미성숙자가동정맥루에대한경피적혈관성형술시행전도플러초음파검사의임상적인유용성 동정맥루를우선시행할것을권고하고있다 (1). 동정맥루의실 패 (fistula failure) 는조기 (early failure) 와후기 (late failure) 실 패로분류하는데, 동정맥루수술후단한

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1 Original Article pissn / eissn J Korean Soc Radiol 2013;69(5): Clinical Usefulness of Doppler Ultrasonography before Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty for Immature Native Arteriovenous Fistula 1 미성숙자가동정맥루에대한경피적혈관성형술시행전도플러초음파검사의임상적인유용성 1 Jeong Eun Kim, MD 1, Young Kwon Cho, MD 2, Jae Chan Sim, MD 1, So Young Lee, MD 3, Su Ah Sung, MD 3, Young Hwan Hwang, MD 3 1 Department of Radiology, Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea Departments of 2 Radiology, 3 Nephrology, Eulji General Hospital, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea Purpose: To report the clinical efficacy of preprocedural doppler ultrasound examination for the treatment of immature arteriovenous fistula by means of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and the efficacy of PTA about its treatment. Materials and Methods: From November 2008 to May 2013, 28 patients who were diagnosed with immature arteriovenous fistula using doppler ultrasound examination and obtained successful maturation of it after PTA were included in this study. A retrospective comparative analysis was performed according to the findings between doppler ultrasound examination and fistulography during the procedure. The success rate of PTA and patency of fistula were evaluated in each patient. Results: Doppler ultrasound examination revealed stenosis in twenty three patients and thrombotic total occlusion in five patients. Stenosis was located in the proximal cephalic vein 2 cm from the anastomosis in 67.8% (19/28). In the five cases of thrombotic total occlusion, the lesions were long lesions from the anastomosis to the entire proximal cephalic vein at the elbow joint level. Fistulography revealed 5 patients with thrombotic total occlusion and 24 stenosis sites in 23 patients, respectively. The location and characteristics of all lesions were consistent on doppler ultrasound examination. Only four cases were observed as non-thrombotic total occlusion on fistulography, which had more than 90% stenosis on doppler ultrasound examination. The initial success rate of PTA for immature arteriovenous fistula was 96.4% (27/28). In three patients, clinical success was obtained after four times of additional PTA. Six additional PTAs were performed during follow-up, no complications related to the procedures were found. The primary patency rate was 92.9% at 3 months, 60.7% at 6 months and 39.3% at 12 months. The estimated mean survival of arteriovenous fistula was days and the estimated median survival was 232 days. Also, the 12 months primary patency rates between the stenosis group and occlusion group showed no significant statistical difference. Conclusion: Assessment of immature arteriovenous fistula using doppler ultrasound examination is a very useful method that can replace diagnostic fistulography. Also, PTA of immature arteriovenous fistula