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1 대한간호학회지제 39 권제 2 호, 2009 년 4 월 J Korean Acad Nurs Vol.39 No.2, DOI: /jkan 최정실 1 김금순 2 1 건양대학교간호학과전임강사, 2 서울대학교간호대학교수 Application and Evaluation of a Web-based Education Program on Blood-borne Infection Control for Nurses Choi, Jeong Sil 1 Kim, Keum Soon 2 1 Full-time Lecturer, Department of Nursing Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 2 Professor, Department of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Purpose: To develop a web-based program on blood-borne infection control and to examine the effect of the newly developed program on perceived threat of diseases,, preventive health behaviors for blood-borne infections, and incidence rates of accidental needle sticks and other sharp object injuries in nurses. Methods: The program was developed through the processes of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The research design involved a nonequivalent control group for pretest and posttest experiments. The setting was a 745-bed general hospital located in Korea. Results: The program was designed and developed after consulting previous studies. After development of the program was completed, it was evaluated and revised by a panel of experts. The total score for perceived threat of diseases,, preventive health behaviors in the experimental group was significantly higher compared to the control group (p<.05). The incidence rates for needle sticks and other sharp object injuries in the experimental group were significantly lower compared to the control group (p<.05). Conclusion: Application of a Web-based, blood-borne infection control program is effective, and can be expanded to other healthcare workers who also have a high risk of blood-borne infections. Key words: Web, Blood-borne pathogens, Infection control 서론 1. 연구의필요성병원이라는환경은여러종류의병원체가모여있고, 이러한환경에서근무하는의료인들은환자의처치나검사등을통해혈액매개감염에노출될위험이높다. 의료인들이근무중에흔히노출되는혈액매개감염원인균으로는 B형간염, C형간염, 인체면역결핍바이러스가있다 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2001). 혈액매개감염은에이즈환자가사용한주사바늘에간호사가찔려감염된사례가의료인들에게발생한첫사례로, 이사건을계기로의료인들의감염성질병노출의심각성을인지하고본격적인연구들이진행되기시작했으며 (Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, 2005; Kim, 2003) 국내의경우 1990년대부분적으로보고되기시작되어, 2000년대에는 Park 등 (2003) 에의하여다기관을대상으로혈액매개감염노출의실태조사가보고되었다. 혈액매개감염노출사고는주로주사침등날카로운기구에찔린경우와혈액이나체액이점막이나손상된피부에노출시 주요어 : 웹, 혈액매개병원체, 감염관리 * 본논문은박사학위논문의일부를발췌하여수정한내용임. *This study is a part of Ph. D. thesis. Address reprint requests to : Choi, Jeong Sil Department of Nursing Science, Konyang University, 685 Gasuwon-dong, Seo-gu, Daejeon , Korea Tel: Fax: jschoi408@empal.com 투고일 : 2009년 1월 5일심사의뢰일 : 2009년 1월 8일게재확정일 : 2009년 4월 8일 298

2 299 발생하는것으로, 미국의경우 2003년 48 개의료기관을대상으로한 EPINet TM* 자료에따르면전체일평균근무자 7,239명가운데혈액이나체액에노출된경우는 524명, 주사침등날카로운기구에찔린경우는 1,728건이었으며, 주사바늘찔림발생빈도는병원마다 3-23% 로나타났다 (International Health Care Worker Safety Center, 2005). 혈액매개감염에노출되는대상은 Kim (2003) 과 Choi (1998) 의연구에서간호사가가장많았고, 의사, 용역직원, 보조직원, 검사실직원순으로이러한직종분포는국외 EPINet TM* 연구에서도동일하였다. 이는업무의특성상각종검체의채취나검사의보조, 정맥주사, 침습적인처치등을주로수행하는직업적인특성이반영된결과이다 (International Health Care Worker Safety Center, 2005). 또한혈액매개감염관련노출사고가발생하거나사고발생후적절한처치를받지못하는사유가병원감염예방교육이나실제적인자상예방교육을받지못함, 지식부족, 정보의부재, 위험지각을못함을보고하고있다 (Choi, 1998; Kim, 2003). 이에감염에이환될위험이타직종에비해상대적으로높은간호직의경우혈액매개감염의심각성과사전에사고를예방할수있는행위, 혈액매개질환에노출시적절한시기에올바른처치와검사를받는것등에대한정보및지식제공이필요하며, 이를위한교육프로그램개발의필요성이강조되고있다 (CDC, 2001; Zafar et al., 1997). 혈액매개감염에서는지속적인감염예방행위의실천이필요하다. 감염예방행위의실천을위해서는건강에대한태도와신념, 다시말하면건강신념을변화시킬필요가있다. 건강신념은특정질병에대한예방적건강행위와치료행위및각종건강행위에대한중요한예측인자로주목되고있다. 