Journal of the Korean Data & Information Science Society 2016, 27(1), 한국데이터정보과학회지 플립러닝에대한메타연구 : 성

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1 Journal of the Korean Data & Information Science Society 2016, 27(1), 한국데이터정보과학회지 플립러닝에대한메타연구 : 성공적적용요건과향후연구방향 박에스더 1 박지현 2 1 대구대학교간호학과 2 서울대학교약학과 접수 2015 년 11 월 26 일, 수정 2015 년 12 월 9 일, 게재확정 2015 년 12 월 24 일 요약 이연구의목적은최근교육성과개선을위한방안으로관심이고조되고있는플립러닝에관한고등교육분야에서의연구를분석하여관련연구의향후발전방향을제시하는것이다. 오늘날대학들은고등교육의핵심가치라고여겨지는능력들을함양시키지못한다는비판을받아왔고, 이에대한대응책으로교육과정개선과교수법개선에노력을경주하고있다. 이중교수법관련대안으로최근플립러닝에대한관심이고조되고있다. 비교적플립러닝에대한연구의역사는짧지만, 연구물이축적된현시점에서기존의연구들을분석하여추후이주제에대한연구들이나아가야할방향을제시하는일은우리나라고등교육의발전을위해필수적이다. 이에본연구는플립러닝에대한 20 편의연구를문헌연구를통해도출한개념적틀을활용하여엄밀하게분석하였고, 각준거에대한기존연구결과들을제시하였다. 이러한연구결과를토대로플립러닝이성공적으로교육현장에정착되기위한조건과향후플립러닝에관련된연구가나아가야할방향을제시하였다. 주요용어 : 간호학, 메타연구, 플립러닝, 플립러닝의논리구조. 1. 머리말 대학구조개혁의파급효과가의료전문직인력을양성하는간호학계에도미치고있다. 오늘날대학은 고등교육의핵심이라고여겨지는비판적사고력, 글쓰기능력, 및종합적추론능력을길러주는역할을 제대로수행하고있지못하다는비판을받아왔다 (McLaughlin 등, 2014). 각대학의학과단위에서이 러한비판에대처하기위한교육개혁의초점은주로교육과정개선에있었다. 그중심에는전통적인교 육과정이우리사회가요구하는전문성을갖춘의료전문가를양성하는데실패했다는인식이자리잡고 있다. 한편, 지난수세기동안교육에있어서강의형태는그다지크게변화되지않았고강의에중점을둔 전통적교수법의개선을통한교육성과의제고를주장하는시각도적잖이존재해왔다 (Van Vliet 등, 2015). 즉, 정보통신기술을활용한강의법의변화로학습효과를극대화시킬수있다는것이다 (Frenk 등, 2010). 이러한요구에부응하여대학교육의새로운교수법으로제안된것이플립러닝 (flipped learning) 이다. 플립러닝은영어로 flipped learning 혹은 inverted class 로사용되기도하며번역하자면 거꾸로 학습 혹은 뒤집어진교실 이라고해석할수있다. 이는교실수업에서행해지는활동과교실밖에서 의활동을역전시킨다는개념이다. 즉, 플립러닝학습은전통적으로교실수업속에서행했던강의를교 이연구는대구대학교 2015 교내연구지원으로 ( 과제번호 : ) 이루어졌음. 1 (42400) 대구광역시남구성당로 50 길 33, 대구대학교간호학과, 조교수. 2 교신저자 : (08826) 서울시관악구관악로 1, 서울대학교임상약학연구소, 연구원. pharmerpark@snu.ac.kr

2 170 Esther O. Park Jihyun Park 실밖에서미디어매체를통하여미리듣고, 이전에교실밖에서주로하던복습위주의학습과과제를교실안에서수행하는것을의미한다 (Kim 등, 2014). 플립러닝은콜로라도의한고등학교의화학교사였던 Bergman과 Sams 에의해 2007년처음사용되었다. 그들은학생들에게수업을받기전에미리탑재된짧은미디어강의를보고오게하여수업시간에는주로토론과과제를하게하였다. 그들의연구에서교수자는 lecturer 의개념보다는 facilitator 로역할을해야함을, 즉학생들의학습을촉진시켜주는촉매자역할을더욱강조하고있다 (Bergman과 Sams, 2012). 대학교육내에서플립러닝에대한개념이처음소개된것은 2000년 Baker가미국플로리다에서열렸던제 11회대학교수학습국제컨퍼런스에서였다 (Kim과 Lee, 2015). Baker는그컨퍼런스에서 교실뒤집기 라는개념을처음으로사용하였다. 또한같은시기다른연구자들도 inverted instruction 이라는용어를사용하여교실안과교실밖의상황이역전되는것의효과를거론하였다 (Lage 등, 2012). 한나라의경쟁력은고등교육의경쟁력과직결되며고등교육의경쟁력은능동적인학습능력을갖춘학생을길러내는교수학습실제여부에의해좌우된다. 플립러닝의가장큰이점은학생을능동적학습자로만들수있다는것이다. 즉, 교육의질과경쟁력향상을통하여국가경쟁력을향상시킬수있다는것이다 (Kim과 Lee, 2015). 그러나우리나라의대학생에대한연구는저조한개방성및수동적학습성향을보고하였다 (You 등, 2011). 이러한점을고려할때, 현재한국의대학교육은거시적관점에서교육과정을지속적으로개선하는노력과아울러학생의능동적학습태도를길러주는교수학습방법의개선도분명한역할이있다고할수있는것이다. 이러한요구는근래들어관심이증대하고있는플립러닝에대한연구의필요성을정당화시킨다. 우리나라에서는플립러닝이라는개념을수용하여 거꾸로교실 로수업을진행하는것이 2009년부터초등학교를중심으로유행하기시작했다. 이렇게초, 중, 고등학교교육을통해능동적으로학습을경험했던학생들이대학에진학하면서다시수동적인학습자로퇴보한다는우려로인해최근대학교육에서도거꾸로교실이활발히연구되고있다 (Kim, 2015). 초 중등교육에비해상대적으로짧은기간이지만대학에서다양한전공영역을대상으로플립러닝이실시되고있다. 그러나플립러닝에대한한국에서의연구를체계적으로분석하여교수법영역에서의이론적발전에기여하고, 플립러닝을적용했을때어떤장점과한계점이있으며, 플립러닝이성공적으로교수학습현장에서적용되기위해서어떠한조건이필요한지에대한메타연구는전무한실정이다. 