애강% 생n 신성욱오 1: 혈액투석용인공동점맥루와동정맥이석편의중재적재소통술 성신우염 2예, 신성고혈압과양측성요로폐쇄가각각 1 예였고, 나머지 6예는원언을알수없었다. 동정맥루나동정맥이식편의기능부전을시사하는임상소견은정맥측혈류의감소, 또는동정액이식편의혈전성폐쇄였다. 임상증상

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1 대한방사선의학호 IXI1998;39: 혈액투석용안공동정맥루와동정맥이식편의중재적재소통술 : 혈관성형술과유로키나제의맥동살포법에의한혈전용해술 1 신성욱 도영수 박홍석 주성욱 검성주 2 조재원 2 김용일 2 오하영 3. 신명희 4. 변홍식 최연현 검숭훈 주인욱 검보경 목 적 : 기능부전혈액투석용인공동정맥루및동정맥이식편의경피경관혈관성형술과 맥동살포법에의한혈전용해술의유용성에대해알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 년 9 월부터 년 5 월까지혈액투석용인공동정맥루나이식편의기능 부전으로중재적시술을시행받은 16 명 ( 인공동정맥루 3 명, 이식펀 13 명 ) 의환자에서시행 한 2 1 예 ( 풍선혈관성형술 6 예, 혈전용해제의액동살포법 1 5 예 ) 의시술을대상으로시술의 성공률및개통률을추적조사하였다. 결과. 전체시술의성공률은 76. 2% (1 6 /2 1) 였으며, 풍선혈관성형술은 83.3%(5/6), 혈 전용해제의맥동살포법의경우 73.3 % (11 / 1 5) 였다. 혈전용해제의맥동살포법의경우일차 개통률은 6개월 69 :t 12.8%, 1 27B 월 38 :t 1 8.6% 였으며, 인공동정맥루 ( 3명 ) 에시행한풍선 혈관성형술의경우최초성공한 2 명중 1 명은 7 개월째정맥측재협착으로재시술을하였고, 1 명은 15 개월추적기간동안개통되어있었다. 결 론 : 기능부전인공동정맥루나이식편의중재적재소통술은높은성공률및개통률을 보이고반복시술이가능함으로효과적인일차적치료방법이다. 만성신부전환자의장기적혈액투석을위해가장널리이용되는혈역학적경로는상지에설치된자가혈관인공동정맥루나인조혈관동정맥이식편이며근래에는혈액투석기법빛내과적치료술의발달에따라환자의수명이연장되고고령화로인해 polytet r afluoroethy lene(ptfe) 를이용한동정맥이식편이동정맥루보다외과적으로더욱선호되는추세이다 (1). 동정맥루의평균개통률 (patency rate) 은보고자에따라 1 년에서 3년까지로다양하게보고하고있고 (2), PTFE를이용한동정맥이식편의경우 1년및 2년개통률은각각 60-80% 및 50-70% 정도로보고되고있다 (2, 3). 신장이식전까지이러한혈역학적경로를유지송 } 는것이생명유지에필수적이나동정맥루나동정맥이식편을설치할수있는적절한부위는제한적이다 (4, 5). 이러한혈역학적경로의협착이나혈전증에의한기능부전시에전통적인치료법은외과적인혈전제거및절 를업증한후현재구미에서는혈전치료에많이이용되고있으나국내에서의보고된논문은제한적이다. 이에저자들은기능부전혈액투석용동정맥루및동정맥이식편의치료목적으로풍선혈관성형술 (per cutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty, PTA) 및유로키나제의맥동살포법에의한혈전용해술 (puls ed -s pr ay pharmacomechani cal thrombolysis, PSPMT) 을시행한환자를대상으로시술의성공률과개통률을알아보기위하여본연구를시행하였다. 대상및방법 1996년 9월부터 1998년 5월까지혈액투석용동정맥루나동정맥이식편의기능부전으로 PTA 또는 PSPMT를시행받은 1 6명의환자를대상으로하여 PTA 6예 (1 회시솔 4명, 2회사 제와재문함술이였으나 (2, 6, 7) 혈액투석환자의수명연장및 술 1명 ), PSPMT 1 5예 (1회시술 1 2명, 3회시술 1 명 ) 를시행하 혈역학적경로를설치할수있는적절한부위의제한으로인해 과거 년동안중재적재소통술에대한연구및시술이 보편화되었으며 (5), 유로키나제의액동살포법 (pulsed-sp r ay 였다. 대상환자는남자 10 명, 여자 6 명이었고, 연령분포는 22-7l 세 ( 평균 54.μ]) 였으며, 동정맥루 3 명, PTFE 를이용한 동정맥이식편이 1 3 명이였다. PTA 6 예중 4 예는동정맥루에서 method) 은 Bookstein 등 (8) 이처음시도하여혈전용해효과 시행하였고, 2 예는동정맥이식편을갖고있던환자에서시행하 였는데이들은각각이식편내혈전형성이없고, 이식편의정액 l 성균관대학교의과대핵삼성서울병원진단방사선과 2 성균관대학교의과대학일반외과 3 성균관대학교의과대학신장내과 4 성균관대학교의과대학예방의학교실 이논문은 1998 년 7 월 1 4 일접수하여 년 9 월 1 일에채택되었음. 측문합부혹은쇄골하정맥의협착을보였던경우들이었다. PSPMT 를시행했던 15 예는 PTFE 동정맥이식편내혈전형성 으로완전폐쇄가있었다. 만성신부전의원인은당뇨병 7 예, 만 1101