과거경험이나교육에의한학습은개인의건강신념이나감염예방행위를바람직한방향으로수정할수있는중요한요인으로알려져있다 (Kim, 1997; Shin, Shin, Yi, & Ju, 2005). 따라서혈액매개감염노출예방을위한관리프로그램중재방법중교육은단순한지식제공뿐아니라혈액매개성질병노출에대한위험의인지를긍정적이고적극적으로변화시키는데중요한역할을하며 (Ramsey & Glenn, 1996), 이런지식과인지적측면이예방행위를증진시키게되어여러연구자들에의해교육의필요성을제기되고있다 (Ryan, James, & Miller, 1996). 실제로병원에서간호사들을위해실시되는교육프로그램은집단을대상으로하는강의식교육이대부분이다. 그러나교육대상자들은 3교대라는특수한근무시간과부서별특성, 거주지등의문제로인하여원하는교육을받을수없다는어려움을겪 고있으며, 교육을제공하는쪽에서도효율성이떨어지게되어간호사들의학습에대한욕구를충족시키지못하고, 질적인교육도이루어지지못하고있다 (Hege, Radon, Dugas, Scharrer, & Nowak 2003). 또한실제병원에서직원들의감염을관리하는감염관리간호사의경우그수가 1-2명에그치고있어, 혈액매개감염사고가야간이나공휴일에발생시신속한처리나정보를얻을수있는핫라인이부재한실정이다 (Tina, 2004). 혈액매개감염은신속한처치와적절한검사를받아야하는신속성과지속적인교육으로사고로부터의위험성을지각해야한다. 또한적절한예방행위를이행하기위한연속적인교육이필요하며, 정보제공과지식제공및상담이가능하다는측면에서웹기반의교육시스템을적용하는것이바람직하다. 특히혈액매개감염사고는노출된직후에교육요구가가장크기때문에웹을이용한교육이효과적이라고보고되고있다 (Tina, 2004). 따라서본연구에서는대상자의특성과교육의효과를고려하여혈액매개감염관리프로그램을웹기반으로개발하고, 그효과를건강신념모델의구성요소를토대로평가하고자하였다. 2. 연구목적본연구의목적은혈액매개감염노출의위험이높은간호사를위한웹기반혈액매개감염관리프로그램을개발하여적용함으로써, 위험지각과지식을증가시키고, 올바른감염예방행위를향상시킴으로써혈액매개감염사고발생률을감소시키고자함이다. 이를위한구체적인목적은다음과같다. 첫째, 간호사를위한웹기반혈액매개감염관리프로그램을개발한다. 둘째, 웹기반혈액매개감염관리프로그램의효과를규명한다. 혈액매개감염관리프로그램이혈액매개감염관련위험지각에미치는영향을규명한다. 혈액매개감염관리프로그램이혈액매개감염관련지식에미치는영향을규명한다. 혈액매개감염관리프로그램이혈액매개감염예방행위에미치는영향을규명한다. 혈액매개감염관리프로그램이주사침찔림및자상사고의발생률에미치는영향을규명한다. 3. 연구가설제1가설 : 웹기반혈액매개감염관리프로그램을교육받은실험군은대조군보다혈액매개감염관련위험지각수준이높을것

3 300 최정실 김금순 이다. 제2가설 : 웹기반혈액매개감염관리프로그램을교육받은실험군은대조군보다혈액매개감염관련지식수준이높을것이다. 제3가설 : 웹기반혈액매개감염관리프로그램을교육받은실험군은대조군보다혈액매개감염예방행위가높을것이다. 제4가설 : 웹기반혈액매개감염관리프로그램을교육받은실험군은대조군보다주사침찔림및자상사고의발생률이낮을것이다. 4. 용어정의 1) 혈액매개감염혈액매개감염이란인간의혈액내에있는병원균에의해발생하는질병이다. 본연구에서혈액매개감염은 B형간염, C형간염, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 감염, 매독만을포함하며, 손상된피부나점막에묻거나튀어서혹은주사바늘이나칼날등날카로운기구에찔리거나베임으로인해다른사람의조직내로침투하여전파되는질병을의미한다 (CDC, 2001). 2) 혈액매개감염관련위험지각위험지각은질병에감염될가능성에대한주관적인느낌으로, 건강신념모델의위험지각구성요소는지각된민감성 (perceived susceptibility), 지각된심각성 (perceived severity), 지각된유익성 (perceived benefit), 지각된장애성 (perceived barrier) 이다 (Becker, Janz, Band, Synder, & Gaynes, 1990). 본연구에서는혈액을다루는행위시혈액에노출될가능성과혈액에노출될경우혈액매개성질병에감염될가능성에대한주관적인느낌으로, Kim (2003) 과 Kim (1997) 에의해개발된위험지각척도를수정보완하여측정한점수로, 점수가높을수록위험지각이높음을의미한다. 3) 혈액매개감염관련지식혈액매개감염관련지식은혈액매개감염노출사고예방법, 노출시감염예방법과감염가능성에대한지식이다. 본연구에서는 Choi (1998) 와 Kim (2003) 에의해개발된지식척도를수정보완하여연구자가개발하여측정된점수로, 점수가높을수록지식이높음을의미한다. 4) 혈액매개감염예방행위혈액매개감염예방행위는사고노출과감염예방을위해지켜야할행위수행정도이다. 본연구에서는 Kim (2003) 과 Kim, Kim, Chung과 Kim (1999) 에의해개발된예방행위척도항목을수정보완하여측정한점수로, 점수가높을수록감염예방행위수준이높은것을의미한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계연구설계는유사실험연구로비동등성대조군전후시차설계를적용하였다. 실험군은혈액매개감염관리프로그램적용직전과적용직후에위험지각, 지식과예방행위가측정되었고, 감염사고발생률은교육직후 8주동안측정하였다 (Kim, 1997; Kim, 2003). 2. 연구대상경기도내 1개종합병원에 3교대근무를하고있는간호사를대상으로본연구의목적을듣고, 본연구에참여키로동의한경우로채택하였다. 임상경력 5년이하, 혈액이나체액을직접다루거나노출위험이있는부서에근무하면서, 최근 3개월이내혈액매개감염관리교육을이수하지않고, 원할때인터넷접근이가능한경우로대조군 110명, 실험군 110명의초기자료를수집하였다. 실험군과대조군의선정은문헌고찰과전년도감염사고발생보고서를참조하여혈액매개위험이높은부서인일반병동, 수술실 & 회복실, 중환자실, 응급실에근무하는자로부서별, 경력별로선정하여대상자를무작위배정하였다. 실험군 110명중 2회의설문에모두응하고, 프로그램을이수한경우총 85명으로사직 5명, 분만휴가 4명, 프로그램미이수 10명, 설문지무응답 6명은제외되어탈락률은 22.7% 였고, 대조군의경우 110명중사직 2명, 분만휴가 1명, 1회설문무응답 9명, 2회설문무응답 6명을제외하여총 92명이대상자로선정되어탈락률은 16.4% 였다. 인터넷이연결된컴퓨터를 3대이상보유하고있는병동을선정하여개인용컴퓨터소지여부와무관하게웹기반교육을받을수있는조건을동일하게조절하였다. 3. 연구도구 1) 혈액매개감염관련위험지각위험지각측정도구는 Kim (1997) 이건강신념모델을적용하여 AIDS예방의건강신념을측정한도구인지각된유익성 6문항, 지각된민감성 17문항, 지각된심각성 7문항, 지각된장애성 7