따라서이연구의목적은현재까지진행되어온플립러닝에대한비판적고찰과현연구실태에대한면밀한분석을통하여앞으로플립러닝에대한연구가나아갈방향을제시하고자한다. 2. 메타분석대상선정과분석의틀 본장에서는플립러닝연구에대한메타분석을위해사용될논문을선정한방법을기술하고분석을위 한개념적틀 (conceptual framework) 을구안한다 분석대상논문의선정본연구는국내외학술검색데이터베이스를이용한키워드검색과참고문헌검토방법을사용하여플립러닝에대한연구물들을광범위하게확인하여분석에활용하였다. 본메타연구의엄격성과정확성을유지하기위해분석대상에대한철저한개념정의를논문의적격성을판단하는데활용하였다. 플립러닝의개념정의에부합하는논문을찾기위해사용한논문의자격기준및논문추출과정은다음과같은절차로진행되었다. 우선, 활용된학술정보검색데이터베이스는 Koreanstudies Information Service

3 A meta-analysis on flipped learning: Conditions for successful application and future research direction 171 System (KISS), Research and Information Sharing Service (RISS), CINAHL, PubMed, Google Scholar 이다. 앞서기술된데이터베이스가선택된이유는처음검색엔진에제한을두지않고모든검색 엔진에본연구이중심어를가지고검색했을때, 중복을피하면서가장포괄적으로논문을모두포함하 고있는데이터베이스라고판단된엔진들만을포함시키게되었다. 그렇게해서위와같은데이터베이스 들이선발되게되었다. 논문을검색하는데사용된검색어는 플립러닝 또는 flipped learning 이었다. 어떠한제한을두지않고 flipped learning 으로검색했을때총 50,000 건이상의결과물이검색이되 었다. 리뷰가능한결과물의양을얻기위해 flipped learning 을주검색어로하고 2010 년이후에 대 학 교육영역에초점을맞추어등재지이상의저널로조건을제한시켰을때검색된논문은총 20 편이었 으며, 이논문들이최종표본으로채택되어본연구에서분석되었다. 메타연구의원칙에따라서본연구 는논문간공통점과차이점을분석하였고논문들간아직연구되지않은연구주제가무엇인지분석하였 으며, 따라서향후플립러닝에대한연구가나아가야할방향에대한제고를통합분석해보았다. 본메 타분석연구에포함된논문들을표로제시하면다음과같다. Kim, Y. Table 2.1 Selected articles for the meta-analysis Author(Year) Title of an article Major Research methods Go et al. Development of a futuristic class model for moral Electives: Personality (2014) leadership training development Kim et al. A case study of flipped learning at college: Focused on Physical Education (2014) effects of motivation and self-efficacy Effectiveness of flipped learning on affective experience, language achievement, language teaching method measured Electives: English Kim & Lee Kim, J. (2014) Park, S. (2014) Bae, D. Seo & Rhee. Lee, S. Lee, Y. Jung, D. Choi & Kim Han et al. Ratta, et al. Van Vliet, et al. Jensen, et al. Young, et al. (2014) Pierce, et al. (2012) McLaughlin, et al. (2014) Mason, et al. (2013) from students who took general English A study on international cases for application of flipped classroom in universities A study on curriculum of university writing class development of instruction model for feedback by flipped learning A curriculum ideological analysis on Salman Khan s innovative ideas to reinvent school, The Journal of Curriculum Studies Case study about flipped learning at an university The flipped classroom based on smart learning-focusing on practical education for music The current status of Korean grammar education using flipped learning Research of the flipped learning model aiming at teaching college advanced Mandarin conversation lesson by flexibly using internet E-book A proposal of class design model of the Spanish language class in the college Developing a teaching-learning