is considered an effective initial treatment for inducing successful growth maturation. Index terms Arteriovenous Fistula Autologous Transplantation Doppler Ultrasonography Angioplasty Renal Dialysis Received June 17, 2013; Accepted August 20, 2013 Corresponding author: Young Kwon Cho, MD Department of Radiology, Eulji General Hospital, College of Medicine, Eulji University, 68 Hangeulbiseok-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul , Korea. Tel Fax ykchoman@eulji.ac.kr This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서론 자가동정맥루는인조혈관에비해수술후필연적으로생기는 협착과폐쇄, 감염등의합병증발생빈도가낮고평균개통기 간이 58~70 개월로인조혈관에비해양호하여최근발표된 Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative guideline 에서자가혈관 Copyrights 2013 The Korean Society of Radiology 351

2 미성숙자가동정맥루에대한경피적혈관성형술시행전도플러초음파검사의임상적인유용성 동정맥루를우선시행할것을권고하고있다 (1). 동정맥루의실 패 (fistula failure) 는조기 (early failure) 와후기 (late failure) 실 패로분류하는데, 동정맥루수술후단한번도투석을하지못 했거나투석을시작하였으나 3 개월이내에기능부전이생기는 경우를조기실패라하며 3 개월이상투석한이후에기능부전이 생기는경우를후기실패라한다 (2). 자가동정맥루는혈액투석 을할수있을정도로혈관이성숙되는데평균 4~8 주정도가 소요되나, 20~30% 는성숙에실패하는것으로알려져있다. 이 러한조기실패의주된원인으로는동정맥루의성숙부전또는 조기혈전형성 (early AVF thrombosis) 에기인하는것으로알려 져있고, 이러한동정맥루의성숙부전은주로해부학적인문제 와관계가있어, 문합부정맥의협착과부수정맥의존재가가 장흔한원인이며두병변이공존하는경우도드물지않게있다 (2-4). 이학적검사에서불충분한성숙이의심되면이에대한확진 을위해동정맥루조영술을시행하는것을원칙으로하였지만 동정맥루시행에있어기술적으로미성숙된동정맥루를천자하 는데어려움이많고, 동정맥루천자부위에손상을줄가능성이 높으며, 사용하는조영제역시환자의신장기능에부담을줄가 능성이높아동정맥루조영술대신도플러초음파검사 (doppler ultrasonography) 를이용하여미성숙동정맥루를진단한연구 보고들이있다 (5-8). 과거에는미성숙자가동정맥루에대해서 는혈관의직경이작아접근자체가쉽지않고혈관벽두께가 얇아시술중합병증의빈도가높다는인식때문에경피적혈관 성형술 (percutaneous transluminal angioplasty) 은금기로여겨 졌으나최근들어미성숙동정맥루에대한혈관성형술이성숙 을유도하여동정맥루의장기개통률을높일수있음이입증되 었다 (9). 또한, Kim 등 (10) 또는 Chung 등 (11) 은협착성병변 에대한혈관성형술후높은시술성공률과누적개통률을보여 주었고, Miller 등 (12) 도혈전에의해성숙이안된동정맥루의 완전폐색에대해서도경피적혈전제거술을통하여높은시술 성공률과누적개통률을보인다고보고하였다. Table 1. Clinical and Demographic Features of Subjects with a Immature Arteriovenous Fistula Characteristic No. of Subjects (n = 28) Male 17 Female 11 Age (y) (mean; 67.4) Diabetic nephropathy 26 Hypertensive nephropathy 2 Fistula location Radio-cephalic 22 Brachio-cephalic 6 본연구에서는이학적검사와도플러초음파검사를이용하여미성숙동정맥루로진단한 28예를대상으로하였고, 혈관성형술을통하여치료를시도하였다. 이를통하여미성숙동정맥루진단에있어도플러초음파검사의유용성과정확성을평가하고자하였다. 더불어미성숙동정맥루를유발시킨다양한혈관병변을혈관조영술과비교분석하고치료적방법으로혈관성형술의유용성을알아보고자한다. 대상과방법 환자 2008 년 11월부터 2013 년 5월까지자가동정맥루수술을시행한말기신부전증환자중에서동정맥루의미성숙으로혈관성형술을시행받은 28명의환자를대상으로하였다. 대상환자들중남자는 17 명, 여자는 11명, 연령분포는 42~85 세 ( 평균 67.4 세 ) 로말기신부전증의원인으로는당뇨병성신부전이 26 명이었고고혈압성신부전이 2명이었다. 이중 22명은요골동맥-두부정맥동정맥루 (Brescia-Cimino fistula), 6명은상완동맥-두부정맥동정맥루였다. 28 명의환자중 23 명에선자가동정맥루수술전투석을시작하였으며이중 17 명은영구투석도관 (permanent catheter) 을통하여 2일 ~4.5년 ( 평균 154 일 ) 의기간동안투석을시행받고있었다 (Table 1). 6명은이전에도동정맥루수술을받았으나이중 5명에서실패하여재수술을시행하였다. 수술후도플러초음파로미성숙이진단되기까지의기간은 16~89 일 ( 평균 34.2 일 ) 이었으며진단후혈관성형술을시행하기까지기간은 1~68일 ( 평균 11.8일 ) 이었다. 연구에서는시술전진단을위한동정맥루조영술은 1예에서도시행하지않았다. 도플러초음파초음파검사는 IU-22 와 HDI-5000 (Philips Ultrasound, Bothell, WA, USA) 을이용하여시행하였고, 도플러초음파검사상미성숙동맥정맥루의진단기준은 1) 혈관의구경이최소 4 mm 이하이거나혈관의직경이 50% 이상좁아졌을경우와, 2) 350~300 ml 이하의체적흐름 (volume flow) 을동시에보일경우의미있는협착으로보았고, 3) 혈전으로인하여내부의혈류흐름이전혀관찰되지않는경우에는완전폐쇄 (total occlusion) 로간주하였다 (13). 협착부와정상두부정맥의구경을측정비교하였고, 혈류의체적흐름 (volume flow) 을협착부그리고정상구경의두부정맥 ( 문합부로부터평균 2 cm, 5 cm) 에서측정하였으며추가적으로부수정맥등의소견이있는지를관찰하였다 (Fig. 1). 352 대한영상의학회지 2013;69(5): jksronline.org

