Cepstral Analysis in Dysphonia Park MC, et al. 들의측정치가크게변할수있다. 3) 따라서음성변화의정도가어느정도인지에대한정량화의필요성이증가하게되고음성평가에대해기존의지터, 시머, 잡음대배음비같은음향지표보다객관적이고신뢰할수있으며발성장애를더잘

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1 online ML Comm Head and Neck Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2013;56:574-8 / pissn / eissn Clinical Usefulness of Cepstral Analysis in Dysphonia Evaluation Min Chul Park, Myung Ki Mun, Sang Hyuk Lee and Sung Min Jin Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 음성장애평가에서켑스트럼분석의임상적유용성 박민철 문명기 이상혁 진성민 성균관대학교의과대학강북삼성병원이비인후과학교실 Received June 12, 2013 Revised July 31, 2013 Accepted August 1, 2013 Address for correspondence Sang Hyuk Lee, MD Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel Fax entlsh@hanmail.net Background and ObjectivesZZWith the present methods for assessing speech, there are procedures that make effective diagnostics possible for voice disorders. One such procedure is cepstrum. Spectrum is produced by Fourier transformation of sound waves, and if Fourier transformation is performed again about the spectrum, cepstrum is produced. This study compared cepstrum to jitter, shimmer, and noise-to-harmonic ratio (NHR) for assessment of its usefulness. Cepstrum was measured by Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) calculated by the Hillenbrand method and Cepstral Mean Values (CMV) calculated using the Computerized Speech Laboratory software. Subjects and MethodZZWe included in the study 30 patients with vocal nodule and unilateral vocal cord palsy who were diagnosed in Kangbuk Samsung Hospital between March 2010 and May 2011, and 30 normal controls. Phonation of sustained vowel /a/ sample and running speech was subjected to acoustic analysis using CMV and CPP. Then we compared the correlation of cepstrum with other acoustic methods. ResultsZZThe measured values of CPP-a were 14.16, 17.25, and the age adjusted CPP-s values were 11.21, 12.85, for vocal cord palsy, vocal nodule and normal group, respectively. There was significant correlation with perceptions of dysphonia (p<0.001), but in CMV-a, CMV-s, there was no significant correlation. When jitter, shimmer, and NHR were compared with cepstrum, the result showed negative correlation among the three groups but CPP values showed significant difference (p<0.001). ConclusionZZIn the assessment of voice disorders, cepstrum may be used as a reliable method for comparing other complementary analysis tools. For the acoustic analysis of voice by cepstrum, however, CPP has more reliable correlations with dysphonia than CMV. