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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp , February 2013 by The Korean Society of Safety (pissn ) All right reserved. 아이폰 4 및아이폰 3Gs 의소음측정애플리케이션에대한정확도평가 마혜란 박두용 한성대학교기계시스템공학과 ( 접수 / 채택 ) Evaluation on Accuracy of Noise Measurement Applications for iphone 4 and iphone 3Gs Hye Ran Ma Doo Yong Park Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Hansung University (Received January 8, 2013 / Accepted February 19, 2013) Abstract : This article evaluates the accuracy of noise measurements for 37 noise measurement applications for iphone 4 and iphone 3Gs. Noise levels were measured using simultaneously a precision sound level meter and iphones installed noise measurement applications at the levels of 70 db, 80 db and 90 db at 1,000 Hz. Measurement errors were estimated by subtracting two measurements between iphone and sound level meter. It was found that measurement errors of 34 applications(89.2%) were greater than ±2 db which is the maximum allowable error range for the Type II sound level meter. It was only 4 applications that measurement errors lie within ±2 db error range. There was no significant differences among measurements with four iphone 4s. However, there were significant differences between the measurements with iphone 4 and iphone 3Gs using the same application. It was due to the different hardware specifications such as microphone. Therefore, noise measurement applications, for example, which has to utilize hardware of the smartphone, should be programmed to identify hardware specifications and to adopt appropriate correction factors upon hardware specifications. In conclusion, it is necessary to check accuracy and validity before using the noise measurement applications for iphones. Also, it was suggested that it should develop an evaluation guideline or protocol on accuracy testing for the measurement applications using a smartphone. Key Words : noise, noise measurement, sound measurement, smartphone application, iphone apps 1. 서론 최근스마트폰이대중화되면서많은사람들은스마트폰을사용하고있다. 스마트폰은단순히전화나문자를주고받기위한통신기기라기보다는다양한기능이가능한휴대용초미니컴퓨터라고할수있다. 스마트폰은마이크와스피커, 사진기, GPS 등의하드웨어를장착하고있으므로이들기능을이용하면기능을매우넓게확장하거나다양하게응용할수있다. 따라서적절한소프트웨어만있으면스마트폰으로도일반컴퓨터가수행할수있는기능은대부분수행할수있다. 