3 김정은외 A B Fig. 1. An 80-year-old male with immature radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula. A. The gray-scale of doppler ultrasonography shows a diameter of anastomosis, a serial caliber difference of proximal venous limb and depth of fistula. B. The pulse wave doppler measurement shows a small volume flow along proximal venous limb of fistula. 병변의위치기술은동정맥루문합부를기준으로동맥문합 부 2 cm 이내의두부정맥병변은문합부인접정맥병변 (juxta-anastomotic), 문합부 2 cm 이후부터중심정맥사이의두 부정맥병변은문합부상부정맥병변 (proximal) 으로정의하였 다. 쇄골하정맥, 무명정맥, 상대정맥의병변은중심정맥병변 (central) 으로분류하여기술하였고동맥에이상이있을경우는 동맥병변으로기술하였다 (5). 혈관성형술 (Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty) 원위부두부정맥의크기가매우작아천자의어려움이있는 24예에서 Micropuncture set (Cook, Bloomington, IN, USA) 의 21 G 바늘을이용하여초음파유도하에동맥을통한접근법을우선시행하였고, 18명에서상완동맥을, 6명에서요골동맥을, 3명에선원위부두부정맥을천자하였다. 1명에선상완동맥과손목이하원위부요골동맥두군데를천자하였다. 천자후혈관조영술을시행하여시술전도플러초음파결과와일치하는지를확인하였다. 혈관조영술은공급혈관인요골동맥또는상완동맥을포함하여동정맥문합부에서쇄골하정맥까지시행하였다. 이후천자부위를통하여 4 Fr short vascular sheath (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) 를삽입한후헤파린 ( 녹십자, 서울, 한국 ) 3000 unit 를주입하였다. 요골동맥두부정맥동정맥루 (Brescia-Cimino fistula) 의경우상완동맥을순방향 (antegrade) 으로천자하였고, 4 Fr curved diagnostic catheter (Cook, Bloomington, IN, USA) 를요골동맥을통하여동정맥문합부까지진입시켰다. 다음으로다양한미세유도철사를이용하여문합부자체와이의근위부의협착및폐쇄병변을통과한후직경 A B Fig. 2. A 51-year-old male with immature radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Comparison between color doppler ultrasound examination and angiography. A. The color doppler ultrasonography shows a less 2 mm diameter of anastomosis and proximal venous limb of radiocephalic AVF (arrowheads). B. The angiography after puncture of left brachial artery shows a focal severe stenosis of proximal venous limb of radiocephalic AVF (arrows). 3~5 mm, 길이 2~20 cm 크기의풍선카테터 (Savvy TM, Cordis, Miami Lakes, FL, USA) 로협착부위와폐쇄부위에대하여정 상기압으로 1~5 분정도풍선확장술을시행하였다 (Fig. 2). 또한, 문합부에서유출정맥원위부사이의 10 cm 이상길이 의완전혈전성폐쇄에대하여도우선유도철사를통과시킨후 10 cm 이상의긴풍선카테터를이용하여혈관확장술을병변 전체에대하여반복적으로시행하였다 (Fig. 3). 이경우풍선 혈관확장술을시행하기전에혈전용해술은전예에서시행하 지않았다. 상완동맥 - 두부정맥동정맥루의경우상완동맥중 간부위를같은방법으로역방향 (retrograde) 으로천자한후 4 Fr short vascular sheath (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) 를삽입하고 jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2013;69(5):

4 미성숙자가동정맥루에대한경피적혈관성형술시행전도플러초음파검사의임상적인유용성 병변부위유도철사통과후직경 5~7 mm, 길이 2~20 cm 크기의풍선카테터를이용하여정상기압으로 1~5분정도풍선혈관성형술을시행하였다. 시술부위의지혈은지혈패드 (Clo-Sur plus P.A.D TM, SCION, Miami, FL, USA) 와지혈용압박밴드 (TR Band TM, Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) 를이용하였다. 시술성적의지표는시술의기술적인성공률 (technical success) 과시술후혈관의성숙이진행되어혈액투석을성공적으로시행받는임상적성공률 (clinical success) 로기술하였으며 SIR (the society of interventional radiology) assessment committee 의기준에의하였다 (14). 기술적성공이란협착의경우잔존협착이혈관구경의 30% 이하로남아있을때로정의하였으며, 폐쇄의경우폐쇄된부분의재개통과더불어혈관구경 30% 이하의잔존협착이남아있을때로정의하였다. 추적검사시병변의재발은협착 (stenosis) 과폐쇄 (occlusion) 로기술하였으며협착의경우정상부위직경 (diameter) 의 50% 이하로감소하였을때로정의하였고폐쇄는병변부위원위부의혈류가보이지않을때로정의하였다 (15). 임상적성공이란혈관성형술후적어도 1회이상중단없이투석을할수있는것으로정의하였다 (16). 1차개통률은혈관성형술후재차협착이나폐쇄가발생하여다시성형술을하는시점까지로정의하였고, 2차개통률은혈관성형술후동정맥루를더이상쓸수없게되거나수술로교정하는시점까지로정하였다 (16). 