4 301 문항으로구성된측정도구 (Cronbach s α= ) 와 Kim (2003) 이의료종사자를대상으로한위험지각측정도구 6문항 (Cronbach s α=.91) 을참고하였다. 지각된심각성에서특정질환및증상에대한 8문항과지각된유익성 1문항, 지각된심각성 2문항, 지각된장애성 2문항은질환중심문항으로제외하였으며, 간호사를대상으로한혈액매개감염에대한내용으로수정보완하였다. Kim (2003) 의위험지각측정도구의 6문항중 2 문항이지각된민감성에서혈액에노출될위험성으로변경하여사용되었다. 도구의신뢰도는지각된유익성 5문항 Cronbach s α=.87, 지각된민감성 9문항 Cronbach s α=.81, 지각된심각성 5문항 Cronbach s α=.93으로점수가높을수록위험지각이높은것이다. 지각된장애성은 5문항 Cronbach s α=.85로점수가낮을수록위험지각이높음을의미한다. 2) 혈액매개감염관련지식혈액매개감염관련지식측정도구는의료종사자의혈액매개감염관련지식을측정한도구로 Kim (2003) 이개발한노출예방행위 3문항, 감염가능성 3문항, 투약 2문항총 8문항 (Cronbach s α=.77) 과 Choi (1998) 가개발한표준주의지침관련지식 9문항을수정보완하여혈액매개감염의위험 4문항, 노출후처지방법 6문항, 주사침통사용방법 1문항, 검사및진단 2 Program analysis Program design Program development Establishing learning content and objectives Analyzing needs Analyzing learners Analyzing environment Examining related factors Establishing learning strategy Designing program structure Designing interaction Designing screen and evaluation tool Storyboard production Composing multimedia content Creating evaluation tools Producing manual Constructing DB on Web documents Construction Web server Evaluation by expert panel & supplement 문항으로총 13 문항으로구성되었다. 문항은정답 1점, 오답 0 점으로최소 0점에서최대 13점까지이다. 본연구에서는감염관리교수 1명, 감염관리전문간호사 3명, 감염내과의사 1명을대상으로조사한도구의내용타당도계수 (CVI) 는 0.94였다. 3) 혈액매개감염예방행위혈액매개감염노출사고와감염예방을위해지켜야할행위수행의정도로서, Kim 등 (1999) 이간호대생의혈액매개질환예방지침의수행도구로사용한문항중표준주의지침관련 2문항과 Kim (2003) 이의료종사자의감염예방행위측정도구로개발한 6문항 (Cronbach s α=.78) 으로혈액감염예방행위전관련 2문항, 노출후주사바늘처리관련 4문항으로된척도를수정보완하여연구자가개발하였다. 주사바늘사용관련 6문항, 혈액감염노출사고후처치 3문항, 표준주의지침준수 2문항으로총 11문항으로 4점척도로구성되었다. 본연구에서의신뢰도는 Cronbach s α=.71이었다. 4. 연구진행절차프로그램개발은웹기반개발절차중많이사용되고있는 Kim (2001) 이제시한 Instructional Systems Design (ISD) 모형에따라분석, 설계, 개발, 실행과평가의방법으로 2006년 4월 1 일부터 6월 30 일 (3개월) 까지개발되었다 (Figure 1). 개발된사이트는 bloodinfection.org이었다 (Figure 2). 1) 프로그램개발 (1) 분석혈액매개감염관리프로그램의분석은문헌고찰과기존에개발되어진미국의웹사이트, 혈액매개감염정보입력및데이터관리시스템인 EPINet TM* 프로그램을참고하였다. 프로그램의내용은혈액매개감염의특성, 혈액매개감염발생현황, 혈액매개감염예방법, 혈액노출사고당시처리방법, 혈액매개사고후처리및관리방법, 새로운지침과제품소개, 기타사항으로일곱 Program implementation Demonstration of the program Education of user on the program use Modification and operation of the program Monitoring learning process Program evaluation Evaluation of user s satisfaction Evaluation of the program usability Figure 1. Process of program development. Figure 2. Screen for information system login & example of a screen for education and training.

5 302 최정실 김금순 개의주제목록을정하고, 각주제마다해당되는내용을검토하였다 (CDC, 2001; CDC, 2003; Kim, 1997). (2) 설계프로그램의이야기전개도구조설계의경우첫접속화면아래주화면 (main screen) 이뜨며, 주화면이열리면프로그램의목적과학습방법을애니메이션으로제작된감염관리전문간호사가음성으로프로그램을소개하여학습목적과방법을명확히인식되도록하였다. 메인화면에는학습내용, 질문과답, 공지사항, 관련사이트, 감염노출발생보고아이콘으로구성하였고, 모든학습내용이끝나면최종이행도평가가이루어지도록하였다. 각학습과정이수여부는학습프로그램진행시아이콘으로확인이가능하며순차적으로프로그램을이수하도록하며, 이수된내용은각주제별로비순차적으로도재학습이가능하도록설계되었다 (Figure 3). 특히혈액매개감염사고당시처리방법은동영상을사용하여즉각적인처치나방법을강조하였으며, 화면에처음접속시회원유무에상관없이신속히보고할수있도록첫메인화면과학습프 로그램사이에다시한번아이콘을삽입하였으며, 사고발생시처치방법을애니메이션을이용한음성으로안내하도록설계되었다. 표준주의지침, 주사침사용방법과주사침통사용방법은사진으로제시하였고, 특히표준주의지침에서가장중요한손씻기는동영상으로제작되도록하였다. (3) 개발작성된이야기전개도에따라 HTML을사용하여웹상에혈액매개감염관리프로그램을구현하였다. 프로그램개발은 Edit- Puls 2.1, Macromedia Flash MX, Adobe Photoshop CS와 Pinnacle liquid adition V6를사용하였다. 2) 프로그램적합성평가개발된프로그램은전문가들로부터평가받아그내용을수정보완하였다. 전문가들은경력 5년이상의감염관리전문간호사 3인과, 감염관리전공교수 1인, 감염내과전문의 1인총 5명으로감염관리교육프로그램을평가하였다 (Jung, 2008; Kim, 2003). 프로그램에대한평가조사도구는 Doll과 Torkzadeh (1988) 가 Introduction Main screen Membership join Introduction Accident report Education Bulletin board Related sites Q & A Condition of the study course Pre-test Epidemiology of blood-borne infections Pre-test Statistical data of blood-borne infections Pre-test Practice of just-in-time exposure to blood-borne infections Pre-test Practice of post-exposure Pre-test Prevention New device Accident report link Post-test Post-test Post-test Post-test Post-test Post-test practice Figure 3. Structural drawing of the web-based infection control program.