2 애강% 생n 신성욱오 1: 혈액투석용인공동점맥루와동정맥이석편의중재적재소통술 성신우염 2예, 신성고혈압과양측성요로폐쇄가각각 1 예였고, 나머지 6예는원언을알수없었다. 동정맥루나동정맥이식편의기능부전을시사하는임상소견은정맥측혈류의감소, 또는동정액이식편의혈전성폐쇄였다. 임상증상과촉진으로협착및폐쇄된부위를예측한뒤혈관조영술후바로중재적시술을시행할수있도록천자부위및방향을결정하고, 2 1 gauge 미소천자침 (micropuncture needle : COOK, Bloomington, USA) 을사용하여디지탈감쇄혈관조영술 (digital subtraction a ngiography) 을시행하였다. 혈관조영술상동정맥루및동정맥이식편의기능부전의원인은동정맥루의경우는인접정맥이나동정맥문합부의협착이었고, 동정맥이식편에서는정맥측문함부의협착이가장많았다 (Table 1). 동정맥루의경우는상박부에혈압계를감고수축기혈압이상으로압박한후조영제를주사하여동맥및동정맥문합부의협착을확인하고혈압계를푼후원위부정맥부터상대정맥까지협착부위를확인하였다. 동정맥루의경우모든예에서협착에의한혈류감소가원인이었기때문에 PTA를시행하였다.PTA 는협착부위의정상혈관내경을기준으로하여풍선카태터의크기를결정한후대개 6mm x 40mm 나 8mm x 40mm 크기의 Blue max(boston Scientific, Galway, USA) 풍선카테터를이용해 압으로 30초 - 1분간반복시행하였다. 동정맥이식편의경우동맥측문합부에서 5 cm 원위부이식편을천자한후 6F 동맥초 (Art e rial Sheath, Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) 를정맥측문합부를향해삽입한후혈관문합부위에서상대정맥까지를여러부분으로나누어혈관조영술을시행하고동맥으로조영제를역류시키기위해상박부에혈압계를감고수축기혈압이상으로압박한후혈관조영술을시행하였다. 혈관조영술에서정맥측문함부위나정맥에협착만관찰된경우 PTA를시행하여치료하였고 (2예), 이식편에혈전성폐쇄가있였던예는혈전용해술을위하여정맥측문합부위에서 5cm 근위부이식편을천자하고 6 F동맥초를동맥측문합부를향해삽업하였다. 양측동맥초에 c riss -c ro ss 형으로 2개의다측공 shower 카테터 (Sol c o Intermed, Seoul, Kor e a) 를삽입하여양측카테터의끝을각각동맥, 정맥문합부에위치시켰다. 이때사용한다측공이있는카테터부위의길이는 lo cm 였다. PSPMT는유로키나제 50만단위와헤파린 5,000 단위를주사용식엽수에혼합하여 20ml 주사기에담아 three-way stopc ock의한쪽에연결하고다른한쪽에는 1ml 주사기를연결하여유로키나제혼합용액을 0. 2 ml씩뽑아셔 3 0초마다수동으로인조혈관내정맥측혈전에서부터카테터를조금썩동맥측으로뽑으면서 1 5 cc를고압주입하고, 동맥측혈전부위에나머지 5cc 를주입하였다. PSPMT후혈관조영술에서관찰된협착부위를정액, 정액문함부, 이식편, 동맥문합부순서로직경 6-8mm, 길이 4cm 의풍선카메터로 PTA를시행하였다. 마지막으로혈관조영술을시행하여잔존협착, 이식편의혈류, 동맥측색전증유무를확인하고잔여협착부위는다시 PTA를시행하였다. 시술이성공하면동맥초를피부에봉합하고혈액투석실로환자를보내동맥초로혈액투석을시행하였다. 시술의성공여부는혈관협착부위의확장및혈전의완전한용해가이루어지고, 동정맥루나동정맥이식편을통해 1달이상혈액투석을성공적으로시행하였을경우를성공으로간주하였다. 장기추적은의무기록및문진으로추적조사하여개통기간을알아보았고, 환자가사망하거나신장이식을시행받은경우는그시기를끝점으로개통중인것으로하였다. 동정맥이식편 (13명) 에대해시행한 13예의 PSPMT의추적조사기간은 1개월에서 17개월까지였고평균추적기간은 5. 8개월이었으며 6개월, 12개월째의일차개통률을 Kaplan-Meier method를이용하여분석하였다. 결과기능부전동정맥루및동정맥이식편에대해 21 예의중재적시술을시행하여 16예에서성공하였다 (76.2 % ). PTA는총 6예를시행하여 5예에서성공하였다 (8 3.3% ). 인공동정맥루의기능부전으로 3명의환자에서 4예 (2회시술 l명 ) 의 PTA(Fig. 1) 를시행하여 3예에서성공하였는데 (75%), 실패한 l예는동정맥문합부의완전폐색으로유도철션을진입할수없었다. PTA에최초성공한 2명중 1명은 7개월째정맥측재협착으로 PTA를재시행하였으며, 7개월후다시협착이발생하여외과적재문합술을시행받았고, 다른 1명은추적조사기간인 15개월동안개통되어있었다. 동정맥이식편의혈관조영술에서이식편내혈전형성이보이지않으면서정맥측문합부위나정맥에협착만관찰된 2예에서 PTA를시행하여성공하였고, 각각 2개월, 117~ 월추적조사기간동안개통되어있였다. Table 1. Underlying Causes for Dysfunctioning Hemodialysis Access Type of Hemodialysis Access 따뼈Abnormality No. (%) of Cases AV fi안ula(n=4) Peripheral venous stenosis 3 (75) Arterio-venous anastomotic stenosis 2 (50) v AV graft(n=17) m m 없m e m 15 (88) αm J씨때m 리$ 6 (35) k m m 따없1 ( 6) 싸Numbers in parentheses are percentages. Total percentages are greater than 100 due to multiple significant abnormali ties