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2013;56:574-8 Key WordsZZDysphonia ㆍ Hoarseness ㆍ Vocal cord palsy ㆍ Voice. 서론 음성변화또는음성질환을평가하는데있어정상적음성과비교하여변형의정도를수치화또는정량화하는것은쉽지않다. 1) 현재가장흔히사용되는음성분석법으로는주파수와의연관성을나타내는지터 (jitter), 진폭과의연관성을나 타내는시머 (shimmer), 잡음대배음비 (noise-to-harmonic ratio) 등과같은음향지표가널리이용되고있다. 하지만이러한방법들은음성이매우기식적이거나 (breathy) 비주기적 (aperiodic) 이고기본주파수를추적하기힘든경우에는그신뢰도가감소하는단점이있다. 2) 즉, 기본주파수의변화에의해많은영향을받기때문에기본주파수의작은변화에도변수 574 Copyright 2013 Korean Society of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery

2 Cepstral Analysis in Dysphonia Park MC, et al. 들의측정치가크게변할수있다. 3) 따라서음성변화의정도가어느정도인지에대한정량화의필요성이증가하게되고음성평가에대해기존의지터, 시머, 잡음대배음비같은음향지표보다객관적이고신뢰할수있으며발성장애를더잘예측할수있는평가방법이요구된다. 단순파의경우진폭과주파수를쉽게알수있지만, 여러개의단순파가합쳐진복합파의경우는그구성을알기가힘든데이를좀더알기쉽게분석하는방법중의하나가켑스트럼이다. 4) 켑스트럼이란스펙트럼을로그 (log) 를취해푸리에변환 (Fourier transformation) 시켜서얻은것이다. 5,6) 즉, 음성신호를디지털녹음방식으로얻은후숫자화하여그래프로표현하면 x축은시간 (time domain), y축은진폭인그래프로표시되는데, 음성신호를푸리에변형을한번시행하면 x축은주파수 (frequency domain), y축은진폭인스펙트럼을얻을수있다. 7) 이스펙트럼을다시푸리에변환하여얻어진것이켑스트럽이고, 이때 x축은 1/frequency 와같은개념인큐프렌시 (quefrency domain) 로표시된다 (Fig. 1). 켑스트럼 (cepstrum) 은스펙트럼 (spectrum) 을역으로써서표기된단어이다. 마찬가지로다른켑스트럼의용어도 frequency는 quefrency로, amplitude는 lampitude로, harmonics는 rhamonics로표현하게된다. 켑스트럼을이용한음성분석에는 Hillenbrand가개발한 Cepstral Peak Prominence(CPP) 방법과 Computerized Speech Laboratory(CSL) 프로그램에서분석하는 Cepstral Mean Value(CMV) 방법이있다 (Fig. 2). CPP를사용한계산방법이발성장애정도평가에가장널리이용되며모든발성장애의신뢰할수있는척도로사용되는데 CPP는 ceptral peak와켑스트럼의소리에너지의평균을나타내는회귀선 (linear regression) 과의사이거리를의미한다. 켑스트럼의다른분석방법인 CMV는 CSL 프로그램을사용하여계산되는데, 회기선과 cepstral peak의거리로계산되는 CPP와는달리, 컴퓨터프로그램을통해바로 CMV값이산출된다는차이점이있다. 성대결절및성대마비환자들은기식화된음성을산출하게되므로여러가지음향지표를사용하여기식화된음성을변별 할수있게된다. 그러나어떤분석방법을선택하느냐에따라 기식화된음성변별에차이를보이게된다. 본연구에서는성 대결절과성대마비환자들, 정상인을대상으로음성분석을하 여켑스트럼방법과지터, 시머, 잡음대배음비를비교하여유 용성을알아보고자하였고켑스트럼분석의두가지방법에대 하여차이를확인해보고자하였다. 대상및방법 2010 년 3 월부터 2011 년 5 월까지이비인후과에서성대결절로 진단받은 30 명, 일측성성대마비로진단받은 30 명및정상인 30 명이본연구에포함되었다. 성대마비와성대결절의진단은 후두내시경과스트로보스코피검사를통하여이비인후과전 문의가진단하였다. 전체환자의평균연령은 45.4 세 (16~81 세 ) 로, 남자가 41 명, 여자가 49 명이었으며평균적으로음성질환 군에서증상을호소하였던기간은성대마비가약 8.7 개월, 성 대결절이약 10.3 개월이었다 (Table 1). 이전에현수후두하미 세수술및성대내주입술을시행받은과거력이있거나약물 을복용중인환자는대상에서제외하였다. 본연구는강북삼 성병원임상시험심사위원회의검토와승인을받았고모든환 자의동의하에진행되었다. Fig. 2. Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) by Hillenbrand s method. CPP is the distance between linear regression line and the cepstral peak (A). Cepstral Mean Value by CSL software (B). CSL: Computerized Speech Laboratory. A B Amplitude (db) Fourier transformation Intensity (db) Fourier transformation Magnitude (db) Cepstral peak Linear regression Time (second) Frequency (khz) Quefrency (ms) Sound wave Spectrum Cepstrum Fig. 1. Voice analysis algorism of cepstrum. Fourier transformation of simple sound wave to spectrum. And then, cepstrum is produced by Fourier transformation of spectrum

