ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2017;22(4): Original Article Predicting the Quality of Communicati

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1 ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2017;22(4): Original Article Predicting the Quality of Communication Life of University Students with Hearing Loss Da-Hye Kim a, Mi-Sun Yoon b a Graduate School of Rehabilitation & Welfare, Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan, Korea b Department of Communication Disorders, Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan, Korea Correspondence: Mi-Sun Yoon, PhD Department of Communication Disorders, Korea Nazarene University, 48 Wolbong-ro, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan 31172, Korea Tel: Fax: msyoon@kornu.ac.kr Received: October 5, 2017 Revised: November 10, 2017 Accepted: November 23, 2017 This paper was summarized from the master s thesis of the first author (2017). Objectives: University students with hearing loss can have difficulties in academic performance and relationships with their peers due to limited communication abilities, which negatively affect their quality of life. The purposes of this study are to compare the quality of communication life of university students with hearing loss (HL) and normal hearing (NH) and find predicting variables for quality of communication life among communication abilities in the HL group. Methods: The Quality of Communication Life Scale (QCL) of 27 students with HL and 27 students with NH was measured. QCL is a scale measuring the quality of life associated with communication and consists of confidence and autonomy in communication, role and self-esteem, participation in daily life, and interaction with others. Communication abilities, such as listening, articulation, receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, and reading comprehension of students with HL were also evaluated. Results: QCL of HL group was significantly lower than NH group. Listening ability was the only significant predicting variable among communication abilities. Listening ability could predict 25% of QCL. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest the need to improve the quality of communication life of students with hearing loss and that improvement of listening ability has a positive effect on the quality of communication life of students with hearing loss. Keywords: University students with hearing loss, Quality of Communication Life, QCL, Communication ability, Listening ability 1990년대이후국내에서통합교육과장애인의사회통합의중요성이이슈가되면서장애인의삶의질에관심이커졌고연구도활발히이루어지고있다 (Lee, 2007; Lee, Kim, Park, Son, & Lee, 1998; Park & Lee, 2001). 세계보건기구 (WHO) 는 삶의질 을 한개인이자신이속한문화및가치체계안에서그들자신의목표, 기대, 규범및관심과관련된각자의상태에대한개인적인지각 이라고정의하였다 (Min, 2002). 언어재활의궁극적인목표는언어재활을통해일상생활에서원활한의사소통을하고사회생활을보다잘수행하여개인의삶의질이향상되도록하는것이다. 따라서언어재활사에게의사소통장애인의삶의질은중요한중재목표이다 (Markham & Dean, 2006). 청각장애인은청력손실을보완하기위하여인공와우나보청기 와같은보장구를착용한다. 보장구착용후사회 정서, 의사소통, 인지기능면에서삶의질이유의하게향상되었다고보고된바있다 (Schorr, Roth, & Fox, 2009). 그러나보장구착용으로인해삶의질이향상되었음에도불구하고, 선행연구에서는여전히청각장애인의삶의질이건청인에비해낮다고보고되었다 (Kang & Lee, 2006; Lee, 2009; Lee & Cho, 2011). 또한다른장애유형인지체장애인보다낮게나타났는데, 그이유로연구자들은청각장애인이다른어느장애보다의사소통에서어려움을겪으며, 이것이전반적인삶의질에영향을주기때문이라고지적하였다 (Chung & Kang, 2004; Jeong, Im, & Kim, 2013). 1995년특수교육대상자특별전형이시행된이후고등교육을받는청각장애학생이증가하고있다 (Kim, 2015). 성공적인대학생활 Copyright 2017 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

