Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2017;38(4): pissn: eissn: X The Mediating Effect

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1 Research Article Korean J Child Stud 2017;38(4): pissn: eissn: X The Mediating Effects of Maternal Praise Types on the Relationship Between Mother and Child Emotional Reactions in Task Interaction Eun Young Nahm, So Eun Park Department of Child Studies, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea, Objective: This study was focused on analyzing how different types of maternal praise influence the mutual emotional reactions between mothers and their children. Methods: Fifty-eight pairs of mothers and their 5-year-old children participated in the study. Their interactions were observed and analyzed on a second-by-second basis using a computer. During the observations, whenever the mothers expressed praise, they were categorized by praise type. The relationships between each praise type and mother child interactions were then verified. Results: All praise types showed high correlations with maternal affection. Mothers who frequently used praise also used more humor and their children more often expressed affection toward their mothers. Maternal affection was significantly related to child affection and maternal negative emotion showed a high positive correlation with child negative emotion. Finally, maternal process praise fully mediated the relationship between maternal affection and child affection. Conclusion: Our results indicate that, by scrutinizing mother child interactions on a second-bysecond basis, one can analyze how a mother's reactions to her child relates to maternal praise types and how this influences her child's emotional reactions. Keywords: mother child interaction, emotional reaction, maternal praise types., (Eisenberg, Fabes, Guthrie, & Rieser, 2000; Salovey & Grewal, 2005). (Shiota, Campos, Keltner, & Hertenstein, 2004)., (Cole, Mochel, & Teti, 1994). Corresponding Author: Eun Young Nahm, Department of Child Studies, Seoul Women's University, 621, Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea. nahmey@swu.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Nahm and Park 80, -, (Eisenberg Cumberland, & Spinard, 1998; Martin, Clements, & Crnic, 2002; Webster-Stratton & Reid, 2004)., (Denham, Zoller, & Couchoud, 1994)., (Skinner & Wellborn, 1994).,, (Meyer, Raikes, Virmani, Water, & Thompson, 2014; Morris, Silk, Steinberg, Myers, & Robinson, 2007). (Nahm & Park, 2017),, (Meyer et al., 2014; Romens & Pollak, 2012)., (Blair et al., 2008)., Song Choi (2009).,, (Stipek, Recchia, & Mcclintic, 1992). Nahm Park (2017) -. -,,, (H. Lee, 2012),.,, (Mueller & Dweck, 1998)., (Delin & Baumeister, 1994)., (Henderlong & Lepper, 2002)., (Chang & Jahng, 2014), (Delin & Baumeister, 1994) (Chang & Jahng, 2014; Jung, Yu, & Shin, 2008)., (Cimpian, Arce, Markman, & Dweck, 2007).. Dweck Leggett (1988),, (Kohn, 2001). (Kohn, 2001).,.. Mueller Dweck (1998)., (Corpus & Lepper, 2007), (Chalk & Bizo, 2004). Jeong (2012),,., Kamins Dweck (1999).,,,.,

3 81 The Mediating Effects of Maternal Praise Types..,.,. (Eisenberg et al., 1998). (Kahen, 1993; Rohner, Kcan, & Cournoyer, 1991). -,. Belden Luby (2006) -. (Deslandes, Potvin, & Leclerc, 1999).,..,., (Jung et al., 2008; Yun, Kim, & Kim, 2009), (M. E. Lee, Seo, & Sung, 2014), (Jeong, 2012).,. (Henderlong & Lepper, 2002), (Nahm, 2008),.., (,, ),., 5, (Thompson & Goodvin, 2007)., 5 (Meyer et al., 2014) , -.,.. 1? 2?

4 Nahm and Park 82 연구대상 5.,. 63, (box-and-whisker plots) 1.5 (outliers) Shapiro-Wilk (SD = 2.89), 29 (59.18%), 20 (40.82%). 연구도구 어머니 - 자녀상호작용실험및어머니정서반응과자녀정서반응 Nahm Park (2017) - -., -.,. - Kahen (1993), Nahm (2006) Kahen (Kahen Affect Coding System [KACS]). KACS,,,. Table %,.78. 어머니칭찬유형 15. Kamins Dweck (1999) M. E. Lee (2014),.,, (M. E. Lee et al., 2014),. 연구절차 -, , ,,.,.,. 자료처리 15 INTERACT 8 (Mangold, 2008). KACS,,.,.,. PASW