추적기간에따른시술후 개통률을 Kaplan-Meyer 법을이용하여분석하였고, 통계적유의수준은 p값이 0.05 미만인경우로정의하였으며협착군과폐색군의개통률비교는 Log Rank test 를이용하여시행하였다. 결과 도플러초음파-혈관조영술의비교도플러초음파상병변의특성은혈전성완전폐쇄가 5명, 협착이 23명에서관찰되었으며협착은모두 24예였다. 90% 이상의심한협착이 12예, 70% 이하의협착이 8예에서확인되었으며, 1명에서는 70% 이하의협착이두군데에서관찰되었다. 병변의위치는혈전성완전폐쇄의경우 5예에서문합부근위부에서팔꿈치관절까지의두부정맥전장에걸쳐혈전이보이고혈류가전혀관찰되지않았다. 협착은모두 24예였고, 19예에서는인접정맥병변 (juxta-anastomotic) 에, 그리고 5예에서는상부정맥병변 (proximal) 에위치하고있었다. 이중 1예에서는인접정맥병변과상부정맥병변두곳에협착이있었다. 협착부구경은평균 1.27 mm, 정상두부정맥은평균 3.9 mm로관찰되었고, 협착부혈류의체적흐름 (volume flow) 은평균 61 ml/min 으로측정되었다. 70% 이하의협착군과 90% 이상의협착군의측정된체적흐름은각각평균 60 ml/min 과 55 ml/min 으로통계적인유의한차이는관찰되지않았다. 혈관조영술상병변의특성은협착성병변중도플러초음파 A B C Fig. 3. A 77-year-old male with immature radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Comparison between color doppler ultrasound examination and angiography of totally thrombotic occluded radiocephalic AVF. A. The color-scale longitudinal doppler ultrasonography shows a totally occluded flow and large amount of echogenic thrombus through entire proximal venous limb of fistula (arrowheads). B. The angiography after puncture of left brachial artery shows a totally occluded proximal venous limb of fistula from just distal from anastomosis (arrow). C. After percutaneous balloon angioplasty with 3 mm 15 cm balloon catheter, the final angiography shows a completely recanalized entire proximal venous limb of fistula without residual stenosis, but small amount remained thrombi was observed around venous wall of proximal venous limb of fistula (arrows). 354 대한영상의학회지 2013;69(5): jksronline.org

5 김정은외 검사에서 90% 이상심한협착으로관찰되었으나혈관조영술에는비혈전성완전폐쇄로관찰된 4예를제외하고는초음파검사와동일한소견이었다. 팔목관절보다원위부의두부정맥이나중심정맥에병변은 1예에서도관찰되지않았다. 혈전성완전폐쇄의경우 3예서 15 cm 이상, 1예서 8 cm, 1예에서 6 cm 의병변길이를보여주었다. 협착병변의경우 13 예에서 2 cm 이하의협착부위, 7예에서 4 cm 이하, 1예에서 6 cm 이하, 2예에서 8 cm 이하, 1예에서 12 cm의협착길이가관찰되었다. 도플러초음파와혈관조영술을비교하여협착병변으로관찰된 24 예중 4예를제외하고병변의위치및협착의정도가일치하였고, 일치하지않은 4예의경우비혈전성국소적인완전폐쇄로혈관조영술에서관찰되었다. 혈전성완전폐쇄의경우도플러초음파와혈관조영술에서혈전의위치와병변의길이가모두일치함을보여주었다. 협착이있던환자중 4예와혈전성완전폐쇄를보인 1예에서혈관조영술상도플러초음파에서발견되지않았던부수정맥이관찰되었다. 28 명모두에서혈관조영술상쇄골하정맥등의중심정맥에는이상이없었다 (Table 2). 혈관성형술결과 ( 가 ) 미성숙동정맥루에대한혈관성형술의초기성공률은 96.4%(27/28) 였다. ( 나 ) 3명에서총 4회의추가적인혈관성형술을시행받았는데 2명에서 1회, 1명에서 2회의추가적인혈관성형술을시행받은후임상적인성공을거둘수있었다 (Table 3). ( 다 ) 혈관성형술후첫투석시작까지의기간은 1~105 일 ( 평균 28.9 일 ) 이었다. ( 라-1) 모든예에서천자부위의혈종이나출혈등의합병증은발생하지않았다. ( 라-2) 1예에서는문합부 2 cm 근위부의협착병변에대한혈관성형술직후가성동맥류가발생하여수회에걸친 balloon tampodade 를시행하였으나지혈에실패하였고, 이후수술적으로다른동정맥루를새로만들었다 (Fig. 4). ( 마-1) 관찰기간의범위는평균 467 일 (107~1569 일 ) 이었으며이기간중에사망한환자는없었다. 투석시작전에 3명에서 1 회씩의혈관성형술을시행받은후임상적인성공을거둘수있었고, 투석을시작한후 3명에서재협착이생겨총 2명에서 1회, 1명에서는 4회의혈관성형술을추가로시행받아혈관성형술의 1차개통률은 3개월에 92.9%, 6개월에 60.7%, 12개월에 39.3% 였고 일의 estimated mean survival 과 232 일의 estimated median survival 이관찰되었다 (Fig. 5A). ( 마-2) 협착군 (18 예 ) 과폐색군 (9예) 을비교하여개통률에있어유의한통계적인차이는관찰되지않았다 (p value = 0.115) (Fig. 5B). 고찰 수술후자가동정맥루의불충분한성숙의원인이되는동맥의구조적이상은동맥자체의직경이작거나, 동맥경화성병변 Table 2. The Findings of Doppler Ultrasonography and Fistulography Doppler US (n = 28) Fistulography (n = 28) Thrombotic total occlusion 5 Thrombotic total occlusion 5 Stenosis (%) Stenosis (%) > Total occlusion > < Juxta-anastomotic 19 < 70 8 Proximal 5 Juxta-anastomotic 19 Proximal 5 Note.