6 303 개발하고 Ahn (1999) 이수정 보완한도구를사용하였다. 시스템만족도도구는시스템의효율성, 시스템의편리성, 디자인, 정보의적합성, 정보의유용성으로총 17 문항 4점척도로점수가높을수록만족도가높은것을나타낸다. 전문가들의평균연령은 36.2세, 임상경력은평균 15.0년, 감염관리실무경력은평균 9.0년이었다. 5인전문가중박사는 3 명 (60.0%), 석사는 2명 (40.0%) 이었다. 혈액매개감염관리프로그램의전체적인평가는 4점만점에 3.86점이었으며, 평가영역별로시스템효율성 3.70점, 시스템편리성 3.20점, 디자인 3.20 점, 정보의적합성 3.90점, 정보의유용성 3.80점이었다. 정보의적합성이가장점수가높았고, 세부사항으로 정보의내용이정확하다, 제공되는정보가믿을수있다, 제공되는정보가최신의것이다 가각각 4.00으로높았으며, 운영자의연락처가명시되어있다 항목이 2.80점으로가장점수가낮았다. 3) 실험처치실험군에게는교육참가전대상자의일반적인자료에대한설문을조사한후연구자가개발한프로그램사용법에대하여매뉴얼을통한교육을실시하였다. 홈페이지의주소와프로그램에들어가는방법, 교육내용방법및전자메일을통한상담방법에대한사용자지침을함께제공하였다. 실험군의경우혈액매개감염관리프로그램을완성후 Pilot 연구를사전에수행하여임상경력 5년이하의 10인의간호사를대상으로전체웹사이트를방문하게하여모든내용을검토시소요되는시간을예비조사하였다. 평균소요시간은 93.0±22.1분으로최소 60분에서최대 120분이소요되었고, 평균접속횟수는 1.9±0.7회로이수기간이 1주일이내 8명, 2주이내 2명으로조사되었다. 사전조사결과를토대로실험군은 1회 30분간주 1회이상접속하여 3주간적용함으로서총 90 분을학습하도록하였다. 교육의이수는근무중점심시간이나집에있는개인용컴퓨터를사용하도록하였고, 근무증혈액매개감염노출사고가발생시수시로웹사이트에접속하여원하는정보를추가로얻거나웹상에서보고서를작성하여출력후처치를받을수있도록하였다. 접속의확인은방문횟수와접속시간으로표시되며, 이외에도근무중혈액매개감염노출사고를경험시필요하면웹사이트에접속하여필요한정보를확인하도록하였다. 대조군은임상경력 5년이하, 혈액이나체액을직접다루거나노출위험이있는부서에근무하면서, 최근 3개월이내혈액매개감염관리교육을이수하지않은간호사로선정하였다. 대조군과실험군의확산을차단하기위하여전후시차설계를이용하여, 대조군의연구가종료된후실험군의처치가진행되었다. 4) 자료수집연구의시기를 2006년 5월부터 9월까지로감염사고가빈번히발생하는 3월은조사연구기간에서제외하였다. 자료수집은해당병동수간호사를통하여대상자에게설문지를주어기록하게하였다. 실험군의사전조사는대상자를선정한후프로그램시작 1주전에일반적인특성, 위험지각, 감염예방행위를측정하였고, 혈액매개감염노출사고발생률은프로그램이수직후부터 2달간사고건을조사하였다. 3주간프로그램이수중웹을통하여혈액매개감염관련지식이사전평가, 이수, 사후평가형식으로소주제별로진행되었고, 모든프로그램을이수한후웹으로감염예방행위가평가되었다. 위험지각은프로그램이수직후평가되었으며, 프로그램이수후 2달간의혈액매개감염노출사고발생률이조사되었다. 노출사고는대상자가발생즉시웹을이용하여보고서나전화로신고하였다. 대상자들에게는프로그램이수전휴대폰을이용한문자와이메일로이수시작을안내하였고, 1주경과시점에 1회의격려문자를발송하였다. 대조군은사전조사사후조사모두설문으로자료가수집되었다. 실험군은모든프로그램을이수후프로그램에대한만족도를설문으로조사하였다. 5) 윤리적인고려연구대상간호사들에게는연구자가직접설문조사의목적과참여방법을설명한후구두동의를구했으며, 참여여부는대상자의자율적인의지에따르는것임을명시하였다. 설문조사의전과정에서무기명을유지하고모든개인적자료는외부에노출되지않도록하였으며설문지를배포하기전관련부서의승인을받았다. 설문조사의중단은대상자가결정할수있었으며불성실한답변자에게답변을강요하지않았다. 5. 자료분석방법수집한자료는 SPSS WIN 11.0 프로그램을이용하여통계처리하였고, 유의성은유의수준 0.05를기준으로하였다. 대상자의일반적특성중일반적인사항, 전문가평가, 실험군의주관적평가는빈도, 백분율, 평균과표준편차로분석하였다. 혈액매개감염관련지식측정도구의내용타당도는내용타당도점수 (CVI) 로측정하였고, 혈액매개감염관련위험지각, 혈액매개감염예방행위측정도구들의신뢰도는 Cronbach s α로검증하였다. 실험군과대조군간의동질성과프로그램적용효과는 t- test와 2 test로검증하였다.