5 83 The Mediating Effects of Maternal Praise Types 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). -, (Tolerance [TOL]) (Variance Inflation Factor [VIF]).. Sobel test. 어머니 - 자녀상호작용에서나타난정서반응과어머니칭찬유형간의관계 -, Table 2.,. (M = 12.08, SD = 9.84), (M = 2.82, SD = 3.46) (M = 1.18, SD = 1.62)., ( : M = 72.55, SD = 70.20; : M = , SD = )., (M = 61.53, SD = 61.39), (M = 18.93, SD = 36.74), (M = 1.01, SD = 2.40), (M = 0.10, SD = 0.50), / (M = 59.86, SD = ), (M = 26.61, SD = 44.85), (M= 10.99, SD = 22.79), (M = 3.59, SD = 19.79). Table 3. Table 1 Subscale of Kahen Affect Coding System Maternal affect Humor Positive affection Subsacle Anger-frustration-criticism Tension Contempt Neutral Child affect Humor Affection-enthusiasm-enjoyment-pride Anger-irritation-frustration-oppositional: Formerly noncompliance Tension Sadness/Whining Neutral Example Mother: I m going to get my arms off the table! (to not cause any jiggling) Child: I m too! (smiling, chuckling) Both: smiling, giggling Mother: You got it. (patting back; voice tone is softer/warmer, and mother uses pet name) Mother: Don t do that, I m telling you that s a bad mistake. Mother: Go s-1-o-w... slow... SLOW... SLOW!! (voice pitch and intensity increases) Mother: I have a feeling we re going to pick up some blocks very soon. (mother has straight-faced, funny look, glances at child) Child: (doesn t reciprocate) When an action or behavior is exhibited by a mother, but does not fit any of the codes specified in this coding system Mother: I m going to get my arms off the table! (to not cause any jiggling) Child: I m too! (smiling, chuckling) Both: (smiling, giggling) Child: (places last block to win) Whoo hoo! (throws triumphant upward arm) Mother: (attempts to point at block) Child: Don t touch! (looks at mother, raises hand to block mother s hand OR Keep your fingers away! (low, monotone, firm, steady voice) Mother: Moves hand close to tower. Child: Don t touch! Don t touch! (voice tone is high and filled with worry/child sounds scared; if voice tone were short and quick or sounded frustrated, this would be coded as anger-irritation-frustration-oppositional) Child: I just want to take out the middle but it s too tight... (voice continues to raise toward the end of the sentence) When an action or behavior is exhibited by the child, but does not fit any of the codes specified in this coding system

6 Nahm and Park 84 Table 2 Descriptive Statistics Variable M SD Praise Personal praise Process praise Outcome praise Sum of praise Maternal affect Humor Affection Anger-frustration-criticism Tension Contempt Neutral Child affect Humor Affection-enthusiasm-enjoyment-pride Anger-irritation-frustrationoppositional: Formerly noncompliance Tension Sadness/Whining Neutral Note. N = 49. (r =.36, p <.05). (r =.44, p <.01), (r =.37 p <.01), (r =.41, p <.01). (r =.30, p <.05). (r =.39, p <.01) (r =.30, p <.05). (r =.66, p <.001) / (r =.47, p <.01), (r =.40, p <.01) (r =.42 p <.01). (r =.52, p <.001) (r =.82, p <.001). 어머니정서반응과자녀정서반응간의관계에서어머니칭찬유형의매개효과, Baron Kenny (1986)., Table 3 Correlations of Related Variables Praise ** **.31*.92*** Maternal affect *.08.34* 6.44**.37**.25.41** *** * *.56***.24.48*** -.03 Child affect ** *** ** * **.42** ***.82***.10.50*** ** ** *.22.34*.00.77***.13.30* * Note. N = = person praise; 2 = process praise; 3 = outcome praise; 4 = sum of praise; 5 = humor; 6 = affection; 7 = anger-frustrationcriticism; 8 = tension; 9 = contempt; 10 = neutral; 11 = child humor; 12 = child affection; 13 = child anger-irritation-frustrationoppositional: formerly noncompliance; 14 = child tension; 15 = child sadness/whining; 16 = child neutral. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

7 85 The Mediating Effects of Maternal Praise Types Table 4 Mediating Effects of Maternal Process Praise on the Relationship Between Maternal Affection and Child Affection Step Dependent variable Independent variable β t R 2 (Adj. R 2 ) F 1 Process praise Maternal affection **.14 (.12) 7.57** 2 Child affection Maternal affection ***.44 (.43) 36.97*** 3 Child affection Maternal affection (.42) 18.11*** Note. N = 49. **p <.01. ***p <.001. Process praise ***,., Table 4. 1 (β =.37, p <.01). 2 (β =.48, p <.001). 3,, (β =.66, p <.001). 2 (β =.04)., 3,. Sobel test, 1.96, (z = 5.16, p <.001)., TOL.86, VIF 1.16,. -,.,,. (Kahen, 1993), 5, (Kang, Kwon, & Ryu, 2013).,.. -, (Abel, 2002; Kim & Chung, 2013). (Jeong, 2012; Mueeler & Dweck, 1998).,. (Kamins & Dweck, 1999)., (Jeong, 2012; Mueeler & Dweck, 1998)

8 Nahm and Park 86, (Chang & Jahng, 2014)., -,.,. (Cimpian et al., 2007),, (Kamins & Dweck, 1999).,, (Kamins & Dweck, 1999),,.,,,,,. (McElwain, Halberstadt, & Volling, 2007). (Waters & Thompson, 2014),,.,,.,,,.,, (Corpus & Lepper, 2007; Mueller & Dweck, 1998; Jeong, 2012).,.,.,..,,, ,,.,.., -,..,.,, - - -,...