스마트폰의응용소프트웨어를애플리케이션 (applications) 이라고하며, 이를줄여서보통앱 (app) 이라고한다. 스마트폰은이미안전이나보건분야에다양하게응용되고있다 1-3). 물질안전보건자료나독성자료등을데이터베이스 (DB) 화하여제공하거나지도및사고위험정보와 GPS 를결합하여안전운전을하도록도와주는서비스등이대표적이다 4). IT 기기의기술발전추이로볼때앞으로안전 보건분야는물론모든분야에스마트폰의활용가능성이나새로운서비스의개발및보급가능성은무궁무진하다고할수있을것이다. 안전및보건분야에서스마트폰을활용하는것은접근성 (accessibility) 이라는측면에서획기적인전환점을마련하는계기가될것으로전망된다. 스마트폰은개인이거의 24 시간휴대하고있기때문에언제, 어디서든원할때사용이가능하다. 즉접근성이매우높다. 따라서스마트폰은개인의위험에대한노출여부를실시간으로확인하거나개인의노출이력을추적하기에적합하다. 이러한특성으로인하여향후스마트폰은개인이스스로자신의환경노출정도를확인하거나기록하는데유용한도구로활용될가능성이높다. 이러한가능성을보여주는대표적인사례가소음측정이라고할수있다. 현재아이폰이나안드로이드폰에서모두상당히많은종류의소음측정앱이출시되어있다. 따라서스마트폰만있으면누구든지언제어디서나간단하게소음수준을측정할수있게되었다. Corresponding Author: Doo Yong Park, Tel : , dooyong@hansung.ac.kr Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Hansung University, 116 Samseongyo-ro, 16-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea 24

2 아이폰 4 및아이폰 3Gs 의소음측정애플리케이션에대한정확도평가 그러나이와같은소음측정용앱을이용하여스마트폰으로측정한측정결과가어느정도정확한지에대해서는밝혀진바가없다. 만약측정결과가정확하지않다면사용자에게그릇된정보를제공함으로써오히려문제를더욱악화시키는결과를초래할수도있다. 스마트폰의측정결과가과대평가되는경우실제로는안전하지만, 불안전한것으로잘못된정보를제공함으로써불필요한불안감을심어주거나안전을확보하기위해시간이나비용을낭비하는결과를초래할것이다. 반면스마트폰의측정결과가과소평가되는경우에는불안전한환경을안전한것으로잘못판단하여위험을회피할기회를놓치게될것이다. 지금까지스마트폰을이용한소음측정앱은여러가지가선보였지만이들앱을이용한소음측정결과의정확도에대한평가가이루어진적은없었다. 따라서본연구는스마트폰의대중화시대를열고, 가장많은소음측정용앱이출시되어있는아이폰 4 와 3Gs 를대상으로소음측정용앱을이용하여실용적인측면에서소음수준을측정하고파악하는것이가능한지를확인하고, 향후아이폰과같은스마트폰용소음측정용앱을개발할때필요한기초자료를제공하기위해실시하였다. 2. 연구방법 2.1. 스마트폰및앱평가대상스마트폰으로는실험당시대표적인아이폰의종류였던아이폰 4 와아이폰 3Gs 를선정하였다. 아이폰 4 와아이폰 3Gs 의운영체제는 IOS4.3.3 이었다. 스마트폰으로아이폰을선정한이유는다음과같다. 첫째, 아이폰은단일기종으로안드로이드폰에비해제품의종류가단순하고, 같은모델의하드웨어규격이일정하기때문에실험대상을제품을선정하기용이하며, 무작위로선정된제품이대표성을가질수있기때문이다. 둘째, 아이폰용소음측정앱의종류가안드로이드폰보다훨씬많이출시되어있었기때문에소음측정앱의평가대상으로적합하였다. 셋째, 아이폰용소음측정앱은아이폰 4 와아이폰 3Gs 에서모두작용되기때문에두모델에서동일한소음측정앱을동시에평가할수있었다. 따라서하드웨어제원 (specification) 이다른두모델의아이폰에서동일한소음측정용앱을이용한측정결과에대한차이를검증할수있었기때문이다. 소음측정앱은앱스토어 (app store) 에서 noise meter, spl, noise, sound meter 및 decibel 이라는용어로검색하여찾았다. 검색결과모두 62 개소음측정관련앱이검색되었고 (2011 년 8 월 13 일기준 ), 그중에서정량적평가가가능한디지털타입 36 개와아날로그타입 1 개등총 37 개의소음측정앱을실험대상으로선정하였다 실험방법 소음계에대한우리나라산업표준규격은 KS C 1502: 2001, 적분평균소음계의규격은 KS C 1505:2001 이며 5,6), 국제규격은각각 IEC 60651:1979 및 IEC 60804:2000 이 다 7,8). 이규격에서소음계를시험하기위한기준음압수준은소음계의절대감도조정을목적으로제조업체가규정해놓은음압수준으로하도록되어있으며, 보통 94 db 이선호되지만, 만일계측기의측정영역이이수준이내에있지않으면 84 db 이나 74 db 을채택하도록하고있다 5). 본연구에서는아이폰의소음측정앱으로 1,000 Hz 의 70 db, 80 db 및 90 db 의 3 가지음압수준에서정확도를평가하였다. 