3 대한밤시선의학호 지 1998; 39 : PSPMT는동정맥이식편을지니고있던 13명의환자에서 1 5예 (3회시술 1명 ) 를시행하여 11예에서성공하였다 (73.3%) (Fig.2). 실패한 4예중 1예는고압의 PTA에저항하는정맥측문합부의잔여협착으로시술직후이식편내재혈전이생겼고, 나머지 3예는시술후 1주에서 2주사이에기능부전을시사하는입상소견을보였는데시술직후혈관조영술소견에서전예에서정맥측문함부에 50% 전후의잔여협착이있었고, 1예는잔여협착및이식편내에혈전용해술및혈관성형술에저항하는혈전이존재했던경우였다. 1명의환자는 1년간 2-7개월간격으로반복되는정맥측문합부나정액의협착으로 3회의 PSPMT 를시행받은후다시정맥측문합부의협착으로 PTA를시행하여합해 4회의중재적시술을시행하였다. 동정맥이식편을보유한 1 3명의환자에서 PSPMT의일차개통률은 6개월째 69 :t 12.8% 였고 1 2개월개통률은 38 i: 18.6% 였다. 전예에서유로키나제투여에따른출혈이나원위부동맥색전, 폐색전등의유의한합병증은없었다. 고찰혈액투석을시행받는만성신부전환자에서분당 ml 의혈류를인공신장으로보낼수있는안전한혈역학적경로의확보및유지는생명유지에펼수적이다이러한목적의혈역학적경로로서요골동맥과두부정액의문함을만드는자가혈관동정맥루나 PTFE재질의인조혈관동정맥이식편이가장많이이용되며, 혈관의해부학적구조가적당하지않거나, 고령이나당뇨병환자의경우동정맥이식편이일차적인혈역학적경로로채택되는추세이다 (1, 4). 이러한혈역학적경로와연관된합병증으로혈전, 감염, 가성동맥류나혈종의형성등이있으며, 기능부전의대부분이 (60-90 % ) 반복적인혈전형성에의한것으로보고되고있다 (2, 3, 6, 9). 혈전형성의원인으로는근위부정액이나정맥측문합부의협착이나폐색에의한경우가가장많은것으로빈도는 34-85% 까지로보고되고있으며 (1 0, 11), 섬유성유착, 혈관내막의신생증식과반복되는천자에의한혈관의손상등이주된원인으로알려져있다 (1 2). 이식편내나문합부에인접한통멕측에도협착이나폐색이호발하며동정맥루나이식편에서동떨어진근위부정맥에도협착이발생하기도하는데, 동맥화된정맥의빠른혈류에의한혈관내막의증식이중요한원인일것으로생각되고있다. 저자들의예에서도전예에서문합부에가까운근위부정맥 (6예), 흑은정맥측문합부에서협착을확인할수있었고 (1 5예 ), 1예에서쇄골하정맥의협착이관찰되었다 (Tab l e 1). 뀔 i 링녕 i A B i~ 당 -=t.,ι\l.. ""~_,,.r.l.1 D C Fig. 1. A. A arteriovenous fistulogram obstained before procedure shows multiple stenoses at the peripheral vein (arrowheads) and anastomotic site of the arteriovenous fistula(arrow). B & C. After retrograde insertion of 6 X 40 mm and 4 X 20 mm balloon catheter through the cephalic vein, angioplasty was performed at the venous outflow and the anastomotic site, respectively D. After angioplasty, marked improvement in the luminal narrowing was achieved

4 신섣욱오 1: 혈액투석용인공동정맥르와동정맥이석편의중재적재소통술 이러한합병증으로기능부전이발생한혈역학적경로의전통적인치료법은외과적인혈전제거및절제와재문합술이었으나 (2, 6, 7) 동정맥루나이식편을설치할수있는적절한부위의제한으로인해수술로이러한적절한부위를소모하였을경우복막투석이나신장이식에의존해야한다. 수술적치료의이러한제한때문에보존적이며반복적으로시행할수있는중재적재소통술에대한연구및시술이보편화되었고, 수술적치료와의비교에서 Summer 등은 6개월개통률을수술적치료및중재적시술에서각각 38% 및 43% 로보고하였고 (1 3 ), Bondorf 등은 PTA시솔후 90 % 의개통률과수솔후평균개통기간인 1Q 7 H 월에근접한 8개월의결괴을보고하였다 ( 14). 비용적인측면에서의수술적치료와의비교는다양하게보고되고있으나객관적인보고가없으며 (5), Gaylord등은장기적인혈액투석환자에서비용을결정짓는궁극적인요소는혈역학적경로를설치할수있는척절한해부학적부위의보존에있을것이라강조하였다 ( 4). PSPMT는 Bookstein등의연구에서혈전용해제의혈전내주업및혈전용해와기계적분쇄를동시에시행함으로써이루 4 4 A.-... 