model for flipped learning for institute of technology and a case of operation of a subject Study on designing strategies about on and offline for flipped learning in higher education Flipping the classroom with team-based learning in undergraduate nursing education Flipped-class pedagogy enhances student metacognition and collaborative-learning strategies in higher education but effect does not persist Improvements from a flipped classroom may simply be the fruits of active learning The flipped classroom: A modality for mixted asynchronous and synchronous learning in a residency program Instructional design and assessment: Vodcasts and active-learning exercises in a flipped classroom model of a renal pharmacotherapy module The flipped classroom: A course redesign to foster learning and engagement in a health professions school Comparing the effectiveness of an inverted classroom to a traditional classroom in an upper-division engineering course Writing Education Korean Vocabulary Education Music- Practicum Education Korean- Grammar Chinese Dialogue Electives: Spanish Computer Engineering Educational Engineering Undergraduate nursing Psychobiology Biology Medical pharmacy Pharmacy Mechanical engineering Case Study Review of Literature Comparative Criticism t-test Review of Literature Observational Study Case Study ANCOVA t-test

4 172 Esther O. Park Jihyun Park 2.2. 메타분석의틀플립러닝에대한연구들을분석하기위해서는먼저체계적인분석이가능하도록하는개념적틀 (conceptual framework) 을구안해야한다. 플립러닝에대한연구들을리뷰한연구, 즉, 플립러닝의메타연구를시도한연구들은기본적으로개념구조, 전공영역, 연구방법, 연구결과및제한점을논하고있다 (Bishop과 Verleger, 2013; Roehl 등, 2013). 본연구는이후의논의를전개하기위한선행연구분석을위한개념적인틀로, 플립러닝의개념구조, 연구가이뤄진전공영역, 분석에적용된연구방법, 플립러닝의효과, 및제한점을논한다. 3. 준거별분석결과 3.1. 플립러닝의개념구조본연구의분석대상으로포함된연구들이제시하고있는개념적인틀을구성하는요소들은세가지측면 (dimension) 으로유형화가가능하다 : 학생, 교수자, 그리고수업도구. 어떤교실이플립러닝을적용한교실인지아닌지를판단하기위한개념모형도를제시하면 Figure 3.1과같다. Needs of Active Participation Independent Lecture using Information & Technology (IT) Learner Centered Learning Theory Teacher Centered Learning Theory Flipped Class Activities Facilitating Interaction among Learners Lectures Utilizing Effective IT for Individualized Learning Figure 3.1 Characteristics of flipped class utilizing flipped learning methods Bishop과 Verleger (2013) 는플립러닝을교실내에서일어나는활동과교실밖에서일어나는일을전통적인방식과비교함으로써플립러닝의실제를명확히구분했다. 즉, 전통적인교수법을적용한교실에서는강의가이뤄지지만플립러닝이적용된교실에서는실습과문제해결활동이이뤄진다. 반면, 전통적인교수법이적용된교실밖에서는실습과문제해결활동이이뤄지지만, 플립러닝이적용된수업모형에서는미디어를활용한강의가이뤄지는것이다. 플립러닝이이뤄지는실제에대한간명한정의에기초하여플립러닝을설명하는데동원된추가적인개념들은아래와같다. 먼저교수학습활동의핵심주체라할수있는학생측면에서볼때, 가장빈번하게거론된개념들은자기효능감, 정서적경험, 동기화, 참여도, 수업만족도, 학업성취도, 협업능력, 자기주도적학습능력및리더십이었다 (Kim 등, 2014; Kim, 2015; Bae, 2015; Lee, 2015; Choi와 Kim, 2015; Mclaughlin 등, 2014; Pierce와 Fox, 2012; Van Vliet 등, 2015). 학생과관련된이러한개념들은주로실험연구에서플립러닝의효과를판단하기위한종속변수들로활용되고있었다.