-US = ultrasonography Table 3. Additional Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty Findings before the Start of Hemodialysis Pt. 1st PTA Next PTA Site* Lesion After 1st PTA Site* Lesion Pt. 1 Juxta-anastomotic < 70% stenosis 41 day Proximal Stenosis Pt. 2 Juxta-anastomotic Total thrombotic occlusion 45 day Proximal Stenosis (multifocal) 120 day Proximal Stenosis (multifocal) Pt. 3 Proximal > 90% stenosis 120 day Juxta-anastomotic Stenosis Note.-*From anastomosis site. PTA = percutaneous transluminal angioplasty jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2013;69(5):

6 미성숙자가동정맥루에대한경피적혈관성형술시행전도플러초음파검사의임상적인유용성 이있는경우로동정맥루에충분한혈류량을공급하지못하여 성숙을방해한다 (17). 이전의천자등에의해정맥의협착이있 는경우도성숙을방해하는데정맥의협착은어느부위에서나 발생할수있으나동정맥루수술후에는특징적으로동정맥문 합부바로인접한정맥에서잘발생한다. 이런특정한곳에발생 하는협착의원인은아직정확히밝혀지진않았지만동정맥문 합부로부터상방 5 cm 까지의두부정맥은수술시에요골동맥과 의문합을위해원래의해부학적위치에서이동을시키는데, 이 A B Fig. 4. A 78-year-old male with a pseudoaneurysm of proximal venous limb of radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). A. The angiography after puncture of brachial artery shows a focal severe stenosis of proximal venous limb of immature radiocephalic AVF (arrowhead). B. After PTA with 3.0 mm 4 cm balloon catheter, the final angiography shows an acute onset of pseudoaneurysm at most stenosis site of proximal venous limb of immature radiocephalic AVF (arrow). 렇게이동되는부분에협착이잘생겨수술술기와연관되었을가능성이제시되고있다 (18). Falk 등 (18) 의연구에서문합부바로인접한정맥의협착이 85%(55/65) 로가장많았으며, Chung 등 (11) 의연구에서도 50%(11/22) 에서이부위의협착이원인이었다. 저자들의경우도협착병변중 79.1% 에서문합부에인접한정맥부위에협착이생기는것을보았다. 그동안동정맥루의미성숙을진단하는데는이학적검사와동정맥루조영술이이용되었고동정맥루의정상적인성숙은이학적검사상충분히직경이자라난두부정맥의강한진동음 (thrill) 이수축기와이완기모두에서느껴지고매우부드러운맥박 (pulse) 이감지됨으로알수있었고, 미성숙동정맥루의경우동정맥루의진동음이수축기와이완기에걸쳐일률적이지않고, 유출정맥촉진시만져지는정맥의길이가짧고구경이작은경우의심하였다 (4). 이런경우이학적검사에서이상소견이있더라도임상에서는미성숙진단을보류하여한달정도성숙을충분히기다린후에도이학적소견이호전되지않으면동정맥루조영술을시행한다. 하지만미성숙된원위부정맥을천자하기가기술적으로어려운경우가많고천자로인해혈관에손상을줄수있으며검사시사용하는조영제의신장독성과경제적인측면에서제한점이있다 (11). 최근들어동정맥루수술후도플러초음파검사가비침습적으로동정맥루를평가하는데이용되고있으며 (19-21), 도플러초음파상동정맥루의미성숙을평가하는지표로서동정맥루접합부의근위부유출정맥의직경과유출정맥을통한체적흐름 (volume flow) 및 peak systolic velocity, 동반된해부학적이상등을관찰하였다 (22). 도플러초음파에서체적흐름 (volume flow) 의측정은 polytetrafluoroethylene ( 이하 PTFE) 의 1.0 Survival function 1.0 Survival functions Status Occlusion Stenosis Cum survival Cum survival A B Fig. 5. Clinical success analysis of all patients. A. Kaplan-Meier estimation of primary patency of arteriovenous fistula after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. B. The Log Rank test estimation of statistical difference between stenosis group and occlusion group. 356 대한영상의학회지 2013;69(5): jksronline.org