't -.: / 톨룰 :.,. B C D f F f;l11':l매1i:li: 당,... Fig. 2. A & B. A digital subtraction angiogram obtained before procedure shows diffuse intraluminal thrombotic filling defects of the A V graft (arrows) and multiple stenoses of the central arm vein(arrowhead s). c. After antegrade insertion of 8 X 40mm balloon catheter, angioplasty was performed at the stenoses of the central arm veln. D. Using criss-cross technique, two infusion catheters ~\ were placed so that their tips were across the anastomotic (~~;l(;z~ 강Jf:l-"n'~ sltes. G E. After PSPMT, angioplasty was performed at the stenosis of venous anastomotic site with 6 X 40mm balloon catheter F. After angioplasty, marked improvement in the stenoses of the central arm vein was seen. G. After angioplasty and PSPMT, marked improvement in the thromobsis of the AV graft was achieved

5 대한밤사선의학회지 1998; 39 : 어지는혈전과혈전용해제간의접촉면 (Interface) 의확장이혈 전용해효과를현저히증대시컴을제안한이후 (1 5, 1 6) 임상적으 로적용되어왔으며, 초기혈전용해제의지속적주입법에따른 출혈, 장시간의주입시간에따른불편이냐낮은개통률을개선 시켜 Valji 등에의하면 PSPMT 에걸린전체시술시간은 1 시간 내외로단축되었고, 1 년일차개통률은 26% 로 (17) 이러한보고 는수술후일차개통률에근접하고있으며 (1 8), 저자들의경우 1 년개통률은평균 38% 였다. Valji 등은 PSPMT 에서이식편의사용기간이나시술후의잔 존협착이개통률에영향을미치지않는다고하였으나 (17), Sulliv an 등은 40% 이상의잔존협착은이식편의혈역학적이상 을유발한다고하였고 (1 9), Etheridge 등은외과적으로혈전을 제거할때이러한잔여혈전의충분한제거가이식편의개통유지 에중요하다고하였는데 (6), 저자들의경우 2주이내조기실패 를보였던 4 예에서모두현저한잔여협착이나이식편내혈전이 관찰되어이러한경우보다적극적인중재적시술이필요할것 으로생각되며, 근래유로키나제대신헤파린만첨가한생리적 식염수의맥동살포및 Fogarty 카테터를이용한시솔 (2이, 흑 은전혀맥동살포법을시행하지않고 Fogarty 형카테터와 external massage 를이용하는방법이나 (2 1), pulverization 을 이용한기계적혈전제거술 (22-24 ) 등을시도하여높은성공률 및개통률을보고하고있는데이러한다양한중재적시술들을 잔여협착이나혈전제거에이용할수있으리라생각한다. 중재적시술의합병증으로수혈을요하는내부출혈이나혈관 파열, 원위부동맥색전, 폐색전에의한것으로생각되는흉통 등이 1 % 정도에서발생하는것으로보고되며 (5), PSPMT 의 경우는작은혈종이나이식편주위에제한된조영제의누출, 조 영제과민반응등의경미한합병증이 9% 에서보고된바있으 나 (25) 저자들의경우유의한합병증의발생은없었다. 결론적으로, 저자들의증례수가작고추적기간이짧지만기 능부전동정맥루나동정맥이식편의 PTA 및유로키나제를사 용한맥동살포법은안전성빛높은개통률을보이며반복시행 할수있어수술적치료를대신할수있는훌륭한일차적치료 방법이다. 앞으로시술실패의원인이되는잔여협착이나혈전 에대하여적극적인중재적치료가펼요하리라생각된다. ;;;:> ~ 1: 므 ; -.!... ι...: 1. Bell DD, Rosental JJ. Arteriovenous graft in chronic hemodialysis. Arch Surg 1988; 123: Palder SB, Kirkman RL, Whittemore AD, Hakim RM, Lazarus JM, Tilney NL. Vascular access for hemodialysis: patency rates and results of revision. Ann Surg 1985; 202: Munda R, First MR, Alexander JW, Linnemann CC, Fidler JP Polytetraf1 uoroethylene graft survival in hemodialysis. JAMA 1983; 249 : Gaylord GM, Taber TE. Long-term hemodialysis access salvage problems and challenges for nephrologists and interventional radiologists. J Vase l nterv Radiol 1993; 4: Gray RJ. Percutaneous intervention for permanant hemodialysis access : a review. J Vase lnterv Radiol 