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1 한국어병학회지제 23 권제 2 호 J.Fish Pathol., 23(2) : 145~153 (2010) PCR 기법을이용한 2009 년우리나라서해안과남해안바지락, Ruditapes philippinarum 의 Perkinsus olseni 감염에관한보고 이남실 황지연 1) 최동림 박명애 국립수산과학원병리연구과 Survey of Perkinsus olseni infection in Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum in 2009 on the west and south coast of Korea using PCR technique Nam-Sil Lee, Jee-Youn Hwang, Dong Lim Choi and Myoung Ae Park Division of Pathology, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan , Korea Prevalence of a protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni in Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum was surveyed from July to December 2009 on the west and south coast of Korea. P. olseni infection was diagnosed using two primer sets, P.olseni NTS Forward/P.olseni NTS Reverse set and PolsITS-140F/PolsITS-600R set in polymerase chain reaction(pcr). The results using PolsITS-140F and PolsITS-600R primer set was retained up to 60% at all stations from July to December, except for Padori. Especially, Goheung showed 100% prevalence from October to December. The results about comparison of the 4 station's DNA sequences which were analyzed from PCR products(457bp) using PolsITS-140F and PolsITS-600R primer set, there were only 2base differences at Sunjedo. Key words : Perkinsus olseni, Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, PCR 패류의다양한질병은상업적이유로많이연구되어지고있으며, 그중에서도퍼킨수스감염증은아시아수역의해산이매패류에서흥미로운연구대상이되고있다 (Choi, 2005; Choi and Park, 2010). 퍼킨수스감염증 (Perkinsosis) 은굴, 바지락, 전복을포함한다양한패류에서 Perkinsus sp. 의감염으로나타나는유행성질병이다. Mackin et al.(1950) 에의해 Perkinsus marinus가첫보고된이래, P. olseni(lester and Davis, 1981) 를비롯하여 P. atlanticus(azevedo, 1989), P. Corresponding Author : Jee-Youn Hwang, Tel : , Fax : , jyhwang@nfrdi.go.kr qugwadi(blackbourn et al., 1998), P. andrewsi(coss et al., 2001), P. chesapeaki (McLaughlin et al., 2000), P. mediterraneus(casas et al., 2004) 와같은종이보고되었고, 최근에는 P. honshuensis와 P. beihaenisis 2종의신종이아시아지역에서발견되어보고된바있다 (Dungan and Reece, 2006; Moss et al., 2008). P. olseni는 P. marinus 와함께국제수역사무국 (OIE) 에서수산동물질병관리대상 (Aquatic animal health code) 으로지정하고있는항목으로바지락및그외의이매패류와복족류 ; Tapes decussatus, Tapes philippinarum, Anadara trapezia, Austrovenus stutchburyi, Tridacna maxima, Tridacna crocea, Pitar
2 146 이남실 황지연 최동림 박명애 rostrata, Crassostrea gigas, C. ariakensis, C. sikamea, Pinctada margaritifera, P. martensii, Haliotis rubra, H. laevigata, H. scalaris, H. cyclobates 등을대상으로하는넓은숙주역을가지고있으며, 우리나라를비롯하여호주, 일본, 포르투갈, 우루과이등의태평양지역에서의발병이보고되고있다 (Park and Choi, 2001; Goggin et al., 1995; Hamaguchi et al., 1998; Azevedo, 1989; Cremonte et al., 2005). 