7 304 최정실 김금순 연구결과 1. 실험군과대조군의동질성검증 1) 일반적특성및인터넷사용관련동질성검증실험군과대조군의일반적특성과이에따른두그룹의동질성검정결과모두동일한것으로나타났다. 대상자의평균연령은실험군이 24.7세, 대조군이 25.4세이었으며, 부서에서혈액이나체액을다룬다고응답한경우실험군이 81명 (95.35%), 대조군이 85명 (92.4%) 으로통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 근무부서는실험군과대조군모두일반병실, 중환자실, 수술실및회복실, 응급실에통계적으로유의한차이가없이배치되었고, 경력의경우실험군 2.3년, 대조군 2.5년으로통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 실험군과대조군의인터넷사용관련변수와이에따른두그룹의동질성검정결과모두동일한것으로나타났다. 웹기반인터넷프로그램을이수하기위한환경조사결과컴퓨터소유여부및인터넷사용경험, 사용기간, 사용횟수, 1일사용시간, 컴퓨터이용장소는실험군과대조군이통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 컴퓨터를이용한웹기반교육경험의경우실험군과대조군이통계적으로유의한차이가없이동질한것으로판명되었다 (Table 1). 2) 위험지각, 행위, 지식과자상사고발생률동질성검증실험군과대조군의종속변수인혈액매개감염관련위험지각, 혈액매개감염예방행위, 혈액매개감염관련지식, 주사침찔림및날카로운기구에찔리는자상사고발생률의경우를각각살펴보면혈액매개감염관련위험지각에서는하부영역인지각된유익성, 지각된민감성, 지각된심각성, 지각된장애성모두통계적으로유의한차이가없었고, 위험지각의총점수도실험군 점, 대조군 86.11점으로통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 혈액매개감염예방행위의경우주사기와주사침통사용영역, 사고후처리영역, 표준주의지침 3가지영역모두통계적으로유의한차이가없었고, 총점수도실험군 33.6점, 대조군 점으로통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 혈액매개감염관련지식의경우혈액노출위험, 노출후적절한처치, 주사침자상사고예방, 감염진단영역모두통계적으로유의한차이가없었고, 총점수도실험군 6.36점, 대조군 6.39 점으로통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 주사침찔림및자상사고발생률은 2달동안간호사 100명당발생률을조사한것으로실험군 42.4, 대조군 53.3으로통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 4개의종속변수는모두실험군과대조군이동질한것으로판명되었다 (Table 1). 2. 가설검증 1) 제1 가설 웹기반혈액매개질환감염관리프로그램을교육받은실험군이대조군보다혈액매개감염관련위험지각수준이높을것이다 가설검증결과총위험지각점수 (t=3.186, p=.002), 지각된유익성 (t=4.142, p<.001), 지각된심각성 (t=6.675, p<.001), 지각된장애성 (t=-2.367, p=.019) 은지지된반면, 지각된민감성 (t= 1.848, p=.066) 은기각되었다 (Table 2). 2) 제2 가설 웹기반혈액매개질환감염관리프로그램을교육받은실험군이대조군보다혈액매개감염관련지식수준이높을것이다 가설검증결과총혈액매개감염관련지식점수 (t=11.344, p<.001), 혈액노출위험영역 (t=7.624, p<.001), 노출후적절한처치영역 (t=8.701, p<.001), 주사침자상사고예방영역 (t=4.626, p<.001), 감염진단영역 (t=6.889, p<.001) 은지지되었다 (Table 2). 3) 제3 가설 웹기반혈액매개질환감염관리프로그램을교육받은실험군이대조군보다혈액매개감염예방행위가높을것이다 가설검증결과총감염예방행위점수 (t=3.901, p<.001), 주사기와주사침통사용영역 (t=2.219, p=.028), 사고후처리영역 (t=3.865, p<.001), 표준주의지침준수영역 (t=3.150, p=.002) 은지지되었다 (Table 2). 4) 제4 가설 웹기반혈액매개질환감염관리프로그램을교육받은실험군이대조군보다주사침찔림및자상사고의발생률이낮을것이다 가설검증결과주사침찔림및자상사고발생률 ( 2 =9.046, p=.002) 은지지되었다 (Table 2). 3. 프로그램과정평가 1) 실험군의프로그램사용만족도평가혈액매개감염관리프로그램을사용후실험군의만족도를분석한결과 4점만점에총평균 3.40점으로전반적으로높은점수를보였으며이중 사용후혈액매개감염의심각성을인식하게되었다 가 3.53점으로가장높은점수를나타내었고, 다

8 305 음으로는 다른간호사들에게권하겠다 가 3.45점으로만족도가높았다. 반면 쉽게이해가되었다 가 3.27점으로가장낮은 점수를나타내었다. Table 1. Homogeneity Test of General Characteristics, Variables related to Internet Use and Dependent Variables Characteristics & dependent variables Cont (n=92) Exp (n=85) Category n (%) or n (%) or Mean±SD Mean±SD *Incidence rate=no. of needle and other sharp object injuries/no. of nurse 100 (2 months). ICU=intensive care unit; OR & REC=operation room & recovery room; Cont=control group; Exp=experimental group. 2 or t p Service General ward 51 (55.4) 50 (58.8) ICU 19 (20.7) 17 (20.0) OR & REC 14 (15.2) 12 (14.1) Emergency center 8 (7.1) 6 (7.1) Carrier (yr) 2.5± ± Age (yr) 25.4± ± Blood or body Yes 85 (92.4) 81 (95.3) fluid management No 7 (7.6) 4 (4.7) Do you have a Yes 81 (88.0) 79 (92.9) computer in home? No 11 (12.0) 6 (7.1) Past experience with Yes 95 (100.0) 85 (100.0) internet use No 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Length of <1 3 (3.3) 1 (1.2) internet use (5.4) 3 (3.5) (yr) 3 84 (91.3) 81 (95.3) Frequency of 1 time (/day) 43 (46.7) 44 (51.8) internet use 1 time (/week) 14 (15.2) 14 (16.5) Sometimes 35 (38.0) 27 (31.8) Hours for internet <1 50 (54.3) 44 (51.8) usage per day (40.2) 39 (45.9) 3 5 (5.4) 2 (2.4) Place of internet Home 62 (67.4) 64 (75.3) usage Work place 2 (2.2) 1 (1.2) Various places 28 (30.4) 20 (23.5) Past experience of Yes 57 (62.0) 46 (54.1) computer assisted No 35 (38.0) 39 (45.9) education Perceived threat Perceived benefit 20.88± ± of disease Perceived susceptibility 34.01± ± Perceived severity 23.09± ± Perceived barrier 16.87± ± Total 86.11± ± Knowledge about Risk of blood exposure 3.21± ± blood-borne Reasonable practice after exposure 1.89± ± infections Needle stick injury prevention 0.70± ± Diagnosis of infection 0.40± ± Total 6.39± ± Preventive health Needle & needle box handling 19.43± ± behaviors against Post-exposure practice 8.53± ± blood-borne infections Standard precaution 5.20± ± Total 33.16± ± Needle stick and other Needle stick injury 36 (73.5) 23 (63.9) sharp object injuries Other sharp object injuries 13 (26.5) 13 (36.1) Total 49 (100.0) 36 (100.0) Incidence rate*