2 Da-Hye Kim, et al. QCL of Adult with Hearing Loss 을위해서는학업수행력뿐아니라본인이느끼는삶의질또한중요한요인이며, 여기에는의사소통능력이중요한역할을한다. 그러나현장에서이들은의사소통의어려움으로인해청각장애인이외의또래와보내는시간이많지않으며 (Lee, 2010; Kim KJ, 2004), 학업을수행하는데어려움을겪는것으로보고되었다 (Kim JH, 2004). 대학생활에필요한의사소통능력에는듣기, 조음, 언어이해및표현, 문해력등이포함된다. 청각장애인은청각보장구를착용하고청능훈련또는언어재활을통해구어를배운다. 그러나폭넓은대인관계형성을목적으로구어를사용할때, 제한적인듣기능력 (Yoo, 2002) 과조음정확도및말속도와조음속도가말명료도에영향을미쳐 (Sung, Choi, & Yoon, 2006; Yoon, 2004) 원활한의사소통을하기가어려워진다. 또한, 학령기이후성인기에도낮은읽기이해능력 (Choi & Sung, 2003; Traxler, 2000) 으로인해학업의어려움뿐아니라일상생활에서도부정적인경험을겪게된다. 청각장애인의경우, 의사소통능력은다른어느장애보다삶의질에영향을줄수있으므로, 전반적인삶의질과분리하여의사소통과관련한삶의질을분석할필요가있으며, 의사소통능력이실제로삶의질에미치는영향을분석할필요성이대두된다. 의사소통과관련한삶의질을평가하기위해의사소통삶의질척도 (Quality of Communication Life Scale, QCL) 가사용된다 (Choi, Kim, Rha, & Kim, 2011; Paul et al., 2004). 의사소통삶의질척도는 의사소통삶의질 을 개인의의사소통으로가능해지는의미있는일상생활의범위 라는개념으로정의하고있다 (Choi et al., 2011). QCL 은총 18개문항으로의사소통에대한자신감및자율성, 역할및자아, 일상생활참여, 타인과의상호작용등의 4개하위영역으로구성되어있다. 선행연구에서청각장애인의의사소통삶의질은건청인에비해낮은것으로나타났고연구자들은그원인을의사소통능력의어려움때문으로추정하였다 (Jeong et al., 2013; Kim & Jeong, 2014). 그러나선행연구에서는연구대상자인청각장애인의의사소통능력을실제로평가하지는않았다. 본연구는먼저청각장애대학생과건청대학생의의사소통삶의질의차이를확인한후, 청각장애대학생의의사소통능력을듣기능력, 조음능력, 수용어휘능력, 표현어휘능력, 읽기이해능력으로평가하여청각장애대학생의의사소통삶의질을예측하는변인과예측력을분석하는것을목적으로한다. 이를통해청각장애대학생의의사소통삶의질을향상시키기위한중재에필요한기초자료를제공하고자한다. 연구방법연구대상본연구는청각장애대학생 27명, 건청대학생 27명을대상으로하였다. 청각장애대상자는 (1) 서울, 경기, 충남지역에소재한대학에재학중이고, (2) 청각장애이외의중복장애가없고, (3) 인공와우나보청기를착용하고있으며, (4) 국립특수교육원기초학력검사 (KNISE-BAAT; Park, Kim, Song, Jeong, & Jeong, 2005) 의읽기문항중 < 독해능력 : 짧은글이해 3-4> 를통과한자를선정하였다. (4) 의조건은연구대상자들이설문지를읽고응답을해야하므로기본적인읽기능력의검증을위해, 언어재활사 3명의논의를거쳐설문지의문장길이와유사한수준이라고판단된읽기문항을선정하였다. 건청대상자는 (1) 충남지역에위치한대학에재학중이고, (2) 청력을포함하여확인된장애가없는자를선정하였다. 청각장애대상자의특성은 Table 1과같다. 대상자의성별은남자가 20 명 (74.07%), 여자 7명 (25.93%) 이었다. 학년은 1학년이 8명 (29.63%), 2학년 9명 (33.33%), 3학년 10명 (37.04%) 이었다. 보장구유형을살펴보면인공와우사용자 (CI) 가 19명 (70.37%), 보청기사용자 (HA) 가 8명 (29.63%) 이었다. 의사소통방법은보다선호하는의사소통방법을선택하게하였고구화가 20명 (74.07%), 수화 7명 (25.93%) 이었다. 의사소통방법으로수화를표시한대상자모두구화가가능하였으나본인은수화를더선호한다고보고하였다. 연구도구청각장애대학생과건청대학생의의사소통삶의질 (QCL) 을측정하기위해서 Paul 등 (2004) 이제작한 Quality of Communication Life Scale을한국어로번안한 Choi 등 (2011) 의의사소통삶의 Table 1. Characteristics of participants with hearing loss N (%) Sex Male 20 (74.07) Female 7 (25.93) Grade 1 8 (29.63) 2 9 (33.33) 3 10 (37.04) Type of hearing devices Cochlear implant 19 (70.37) Hearing aid 8 (29.63) Communication mode Oral language 20 (74.07) Sign language 7 (25.93) 828