9 87 The Mediating Effects of Maternal Praise Types,, -..,. Henderlong Lepper (2007),,,., (Elliot & Dweck, 1998)., Winsler, Diaz, McCarthy, Aterncio Chabay (1999).,,. Acknowledgements This work was supported by a research grant from Seoul Women's University (2017). Notes This article was presented as a poster at 2016 Fall Conference of Child Studies Association. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. In English References Abel, M. (2002). Humor, stress, and coping strategies. Humor- International Journal of Humor Research, 15(4), doi: /humr Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), doi: // Belden, A. C., & Luby, J. L. (2006). Preschoolers depression severity and behaviors during dyadic interactions: The mediating role of parental support. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(2), doi: /01.chi e Blair, C., Granger, D. A., Kivlighan, K. T., Mills-Koonce, R., Willoughbym M., Greenberg, M. T.,... Christine, K. (2008). Maternal and child contributions to cortisol response to emotional arousal in young children from lowincome, rural communities. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), doi: / Chalk, K., & Bizo, L. A. (2004). Specific praise improves ontask behaviour and numeracy enjoyment: A study of year four pupils engaged in the numeracy hour. Educational Psychology in Practice, 20(2), doi: / Chang, J. E., & Jahng, K. E. (2014). Process praise for enhancing young children s self-esteem and prosocial behavior. Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare, 47, Cimpian, A., Arce, H. M. C., Markman, E. M., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Subtle linguistic cues affect children s motivation. Psychological Science, 18(4), doi: /j x Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K., & Teti, L. O. D. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59,(2-3), doi: / Corpus, L. H., & Lepper, M. R. (2007). The effects of person versus performance praise on children s motivation: Gender and age as moderating factors. Educational Psychology, 27(4), doi: / Delin, C. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (1994). Praise: More than just social reinforcement. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 24(3), doi: /j tb00254.x Denham, S. A., Zoller, D., & Couchoud, E. A. (1994). Socialization of preschoolers emotion understanding. Developmental

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11 89 The Mediating Effects of Maternal Praise Types of the effectiveness of strategies for regulating anger and sadness. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(2), doi: / Webster-Stratton, C., & Reid, M. J. (2004). Strengthening social and emotional competence in young children: The foundation for early school readiness and success: Incredible years classroom social skills and problem solving curriculum. Infants & Young Children, 17(2), Winsler, A., Diaz, R. M., McCarthy, E. M., Aterncio, D. J., & Chabay, L. A. (1999). Mother-child interaction, private speech, and task performance in preschool children with behavior problems. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 40(6), In Korean Jeong, Y. (2012). Effect of ability vs. effort praise on children s achievement-related attitude according to their goalorientation. The Korean Journal of Human Development, 19(4), Retrieved from com/article=45341 Jung, J., Yu, H., & Shin, H. (2008). The development of peer praise program for improving the elementary school students peer relationship and degree of satisfaction with school life. The Journal of Child Education, 17(4), Kang, S., Kwon, G. Y., & Ryu, K. H. (2013). The effects of mother and father s affectionate child-rearing attitudes on the social competence: Focusing on the mediating emotional intelligence and interpersonal problem solving ability. Korean Journal of Child Education and Care, 13(4), Kim, J., & Chung, K. (2013). Relations between sense of humor, stress coping style, and parenting stress of preschooler s mother. Journal of Life-Span Studies, 3(1), Lee, H. (2012). Effects of the positive feedback and the negative feedback on motor learning in children. Journal of Coaching Development, 14(4), Lee, M. E., Seo E. R., & Sung, H. R. (2014). The effect of various praise types on achievement goal orientation in success situation. Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction, 14(2), Nahm, E. Y. (2008). Examining cultural differences in parental control and child s emotional outcome. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 29(2), Nahm, E. Y., & Park, S. E. (2017). Mother-child interactions in a stressful situation by mother s emotional regulation level. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 38(1), Song, H., & Choi, K. (2009). The relations among children s emotion, mothers reactions to the children s emotion, and children s self-regulation in a dictation task situation. The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22(2), Yun, C., Kim, K., & Kim, J. (2009). Praise types perceived by preservice secondary teachers. The Journal of Korean Teacher Education, 26(4), Eun Young Nahm So Eun Park ORCID Received April 30, 2017 Revision received July 10, 2017 Accepted July 18, 2017

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