정확도는측정치와참값의차가작은정도를말하며 9), 본실험에서는아이폰과같은지점에서동시에측정한정밀소음계의측정값을참값으로보았다. 측정값은아이폰 4 와아이폰 3Gs 에서각소음측정앱으로 3 번씩측정하여산출한평균값으로하였다. 정확도를산출하기위해측정값과참값의차이인측정오차를산출하였다 9). 실험에사용한소리는 1,000 Hz 컴퓨터와순음을스피커 (Britz BR- 5100Maesto 5.1CH) 로발생시켰다. 순음파일은인터넷에서다운을받아소리편집프로그램 ( 사운드포지 ) 을이용하여주파수특성을확인하였으며, 실제재생되는소리의주파수특성은주파수분석기를부착한정밀소음계 (B&K Model #2260 Observer) 로확인하였다. 아이폰은소음을측정하기위해스피커로부터약 1 m 떨어진지점에충격음이전달되지않도록스펀지위올려놓고, 일반적인소음측정방법과동일하게아이폰마이크의방향을소리의입사방향에서약 30 를유지하여소음을측정하였다. 실험을실시한음압수준인 70 db, 80 db 및 90 db 은아이폰과동일한위치에서정밀소음계의측정값을기준으로스피커의음량스위치를조절하여맞추었다. 아이폰으로소음을측정하는동안정밀소음계를통한소음수준은지속적으로확인하였다. 정밀소음계는측정전후에보정 (calibration) 하였다. 실험장소는배경소음이거의없는일반실험실이었으며, 배경소음및방해소음에의한영향을최소화하기위해새벽시간에실험을실시하였다. 소음계의산업표준규격에는소음계를시험할때무음향실과같은장소에대한규격은따로명시되어있지않다. 이것은배경소음수준이시험소음수준보다 20 db 이상낮으면시험소음측정값에미치는영향이 0.04 db 이하에불과하여실제측정값에전혀영향을주지않기때문이다. 즉 90 db 수준에서시험을할경우에는배경소음이 70 db 이하로만유지되면되고, 70 db 수준에서시험을할경우에는배경소음이 50dB 이하로만유지되면아무런문제가없다. 본실험장소는일반실험실이었지만실험을진행한새벽시간대의배경소음은 40 db 수준으로최저시험소음수준인 70 db 보다 20 db 이상낮았기때문에배경소음은측정값에전혀영향을미치지않았다. 3. 결과및고찰 3.1. 아이폰의소음측정정확도소음측정앱을설치한아이폰 4와아이폰 3Gs로 1,000 Hz의 70 db, 80 db 및 90 db의소음을측정한결과에대 한국안전학회지, 제 28 권제 1 호, 2013 년 25

3 마혜란 박두용 한정확도는 Table 1 과같다. 아이폰 4 에서 db Sound Measurements 라는앱은 70 db, 80 db 및 90 db 에서측정오차의평균이 0.1 db 로정확도가매우높았다. 산업표준규격에서형식 2 의소음계허용오차가 ±1 db 이하인점을고려하면이앱의정확도는아주높은수준이라고할수있다. 5) 물론본연구에서의시험은단지 1,000 Hz 의순음만을대상으로했으며, 소음수준도 db 로한정했기때문에공식적인정밀소음계의규격과직접적인비교는불가능하지만위의결과로부터, 앱을제대로만개발한다면아이폰과같은스마트폰을이용하여소음을정확하게측 정할수있는가능성을확인할수있었다. 한편, dbmeter Pro 라는앱의측정오차평균은 -1.1 db, Decibel Delux 의평균오차는 1.1 db, UE SPL 의평균오차는 1.3 db 로나타나아이폰 4 에서측정오차가 ±2 db 이하인앱은총 4 개 (11 %) 인것으로나타났다. 한편약 35%(13 개 ) 의앱은소음측정오차가 ±10 db 이상으로매우커서소음측정용이아니라참고용으로도사용하기어려운것으로나타났다. 그중일부는오차가 30 db 이상으로터무니없이커서도저히소음측정앱이라고보기어려운엉터리제품도있는것으로나타났다. Table 1. Noise measurement errors using noise measurement applications for iphone 4 and iphone 3Gs at 1,000 Hz iphone 4 iphone 3Gs No. Name of Apps Test Noise Level (db) Test Noise Level (db) Mean Mean 1 Professional Volume Tester SoundLevel Noise Meter Audio Tool noise patrol dB Sound Level Meter db Level inoisemeter for Iphone TooLoud? Analyzer Noise Sniffer dbmeter Pro db Sound Measurements Decibel Deluxe UE SPL decivels Decibel Advanced db/spl Meter Db Volume Meter SPLnFFT Noise Meter Decibel Pro Decibel Volume Meter How Loud Is It Advanced Decibel Meter Vol Meter Digital Sound Meter FREE db Meter db Audio Kit Decibel Meter JL Audio Tools decivelite Audio Tools HowLoud MetalMed db Decibel Ultra Noise Meter Free Edition Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2013