7 김정은외 이식실패 (graft failure) 를예측하는데는의미가있으나자가동정맥루에서는도움이되지않는다고알려졌지만 (23), 최근에는자가동정맥루의실패를평가하는데도가장의미있는예측인자로보고되고있다 (24). PTFE graft 와자가동정맥루의영양동맥 (feeding artery) 을지나는체적흐름 (volume flow) 을측정하여 PTFE graft 경우 650 ml/min 이하, 자가동정맥루는 500 ml/min 이하의감소된체적흐름 (volume flow) 을보이면 vascular access failure 를예측할수있으며도플러초음파검사에서확인된 50% 이상의협착은동정맥루조영술과비교하였을때 76~87% 의민감도 (sensitivity) 를보여주었다 (24-26). Michelle 등 (7) 은두부정맥의최소직경이 4 mm 이상이거나 500 ml/min 이상의체적흐름 (volume flow) 을보일때동정맥루가성숙이가능한것으로평가하여이두가지조건을모두충족하는경우에는 95% 에서투석이가능하였음을보고하였고, 다른연구에서도체적흐름 (volume flow) 과혈관직경측정이도플러초음파에서미성숙을판단하는데가장유용하다고하였다 (19). 저자들역시이러한기준으로미성숙여부를평가하였으나대상환자가동양인이고여성이많은점을고려하여기준이되는체적흐름 (volume flow) 을 350~300 ml 이하로더작게설정하였다. 하지만이러한기준역시자가동정맥루의영양동맥 (feeding artery) 이나동정맥루접합부에서측정된것을제시한것으로본연구에서협착부에서측정한체적흐름 (volume flow) 값과는큰차이가있었다. 단지혈관조영술에서도플러초음파와비교하여더협착이심한비혈전성국소적인완전폐쇄로나타난 4예의경우도플러초음파로미성숙을진단하고혈관성형술을하는사이에병변이진행되었을가능성또는혈관조영술이협착의정도를더욱더잘보여주는특성에기인한것으로사료된다. 이는임상적으로미성숙이진단되면되도록빨리혈관성형술을시행하는것이중요하다는것을시사할수있다. 이러한불일치를보인 4명의환자에서미성숙이진단되고혈관성형술을하기까지의기간은평균 2.8일 (1~5일) 이었다. 동정맥루수술후 24 시간이내부터동정맥루를통한혈류량의증가가일어나며, 4 mm 이상의정맥구경또는 500 ml/ min 이상의혈류량이초기에관찰되면성공적인동정맥루의성숙을나타내는지표로볼수있고, 수술후이러한정맥구경과혈류량이초기에발생되고나면 2달, 3달, 4달후측정한동정맥루의혈류량과정맥의직경은큰차이가없다 (27, 28). 이는수술후조기 4~6주에이미동정맥루의적절성이결정됨을시사하며수술후적어도 4주후에는동정맥루를평가할것이권고되고, 저자들역시수술후평균 4~6주에도플러초음파를실시하였다. 또한, Ascher 등 (21) 은초음파추적검사를통한 volume flow 증가의확인이혈관성형술의효과를평가하고첫투석시행전혈관의성숙여부를추적하는데도움이된다고보고하였고 (24), Kian 과 Vassalotti (28) 에따르면미성숙동정맥루에대한혈관성형술후투석을시작할수있을정도로정맥루가성숙되는데평균 25.5 일이소요되었다. 일반적으로자가동정맥루의혈관성형술을위한접근경로는정맥을통한후향적접근 (retrograde approach) 을하거나동맥과정맥두부위를통한접근이이용되고있다. 그러나미성숙동정맥루의경우정맥이충분히확장되지않아정맥천자가어려울수있으며문합부에인접한정맥의협착이있는경우좁아진정맥내로조영제가역행하지못하여동맥까지혈관조영을시행하기어렵다 (11, 29). 저자들은 85.7% 에서동맥천자를통한접근을우선시행하였고, 이러한접근법은우선천자와시술후지혈이용이하고, 동맥, 문합부, 유출정맥, 중심정맥까지한번에혈관조영이가능하고, 유출정맥에다수의협착부위가있거나, 원위부유출정맥에병변이위치할경우치료도동시에시행할수있었다. 단지, 동정맥루접합부의형성이예각으로형성된경우유도철사와풍선카테터의통과가용이치않은경우가종종있고, 동맥을통한접근이천자부위의동맥협착이나가성동맥류형성, 동맥파열등의부작용이있는것으로알려져있으나저자들의경우천자부위의합병증은한예도발생하지않았다 (29, 30). 시술과관련하여가성동맥류의합병증이발생한 1예의경우미성숙된동정맥루는근위부구경이 3 mm 이내이고협착부의직경은이보다더작은 1 mm 내외인것을고려하면확장술시사용한풍선카테터의크기가가성동맥류의원인으로추정되며, 혈관성형술시혈관이과도하게확장되면서국소적인혈관파열이생기고이로인해가성동맥류가생겼을가능성이가장높을것으로사료된다. 따라서협착부에대한혈관성형술시풍선카테터의크기선택에더욱신중해야할것으로사료된다. 또한, Kim 등 (10) 또는 Chung 등 (11) 의협착성병변에대한 1 차혈관성형술후 95.5% 의높은초기성공률과 6개월후 50% 의높은누적개통률에대한연구보고와혈전에의해성숙이안된동정맥루의완전폐색에대해서경피적혈전제거술시행후 79% 의높은초기성공률과시술 12 개월후 90% 의높은누적개통률과비교하여, 저자들의연구에서도혈관조영술에서협착성병변으로관찰된 18 예에서시술 12 개월후 77.8%, 폐색성병변으로관찰된 9예에서 88.9% 의높은개통률을보여주었다 (12). 이연구의제한점은 1) 대상환자의수가적고추적관찰기간의범위가짧으며, 2) 중심정맥의협착병변이나동정맥루의성숙실패에영향을줄만한부수정맥에대한시술이한예도없었다는점이다. jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2013;69(5):

8 미성숙자가동정맥루에대한경피적혈관성형술시행전도플러초음파검사의임상적인유용성 결론적으로미성숙동정맥루의평가에있어도플러초음파를이용하면동정맥루의 blood flow 와정확하게혈관의구경을파악하고, 협착과폐쇄를동정맥루조영술수준으로볼수있어형태학적이상소견을잘알수있다. 더불어동정맥루의혈역학적기능도평가할수있으므로, 침습적인동정맥루조영술과비교하여보다더유용한정보를제공한다. 또한, 미성숙동정맥루치료에있어혈관성형술은매우우수한기술적성공률과임상적인성공률을보여주어동정맥루성숙에있어가장효과적인일차적인치료법으로고려된다. 참고문헌 1. Vascular Access 2006 Work Group. Clinical practice guidelines for vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;48 Suppl 1:S176-S Asif A, Roy-Chaudhury P, Beathard GA. Early arteriovenous fistula failure: a logical proposal for when and how to intervene. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;1: Nassar GM. Endovascular management of the failing to mature arteriovenous fistula. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2008;11: Beathard GA. An algorithm for the physical examination of early fistula failure. Semin Dial 2005;18: Beathard GA, Arnold P, Jackson J, Litchfield T; Physician Operators Forum of RMS Lifeline. Aggressive treatment of early fistula failure. Kidney Int 2003;64: Gadallah MF, Paulson WD, Vickers B, Work J. Accuracy of Doppler ultrasound in diagnosing anatomic stenosis of hemodialysis arteriovenous access as compared with fistulography. Am J Kidney Dis 1998;32: Robbin ML, Chamberlain NE, Lockhart ME, Gallichio MH, Young CJ, Deierhoi MH, et al. Hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula maturity: US evaluation. Radiology 2002;225: Singh P, Robbin ML, Lockhart ME, Allon M. Clinically immature arteriovenous hemodialysis fistulas: effect of US on salvage. Radiology 2008;246: Turmel-Rodrigues L, Mouton A, Birmelé B, Billaux L, Ammar N, Grézard O, et al. Salvage of immature forearm fistulas for haemodialysis by interventional radiology. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16: Kim YO, Song HH, Kim NI, Yoon SA, Song HC, Choi EJ, et al. The effect of percutaneous angioplasty on the treat- ment of poor maturation of the native arteriovenous fistula. Korean J Med 2000;59: Chung JY, Song HH, Kim KT, Kim YO, Yoon SA. Efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for treating nonmaturing brescia-cimino fistulas. J Korean Radiol Soc 2004; 51: Miller GA, Hwang W, Preddie D, Khariton A, Savransky Y. Percutaneous salvage of thrombosed immature arteriovenous fistulas. Semin Dial 2011;24: Lockhart ME, Robbin ML. Hemodialysis access ultrasound. Ultrasound Q 2001;17: Gray RJ, Sacks D, Martin LG, Trerotola SO; Society of Interventional Radiology Technology Assessment Committee. Reporting standards for percutaneous interventions in dialysis access. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003;14(9 Pt 2):S433- S Aruny JE, Lewis CA, Cardella JF, Cole PE, Davis A, Drooz AT, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for percutaneous management of the thrombosed or dysfunctional dialysis access. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003;14(9 Pt 2):S247-S Manninen HI, Kaukanen E, Mäkinen K, Karhapää P. Endovascular salvage of nonmaturing autogenous hemodialysis fistulas: comparison with endovascular therapy of failing mature fistulas. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008;19: Mercado C, Salman L, Krishnamurthy G, Choi K, Artikov S, Thomas I, et al. Early and late fistula failure. Clin Nephrol 2008;69: Falk A, Teodorescu V, Lou WY, Uribarri J, Vassalotti JA. Treatment of swing point stenoses in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulae. Clin Nephrol 2003;60: Alamdaran A, Nazemian F, Taheri H. Doppler ultrasound assessment of well-functioning native hemodialysis access: comparison with sufficient dialysis. Iran J Radiol 2008; 5: Pietura R, Janczarek M, Zaluska W, Szymanska A, Janicka L, Skublewska-Bednarek A, et al. Colour Doppler ultrasound assessment of well-functioning mature arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis access. Eur J Radiol 2005;55: Ascher E, Hingorani A, Marks N. Duplex scanning-derived access volume flow: novel predictor of success following endovascular repair of failing or nonmaturing arteriove- 358 대한영상의학회지 2013;69(5): jksronline.org