3 청각장애대학생의의사소통삶의질예측변인 김다혜외 질척도 (QCL) 를번안자의허락하에사용하였다. Choi 등 (2011) 은 한국어판 QCL 의문항내적일관성, 검사 - 재검사신뢰도, 내용타당 도, 대면타당도, 공인타당도및내적구성타당도를검증하였다. 이 척도는의사소통에대한자신감및자율성, 역할및자아, 일상생활 참여, 타인과의상호작용등 4 개요인, 총 18 개문항으로구성되어있 으며, 리커트척도 5 점으로평정한다. 의사소통삶의질척도 (QCL) 의요인및문항은 Appendix 1 과같다. 의사소통능력은듣기능력, 조음능력, 수용어휘능력, 표현어휘능 력, 읽기이해능력으로나누어각각검사를실시하였다. 듣기능력은 어음청력검사 (KSA; Lee et al., 2010) 의일반용단음절어로평가하 였다. 듣기능력의평가는단어단위, 문장단위, 문단단위의평가가 모두가능하나일반적으로임상과연구에서가장많이사용하고 있는자극단위인단어검사를사용하였다. 조음능력은우리말조음 음운평가 (U-TAP; Kim, Sin, & Kim, 2014) 로자음정확도를산출하 였다. 수용어휘및표현어휘능력은수용 표현어휘력검사 (REVT; Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 2009) 로평가하였고, 읽기이해능력은 읽기성취및읽기인지처리능력검사 (RA-RCP; Kim, Kim, Hwang, & Yoo, 2014) 의 4 학년읽기이해검사로평가하였다. 4 학년읽기수준 검사를실시한이유는검사자료에따른바닥효과와천정효과를막 기위하여청각장애인들이초등학교를졸업하는시기의평균읽기 능력이초등학교 4 학년수준을넘지못했다는보고 (Choi & Sung, 2003) 와고등학교를졸업하는시기의평균읽기능력이초등학교 4 학년수준이라는보고 (Traxler, 2000) 를기초로했다. 연구절차 본연구는주변소음이없는조용한공간에서기본정보지작성, 읽기이해선별검사, QCL, 의사소통능력평가순으로실시하였다. 듣기능력은 CD 에녹음된 KSA 의일반용단음절어 (KS-MWL-A1) 를컴퓨터에연결한외부스피커를이용하여들려주고검사하였다. Table 2. Descriptive statistics and t-test results of the QCL of participants with HL and NH HL NH t Total 3.57 (.67) 4.27 (.45) -4.32** Fac (.17) 4.37 (.46) -5.69** Fac (.12) 3.83 (.75) Fac (.18) 4.36 (.45) -3.01** Fac (.14) 4.27 (.48) -2.95** Values are presented as mean (SD). QCL = Quality of Communication Life Scale; HL = hearing loss; NH = normal hearing; Fac. 1 = confidence and autonomy of communicative; Fac. 2 = role and self-esteem; Fac. 3= participation in daily life; Fac. 4= interaction with others. **p <.01. 스피커는대상자의정면 50 cm 이내에두었고, 소리의강도는검사안내부분의녹음을들려주며대상자가잘들린다는수준으로조절하였다. 조음능력은 U-TAP의단어목록을녹음하여 (EDIROL R-09), 연구자가다시들으며자음정확도를산출하였다. 수용어휘및표현어휘능력평가를위한 REVT는자극제시를청각적인방법과시각적인방법을모두사용하여제공하였다. 읽기이해능력은 RA-RCP 의 4학년읽기이해이야기글, 설명글과제로평가하였다. 신뢰도및자료분석자음정확도의평가자간신뢰도를산출하기위해 U-TAP을전사한자료중무작위로 30% 를선정하여, 연구자와언어치료학석사과정인대학원생 2명이각각분석하여일치하는정도로신뢰도를측정하였다. 평가자간신뢰도는 92.24% 로나타났다. 통계분석은첫째, 청각장애대학생과건청대학생의의사소통삶의질의차이는 t-검정으로, 둘째, 의사소통능력 ( 듣기, 조음, 수용어휘, 표현어휘, 읽기이해 ) 과청각장애대학생의의사소통삶의질의관계는피어슨상관분석으로, 셋째, 청각장애대학생의의사소통능력중삶의질에영향을주는변인의영향력은회귀분석으로분석하였다. 연구결과청각장애대학생과건청대학생의 QCL 차이청각장애대학생의 QCL 평균은 3.57로, 건청대학생의 QCL 평균인 4.27과유의한차이가있었다 (t = -4.32, p<.01) (Table 2). 의사소통삶의질을측정하는 QCL은 5점척도로 1점은연구대상자가본인의의사소통삶의질에관한문항에 매우그렇지않다 를의미하고, 5점은 매우그렇다 를의미한다. 청각장애대학생의 QCL 평균인 3.57은중간정도에해당되고, 건청대학생의 4.27은높은정도에해당된다. 청각장애인대학생중가장높은 QCL 점수는 4.61로, 건청대학생과달리 5점이나타나지않았다. Table 3은 QCL 점수를 Table 3. Score distribution of QCL of participants HL NL QCL score QCL= Quality of Communication Life Scale; HL= hearing loss; NH= normal hearing

4 Da-Hye Kim, et al. QCL of Adult with Hearing Loss Table 4. Descriptive statistics of communication abilities of participants with HL Listening (%) Articulation (%) Receptive vocabulary Expressive vocabulary Reading comprehension (19.20) 34.5 (14.20) (29.00) (27.83) 6.03 (3.14) Values are presented as mean (SD). Table 5. Correlation between communication abilities and QCL of participants with HL Factor QCL Listening Articulation Listening.50** Articulation.20.56** Receptive vocabulary Receptive Expressive vocabulary vocabulary Expressive vocabulary ** Reading comprehension **.55** QCL= Quality of Communication Life Scale. **p < , , , , 5점으로나누어청각장애대학생과건청대학생의 QCL 점수빈도를나타내었다. QCL이높은수준인 4점이상의대상자는청각장애대학생 9명 (33.33%), 건청대학생 17명 (62.96%) 으로건청대학생의빈도가높았다. QCL의하위요인은네가지로, 요인 1은의사소통에대한자신감및자율성, 요인 2는역할및자아, 요인 3은일상생활참여, 요인 4는타인과의상호작용이다. QCL의하위요인별로집단간차이를보면요인 1, 3, 4는집단간통계적으로유의한차이가있었으나 (t = -5.69, p<.01; t = -3.01, p<.01; t = -2.95, p<.01), 요인 2는차이가통계적으로유의하지않았다. 