1997; 8: Etheredge EE, Haid SD, Maeser MN, Sicard GA, Anderson CB Salvage operations for malfunctioning polytetraf1uoroethylene 1 4 hemodial ysis access grafts. Surgelγ 1983 ; 94: Brotman DN, Fandos L, Faust GR, Doscher W, Cohen JR Hemodialysis graft salvage. J Am Coll Surg 1994; Bookstein JJ, Fellmeth B, Roberts AC, Valji K, Davis GB, Machado T. Pulsed-spray pharmacomechanical thrombolysis: preliminary c1inical results. AJR 1989 ; 152: Raju S. Polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for hemodialysis access Ann Surg 1987; 206: Owen WF Jr, Williams WW Jr. A patient with recurrent thrombosis in polytetrafluoroethylene dialysis grafts. Semin DiaI1990;3: II Glanz S, Gordon DH, Butt KHM. The role of percutaneous angioplasty in the management of chronic hemodialysis fistulas. Ann Surg 1987; 206: Hunter DW, So SK. Dialysis access: radiographic evaluation and management. Radiol Clin North Am 1987; 25: Summers S, Drazan K, Gomes A, Freischlag J. Urokinase therapy for thrombosed hemodialysis access grafts Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993; 176: Borndorf K, Guenther RW, Vorwerk D, Gladziwa U, Kistler D, Sieberth HG. Technical aspects and results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in Brescia-Cimino dialysis fistulas Cardivasc lntervent Radiol 1990; 136: Bookstein JJ, Saldinger E. Accelerated thrombolysis : in vitro evaluation of agents and methods of administration. Invest RadioI1985;20: Valji K, Bookstein JJ. Fibrinolysis with intrathrombic injection of urokinase and t issue-type p lasminogen activator results in a new model of subacute venous thrombosis. Invest Radiol 1987; 22: Valji K. Bookstein JJ, Roberts AC, Davis GB. Pharmacomechanical thrombolysis and angioplasty in the management of clotted hemodialysis grafts: early and late clinical results. Radiology 1991;178: Valji K. Transcatheter treatment of thrombosed hemodialysis access grafts. AJR 1995; 164 : Sullivan KL, Besarab A, Bonn J, Shapiro MJ, Gardiner GA, Moritz MJ. Hemodynamics of failing dialysis grafts Radiology 1993 ; 186: Beathard GA. Mechanical versus pharmacomechanical thrombolysis for the treatment of thrombosed dialysis access grafts. Kidney lnt 1994; 45: Trerotola SO, Lund GB, Scheel PJ, Savader SJ, Vendrux AC, m Osterman FA Jr. Thrombosed dialysis access grafts: percutaneous mechanical declotting without urokinase. Radiology 1994; 191: Uf1acker R, Rajagopalan PR, Vujic 1, Stutley JE. Treatmen