4 아이폰 4 및아이폰 3Gs 의소음측정애플리케이션에대한정확도평가 소음측정용또는대략적인소음수준을파악하기위한참고용으로사용하기위해서는측정정확도가 ±2 db 정도는되어야한다. 더구나본연구에서사용한소리는소리의기준주파수음인 1,000 Hz 이었고, 음압수준도 db 로전형적인소음수준이었으므로이정도의수준과범위에서는 ±2 db 이내의정확도가나와야실제환경이나공장에서소음측정용으로사용이가능할것으로판단된다. 왜냐하면실제생활소음이나산업현장에서의소음은주파수특성이매우복잡하며음압수준의폭도훨씬크기때문에그만큼측정오차도더커질가능성이있기때문이다 아이폰 4 와아이폰 3Gs 의비교 동일한앱을아이폰 3Gs 로소음을측정한결과를보면측정오차가 ±2 db 이하인앱은 7 개 (19%) 로아이폰 4 에서보다약 2 배더많았으며, 오차가 ±1 db 이하인앱도 3 개로아이폰 4 를사용할때보다 1 개가더많았다. 이것은실험당시아이폰 4 가출시된지얼마되지않았기때문에소음측정앱의상당수가아이폰 3Gs 를기준으로개발되었기때문인것으로보인다. 아이폰 3Gs 에서측정오차가 ±2 db 이내의정확도를보인 SPLnFFT Noise Meter, Audio Tools, UE SPL, decivelite, Decibel Meter, JL Audio Tools, Audio Kit 는아이폰 4 에서의측정값이아이폰 3Gs 에서보다 2.3 db 에서 8.7 db 더높았다. 아이폰 4 에서정확도가높게나타난 db Sound Measurements, dbmeter Pro, Decibel Deluxe, UE SPL 도아이폰 4 에서의측정값이아이폰 3Gs 에서보다 1.7 db 에서 4.9 db 더높게측정되었다. 이와같이모든앱에서아이폰 4 의측정값이아이폰 3Gs 의측정값보다더높게나타났다 (Fig. 1). 이것은아이폰 4 의마이크성능이아이폰 3 Gs 보다좋아졌기때문에나타난현상으로추측된다. 향상된마이크를사용한아이폰 4 에서는동일한수준의음압에대해아이폰 3Gs 보다반응성이커서마이크에서높은변위의전기적신호가발생될것이다. 따라서이와같은하드웨어차이를보정해주지않을경우하드웨어의선능이업그 레이드되면측정값이과대평가될것이다. 이와같은결과로볼때소음측정과같이스마트폰의하드웨어를이용하는앱을개발할때는스마트폰의모델 ( 버전 ) 또는하드웨어의모델을인식하도록하고그에맞도록보정하여측정값을나타내도록앱을설계하거나앱을아이폰 3Gs 용또는아이폰 4 용과같이각각의모델및버전에따라각각의앱을다르게만들어출시하여야할것으로보인다. 한편아이폰 4 와아이폰 3Gs 의측정값간의차이가가장작은앱은 Analyzer 였다. Analyzer 는아이폰 4 와아이폰 3 Gs 에서의측정오차가각각 -4.4 db 과 -4.7 db 로정확도는그다지높지않았지만그차이는 0.3 db 밖에나지않았다. 아이폰 4 와아이폰 3Gs 에서모두비교적양호한측정결과를보인앱은 UE SPL 로각각의측정오차가 0.9 db 과 -1.3 db 이었다. 아이폰 4 와아이폰 3Gs 의하드웨어가다르다는점을감안할때이러한앱은자체적으로아이폰 4 와아이폰 3Gs 를인식하고그에따라각각에맞는보정값이나변환프로세스를적용하여측정결과를산출한것으로추정된다 아이폰4 기기간의변이에대한평가아이폰을소음측정용으로사용하기위해서는측정값이정확해야할뿐만아니라기기의성능도일정해야한다. 즉제품간변이가측정의정확도에영향을미치지않을만큼작아야한다. 제품간소음측정결과가일정한지알아보기위하여 4대의아이폰 4를가지고동시에측정한결과, Table 2와같다. 제품간비교는 db Meter Pro, db Sound Measurements 및 UE SPL 등 3개의앱에대하여실험을하였다. 4대의아이폰 4는일반인이개통하여사용중인것을빌려서사용하였다. 1,000 Hz의 90 db에서실험한결과, 3개의앱에서 4대의아이폰간변이는앱의종류와상관없이모두표준편차가 0.5 db(rsd 0.6%) 로무시할만한수준이었다. 국제표준기구 (ISO) 및국내 KS규격에서형식 2의소음계공차 Fig. 1. Comparison of noise measurement errors using noise measurement applications for iphone 4 and iphone 3Gs. 한국안전학회지, 제 28 권제 1 호, 2013 년 27

