가족체계요인중에부모양육태도, 개인체계요인중자아탄력성에대해알아보았다. 집단따돌림피해정도에는다양한요소들이종합적으로영향을주기때문에본연구결과를이해함에있어이러한요소들의맥락적인고려가필요할것이다. 본연구는연구대상자의자가보고에의한것이기때문에과소또는과대추정될가능성이있을것이다. 또한, 연구대상자선정을일개시에있는초등학생만을대상으로하였기때문에연구결과를일반화하는데제한이있을수있다. 결론및제언본연구는집단따돌림피해아동이지각하는부모의양육태도와집단따돌림간의관계에서자아탄력성의매개효과를검증하고자일개시에소재한초등학교 5, 6학년 202명을대상으로수행되었다. 본연구결과집단따돌림피해아동이지각한부모의양육태도와자아탄력성은정적상관관계가있는것으로나타났으며집단따돌림피해아동이지각한부모의양육태도와집단따돌림, 자아탄력성과집단따돌림은부적상관관계를나타내었다. 집단따돌림피해아동이지각한부모양육태도와집단따돌림과의관계에서자아탄력성이매개변인으로역할을하는것으로나타났다. 집단따돌림피해상황이발생시가정, 학교, 지역사회에서는단순히아동의사회성문제로치부하기보다부모에대한상담및교육의중요성을인식하고부모상담프로그램을운영하여야할것이다. 이는국가적인차원에서제도적, 정책적으로이루어지는것이바람직할것이다. 또한, 보건교사및지역사회간호사는집단따돌림피해아동상담시자아탄력성에대한평가와아동의자아탄력성을발달, 증진할수있는정신건강프로그램을개발하 222 Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

10 고운영하여집단따돌림의피해를경감시키고완화시키는데도움이되어야할것이다. 향후연구를위한제언은다음과같다. 첫째, 본연구는집단따돌림피해아동을대상으로하였는데가해아동을대상으로연구하여피해아동과비교해보는것이필요할것이다. 둘째, 다양한지역의대상과성별, 학교급별에따라매개효과가어떻게달라지는지살펴볼필요가있다. 셋째, 부모의양육태도에서집단따돌림으로가는경로에서자아탄력성뿐만아니라영향을줄수있는다양한변수들이통합적으로검토되어질필요가있을것이다. 넷째, 집단따돌림에대한양적연구가대부분이지만, 집단따돌림에대한피해등을심층적으로알아볼수있는관찰법, 면접법등질적연구도실시되어야할것이다. REFERENCES Adolescent Violence Prevention Foundation. (2012, April, 23) The actual condition of school violence. Retrieved August 8, 2012, from rect=log&logno= Block, J. H., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long. (Eds.). Testing structural equation models. (pp ). Newbury Park. CA: Sage. Chae, S. K., & Song, Y. H. (2004). The characteristics of a child who has difficulties in peer relation. The Journal of play Therapy, 8(2), Choi, E. S., & Chae, J. H. (2000). A study of psychological factors associated with bullying. Understanding People, 21, Choi, Y. J., Jhin, H. K., & Kim, J. W. (2001). A study on the personality trait of bullying & victimized school children. Journal of child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 12(1), Ha, M. S., & Lee, S. B. (2009). The influence of the children-perceived parents' rearing attitude and self elasticity to adjust to school life. The Journal of Child Education, 18(3), Hong, S. H. (2007). The criteria for selecting appropriate fit indices in structural equation modeling and their rationales. The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19, Hur, J. Y. (2004). A study on the relationship among adolescents' resilience, peer relation and facilitative communication competence. Unpublished master's thesis, Seoul Women's University, Seoul. Jackson, D. L. (2003). Revisiting sample size and number of parameter estimates: Some support for the N:q hypothesis. Structural Equation Modeling, 10(1), Jung, H. N., & Cho, O. K. (2011). The role of empathy and selfesteem between parents' parenting behavior and attitudes on bullying. Educational Theory and Practice, 21, Khu, B. Y. (1999). Causes and prevention of bullying on adolescents(29). Seoul: Korea Youth Counselling & Welfare Institute. Kim, J. S. (2009). The Relations among the classroom climate, the ego-resilience, and the school adjustment perceived by elementary school children. Unpublished master's thesis, Chungnam National University, Daejeon. Kim, H. W. (2011). Psychological and school maladjustment resulted by peer rejection and peer victimization among elementary, middle, and high school students. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 18(5), Kim, K. S., & Kim, H. K. (2011). A study on relation between perceived parental rearing attitude and self-esteem and egoresilience of high school students. Journal of Educational Research, 19(2), Ku, H. M., Hwang, S. T., & Kim, J. H. (2001). The personality traits of ego resilients. The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20(3), Lee, E. Y. (2012). The mediating effect of the ego-resilience on the relationships between mother's communication style and peer relationship. Unpublished master's thesis, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul. Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. (2012) The Actual condition based on complete enumeration survey. Retrieved June 9, 2012, from /ko/board/view.do?bbsId=294&boardSeq=30338 Olweus. D. (1978). Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys. Washington, DC: Hemisphere. Park, E. H. (1997). The relationships between ego-resiliency, IQ and academic achievement. Unpublished master's thesis, Chungnam National University, Daejeon. Park, E. H. (2010). The influence of rearing attitude of parents and social support on adjustment in school of children from multicultural families. Unpublished master's thesis, Kyungpook National University, Daegu. Park, J. W. (2005). A study on the ecosystematical factors victimization behaviors among elementary school students. Unpublished master's thesis, Seoul National University, Seoul. Park, J. Y., & Chae, K. M. (2011). The role of parenting behaviors, child`s communication and problem solving skills in bullying/being bullied. The Korean Journal of Psychology, 30(1), Vol. 24 No. 2,

11 최연희 김나영 Pontzer, Daniel. (2010). A theoretical test of bullying behavior: Parenting, personality, and bully/victim relationship. Journal of Family Violence, 25(3), Roh, E. S. (2010). The mediating effects of ego-resilience on the relationships between children's perception of parenting attitudes and peer relationship. Unpublished master's thesis, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul. Rohner, R. P. (1991). The warmth dimension: Foundation of parental acceptance and rejection theory. NY: Sage Publication. Rutter. M. (1985). Resilience in face of adversity: Protective factors and resilience to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, Song, H. R. (2010). The relationship between the group ostracizing and adolescent's ego-resiliency and school-adjustment. Unpublished master's thesis, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. Sung, Y. H. (1993). The effects of parental social support system on children's behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ewha Womans University, Seoul. 224 Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

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