특히 P. atlanticus의경우 P. olseni와유전적으로매우유사한것으로보고되고있어 (Murrell et al., 2002), 최근에는두종을동일종으로나타내고있다 (Park et al., 2006). Perkinsosis를진단하는데는다양한방법이사용되고있는데, Ray sfluid Thioglycollate Medium(RFTM) 배양 분석법, 조직학적방법, PCR 분석법, Perkinsus-specific 에서시료를채취하였다. 단, 나로도에서는 8월과 10 antibody에대한 Immuno Probe 사용법등의다양한방법이이용되고있다. 이들방법중감염여부검사 에대한신속한방법으로 PCR 분석법이매월실시하 nucleic acid 추출을위해아가미와외투막부분을 는모니터링에편리하게사용할수있는방법이다. microtube( 약 0.1g/microtube) 에취하였다. DNA는 PCR 검사에있어서는 Perkinsus genus specific 과 P. olseni species specific 한방법을구분하여검사에정 밀성을높이고있다 (OIE, 2009). 이에본논문에서는지금까지 Perkinsus 감염에 대한모니터링에사용하던 primer set (Robledo et al. 2000) 을사용한분석결과와 OIE(2009) 에서새롭게지정하고있는 Perkinsus olseni specific primer set (Moss, 2007) 을사용한 PCR 검사결과의차이를확인하고비교함과동시에 2009년 7월부터 12월까지의 Perkinsus olseni 검출율과유전적분석에대한결과를함께보고하고자한다. 재료및방법 시료채취와 deoxyribonucleic acid(dna) 추출 2009 년 6 월부터 12 월까지매월남해안의고흥, 나로도와서해안의선재도, 파도리의네지점 (Fig.1) 월에, 파도리에서는 10 월에시료채집이이루어지지 않았다. 매달채취된바지락을 30 개체씩개체별로 High Pure PCR Template preparation Kit(Roche, Germany) 를사용하였으며동사의제시방법에따라추출하였다. 추출한 DNA는냉동보관 (-20 ) 하였다가분석에사용하였다. Fig. 1. Location of the 4 sampling site.
3 PCR 기법을이용한 2009 년우리나라서해안과남해안바지락, Ruditapes philippinarum 의 Perkinsus olseni 감염에관한보고 147 Polymerase chain reaction(pcr) 분석분리된 DNA를대상으로매달개체별로증폭산물 690bp로확인되는 P. olseni NTS Forward (5 -ATG CTA TGG TTG GTT GCG GAC C-3 ) 와 P. olseni NTS Reverse (5 -GTA GCA AGC CGT AGA ACA GC-3 )(Robledo et al.2000) set와, 증폭산물 457bp로확인되는 PolsITS-140F primer(5 -GAC CGC CTT AAC GGG CCG TGT T-3 ) 와 PolsITS-600R primer(5 -GGR CTT GCG AGC ATC CAA AG-3 ) (Moss,2007) set의 2종류를사용하여 PCR을실시, 분석하였다. PCR에는 Premix(Bioneer, Korea) 를사용하였으며전자의경우는 94, 5분의변성 (denature) 과정을거친후, 94 에서 1분, 60 에서 1분, 72 에서 1분을 30cycles 반복하고, 72 에서 7분의최종연장대한 P.olseni의검출율은, 690bp 결과를통한결과가 단계 (elongation) 를거친후 4 에서냉각시켰다. 후자의경우는 95 에서 4분변성을거친후, 95 에서 1분, 62 에서 1분, 62 에서 3분으로 40 cycles 을 되었으며, 나로도가 690bp의결과에서 11월에 10% 로 실시하였으며, 65 에서 10분간최종연장단계를 검출된것이 457bp로확인했을때는 70% 로나타나 거쳐 4 에서냉각을실시하였다. PCR 산물의확인 은 1% agarose gel(etbr 함유 ) 에흘린후자외선 (UV) 등으로조사하여에티듐브로마이드 (EtBr) 의발광형태로확인하였다. 염기서열분석 PolsITS-140F와 PolsITS-600R의 primer set을이용하여실시한 PCR을통해얻어진네지점의 457bp 크기의 bands를각각 gel 상에서잘라내어 Gel, PCR, Cleanup SV kit(geneall, Korea) 를사용하여 DNA purification을실시한후얻어진 DNA를 cloning kit(t-blunt PCR Cloning Kit, SolGent, Korea) 를이용하여대장균클론개체를얻었다. 얻어진대장균을 LB 배지에배양하여 Plasmid를얻어내고 (AccuPrep Plasmid Mini Extraction kit, Bioneer, Korea), 이 plasmid 를전문업체 (( 주 ) 솔젠트 ) 에의뢰하여염기서열분석데이터를얻었다. 얻어진데이터는분석소프트웨어 (Genetix) 를이용하여염기서열비교를실시하였다. 결과 2009 년도 7 월부터 12 월의우리나라서해와남해 의네지점의바지락채굴지에서채취한바지락에 고흥지역에서가장높았으나 457bp 의결과는고흥과 선재도에서유사하게 % 의검출율로확인 두가지의프라이머 sets 사용으로검출율에차이가 나타남을확인하였다. 전체적인경향으로는파도리에서검출율이가장낮았다. 특히 457bp의결과에서는파도리의 7, 8, 12월을제외한네지점의검사기간전체결과에서 60% 를넘는검출율을나타내어지속적인감염상태를확인할수있었다 (Table 1, Fig.2). 네지점에서의 PolITS-140F와 PolITS-600R을사용한 PCR 증폭산물의염기서열을비교한결과, 선재도의결과에서두군데의염기차이를나타내는것이외에는모두같은것으로확인되었다 (Fig.3).