5 A meta-analysis on flipped learning: Conditions for successful application and future research direction 173 교수자관련개념은학생관련개념에비교상대적으로적다는것을알수있었다. 주요관련개념으로는교수자의업무과부하, 조력자확보의필요성및미디어활용능력의필요성등이었다 (Kim과 Lee, 2015; Jung, 2015; Choi와 Kim, 2015; Della Ratta, 2015; Jensen 등, 2015). 수업도구측면에서는사전수업에서활용되는장비나도구, 프로그램으로스마트러닝, 비디오강의, 유튜브클립, 온라인학습 (e-learning) 등이포함되었다 전공영역별플립러닝에대한연구가이뤄지고있는학문영역을유형화시킴으로써주로어떤학문영역에서플립러닝에대한연구가이뤄지는지를살펴보는것은추후논의를위해중요한영역중하나이다. 연구가이뤄진학문분야는크게전공영역과교양영역으로대별된다. 먼저, 전공분야의구체적인학문영역은교육학 (Kim 등, 2014; Park, 2014; Bae, 2015; Seo와 Rhee, 2015; Lee, 2015; Han 등, 2015), 중어중문학 (Lee, 2015), 공학 (Choi와 Kim, 2015; Mason 등, 2013), 간호학 (Della Ratta, 2015), 의학 (Young 등, 2014), 약학 (McLaughlin, 2014; Pierce와 Fox, 2012) 분야로분석되었다. 간학문적인성격이강한교양영역에서는인성개발 (Go 등, 2014), 교양영어와같은의사소통능력관련교과목 (Kim, 2015), 글쓰기 (Kim, 2014), 교양스페인어 (Jung, 2015), 교양생물학 (Jensen 등, 2015) 등이었다. 본연구에서선정된연구논문들을분석해볼때플립러닝에대한연구가가장활발히진행되고있는학문영역은교육학이었다 적용된연구방법의엄밀성플립러닝에관한선행연구들이주로활용한연구방법은사례연구나실험연구였다. 사례연구들은주로플립러닝을활용한수업모델개발을주된연구의목적으로하고있었고 (Go 등, 2014; Kim 등, 2014; Kim, 2015; Kim, 2014; Park, 2014; Bae, 2015; Seo와 Rhee, 2015; Lee, 2015; Jung, 2015; Choi와 Kim, 2015; Han 등, 2015), 플립러닝의효과를검증하기위한실험연구는국내논문 (Kim 등, 2014; Kim, 2015; Bae, 2015; Lee, 2015; Jung, 2015; Choi와 Kim, 2015) 보다국외논문이더많았다 (Della Ratta, 2015; Van Vliet 등, 2015; Young 등, 2014; Pierce와 Fox, 2012; McLaughlin 등, 2014; Mason 등, 2013). 실험연구는플립러닝의통계적효과를분석하기위해기술분석 (descriptive analysis), 점추정 (point estimation) 방법을활용한평균비교, 분산분석 (analysis of variance) 후집단간차이를확인하기위한사후검정등의양적연구기법을주로적용하였다. 반면, 표적집단을대상으로한심층인터뷰연구나양적연구와질적연구를통합 (mixed method) 하려는시도도발견되었다 (Han 등, 2015). 모집단의크기가적절한가에대한통계적분석결과가보고된논문은없었으나, 대부분의논문은 30명이상의피험자를확보함으로써유의미한통계분석을위한최소표집수의기준을충족하고있었다 (Jensen 등, 2015) 플립러닝의효과플립러닝의효과로가장강조되는것이자기주도적학습능력 (self-oriented learning ability) 의제고이다. Go 등 (2014) 의연구는플립러닝을통해자기주도적학습능력이향상된다는점을밝혔고, 학습의주도권을교수에게서학생으로옮겨줄필요가있음을지적하였다. 나아가, 플립러닝기법은이론위주의매너리즘적강의에서벗어나서효과적으로학생들을교육할수있는미래형수업모델이며, 이수업모델은조만간인성개발과리더십교육의새로운패러다임을형성시킬것이라고주장하였다. 학습자들의능동적인학습태도와관련이있는학습자관련주변요인들 ( 자기효능감과, 학습동기, 학업성취도, 수