9 306 최정실 김금순 Table 2. Comparison of the Dependent Variables between Control and Experimental Group after Web-based Education Cont (n=92) Exp (n=85) Variables Category Mean±SD Mean±SD or n (%) or n (%) 2 or t p Perceived threat Perceived benefit 20.36± ± <.001 of diseases Perceived susceptibility 33.68± ± Perceived severity 21.10± ± <.001 Perceived barrier 17.87± ± Total 82.27± ± Knowledge Risk of blood exposure 3.14± ± <.001 Reasonable practice after exposure 2.56± ± <.001 Needle stick injury prevention 0.64± ± <.001 Diagnosis of infection 0.80± ± <.001 Total 6.95± ± <.001 Preventive health Needle & needle box handling 19.27± ± behaviors Post-exposure practice 8.67± ± <.001 Standard precaution 5.25± ± Total 33.20± ± <.001 Needle stick and other Needle stick injury 40 (78.4) 21 (75.0) sharp object injuries Other sharp object injuries 11 (21.6) 7 (25.0) Total 51 (100.0) 28 (100.0) Incidence rate* *Incidence rate=no. of needle and other sharp object injuries/no. of nurse 100 (2 months). Cont=control group; Exp=experimental group. 2) 프로그램접속빈도및이용시간프로그램참여 3주간실험군의접속횟수의범위는 1-11회까지다양하였으며, 평균접속횟수는 3.03회였다. 1-3회접속이 70.1% 로가장많았다. 접속시간은 log in과 log out을정확히입력한 41명의대상자가조사되었으며평균 76.16분접속하였다. 논의본연구는혈액매개감염발생위험이높은간호사를대상으로혈액노출사고예방을위한웹기반프로그램을개발하고그효과를평가한것으로, 프로그램개발및적용과프로그램효과면에서논의하고자한다. 1. 프로그램개발및적용본프로그램의개발은 ISD 모델에따라분석, 설계, 개발, 실행과평가순서로개발되었으며, 기존의연구들에서도개발순서나표현방법의차이는있지만동일한방법들이적용되었다 (Kim, 2001; Radon et al., 2006; Tina, 2004). 프로그램의구성시기존웹기반교육프로그램의스토리보 드를참조하여학습자와내용의상호작용을위하여사전테스트-내용교육-사후테스트형식을적용하였으며, 학습자와교수자의상호작용을위한게시판, 질문과답을만들어프로그램구성의학습방식상효율성을높이고자하였다. 기존연구와동일하게본연구에서도이러한구성방식이흥미롭다고평가되었다 (Hege, Radon, Dugas, Scharrer, & Nowak, 2003). 첫메인화면이열리면애니메이션으로제작된감염관리전문가가음성으로프로그램의목적과진행방법을알려줌으로써학습목적을명확히인식할수있게하였으며, Tina (2004) 에의한주사침찔림사고를위한웹기반교육프로그램의적용사례와같이사고발생시즉시프로그램에접속하여필요한정보나보고서를작성할수있게교육내용중에도아이콘으로이동하여신속히보고가이루어질수있도록화면을배치하였다 (Tina, 2004). 본프로그램에대한평가는정보의적합성이가장만족도가높았고, 디자인에서점수가가장낮은것으로나타났다. 이는전문디자이너가없이프로그램을구성하면서타웹기반교육프로그램과비교시점수가낮게평가되었다고생각된다. 그러나정보의내용이나적합성, 구성면에서높은평가를받은것은혈액매개감염관리교육측면에서그필요성이증대되면서나타난결과라평가되며차후타영역의직원감염교육프로그램의

10 307 개발도고려되어야할것을제시하였다. 본연구에서는프로그램이수시간을조사할수있도록관리자프로그램을개발하여대상자들의평균프로그램이수시간을조사하여평가할수있었다. Jung (2008) 과 Kim (2003) 의연구에서프로그램적용빈도만조사되고, 기술상의이유로프로그램의적용시간은조사되지못한것을수정보완한것으로대상자들의프로그램이수여부를검토하는데에도효과적으로사용할수있었다. 프로그램적용시실제평균접속횟수는 3.03회, 평균접속시간은 76.16분으로사전조사에서결정된 90분보다 13.84분이부족하였고, 접속횟수는 3회로적절하였다. 이는비록사전조사를실시하였지만대상자들이다양하고개개인이학습능력차이로인하여나타난결과라고생각되며, 추후접속시간에따른적용효과에대한연구의필요성을제시하고있다. 2. 프로그램효과평가본프로그램의적용은혈액감염관련위험지각을높이는데효과적이었다. 이는프로그램의구성과내용이혈액매개감염의위험을인식시키도록하였고, 특히웹화면구성상도표나그림등을삽입하고사례를질문형식으로제시하여위험지각을효과적으로향상시킨결과라고여겨진다. 또한프로그램구성을 B형간염, C형간염, HIV, VDRL로감염원별로구분하여감염전파의위험, 노출시이환율, 감염예방정도를명시함으로써의료진의경우 HIV에대하여만위험지각이높았던 Hentgen, Jaureguiberry, Ramiliarisoa, Andrianantoandro와 Belec (2002) 의연구에비하여전체위험지각수준을효과적으로높일수있었다고생각된다. 프로그램중재를통한위험지각의변화를조사한다른연구에서는의료진들에게혈액매개감염관련강의식교육및소집단교육을실시하고병원정책, 의사소통향상을함께적용후위험지각을조사한결과통계적으로유의한위험지각의증가를나타내었다. 본연구에서는단일한웹기반중재만을적용시켰고, 웹기반교육도혈액매개감염의위험지각을향상시킬수있다는연구결과를보여주었다 (Davidson & Gillies, 1993; Hentgen, Jaureguiberry, Ramiliarisoa, Andrianantoandro, & Belec, 2002; Honghong, Kristopher, Guoping, Jane, & Williams, 2003). 본프로그램은혈액매개감염지식을높이는데효과적이었다. 이는웹기반교육으로지식의변화를측정하는기존연구와같이비디오와오디오를이용한효과적인다매체교육이실시되고, 근무시간으로인하여교육받을시간이일정하지못한간호사들이원하는시간에원하는장소에서교육을받을수있었다 는것이기존의연구에서처럼웹기반교육의장점으로인한결과라고생각된다 (Agius & Bagnall, 1998; Radon et al., 2006; Tina, 2004). 또한프로그램구성상지식수준을향상하기위한사전조사-프로그램이수-사후조사의형식을적용하여, 대상자가스스로틀린부분을확인할수있었다는점도지식수준향상에기여하였다고보여진다. 이밖에도간접적으로대상자들이평균 25세미만으로인터넷사용이용이한신세대라는점, 대상자의 92.9% 가컴퓨터를직접보유하고있고, 하루에 1번이상인터넷에접속이 51.8% 로웹기반교육을이수받기에적절한환경이지지되어져있었다는점도지식수준의향상에긍정적인영향을미쳤다고생각된다. 본프로그램은혈액매개감염예방행위를높이는데효과적이었다. 이는웹기반으로건강증진프로그램을적용하여행위변화를측정한기존연구와일치함을보여주고있다 (Davidson & Gillies, 1993; Hentgen, Jaureguiberry, Ramiliarisoa, Andrianantoandro, & Belec, 2002). 인터넷을이용하여적용하기가용이하고, 반복교육, 사고발생당시적절한시간의교육으로근무시간이일정치않은대상자에게행위변화를유도할수있는효과적인교육방법으로인한결과라고여겨진다. 