3 Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2013;56:574-8 음성의음향학적인분석을시행할때음성샘플의녹음은아무도없는조용한방에서약 10 cm의거리를둔마이크로폰을사용하였고, 평상시의편안한크기와속도로 /a/ 모음연장발성을약 5초, 가을 문단중에서 우리나라의가을하늘은매우아름답다 의문장을약 4초간사용하여녹음하였다. 대상자가일상생활에서의발성과다르다고생각할때는음성녹음을재시도하였고, 2회반복녹음하여그중평상시음성에가까운것을골라스펙트럼상에서가장안정적인 2초의연속된구간을선택하여분석하였다. 음향분석은음성분석프로그램인 CSL 중 Multiple Dimensional Voice Program(MD- VP) 을이용하여지터, 시머, 잡음대배음비를측정하였다. 켑스트럼은 Hillenbrand가개발한 CPP 방법과 CSL 프로그램을사용한 CMV 방법으로분석하였다. CPP는켑스트럼에서가장높은지점으로정의하였고, 켑스트럼에서평균값의높이로나타나는회귀선과그래프의가장높은지점을평가하여그차이를계산하였다. Hillenbrand 방법은홈페이지 ( 접속을통하여 CPP값을구하였고, CSL 프로그램은 MDVP 옵션프로그램을사용하여계산하였다. 이를통해정상집단과음성장애집단의음성을분석하여켑스트럼과다른음향지표와의차이를확인하였고, 켑스트럼을분석할때 Hillenbrand 방법과 CSL 프로그램을통한방법에차이가있는지를알아보고, 두가지분석방법에서의차이를비교하였다. 통계학적검정은켑스트럼의분석방법에대해서는 oneway ANOVA 와 independent t-test 그리고 chi-square test 를이용하였고, 켑스트럼과지터, 시머와같은다른음성지표 와의상관관계에대한분석에서는 Pearson 상관분석 (Pearson s correlation) 을사용하였다. 통계프로그램은 SPSS version 18.0(IBM Co., New York, NY, USA) 을이용하였다. 이때 p-value 값이 0.05 이하인경우는통계적으로유의하다고판정하였다. 결과 정상집단과음성장애집단의총 90명을대상으로켑스트럼음성분석을시행하였고, 각군의남녀비율은유의한차이를보이지않았으나, 나이는통계적으로유의한차이를보여 (p< 0.001) 공분산분석 (ANCOVA) 을통해나이의영향력을보정하였다. 성대마비와성대결절, 정상집단의 age adjusted CPPa는각각 14.45, 17.17, 19.55로, age adjusted CPP-s는각각 11.38, 12.81, 로나타났고, 이는통계적으로유의한차이를보였다 (p=0.002, p<0.001)(table 1, 2 and 3). 켑스트럼에대한분석은먼저 CPP 값과 CMV 값을사용하여두가지방법의결과와차이점에대하여확인하였다. /a/ 모음연장발성을사용하여측정한결과에서정상집단과성대마비, 성대결절군에서 CMV 값은각각 1.25(±0.09, M=1.26, F= 1.24), 1.33(±0.16, M=1.34, F=1.32), 1.33(±0.13, M=1.30, F= 1.35) 으로, 세군간에서통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다. 반면에 CPP 값은정상집단과성대마비, 성대결절에서각각 20.00(±3.03, M=22.60, F=17.71), 14.16(±4.88, M=12.76, F= 16.56), 17.25(±3.24, M=18.71, F=16.40) 로, 정상집단에서음성질환군에비해통계적으로유의하게높은 CPP 값을나타냈 Table 1. Demographic characteristics of patient data Sex (M/F) 19/11 11/19 11/ Age±SD (range) 51.4±18.5 (16-81) 42.3±11.8 (21-66) 43.3±8.9 (25-60) <0.001 Symptom duration (mon) 8.7± ± <0.001 VC: vocal cord, SD: standard deviation Table 2. Result of CPP and CMV of cepstral analysis in sustained vowel /a/ sample 576 CMV-a 1.33± ± ± Male 1.34± ± ± Female 1.32± ± ± CPP-a* 14.16± ± ±3.03 <0.001 Male 12.76± ± ±0.92 <0.001 Female 16.56± ± ± Age-adjusted CPP-a (0.778) (0.726) (1.109) Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation. Adjusted data are expressed as adjusted mean (SEM) by ANCOVA. *p<0.05 by one-way ANOVA test, this letter is used for grouping and same letter group means significant difference for p<0.05 determined by post-hoc analysis of Tukey HSD. CPP-a: Cepstral Peak Prominence in /a/ vowel sound, CMV-a: Cepstral Mean Value in /a/ vowel sound, VC: vocal cord