4 148 이남실 황지연 최동림 박명애 Table 1. Results of prevalence from July to December 2009 at the 4 sampling sites. Narodo Goheung Sunjedo Padori 690bp 457bp 690bp 457bp 690bp 457bp 690bp 457bp July 73(22/30) 96.7(29.30) 80(24/30) 96.7(29/30) 59(13/22) 86.4(19/22) 33(10/30) 53.3(16/30) August (24/30) 93.3(28/30) 30(9/30) 93.3(28/30) 13(4/30) 56.7(17/30) September 13(4/30) 93.3(28/30) 60(18/30) 93.3(28/30) 73(22/30) 100(30/30) 3(1/30) 86.7(26/30) October (17/30) 100(30/30) 63(19/30) 93.3(28/30) - - November 10(3/30) 70(21/30) 87(26/30) 100(30/30) 63(19/30) 100(30/30) 27(8/30) 86.7(26/30) December 37(11/30) 100(30/30) 53(16/30) 100(30/30) 47(14/30) 96.7(29/30) 0(0/30) 40(12/30) data : % (positive reaction sample number/total sample number) - : No samples. Bolic type : Peak value Fig. 2. Monthly detection rates of P.olseni using PCR method with different 2 primer sets from July to December 2009.
5 PCR 기법을이용한 2009 년우리나라서해안과남해안바지락, Ruditapes philippinarum 의 Perkinsus olseni 감염에관한보고 149 Fig. 3. Results of DNA seqences about 457bp of P. olseni ITS region using PolsITS-140F/PolsITS-600R primer set at 4 stations. Fig. 4. A comparioson of gel loading images between 690bp(A) and 457bp(B) PCR products of Padori samples in July. (M; marker, number(1 30); sample numbers, +; positive control, -; no sample negative control)
6 150 이남실 황지연 최동림 박명애 고찰 set의경우 P. olseni의 NTS(nontranscribed spacer) region을대상으로디자인된것으로, NTS region은일반적으로 P. olseni의발병은 15 이상으로수온 ITS(internal transcribed spacer) region 과비교하여이올라가는봄부터발생하여수온이 10 이하로내 Perkinsus sp. 내에서의종특이성을나타내는경향이려가는겨울은발병률이감소하며 (Villalba et al., 높은것으로보고하고있다 (Marsh et al., 1995, 2005), 염도와의관련성도아직명확하지않으나실 Robledo et al., 1998; Park et al., 2005). 그러나새로이험적으로 25psu(practical salitnity units) 까지가상한으국제수역사무국 (OIE) 에서는 NTS region 내의다양로나타나며 15psu 아래에서도저항성을나타내는성에관한정보가부족하여결과의정확성이떨어질것으로보고하고있다 (La Peyre M et al., 2006). 우려가있어개정한 P. olseni에대한종특이적인 Burreson & Calvo(1996) 도여름철높은수온과염도 Primer set은 NTS region 보다유전적정보가잘알려가 Perkinsus의증식, 숙주의방어능과생리활성에진 ITS region을대상으로만들어졌고감도가높은영향을주어높은유병율과감염도를가져오는것으것으로설명하고있다 (OIE, 2009). 본연구결과에서로보고하였다. 본조사에서는퍼킨수스증의발병정도와감염도와는상관없이 PCR 검사를통한검출율도높은감도를확인할수있었으며 EtBr로감작시킨을조사하였으며, 그결과는 7월부터소폭증가하기 gel 상의사진도 690bp의분석결과보다 457bp의분석시작하여 12월까지계속적으로높게유지되는것으결과에서밴드가명확하게나타났다 (Fig.4). 두결과로확인되었다. 이러한결과는 Park et al.(2006) 이나의검출감도에서는명확한차이를나타내었지만검출 Uddin et al.(2010) 에서보고하고있는여름보다가을경향은네지점에서유사한것을알수있었다 (Fig. 2). 에감염도가높이나타난다는내용과일치하며, 여기실제 Perkinsus 모니터링에서중요한것은검출여 에는여름장마후염분농도의하강과산란후스트레 스의영향이있었을것으로설명하고있다. 또한, 서 해의두지점과남해의두지점을각각비교했을때, 파도리보다는선재도가, 나로도보다는고흥에서검 출율이높았으며, 네지점중에서는파도리의검출율 이가장낮았다 (Table 1, Fig. 2). 