예방행위별로프로그램의효과를보면본연구에서프로그램을적용한실험군의표준주의지침준수율은장갑, 마스크, 가운등보호장비의착용률이 75% 로유의하게증가하였다. 그러나아무런중재없이의료진들의보호장비의착용수준을조사한연구에의하면 % 로본연구결과보다착용률이낮았다 (Gaston, Hermine, & Christian, 1998; Lunding, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 1998; Ryan, Jones, & Miller, 1996). 주사기나주사침통사용은본연구에서프로그램을적용한경우 84% 가적절히지침을이행하고있었으나주사바늘을주사침통에버리지않거나, 주사바늘을구부리거나자르고, 주사기의뚜껑을씌워버리고, 주사침통의경우가득찰때까지사용하는등 30-50% 만적절히지침을이행하고있었다. 이는웹기반교육프로그램을개발하여이행도를평가한연구에서도응급처치와치매환자돌보기의이행도가유의하게증가하여웹을통한교육이지식뿐아니라이행도증가에도효과적이라는기존연구결과와일치함을보여주고있다 (Hentgen, Jaureguiberry, Ramiliarisoa, Andrianantoandro, & Belec, 2002; Kim, 2001). 웹을이용한교육방법외에혈액매개감염예방행위를증진시키기위한기타방법에는뱃지제작, 포스터제작과같은홍보물을공모하고, 제작하여이용하는방법등이있다. 그러나본연구에서는웹기반교육프로그램만을적용하는것이기타다른중재방법을병용하는것과동일하게이행도를변화시키는데효과적인방법

11 308 최정실 김금순 이였다. 또환비용효과적인면을고려하여, 다수의대상자들에게반복적으로교육이가능하다는것이본프로그램의장점으로생각되었다 (Zafar et al., 1997). 본프로그램은주사침찔림및자상사고발생률을낮추는데효과적이었다. 이는프로그램적용을통하여혈액매개감염관련위험지각과지식, 감염예방행위를증가시키고, 이러한각요소의향상을통하여궁극적으로감염사고의발생률을감소시켰다고생각된다. 본연구에서프로그램을적용한실험군의주사침찔림및자상사고를 1년간 100개침상당발생건수로보정한값은 10건으로, Jennifer, Marc, Nicholas와 Lars (2005) 에의해조사된 8편의연구결과인 13-46건의발생보다적어병원의규모를보정한수치에서도프로그램의효과를보여주었다. 이상과같은결과는건강신념모델을바탕으로웹기반프로그램을적용하여중재요인인변수중학습에영향을주는지식적인측면과위험지각의구성요소인지각된민감성, 지각된심각성, 지각된유익성, 지각된장애성을변화시키고, 건강행위의변화를유도한 Kim (1997) 의연구결과와동일하였으며, 본연구에서는주사침자상사고발생률을통하여이러한변수들의작용에따른최종결과를수치화하여객관성을유지하였다고여겨진다. 프로그램을사용후대상자의주관적인만족도평가를분석한결과 4점만점에총평균 3.40점으로전반적으로높은점수를보였다. 평가항목중 쉽게이해가되었다 가 3.27점으로가장낮은점수를나타내었는데이는프로그램개발시전문가평가에서는정보의적합성에있어서가장높은 3.90점으로평가되었으나, 일반간호사들이교육받기에는다소내용이어려웠던것으로사료되었다. 추후프로그램의보완시어려웠던부분에대한평가와전문가가아닌일반대상자들에의한교육내용평가과정이추가해야할것이다. 결론본연구는혈액매개감염위험이높은간호사를대상으로웹이라는인터넷을통한혈액매개감염관리프로그램을개발하고, 적용함으로서혈액매개감염관련위험지각, 혈액매개감염관련지식, 혈액매개감염예방행위, 주사침찔림및자상사고발생률에미치는효과를규명하고자시도되었다. 본연구를통하여웹기반혈액매개감염관리프로그램이간호사의혈액매개감염관련위험지각, 지식, 감염예방행위를향상시키고주사침찔림및자상사고발생률을감소시키는데효과가있음이확인되었다. 본연구결과를토대로혈액매개감염 의위험이높은다른의료종사자들에게확대적용한다면, 혈액매개감염에대한개념을확장시키고, 궁극적으로의료진의혈액매개질환으로의이환을감소시킬수있을것이다. 또한이러한웹기반프로그램이효과적인교육적중재로활용될수있는계기가되었다고사료된다. 이상의연구결과를통하여주사침찔림및자상사고발생률의경우보다많은대상자를선정하여전향적인조사를통한정확한발생건수를조사하는것이필요하며, 추후연구기간을연장하여장기적인효과를규명하고, 간호사뿐아니라의사, 간호조무사, 의료기사등에게확대적용하여프로그램의효과를평가하여일회성이아닌지속적인교육중재프로그램으로활용할것을제언한다. REFERENCES Agius, R. M., & Bagnall, G. (1998). Development and evaluation of the use of the Internet as an educational tool in occupational and environmental health and medicine. Occupational Medicine, 48, Ahn, S. K. (1999). A study on user s satisfaction of agriculture on information system. Unpublished master s thesis, Seoul National University, Seoul. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology. (2005). APIC text of infection control and epidemiology. Washington DC: Author. Becker, M. H., Janz, N. K., Band, J., Bartley, J., Snyder, M. B., & Gaynes, R. P. (1990). Noncompliance with universal precautions policy: Why do physicians and nurses recap needles? American Journal of Infection Control, 18, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2001). Updated U.S. Public Health Service guideline for the management of occupational exposure to HBV, HCV, and HIV and recommendation for postexposure prophylaxis. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 50(11), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2003, December 5). The national surveillance system for hospital health care workers: Summary report for data collected from June 1995 through July Retrieved November 1, 2006, from hip/nash/report99.pdf Choi, J. S. (1998). A study on KAP of medical personnel against exposure to the patient s bloods and fluids in special departments of a general hospital. Unpublished master s thesis, Seoul National University, Seoul. Davidson, G., & Gillies, P. (1993). Safe working practices and HIV infection: Knowledge, attitudes, perception of risk, and policy in hospital. Quality in Health Care, 2, Doll, W. J., & Torkzadeh, G. (1988). The measurement of end-user