5 마혜란 박두용 Table 2. Inter-instrumental variations with iphone 4 Name of application iphone Mean db Meter Pro db Sound Measurements UE SPL 범위가 ±1 db 임을감안할때, 이정도의오차는측정오차는무시할만한수준이다. 따라서아이폰의제품간차이로인한측정오차는문제가되지않는것으로판단된다. 4. 결론 아이폰과같은스마트폰을생활환경이나작업환경에서소음측정용으로활용할수있는지, 그가능성을탐색하기위하여아이폰 4 와아이폰 3Gs 를대상으로소음측정용으로출시된 37 개의앱에대해정확도를평가하여다음과같은결과를얻었다. 아이폰 4 와아이폰 3Gs 로소음을측정한결과, 일부앱에서는측정오차가정밀소음계의공차수준인 ±1 db 이하로나타났다. 또한아이폰 4 의경우제품간소음측정결과에는큰차이를보이지않았다. 따라서아이폰과같은스마트폰을이용하여생활소음이나작업환경소음을측정할수있는가능성이충분히있는것으로나타났다. 그러나현재시중에출시되어있는아이폰용소음측정애플의상당수는측정오차가매우커서사용상주의가요구되는것으로나타났다. 스마트폰과같이하드웨어를이용하는앱은스마트폰의기종은물론모델에따라하드웨어가바뀌면그것을이용하여측정한값도달라지게마련이므로앱이하드웨어를인식하여측정값을보정하도록설계하거나, 스마트폰의기종과모델별로별도의앱을출시해야하는것으로나타났다. 한편이와같이스마트폰의하드웨어를이용하는앱의경우자체적으로또는제 3 자에의해그정확도를평가할수있는시스템이나규격 (protocol) 을개발할필요가있다고판단된다. SD 감사의글 : 본연구는한성대학교교내연구비의지원에의하여수행되었으며, 이에감사드립니다. References 1) S. Boisvert, An enterprise look at mhealth, Journal of Healthcare Risk Management, 32(2) pp. 44~52, ) J. S. Choi, B. Yi, J. H. Park, K. Choi, S. W. Park, and P. L. Rhee, The Use of the Smartphone for Doctors: Empirical Study from Samsung Medical Center, Healthc Inform Res. Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 131~138, ) J.T. Park, S.M. Chun, K.Y. Kim, Analysis of Problems and Technological Trends of Applying Smartphone for U-healthcare, Information and Communications Magazine, 29(10), pp. 45~54, ) B. G. Lee, W. Y. Chung, A smartphone-based driver safety monitoring system using data fusion, Sensors (Basel), 12 (12), pp , ) Korean Agency for Technology and Standards, Korean Industrial Standard KS C 1502:2001, Sound level meters, Korean Standards Association. 6) Korean Agency for Technology and Standards, Korean Industrial Standard KS C 1505:2001, Integrating-averaging sound level meters, Korean Standards Association. 7) International Electrotechnical Commission, International Standard IEC 60651:1979. Standard for sound level meters, IEC. 8) International Electrotechnical Commission, International Standard IEC 60804:2000. Standard for sound level meters, IEC. 9) BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ILAC, IUPAC, IUPAP, ISO, OIML, The international vocabulary of metrology basic and general concepts and associated terms(vim), 3rd edn. JCGM 200 : Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2013

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