이러한결과는내만 안쪽보다는외해를접하는쪽이낮은검출율을나타 내어, 내만과외만의환경해수의차이가감염율에도영향을줄것으로추정된다. 퍼킨수스증은병적증상을나타내지않고숙주내에장기간잠복되어있다가환경에따라발병하는경우가많은것으로설명하고있다 (OIE, 2009). 본결과에서도나타나는것처럼항시내재하는 Perkinsus가환경조건에따라발병상황이달라질수있으므로계속적으로환경조건과검출율의모니터링이진행되어야할것이다. 조사에사용된 690bp의산물을생산하는 primer 부보다실제감염정도, 즉 Perkinsus cell/ 개체, 또는 Perkinsus cells/g tissue 등을분석하거나그렇지못할경우 RFTM 결과를 Mackin의 Scale 에따라 semiquantitative 하게정량을하기도한다. 그러나매달모니터링을실시하면서개체별로감염Cell 수를세거나, 배양과정을거치는것은시간적인소모가많아현실적으로활용하기는어려운실정이다. 본모니터링에서는정량적인분석부분을도입하지는못하였지만감염여부의확인은바지락조직에서직접추출한 DNA를대상으로 PolsITS-140F와 PolsITS-600R로실시한 PCR 결과로확인가능하였다. 그러나기생체감염의모니터링에서정량적인부분을무시할수없으므로, 이후분석방법에서 realtime-pcr 법과같은방법을병행할수있는 primer set을제작하여분석한다면신속한정량분석의결과를얻는데도움이될
7 PCR 기법을이용한 2009 년우리나라서해안과남해안바지락, Ruditapes philippinarum 의 Perkinsus olseni 감염에관한보고 151 것으로사료된다. PolsITS-140F와 PolsITS-600R로실시한 PCR 결과로생성된 457bp의네지점에서의염기서열을비교한결과선재도에서두군데의염기차이가나타난것이외에는동일하게나타나이부분의유전적차이는확인되지않았다. Choi(2005) 에따르면형태학적으로나유전적으로우리나라바지락에서나타나는 Perkinsus 종은 Norén et al.(1999) 의분류에따른 P. olseni로설명하고있다. 국내에서검출되는 P. olseni 사이의유전적다양성에대한설명은아직미비하다. PCR의감도가높은부위와유전적변형이많은부위는다를수있으므로유전적차이에대한분석은이후따로행해져야할것으로사료된다. Ruditapes decussatus from Portugal. J. Parasitol., 요약 75: , Blackbourn, J., Bower, S.M. and Meyer, G.R.: Perkinsus 본내용은 2009년하반기, 우리나라남해안 ( 고흥, qugwadi sp. nov.(incertace sedis), a pathogenic 나로도 ) 과서해안 ( 선재도, 파도리 ) 의네지점에서시 protozoan parasite of Japanese scallops, 료채취한바지락에서의 Perkinsus olseni 감염에대한 모니터링결과로, 이전에국제수역사무국 (OIE) 의 새로이지정하는 P. olseni 에대하여특이적인 primer set 을사용한분석결과를비교하고, 결과를통한 P. olseni의검출율을조사하였다. 특히 2009년에새로이지정된 PolsITS-140F와 PolsITS-600R의 primer set 을사용한결과는신속한검출여부분석에적합한것으로생각되었다. P. olseni의검출경향은파도리에서가장낮았으며, 고흥에서가장높았다. 파도리의 7월, 8월그리고 12월의결과를제외하고는전지점에서 7월에서 12월까지지속적으로높은검출율을나타내었다. PolsITS-140F와 PolsITS-600R의 primer set 을이용한 PCR 산물의염기서열을분석한결과, 선재 도의결과에서두군데의염기차이를나타내는것이외에는모두같은것으로확인되었다. 감사의글본연구는국립수산과학원연구지원 RP-2010-AQ-052 에의하여운영되었습니다. 참고문헌 Azevedo, C.: Fine structure of Perkinsus atlanticus n. sp. (apicomplexa, Perkinsea) parasite of the clam Patinopecten yessoensis, cultured in British Columbia, Canada. Can. J. Zool., 7: , manual에서지정하던 P. olseni에대하여특이적인 Burreson, E.M. and Calvo, L.M.R.: Epizootiology of primer set으로사용한 PCR 분석결과와 2009년에 Perkinsus marunus disease of oysters in Chesapeake Bay, with emphasis on data since J. Shellfish Res., 15:17-34, Casas, S.M., Grau, A., Kimberly, S.R., Apalupakul, K., Azevedo, C. and Villalba A.: Perkinsus mediterraneus n. sp., a protistan parasite of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis from the Balearic Islands, Mediterranean Sea, Dis. Aquat. Org., 58: , Choi, K.S. and Park, K.I.: Review on the Protozoan Parasite Perkinsus olsei(lester and Davis 1981) Infection in Asian Water. Coastal Environmental and