6 신성욱오 1 : 힐액투석용인공동정맥루외동정맥이식편의중재적재소통술 J Korean Radiol Soc 1998; 39 : Interventional Recanalization of Artificial Arteriovenous Fistula and Graft for Hemodialysis : Angioplasty and Pulsed-Spray Thrombolysis with Urokinase 1 Sung Wook Shin, M.D., Young Soo Do, M.D., Hong Seok Park, M.D. Sung Wook Choo, M.D., Sung Choo Kim, M.D. 2, Jae Won Joh, M.D. 2 Yong Il Kim, M.D. 2, Ha Young Oh, M.D. 3, Myung Hee Shin, M.D. 4 Hong Sik Byun, M.D., Yeon Hyeon Choe, M.D., Seung Hoon Kim, M.D. In-Wook Choo, M.D., Bokyung Kim Han, M.D. 1 Dept. of Radiology, 5amsung Medical Cente,. College of Medicine, 5ungkyunktν an Unive,.sity 2Deφ.pt. ~ν1 General 싸5 ur갱.gerη:γyι, 앓5 arr ηms있띠u mg Me 뼈diκca 띠1 Center College of M e 뼈diκ 띠Cαi n e, 앓S u앵n 1갱 gk.ηyunkuωa ν/ 씨an Universi 잉z tη y 4D ep t. 3 D때e pt. of I nte감 rη rnal Mediciκ of Preventive Medic inι College of Medicinι 5uηgky unkwan University Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and pulsed-spray pharmacomechanical thrombolysis (PSPMT) using urokinase for the management of insuffi cient hemodialysis access. Materials and Methods: Between September 1996 and May 1998, 21 insufficient hemodialysis accesses were treated in 16 patients(3 artificial arteriovenous fistulae, A VF ; and 13 arteriovenous graft, AVG). PTA and PSPMT were performed in 6 and 15 cases, respectively, and success and long-term patency rates w ere evaluated. Results: The overall success rate of PTA and PSPMT for insufficient hemodialysis access was 76. 2%(16/21). The success rates of PTA and PSPMT w ere 83.3 %(5 /6) and 73.3 %(1l/l5), respectively. The primary patency rates of PSPMT were 69 :t 12.8 % at 6 months and 38 :t 18.6 % at 12 months. One of the two initially successful PTAs had been patent for 7 months, and the second PTA was performed at that time due to v enous stenosis. The other was patent for 15 months throughout the follow-up period. Conclusion : PT A and PSPMT are effective primary methods for the treatment of insufficient hemodialysis access ; success and patency rates were high, and the procedures can be performed repeatedly. Index words: Veins, transluminal angioplasty Dialysis, shunts Fistula, arteriovenous Thrombolysis Address reprint requests to: Young Soo Do, M.D., Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center College of Medicine, Sungkyunk wan University, # 50 Ilwo n-dong, Kangnam-Ku SeouL Korea Tel Fax

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