9 김정은외 nous fistulae for hemodialysis. Vascular 2010;18: Ives CL, Akoh JA, George J, Vaughan-Huxley E, Lawson H. Pre-operative vessel mapping and early post-operative surveillance duplex scanning of arteriovenous fistulae. J Vasc Access 2009;10: Bay WH, Henry ML, Lazarus JM, Lew NL, Ling J, Lowrie EG. Predicting hemodialysis access failure with color flow Doppler ultrasound. Am J Nephrol 1998;18: Wiese P, Nonnast-Daniel B. Colour Doppler ultrasound in dialysis access. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19: Middleton WD, Picus DD, Marx MV, Melson GL. Color Doppler sonography of hemodialysis vascular access: comparison with angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1989;152: Lumsden AB, MacDonald MJ, Kikeri D, Cotsonis GA, Harker LA, Martin LG. Prophylactic balloon angioplasty fails to prolong the patency of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene arteriovenous grafts: results of a prospective randomized study. J Vasc Surg 1997;26: ; discussion Yerdel MA, Kesenci M, Yazicioglu KM, Dös eyen Z, Türkçapar AG, Anadol E. Effect of haemodynamic variables on surgically created arteriovenous fistula flow. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997;12: Kian K, Vassalotti JA. The new arteriovenous fistula: the need for earlier evaluation and intervention. Semin Dial 2005;18: Hong HP, Kim SK. Usefulness of percutaneous intervention with transarterial approach in the salvage of nonmaturing native fistulas status-post transvenous approach failure: transarterial approach in the salvage of nonmaturing native fistulas. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2009;32: Liang HL, Pan HB, Chung HM, Ger LP, Fang HC, Wu TH, et al. Restoration of thrombosed Brescia-Cimino dialysis fistulas by using percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Radiology 2002;223: jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2013;69(5):

10 미성숙자가동정맥루에대한경피적혈관성형술시행전도플러초음파검사의임상적인유용성 미성숙자가동정맥루에대한경피적혈관성형술시행전도플러초음파검사의임상적인유용성 1 김정은 1 조영권 2 심재찬 1 이소영 3 성수아 3 황영환 3 목적 : 미성숙자가동정맥루의치료로서혈관성형술시행전도플러초음파검사의임상적인유용성과혈관성형술의유용성에대해서보고하고자한다. 대상과방법 : 2008 년 11월부터 2013 년 5월까지자가동정맥루수술후도플러초음파검사를통해미성숙자가동정맥루로진단받고경피적혈관성형술을시행받은 28명의환자를대상으로하였다. 각환자의시술전도플러초음파검사소견과시술시시행한혈관조영술의소견을후향적으로비교분석하고혈관성형술의성공률과개통률을조사하였다. 결과 : 도플러초음파검사소견상협착병변은 23명이었으며 5명은혈전성완전폐쇄병변이었고협착병변의위치는 67.8(19/28) 예에서문합부에서 2 cm 내의근위부두부정맥이었으며혈전성완전폐쇄에서 5예에서문합부근위부에서팔꿈치관절까지의두부정맥사이의긴병변이었다. 혈관조영술상혈전성완전폐쇄가 5명, 23명에서 24부위의협착병변으로나타났으며, 도플러초음파검사에서 90% 이상의협착으로관찰된 12예중혈관조영술에서비혈전성완전폐쇄로관찰된 4예를제외하고, 모든병변의위치와특성은도플러초음파와혈관조영술소견이일치하였다. 미성숙된자가동정맥루에대한혈관성형술의기술적인성공률 (technical success) 은 96.4%(27/28) 였으며이중 3명에서총 4회의혈관성형술을추가로시행하여임상적성공을이루었다. 관찰기간중총 6회의추가적인시술이이루어졌다. 기술적인실패는시술직후가성동맥류가발생한 1예에서관찰되었다. 혈관성형술의 1차개통률은 3개월에 92.9%, 6개월에 60.7%, 12개월에 39.3% 였고 일의 estimated mean survival 과 232 일의 estimated median survival 이관찰되었다. 또한, 협착군 (18 예 ) 과폐색군 (9예) 을비교하여개통률에있어유의한통계적인차이는관찰되지않았다. 결론 : 도플러초음파검사를통한미성숙자가동정맥루의평가는진단적동정맥루조영술을대치할수있는유용한검사이며, 미성숙자가동정맥루에대한혈관성형술은동정맥루성숙을유도하는데있어매우효과적인치료방법으로사료된다. 1 인제대학교의과대학서울백병원영상의학과, 을지대학교을지병원 2 영상의학과, 3 신장내과 360 대한영상의학회지 2013;69(5): jksronline.org

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