의사소통능력과청각장애대학생의 QCL의관계청각장애대학생의의사소통능력 ( 듣기능력, 조음능력, 수용어휘능력, 표현어휘능력, 읽기이해능력 ) 의서술통계는 Table 4와같다. 듣기능력의평균은 20.67% 로이는보기가주어지지않고시각적인단서가없이듣기만으로낱말목록을듣고정확히답한수치이다. 조음 음운평가의자음정확도로측정한조음능력의평균은 34.50%, 표준편차 14.20이었다. 수용어휘능력과표현어휘능력은 REVT의원점수로나타냈으며, 각각평균이 , 로 16세이상의백분위 10%ile 미만인수준이었다 (Kim et al., 2009). 읽기이해능력평균은 6.03이고, 표준편차는 3.14였다. 대상자별의사소통능력점수는 Appendix 2에수록하였다. 의사소통능력과 QCL의상관분석결과를보면, 의사소통능력의하위평가영역중듣기능력이 QCL과유의한상관이있는것으로나타났다 (r =.50, p<.01). 의사소통능력의변인간관계는듣기 QCL (socre) Figure 1. Scattering between listening ability and Quality of Communication Life Scale (QCL) of participants with hearing loss. Table 6. Analysis of variance of simple regression analysis with QCL as dependent variable SS df MS F R ² Listening ** 0.25 Residual Total QCL= Quality of Communication Life Scale. **p <.01. Listening (%) Oral language Sign language 능력과조음능력 (r =.56, p<.01), 읽기이해능력과수용어휘능력 (r =.58, p<.01) 및표현어휘능력 (r =.55, p<.01) 이상관이있었고, 수용어휘능력과표현어휘능력 (r =.78, p<.01) 이높은상관이있었다 (Table 5). Figure 1은듣기능력과 QCL 간의산포도로, 듣기능력이 60% 이상인대학생 2명은모두 QCL이 4.50점이상이었으며, 이들은의사소통방법으로구화를사용하는대상자였다. 수화를주로사용하는대상자의듣기능력은 30% 미만이었으나, 이들중 2명은 QCL이 4.0 이상이었다. QCL을종속변수로하고, 청각장애대학생의의사소통능력중에서유의한상관이있는것으로나타난듣기능력을독립변수로단순회귀분석을실시한결과, 듣기능력은예측변수로유의하였으며 (F = 8.32, p<.01), QCL 변화량의 25% 를설명할수있는것으로나타났다 (Table 6). 논의및결론 청각장애인은청각손실로인한제한적인청각정보수용과피드백으로언어발달과의사소통에서어려움을겪고, 정서, 심리, 자아존중감뿐아니라삶의질에도영향을받는다 (Kim & Jeong, 2014)

5 청각장애대학생의의사소통삶의질예측변인 김다혜외 고등교육기관인대학교에재학중인성인청각장애인의경우, 대학생의주관적삶의질은자기효능감, 자기만족도, 대학생활만족도, 친구와의관계만족도의영향을받으며 (Hong, 2011), 이러한변인들을충족시키기위해서청각장애인의의사소통능력은매우중요하다. 본연구는청각장애대학생과건청대학생의의사소통삶의질 (QCL) 을비교하고, 청각장애대학생의의사소통능력중에서의사소통삶의질을예측할수있는변인을알아보는것을목적으로하였다. 이를위해청각장애대학생 27명, 건청대학생 27명을대상으로 QCL을평가하고청각장애대학생의의사소통능력을분석하였다. 청각장애대학생과건청대학생의 QCL을비교한결과, 청각장애대학생의 QCL이건청대학생보다유의하게낮았다. 이는선행연구의결과와일치하는것으로, Jeong 등 (2013) 은대학생또는대학을졸업한청각장애인과지체장애인및일반인을대상으로의사소통삶의질을분석하였다. 연구결과, 청각장애인의 QCL이지체장애인과일반인의 QCL보다유의하게낮았다. Kim과 Jeong (2014) 은초등학생, 중학생, 고등학생을대상으로 QCL을평가한결과, 초등학생, 중학생, 고등학생모두청각장애인의 QCL이건청인의 QCL 보다유의하게낮았다. 선행연구와본연구의결과를종합하면, 청각장애인은아동기때부터성인에이르기까지다른장애군및건청인에비해의사소통삶의질이낮게나타난다는것을알수있다. 의사소통삶의질은전반적인삶의질과도상관이있기때문에 (Choi et al., 2011), 청각장애인의전반적인삶의질향상을증진시키기위해서의사소통삶의질증진을목표로한중재가필요하다. 또한본연구에서 QCL의하위요인중의사소통에대한자신감및자율성, 일상생활참여, 타인과의상호작용은집단간유의한차이가있었으나, 역할및자아는통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 이러한차이는역할및자아문항이다른하위요인의문항보다타인과의의사소통영향을적게받는상황에서의자신의삶을측정할수있는문항으로구성되어있기때문이라고추정된다. 청각장애대학생의의사소통능력 ( 듣기, 조음, 수용어휘, 표현어휘, 읽기이해 ) 과 QCL의관계에서는듣기능력이 QCL과유의한상관이있었고, QCL변화량의 25% 를설명할수있는것으로나타났다. 듣기능력과삶의질과의연관에대한선행연구는다양한결과를보고하고있다. Schorr 등 (2009) 은단어수준의말지각력으로삶의질을예측할수없다고하였으나, Garcia, Jacob과 Mondelli (2016) 는보청기적합 (fitting) 을한후에말지각력이증진되었고, 이것은삶의질과긍정적인상관이있다고보고하였다. 인공와우를통해듣기능력이향상된집단의삶의질은이식전과후에유의하게향상된다는결과들이보고되고있다. 메타분석을통해인공와우전과후의삶의질에관한연구 17편을분석한결과대상자들은 인공와우이식후삶의질이향상되었다고보고하였다 (Mcrackan et al., 2017). 또한, Stacey, Fortnum, Barton과 Summerfield (2006) 는 5세이전의인공와우착용은그이후인공와우착용보다구어의사소통기술과수학능력달성및삶의질증진과상관이있다고하였다. 인공와우를사용한지 6년이상된청소년과부모를대상으로건강관련삶의질을또래건청아동과비교한 Meserole 등 (2014) 의연구에서청각장애청소년본인은전영역에서건청또래와차이가없게스스로를평가하였다. 