6 174 Esther O. Park Jihyun Park 업만족도등 ) 과도플립러닝은긍정적인상관관계를드러냈다 (Kim 등, 2014; Kim, 2015; Bae, 2015; Lee, 2015; Jung, 2015; Choi와 Kim, 2015). 플립러닝을적용한수업모형은도전적인과제를성공적으로수행하도록할기회를제공함으로써자기효능감에대한기대를높이는데효과적이며 (Kim 등, 2014), 전통적수업방식을적용한수업집단보다통계적으로유의미한수준에서더높은수준의학업성취도를보고하였다 (Kim, 2015; Lee, 2015; Choi와 Kim, 2015; Mason 등, 2013). 특히, 플립러닝의긍정적인효과가성적이중간이거나낮은그룹에적용되었을때더욱두드러지게향상된다는연구결과도보고되었다. Lee 의연구에의하면, 플립러닝후기존성적이낮았던그룹에서는 50% 이상, 중간수준의그룹에서는 25%, 그리고상위권그룹에서는 0.7% 의학업성취도향상을보였다. 간호학영역에서도플립러닝의긍정적인효과가보고되었는데, 대표적인연구결과가플립러닝이미국간호사국가고시시험인 NCLEX-RN의점수를예측하는변인이된다는결과였다 (Della Ratta 등, 2015). 인지적영역에서의긍정적인효과뿐만아니라, 임상수행능력을증가시킨다는보고있었고 (Pierce와 Fox, 2012), 플립러닝을반복하여적용한결과플립러닝스타일의수업을학습자들이더선호하게되었다는보고도있었다 (Della Ratta, 2015; Mason 등, 2013; McLauglin 등, 2013). 이는플립러닝이비판적사고성향을증가시키고, 교육능력을향상시키며, 메타인지능력 (metacognition) 과협동적문제해결능력을향상시킨다는점 (Van Vliet 등, 2015) 을고려할때간호전문가교육에있어플립러닝이전통적인교수법을적용하는것보다효과적일것이란예측을확인시켜주는결과이다. 그러나, 위와같은긍정적인결과를발견하지못한연구결과도있고 (Kim 등, 2014), 플립러닝을실시하기위해학습자의학습시간이나교수자의업무량이지나치게과중하게된다는점등플립러닝적용의한계점을지적한연구도있었다 (Kim과 Lee, 2015; Han 등, 2015; Della Ratta, 2015) 플립러닝의제한점플립러닝에대한지금까지의연구는몇가지측면에서명확한한계를보이고있다. 플립러닝에대한연구의역사는길지않다. 미국에서는 2007년이후, 국내에서는 2009년이후로초등학교를중심으로활발히적용되다가최근에서야고등교육에까지그영향력이미치게되었다. 일천한역사에비해플립러닝에대한관심과연구결과는많은편이다. 그러나현재까지진행되어온플립러닝을주제로한연구들에대한본메타연구는기존연구에존재하는다음과같은한계를보여준다. 첫째, 플립러닝의효과를입증하기위해사용된개념들에대한명확한정의와측정도구의신뢰성문제가검증되지않은채남아있다. 예를들면많은연구들이플립러닝의효과를검증하기위한종속변수로동기화, 학업성취도, 및수업만족도를사용하였다. 그러나이변수들에대한개념정의가명확하지않고, 측정을위해사용된도구에대한신뢰도와타당도검증결과또한제시되지않았다. 따라서각측정도구들간일관성이결여되어있어정책적의사설정을위한유의미한근거자료로연구결과를활용하는데있어한계를드러내고있다. 둘째, 종속변인에대해일관성이결여된조작적정의나측정도구에대한신뢰도문제에더해, 플립러닝이소수의일부전공영역학생들을대상으로실시되었다는점은연구결과를일반화시킬수없게만든다. 본연구에서분석대상으로삼은 20개의논문중에서샘플수가너무작아서일반화가어려운연구들이대부분이었으며 (Choi와 Kim, 2015; Han 등, 2015; Mason 등, 2013; Young 등, 2014), 전체의약 30% 가교육학또는교육공학영역에치중되어있었다. 이는아직플립러닝적용에관한연구가활성화되지않은순수과학, 응용학문및의학분야에서도플립러닝교수법의적용이학습자들의교육성과를극대화시킬수있는교수법인지에대한검증이필요함을방증하는것이다. 마지막으로, 적용된연구방법은엄밀성이개선의여지가있다는점이다. 기존의연구들중실험연구