8 152 이남실 황지연 최동림 박명애 Ecosystem Issues of the East China Sea, Eds., A. Ishimatsu and H.-J. Lie, pp Choi, K.S., Park K.I., Cho M. and Soudant P.: Diagnosis, Pathology, and Taxonomy of Perkinsus sp. Isolated from the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in Korea. J. Aquaculture, 18: , Coss, C.A., Robledo, J.A.F., Ruita, G.M. and Vasta, G.R.: Description of Perkinsus andrewsi n. sp. isolated from the Balthic clam(macoma balthica) by characterization of the ribosomal RNA locus, and development of a species-specific PCR-based diagnostic assay. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 48:52-61, Dungan, C.F. and Reece K.S.: In vitro propagatio of two Perkinsus spp. Parasites from Japanese Manila clams Venerupis philippinarum and Description of Pekinsus honshuensis n. sp. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 53: , 2006 Goggin, D.L. and Lester, R.J.G.: Perkinsus, a protistan parasite of abalone in Australia: a review. Aust. J. Mar, Freshwater Res., 46: , Hamaguchi, M., Suzuki, N., Usuk,i H. and Ishioka, H.: Perkinsus protozoan infection in shor-necked clam tapes(=ruditapesphillippinarum) in Japan. Fish Pathol., 33:73-480, La Peyre, M., Casas, S. and La Peyre, J.: Salinity effects on viability, metabolic activity and proliferation of three Perkinsus species. Dis. Aquat. Org., 71:59-74, Lester, R.J.G. and Davis, G.H.G.: A new Perkinsus species(apicomplexa, Perkinsea) from the abalone, Halitis ruber. J. Invert. Pathol. 37: , Mackin, J.G., Owen, H.M. and Collier, A.: Preliminary note on the occurrence of a new protistan parasite, Dermocystidium marinum n. sp. in Crassostrea nirginica(gmelin). Science, 111: , Marsh, A.G., Gauthier, J.D. and Vasta, G.R.: A seniquantitative PCR assay for assessing Perkinsus marinus infections in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. J. Parasitol., 81: , Cremonte, F., Balseiro, P. and Figueras, A.: Occurrence McLayghlin, S.M., Tall, B.D., Shaheen, A., Elsayed, E.E. of Perkinsus olseni(protozoa:apicomplexa) and and Faisal, M:,Zoosporulation of a new Perkinsus other parasites in the venerid commercial clam species isolated from the gills of the softshell clam Pitar rostrata from Uruguay, southwestern Mya arenaria. Parasite, 7: , Atlantic coast. Dis. Aquat. Org., 64:85-90, Moss, J.A.: Characterization of exotic pathogens associated with the suminoe oyster, Crassostrea ariakensis. Ph.D. Sissertaion. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia USA. p.230, Moss, J.A., Xiao, J., Dungan, C.F. and Reece, K.S.: Description of Perkinsus beihaiensis n. sp., a new Perkinsus sp. parasite in oysters of southern China. J. Eukayot. Microbiol. 55: , Murell, A., Kleenan, S.N., Barker, S.C. and Lester, R.J.G.: Synonymy of Perkinsus olseni Lester & Davis, 1981 and Perinsus atlanticus Azevedo, 1989 and an update on the phylogenetic position of the genus Perkinsus. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol., 22: , Norén, F., Moestrup Ø. and Rehnstam-Holm A.-S.:
9 PCR 기법을이용한 2009 년우리나라서해안과남해안바지락, Ruditapes philippinarum 의 Perkinsus olseni 감염에관한보고 153 Parivilucifera infectans Noren et Moestrup gen. et sp. nov.(perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a parasitic flagellate capable of killing toxic microalgae. Eur. J. Protistol., 35, ,1999. OIE: Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals, World organization for animal health, Paris, Park, K.-I., Ngo, T.T.T., Choi, S.-D., Cho, M. and Choi, K.-S.: Occurrence of Perkinsus olseni in the Venus clam Protothaca jedoensis in Korean waters. J. Inv. Pathol. 93:81-87, Park, K.-I. and Choi, K.-S.: Spatial distribution of the protozoan parasite Pekinsus sp. found in Manila clams, Ruditapes phillippinarum, in Korea. Aquaculture, 203:9-22, Park, K.I., Park, J.K., Lee, J. and Choi, K.S.: Use of molecular markers for species identification of Korean Perkinsus sp. isolated from Manilaclam Ruditapes philippinarum. Dis. Aquat. Org., 66: , Robledo J.A.F., Coss C.A. and Vasta G.R.: Characterization of the ribosomal RNA locus of Perkinsus atlanticusand development of a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic assay. J. Parastol., 86: , Uddin, M.J., Yang, H.S., Choi, K.S., Kim, H.J., Hong, J.S. and Cho, M.: Seasonal Changed in Perkinsus olseni Infection and Gametogenesis in Manil Clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, From Seonjaedo Island in Incheon, off the West Coast of Korea. J. World Aquaculture society, 41:93-101, Villalba, A., Casas, S.M., Lopez, C. and Carballal, M.J.: Study of pekinsosis in the carpet shell clam Tapes decussatus in Galicia(NW Spain) Ⅱ. Temporal pattern of disease dynamics and association with clam mortality. Dis. Aquat. Organ., 65: , Manuscript Recevied : July 5, 2010 Revised : August 19, 2010 Accepted : August 20, 2010
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