반면부모는아동에대한수행력과전반적인평가에서또래집단보다낮게평가하였다. 일반적으로고심도난청의경우인공와우는보청기보다듣기에도움을준다. 본연구에서는청각장애의등급에제한을두지않았으므로보청기사용자중에는중고도수준의청력손실로듣기가잘되는대상자도포함되어있었고, 반대로인공와우사용자중에는듣기능력이낮은대상자도있었다. 따라서본연구에서제시한듣기능력은청각보장구의종류에관련없이청각장애인의현재듣기능력의정도를의미한다. 본연구의결과를통해듣기능력과의사소통삶의질의관계를확인하였고, 이는듣기능력의향상이의사소통삶의질에긍정적인영향을줄수있을것으로추정된다. 따라서듣기능력의향상을위해조기진단과조기중재, 적절한청각보장구의사용, 지속적인청력평가와관리, 최적의듣기수준을유지하기위한지속적인기기관리및청각재활을제안한다. 본연구에서듣기능력은청각적인자극만을듣는상황 (auditory only) 을의미한다. 그러나청각장애인중에는청각적인듣기능력이제한적이며중재를통해더이상의향상이어려운사람들이있다. 이러한경우에는입모양이나제스처등의시각적인자극과청각적인자극을함께듣는상황 (auditory visual) 과의사소통상대방까지를포함하는넓은의미의듣기능력에대한중재가도움이될수있을것이다 (Tye-Murray, 2009). 본연구에서조음과어휘능력은 QCL을예측하는유의한변인이아니었다. 그러나이결과를말과언어능력의 QCL과의관계로일반화하는데에는제한점이있다. 먼저 Park (2012) 의연구에따르면, 파킨슨병환자의말명료도가낮을수록의사소통삶의질이낮아지는것으로나타났다. 본연구에서는조음능력을단어수준의자음정확도로측정했으나, 청각장애인의경우말명료도와같이복합적인말산출능력의평가시어려움을겪을수있으므로, 이결과를전반적인말산출능력으로해석하는것에는주의가필요하다. 또한본연구에서는의사소통능력중언어능력에대한지표검사로이해와표현어휘검사를실시하였다. 어휘검사를선택한이유는어휘검사가임상에서언어장애여부를판단하기위해가장많이사용하고있는검사이며, 구문능력과같은다른언어능력의결과를예측 831

6 Da-Hye Kim, et al. QCL of Adult with Hearing Loss 하는지표검사로평가를받기때문이다 (Hoffman, Templin, & Rice, 2012; Rice, Redmond, & Hoffman, 2006). 그러나어휘능력만으로측정한본연구결과가화용이나담화수준의언어능력까지포함한전체언어능력과의사소통삶의질의관계로일반화하는것은한계가있으며, 이는본연구의가장큰제한점으로남는다. REFERENCES Choi, H. Y., Kim, Y. W., Rha, D. W., & Kim, H. H. (2011). The quality of communication life scale-korean version. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 16, Choi, S. K., & Sung, H. K. (2003). The analysis on vocabularies understanding between hearing impaired and hearing children. Journal of Asia-Pacific Special Education, 4, Chung, J. K., & Kang, Y. A. (2004). The analysis on the reality of the quality of life for the disabled college student. Journal of Special Education & Rehabilitation Science, 43, Garcia, T., Jacob, R., & Mondelli, M. (2016). Speech perception and quality of life of open-fit hearing aid users. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 24, Hoffman, L., Templin, J., & Rice, M. L. (2012). Linking outcomes from Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test forms using item response models. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 55, Hong, S. R. (2011). Perceptions of the self-efficacy of youth and subjective quality of life. Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 29, Jeong, S. Y., Im, K. W., & Kim, S. S. (2013). Comparison of the quality of communication life between the physically disabled, the hearing impaired and without disabilities. Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 17, Kang, C. W., & Lee, J. W. (2006). A study on the life satisfaction to improve the quality of life of the elderly with hearing impairment. Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 15, Kim, A. H., Kim, E. J., Hwang, M. A., & Yoo, H. S. (2014). Test of Reading Achievement & Reading Cognitive Processes Ability (RA-RCP). Seoul: Hakjisa. Kim, J. H. (2004). Analysis of educational support programs for students with disabilities. Soonchunhyang University Institute of Humanities, 13, Kim, K. H. (2015). College adjustment of freshmen with hearing impairments and deaf admitted through special admission in 4-year college. Journal of Special Education: Theory and Practice, 16, Kim, K. J. (2004). Investigation on the actual condition of cultural life among college students with hearing impairment. Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 13, Kim, T. G., & Jeong, E. H. (2014). A study on communication-related quality of life for children with hearing impairment. Journal of Special Education: Theory and Practice, 15, Kim, Y. T., Hong, K. H., Kim, K. H., Jang, H. S., & Lee, J. Y.(2009). Receptive & expressive vocabulary test (REVT). Seoul: Seoul Community Rehabilitation Center. Kim, Y. T., Sin, M. J., & Kim, S. J. (2014). Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonology (U-TAP) revised edition. Seoul: Hakjisa. Lee, H. S. (2010). A phenomenological research on the experiences of the deaf in university. Korean Journal of Social Welfare Education, 13, Lee, J. H., Kim, J. S., Jang, H. S., Im, D. H., Lee, K. W., & Kim, H. J. (2010). Korean Speech Audiometry (KSA). Seoul: Hakjisa. Lee, J. S. (2007). The subjective well-being of people with disabilities: a gender comparison to structural equation model of life satisfaction. Korean Journal of Social Welfare, 59, Lee, M. S., & Cho, S. J. (2011). A study on the quality of life (QoL) in hearing impaired students. Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 15, Lee, S. H. (2009). A study on voice related quality of life of student with hearing loss (Master s thesis). Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea. Lee, Y. S., Kim, K. Y., Park, K. S., Son, J. H., & Lee, J. Y. (1998). Quality of life (QOL), life satisfaction, and its determinants of the physically disabled in Daegu city. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 31, Markham, C., & Dean, T. (2006). Parents and professional s perceptions of quality of life in children with speech and language difficulty. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 41, Mcrackan, T. R., Bauschard, M., Hatch, J. L., Franko-Tobin, E., Droghini, H. R., Nguyen, S. A., & Dubno, J. R. (2017). Meta-analysis of quality-of-life improvement after cochlear implantation and associations with speech recognition abilities. Laryngoscope, Meserole, R., Carson, C., Riley, A., Wang, N., Quittner, A., Eisenberg, L., Tobey, E., Francis, H., & Niparko, J. (2014). Assessment of health-related quality of life 6 years after childhood cochlear implantation. Quality of Life Research, 23, Min, S. G. (2002). Development of the Korean version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL). Seoul: Hanauihaksa. Park, J. K., & Lee, M. S. (2001). Contemporary issues in the studies on the quality of life of the people with disabilities. Journal of Special Education & Rehabilitation Science, 40, Park, K. E. (2012). The effect of speech intelligibility of patients with Parkinson s 832