7 A meta-analysis on flipped learning: Conditions for successful application and future research direction 175 의범주로분류될수있는논문들도진정한의미의실험상황, 즉, 두집단을전통적인교수법을적용한집단과플립러닝을적용한집단으로나누어학습성과에차이가존재하는지를검증한연구는드물다. 대부분의연구는기술분석수준에서진행되거나 (descriptive study), 동일집단을대상으로사전검사와사후검사 (pre and post test) 를실시하여종속변수의변화를측정하는수준에서플립러닝의효과검증이이루어졌다. 일견, 플립러닝을적용받는집단의경우전통교실에속할집단의학생들보다교수자가훨씬더많은시간을들여수업을준비해야한다는윤리적인측면을고려할때자연스러운현상일수있다. 4. 논의및결론본연구는초 중등교육과고등교육현장에서교육의성과를개선하기위한교수법으로최근관심이고조되고있는플립러닝에관한연구들을분석하였다. 이는해당교수법에대한연구물이축적되어있고, 플립러닝이고등교육의학문영역전반으로그영향력이확대되고있음을고려한다면시의적절한시도라볼수있다. 특히, 연구자들이관심을가지고있는의학계에서는상대적으로임상교육이외에교과내용교수법에관한연구가일천하다는점을고려할때본연구는더욱그의미가있다하겠다. 본연구는각종학술정보검색데이터베이스에기초해서 20개의플립러닝에관한검증된논문을선정하고분석하였다. 플립러닝을주제로한연구들에대한분석, 즉메타분석을실시하기위해서문헌검토를통해서개념구조, 전공영역, 연구방법, 연구결과및제한점의 5개준거를중심으로선행연구들을분석하였다. 본절에서는선행연구분석을통해도출된결과에기초하여플립러닝이성공적으로교육현장에적용되기위한조건을중심으로논의를천착한다 플립러닝의성공적적용을위한요건플립러닝이성공적으로교수학습현장에적용되기위해서먼저플립러닝이가능하게하는시스템의구축이필요하다. 교수자와학생이준비되어있다하더라도학교에서시스템이갖춰지지않을경우플립러닝이긍정적인효과를발휘하기는힘들다 (Go 등, 2014). 이때시스템이비단첨단설비, 즉하드웨어적인측면만을의미하는것이아니라, 보조강사, 조교, 튜터등교육지원인력의충원도시스템의범주에들어간다 (Choi와 Kim, 2015). 플립러닝에관한많은연구에서교수자의부담을플립러닝보편화의가장큰저해요소로지적하였다. 이는교수자의정보통신기술활용능력의부족함때문에비롯되기도한다 (Han과 Kang, 2012). 따라서, 교수자가정보통신기술을잘활용할수있도록도울수있는구조적방안이기관차원에서마련되어야할것이다. 또한플립러닝을시행하기위해서사전에미디어수업매체 ( 비디오강의녹화등 ) 를제작하여이러닝이나스마트러닝보드같은웹플랫폼에탑재하는일이선행되어야한다. 강의를녹화하기위해서드는시간과비용때문에플립러닝실시를꺼려하는교수자들도적지않다. 둘째, 교실을플립러닝에맞도록재편성할필요가있다. 학생들의토론문화를고려하여교실을구성하기보다교수자의편의를고려하여일제히교수자를향한책상배열부터바꾸어야한다. 토론과디베이트를충분히고려한교실이아닌교수자의일방통행식강의를조장하는교실구조는플립러닝효과를발휘하기에최적의환경은아니다. 따라서플립러닝의방법들이충분히이뤄질수있는분위기를조성해주는교실구조의편성이실현될필요가있다. 또한, 학생들개개인의학습속도를고려한교실이아닌연령에따라학년을편성하는것은플립러닝효과를발휘하기에최적의환경은아니다. 따라서나이가아니라학생들의학습능력을고려하여배울내용이결정되는교실편성이실현될필요가있다 (Park, 2014).