12 309 computing satisfaction. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 12, Gaston, G., Hermine, N., & Christian, F. (1998). Understanding physician s intention to use a simple infection control measure: Wearing gloves. American Journal of Infection Control, 26, Hege, I., Radon, K., Dugas, M., Scharrer, E., & Nowak, D. (2003). Web-based training in occupational medicine. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 76, Hentgen, V., Jaureguiberry, S., Ramiliarisoa, A., Andrianantoandro, V., & Belec, M. (2002). Knowledge, attitude and practices of health personnel with regard to HIV/AIDS in Tamatave (Madagascar). Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique, 95, Honghong, W., Kristopher, F., Guoping, H., Jane, B., & Williams, A. B. (2003). A training program for prevention of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens: Impact on, behavior and incidence of needle stick injuries among student nurses in change, people s Republic of China. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41, International Health Care Worker Safety Center. (2005, December 5). EPINetTM*: Uniform needlestick and sharp object injury report in 21 hospitals, Retrieved November 1, 2006, from http: // epinet/soi99.html Jennifer, M. E., Marc, F. B., Nicholas, X., & Lars, N. (2005). Needlestick injuries in the United States. Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, 53, Jung, Y. M. (2008). Development of a wed-based senescence preparation education program for successful aging for middle-aged adults. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 38, Kim, J. S. (2003). Development and evaluation of a web-based program for maternal role support of the primiparas. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Seoul National University, Seoul. Kim, K. K., Kim, M. A., Chung, Y. S., & Kim, N. C. (1999). Knowledge and performance of universal precautions by nursing students. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 29, Kim, M. H. (1997). Health belief model approach to health beliefs, attitude, and health behaviors concerning HIV/AIDS. Journal of Korean Society Health Education and Promotion, 14, Kim, M. O. (2001). A study on a design for interface screen of web-based cyber study instruments. Unpublished master s thesis, Hannam University, Seoul. Kim, O. S. (1997). Risk factor and incidence of needlestick injuries among hospital employees. Unpublished master s thesis, Yonsei University, Seoul. Kim, O. S. (2003). Development and effectiveness of a prevention model of bloodborne disease exposure among health care worker. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yonsei University, Seoul. Lunding, S., Nielsen, T. L., & Nielsen, J. O. (1998). Poor compliance with universal precautions among Danish physicians. Ugeskrift for Laeger, 160, Park, M. R., Kim, J. E., Park, E. S., Choi, J. S., Jung, S. Y., Song, Y. G., et al. (2003). A multicenter descriptive study of bloodborne exposures among health care workers in Seoul and Gyeonggi- Do. Korean Journal of Nosocomial Infection Control, 8, Radon, K., Kolb, S., Reichert, J., Baumeister, T., Fuchs, R., Hege, I., et al. (2006). Case-based e-learning in occupational medicine? the NetWoRM project in Germany. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 13, Ramsey, P. W., & Glenn, L. L. (1996). Nurses body fluid exposure reporting, HIV testing, and hepatitis B vaccination rates: Before and after implementing universal precautions regulations. Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, 44, Ryan, M. E., Jones, L., & Miller, D. (1996). Healthcare workers and bloodborne pathogens: Knowledge, concerns and practices. Gastroenterology Nursing, 19, Shin, S. J., Shin, K. R., Yi, H. R., & Ju, S. K. (2005). Knowledge, health belief, and self-efficacy related to osteoporosis. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 35, Tina, M. (2004). Just-in-time training: A web-based tool for needlestick injury. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 29, Zafar, A. B., Butler, R. C., Podgorny, J. M., Mennonna, P. A., Gaydos, L. A., & Sandiford, J. A. (1997). Effect of a comprehensive program to reduce needlestick injuries. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 18,

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