7 청각장애대학생의의사소통삶의질예측변인 김다혜외 disease on quality of communication life (Master s thesis). Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. Park, K. S., Kim, K. O., Song, Y. J., Jeong, D. Y., & Jeong, I. S. (2005). Korea National Institute for Special Education-Basic Academic Achievement Tests (KNISE-BAAT). Seoul: Korea National Institute for Special Education. Paul, D. R., Fratalli, C. M., Holland, M. L., Thompson, C. K., Caperton, C. J., & Salter, S. C. (2004). Quality of communication life scale. Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Rice, M. L., Redmond, S. M., & Hoffman, L. (2006). Mean length of utterance in children with specific language impairment and in younger control children shows concurrent validity and stable and parallel growth trajectories. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 49, Schorr, E. A., Roth, F. P., & Fox, N. A. (2009). Quality of life for children with cochlear implants: perceived benefits and problems and the perception of single words and emotional sounds. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 52, Stacey, P. C., Fortnum, H. M., Barton, G. R., & Summerfield, A. Q. (2006). Hearing-impaired children in the United Kingdom. I: Auditory performance, communication skills, educational achievements, quality of life, and cochlear implantation. Ear and Hearing, 27, Sung, H. J., Choi, E. A., & Yoon, M. S. (2006). Predicting variables of speech intelligibility in adults with hearing impairment: focusing on correct articulation. Phonetics, 61, Traxler, C. B. (2000). The Stanford Achievement Test: national norming and performance standards for deaf and hard-of-hearing students. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 5, Tye-Murray, N. (2009). Foundations of aural rehabilitation: children, adults, and their family members (3rd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar/Cengage Learning. Yoo, J. Y. (2002). A study on the current availability of sign language interpretation service and its satisfaction (Master s thesis). Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea. Yoon, M. S. (2004). Speech rate and pause characteristics of adults with hearing impairment. Communication Sciences and Disorders, 9,

8 Da-Hye Kim, et al. QCL of Adult with Hearing Loss Appendix 1. Factors and questions of QCL (Choi, Kim, Rha, & Kim, 2011) 요인문항의사소통에대한자신감 2. 나는의사소통하는것이쉽다. 및자율성 5. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 학교생활을하는데의사소통이자유롭다. ( 예 : 수업듣기, 발표하기, 질문하기, 선생님의지시따르기, 읽기등 ) 13. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 내스스로결정을내린다. 14. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 의사소통하는데자신이있다. 17. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 내의견을스스로말한다. 역할및자아 3. 다른친구들과비교했을때, 집에서나의역할이똑같다. ( 예 : 자식으로서의역할, 형제 / 자매로서의역할 ) 4. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 내자신이좋다. 10. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 나의일상은즐겁다. 일상생활참여 6. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 친구들이나친척들과연락하며지낸다. 7. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 대화할때사람들이나를대화에끼워준다. 8. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) TV( 뉴스, 운동경기 ) 나영화 ( 줄거리 ) 를이해할수있다. 15. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 외부활동을한다. ( 예 : 스포츠, 외식, 공연관람, 모임등 ) 타인과의상호작용 1. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 사람들과말하는것을좋아한다. 11. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 사람들은내가말하는것을잘이해한다. 12. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 사람들이내말을이해하지못할때, 이해시키려고계속노력한다. 기타 9. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 전화를사용할수있다. 16. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 집안일을돕는다. ( 예 : 장보기, 요리하기, 수리하기등 ) 18. ( 나는의사소통이어렵긴하지만 ) 대체적으로내삶 ( 의질 ) 은좋다 / 행복하다. Appendix 2. Scores of communication abilities of participants ID 듣기 (%) 조음 (%) 수용어휘 표현어휘 읽기이해 H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

9 청각장애대학생의의사소통삶의질예측변인 김다혜외 국문초록 청각장애대학생의의사소통삶의질예측변인 김다혜 1 윤미선 2 1 나사렛대학교재활복지대학원언어치료학전공, 2 나사렛대학교언어치료학과 배경및목적 : 청각장애대학생은의사소통의어려움으로인해대학생활및또래관계형성에어려움이있고, 이는삶의질에부정적인영향을주는것으로알려져있다. 본연구는청각장애대학생과건청대학생의의사소통삶의질을비교하고, 청각장애대학생의의사소통능력중이를예측하는변인을찾는것을목적으로하였다. 방법 : 청각장애대학생 27명, 건청대학생 27명을대상으로의사소통삶의질척도 (Quality of Communication Life Sacle, QCL) 를사용하여의사소통삶의질을측정하고 t-test로집단간평균차를검증하였다. 청각장애대학생의의사소통능력을듣기, 조음, 수용어휘, 표현어휘, 읽기이해로평가하여회귀분석으로의사소통삶의질의예측변인을분석하였다. 결과 : 청각장애대학생의 QCL은건청대학생의 QCL보다유의하게낮았다. 또한청각장애대학생의의사소통능력중에서듣기능력이 QCL을예측하는유의한변인이며, 예측력은 25% 정도인것으로나타났다. 논의및결론 : 청각장애대학생이의사소통과관련하여생각하는자신의삶의질은건청대학생이생각하는것보다낮았다. 의사소통능력중에서는듣기능력이의사소통삶의질을예측하는요인으로나타나, 듣기능력의향상을위한중재가궁극적으로청각장애대학생본인이느끼는삶의질향상에도움을줄수있음을시사한다. 핵심어 : 청각장애대학생, 의사소통삶의질, QCL, 의사소통능력, 듣기능력이논문은제1저자의석사학위논문을수정보완한것임. 참고문헌 강창욱, 이준우 (2006). 청각장애노인의삶의질향상을위한생활만족에관한연구. 언어치료연구, 15, 김경진 (2004). 청각장애대학생의문화실태연구. 언어치료연구, 13, 김경화 (2015). 4년제대학교특수교육대상자특별전형으로입학한청각장애신입생들의대학생활적응에대한조사. 특수교육저널 : 이론과실천, 16, 김애화, 김의정, 황민아, 유현실 (2014). 읽기성취및읽기인지처리능력검사 (RA-RCP). 서울 : 학지사. 김영태, 신문자, 김수진 (2014). 우리말조음음운평가 (U-TAP) 수정 보완판. 서울 : 학지사. 김영태, 홍경훈, 김경희, 장혜성, 이주연 (2009). 수용 표현어휘력검사 (REVT). 서울 : 서울장애인종합복지관. 김진호 (2004). 장애대학생을위한교육지원프로그램분석. 순천향인문과학논총, 13, 김태강, 정은희 (2014). 청각장애아동의배경변인및청각장애아동과건청아동간의의사소통관련삶의질연구. 특수교육저널 : 이론과실천, 15, 민성길 (2002). 한국판세계보건기구삶의질척도지침서. 서울 : 하나의학사. 박경숙, 김계옥, 송영준, 정동영, 정인숙 (2005). 국립특수교육원기초학력검사 (KNISE-BAAT). 서울 : 국립특수교육원. 박경은 (2012). 파킨슨병환자의말명료도가의사소통삶의질에미치는영향. 연세대학교대학원석사학위논문. 박재국, 이미숙 (2001). 장애인의삶의질의연구동향. 특수교육재활과학연구, 40, 성희정, 최은아, 윤미선 (2007). 청각장애성인의말명료도예측요인 : 조음정확도를중심으로. 말소리, 61, 유지영 (2002). 수화통역서비스이용현황및만족도에관한연구. 대구대학교대학원석사학위논문. 윤미선 (2004). 청각장애인과건청인의말속도와쉼특성비교. 언어청각장애연구, 9, 이미숙, 조수진 (2011). 청각장애학생들의삶의질에관한연구. 재활복지, 15,

10 Da-Hye Kim, et al. QCL of Adult with Hearing Loss 이소희 (2009). 음성과관련된청각장애학생의삶의질에관한연구. 대구대학교대학원석사학위논문. 이영숙, 김건엽, 박기수, 손재희, 이종영 (1998). 대구지역재가지체장애인의삶의질및삶의만족도에영향을미치는요인. 대한예방의학회, 31, 이정학, 김진숙, 장현숙, 임덕환, 이경원, 김형종 (2010). 어음청력검사 (KSA). 서울 : 학지사심리검사연구소. 이지수 (2007). 장애인의주관적삶의질 : 삶의만족도구조모형의성별비교. 한국사회복지학, 59, 이혜숙 (2010). 청각장애대학생의삶의경험에관한현상학적연구. 한국사회복지교육, 13, 정소영, 임경원, 김삼섭 (2013). 지체장애인, 청각장애인및일반인의의사소통삶의질의비교. 재활복지, 17, 정재권, 강영애 (2004). 장애대학생의삶의질실태분석. 특수교육재활과학연구, 46, 최성규, 성학기 (2003). 청각장애아동과건청아동의학년별문자이해력비교분석. 특수교육저널 : 이론과실천, 4, 최혜윤, 김용욱, 나동욱, 김향희 (2011). ASHA 의사소통삶의질척도 의한국어판번안 : 청소년용. 언어청각장애연구, 16, 홍성례 (2011). 청년기남녀대학생의자기효능감과주관적삶의질에관한연구. 한국가정관리학회지, 29,

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