8 176 Esther O. Park Jihyun Park 셋째, 학생과교수자가전통적인교수법상황에서벗어나보다능동적으로교수학습활동에임할필요가있다. 지금까지익숙한교수법과학습법에젖어현실과동떨어진학습법및교수법을고수한다면플립러닝이효과를발휘하기어려울것이다 (Park, 2014). 교수자는플립러닝을이용한치밀한수업계획을세움으로써온라인과오프라인수업간활동의연계성을높일필요가있다 (Han 등, 2015). 넷째, 체계적인평가도구및평가방식의변화가필요하다. 학습내용을암기하고있는지를단순히평가하는방식을벗어나, 수행된학습내용과방법에적합한평가도구를개발하는것이새롭게요구되며현재의의무적인상대평가가강요도바뀔필요가있다. 학생들은자기주도적으로수업을준비해오고, 활발한토론을하면서협업능력을키우기를기대하지만, 경쟁자들과협업하기란쉽지않기때문이다. 마지막으로, 전통강의식수업과비교하여플립러닝의효과를입증하는다양한실험연구를축적시킴으로써플립러닝이효과적인영역을지속적으로확인해나갈필요가있다 (Jensen 등, 2015) 결론및제언위에서논의된내용들에기초하여향후연구방향을제언하면다음과같다. 플립러닝에관한후속연구는실험연구와질적연구를적용하여수행될필요가있다. 플립러닝에대한연구의역사가짧고제한된학문영역에서집중적으로수행되었다는점을고려했을때, 지속적인연구결과의축적은플립러닝의폭넓은활용을위해필수적이라하겠다. 이때플립러닝의효과를판단하기위한종속변인을명확히정의하고측정을위한신뢰도와타당도가검증된도구를사용해야한다. 아울러, 좀더다양한학문영역에서플립러닝의효과가검증될필요가있다. 현재까지는교육학전공위주로연구가진행되어왔으나, 앞으로순수과학, 자연과학, 응용학문및의료관련학과에서도연구가진행될필요가있다. 지난일년동안은인성과리더십이플립러닝을통하여향상되는지에대한관심이뜨거웠다. 이는아마도현시대기업이원하는인재상을반영한연구동향이라고생각된다. 학업성취만이아니라주도적학습과토론을통한협업능력향상을통하여시대가원하는인재들을과연플립러닝을통하여양성할수있는지에대한연구도체계적인설계를통하여이루어져야할것이다. 많은전공과목들이그러하겠지만통합적사고를필요로하는학문에서는더욱플립러닝을통해향상이가능한자기주도적학습습관을함양시켜줌으로써스스로지식을통합하고응용하여적용하는능력을길러줘야할것이다. 특히의료관련학문은학교에서배운지식과임상실습을통하여배운임상수행의통합이졸업전반드시고품질로이뤄져야한다. 이러한능력을함양시키는데강의중심의전통적교실수업은명확한한계가있음을본연구에서분석한논문들은지적하고있다. 교수자중심으로학생들에게암기위주의학습습관을종용한다면통합적이고비판적인능력을지닌예비의료인을양성하는것은요원한일일것이다. 교수자에의해피동적으로받아들여진지식이장기기억화되고또그장기기억화된지식이실제로응용되기까지는그사이뭔가자발적으로지식과실제를끼워맞추려는노력의시간이필수적이다. 이러한일들이바로플립러닝속에서자기주도적학습능력을통해협업을통한과제를해결해나가는동안에성취될수있을것이다. References Bae, D.. Case study about flipped learning at an university. Research of our Language, 41, Bergman, J. and Sams, A. (2012). Flip your classroom: Reach every student in every class every day [Kindle Edition]. Retrieved from Googlescholar.com. Bishop, J. L. and Verleger, M. A. (2013). The flipped classroom: A survey of the research. In ASEE national conference proceedings, Atlanta, GA. Choi, J. and Kim, E.. Developing a teaching-learning model for flipped learning for institute of technology and a case of operation of a subject. Journal of educational Technology, 18,

9 A meta-analysis on flipped learning: Conditions for successful application and future research direction 177 Della Ratta, C. B.. Flipping the classroom with team-based learning in undergraduate nursing education. Nurse Educator, 40, Frenk, J., Chen, L., Bhutta, Z. A., Crisp, N., Evans, T. and Fineberg, H. (2010). Health professionals for a new century: Transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet, 376, Go, J., Known, K., Kim, Y. and Won, Y. (2014). Development of a futuristic class model for moral leadership training. Confucianism Culture Research, 58, Han, D. and Kang, M. (2012). Study on application of information and communication technology in special education. Journal of the Korean Data & Information Science Society, 23, Han, H., Im, C., Han, S. and Park, J.. Study on designing strategies about on and offline for flipped learning in higher education. Journal of educational Technology, 31, Jensen, J. L., Kummer, T. A. and Godoy, P. D.. Improvements from a flipped classroom may simply be the fruits of active learning. Life Sciences Education, 14, Jung, D.. A proposal of class design model of the Spanish language class in the college. The Korean Journal of Hispanic Studies, 8, Kim, E. and Lee, Y.. A study on international cases for application of flipped classroom in universities. Lifelong Learning Society, 11, Kim, J. (2014). A study on curriculum of university writing class development of instruction model for feedback by flipped learning. The Journal of the Humanities, 72, Kim, N., Chun, B. and Choi, J. (2014). A case study of flipped learning at college: Focused on effects of motivation and self-efficacy. Journal of Educational Technology, 30, Kim, Y.. Effectiveness of flipped learning on affective experience, language achievement, language teaching method measured from students who took general English. Foreign Language Education, 21, Lee, S.. The current status of Korean grammar education using flipped learning. Language and Culture, 11, Lee, Y.. Research of the flipped learning model aiming at teaching college advanced Mandarin conversation lesson by flexibly using internet E-book. Sinology, 51, Mclaughlin, J. E., Roth, M. T., Glatt, D. M., Gharkholonarehe, N., Davidson, C. A., Latoya, M. E., Griffin, M., Esserman, D. and Mumper, R. J. (2014). The flipped classroom: A course redesign to foster learning and engagement in a health professions school. Academic Medicine, 9, Mason, G., Shuman, T. R. and Cook, K. E. (2013). Inverting classrooms-advantages and challenges. American Socitey for Engineering for Educataion, In the 120th ASEE national conference and exposition, Frankely, MN. Park, S. (2014). A curriculum ideological analysis on Salman Khan s innovative ideas to reinvent school. The Journal of Curriculum Studies, 32, Pierce, R., Fox, J. and Dunn, B. J., (2012). Vodcasts and active-learning exercises in a flipped lcassroom model of a renal pharmacotherapy dodule. American journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 76, 1-5. Roehl, A., Reddy, S. L. and Shannon, G. J. (2013). The flipped classroom: An opportunity to engage millennial students through active learning strategies. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 105, Seo, D., and Rhee, E.. The flipped classroom based on smart learning-focusing on practical education for music. Music Education Technology, 23, Van Vliet, E. A., Winnips, J. C. and Brouwer, N.. Flipped-class pedagogy enhances student metacognition and collaborative-learning strategies in higher education but effect does not persist. Life Sciences Education, 14, You, H., Im, H., Seo, Y., Go, J., Shin, H. and Park, S. (2011). National survey of student engagement in Korean universities (Research report RR ), Korean Education Development Institute, Seoul. Young, T. P., Bailey, C. J., Guptill, M. and Thorp. T. (2014). The flipped classroom: A modality for mixed asynchronous and synchronous learning in a residency program. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 15,

10 Journal of the Korean Data & Information Science Society 2016, 27(1), 한국데이터정보과학회지 A meta-analysis on flipped learning: Conditions for successful application and future research direction Esther O. Park 1 Jihyun Park 2 1 Nursing Department, Daegu University, 2 School of Pharmacy, Seoul National University Received 26 November 2015, revised 9 December 2015, accepted 24 December 2015 Abstract The purpose of this study is to rigorously review extant research on flipped learning that has been given a rising interests as a measure of securing the quality of higher education apart from the improvement of the curriculum. Colleges and universities are criticized for failing in equipping their customers with critical skills, which triggered them to review both curriculum and teaching learning method. In the middle of the teaching and learning method lies the flipped learning. For its relatively short history of research tackling the issues of flipped learning, now is the best time to review the extant studies on the topic to overview and suggest future directions in the field. With the goal in mind, this study restricted the journal articles reviewed to 20 and presented the results based on a conceptual framework derived from a rigorous literature review. Followings are policy suggestions and conditions for successful implementation of flipped learning. Keywords: Flipped learning, logical structure of flipped learning, meta-analysis, nursing science This research was funded by Daegu University (Project number ). 1 Assistant professor, Department of Nursing, Daegu University, Daegu 4240, Korea. 2 Corresponding author: Researcher, School of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea. pharmerpark@snu.ac.kr

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