4 Cepstral Analysis in Dysphonia Park MC, et al. Table 3. Result of CPP and CMV of cepstral analysis in running speech CMV-s 1.28± ± ± Male 1.33± ± ± Female 1.21± ± ± CPP-s* 11.21± ± ±1.28 <0.001 Male 10.56± ± ±1.59 <0.001 Female 12.34± ± ± Age-adjusted CPP-s (0.361) (0.336) (0.514) <0.001 Data are expressed as mean±standard deviation. Adjusted data are expressed as adjusted mean (SEM) by ANCOVA. *p<0.05 by one-way ANOVA test, this letter is used for grouping and same letter group means significant difference for p<0.05 determined by post-hoc analysis of Tukey HSD. CPP-s: Cepstral Peak Prominence in running speech, CMV-s: Cepstral Mean Value in running speech, VC: vocal cord Table 4. CPP is compared with jitter, shimmer, NHR in Pearson s correlation Jitter Shimmer NHR CPP-a* (p<0.001) (p<0.001) (p<0.001) CPP-s* (p<0.001) (p<0.001) (p<0.001) *p<0.05 by Pearson s correlations test. CPP-a: Cepstral Peak Prominence in /a/ vowel sound, CPP-s: Cepstral Peak Prominence in running speech, NHR: noise-to-harmonic ratio 다 (p<0.001)(table 2). 문장검사를사용한분석에서도측정 된 CMV 값은정상집단, 성대마비, 성대결절각각 1.22(±0.16, M= 1.21, F=1.23), 1.28(±0.15, M=1.33, F=1.21), 1.27(±0.15, M= 1.22, F=1.31) 을보였고이는통계적으로유의한차이를보이 지않았지만, CPP 값을측정한결과정상집단, 성대마비, 성대 결절은각각 15.00(±1.28, M=15.37, F=14.68), 11.21(±42.10, M=10.56, F=12.34), 12.85(±1.79, M=12.42, F=13.10) 의결과를 보였고통계적으로유의한차이를보였다 (p<0.001)(table 3). 이상의결과를통하여켑스트럼음성분석방법중 Hillenbrand 방법을통한 CPP 값이음성장애평가에있어서더욱 신뢰할수있음을확인하였다. 다음으로기존에많이사용되 는음성분석방법과의연관성을확인하고자 CPP 값과지터, 시머, 잡음대배음비의음성지표와의연관성을 Pearson 상 관분석 (Pearson s correlation) 을이용하여비교하였다. 먼저 /a/ 모음연장발성에서 CPP 값과비교했을경우는지터, 시머, 잡음대배음비는각각 r=-0.593, r=-0.626, r= 으로나 타났고, 자발화를이용하여지터, 시머, 잡음대배음비와비교 한경우는각각 r=-0.592, r=-0.649, r= 으로나타나모 음연장발성과자발화를이용한방법모두에서켑스트럼과다 른음성지표는중등도의음의상관관계를보였고이는통계학 적으로유의한결과를보였다 (p<0.001)(table 4). 고 찰 기식성음성을유발하는후두질환들의음성을보다정확 하고객관적으로분석하는방법에대해서많은연구가있어왔는데, 현재가장보편적으로사용되는방법은지터 (jitter), 시머 (shimmer), 잡음대배음비 (noise-to-harmonic ratio) 등이다. 2,8) 성대의주파수는성대가한번열렸다가닫힌후다시열릴때까지의시간이며, 기본주파수는가장편안한상태에서평상발성시나타나는주파수로사람마다다른데이러한주파수의동요폭을지터라고하고, 진폭은음의크기를나타내는것으로성대진폭의동요폭을시머라고한다. 9-11) 음성은마이크로폰을통해컴퓨터에입력되고디지털신호처리기에의하여디지털신호로변환된후 CSL 프로그램에의해분석될수있는음성신호로나타나게된다. 이러한방법들은후두의병변정도에따라애성의정도를객관적으로판명할수있는음향지표로사용된다. 12) 하지만이러한방법들은기본주파수의변화에의해많은영향을받기때문에음성이매우기식적이거나 (breathy) 기본주파수를추적하기힘든경우에는주파수의작은변화에도변수들의측정치가크게변할수있다. 3) 켑스트럼은음성을분석할때음성신호의푸리에변형과정을두번시행하여얻어지며, 얻어진그래프에서는컴퓨터프로그램을통해잡음의기저선 (baseline) 의평균값이측정된다. 켑스트럼은이기저선을중심으로하는측정방법을사용하기때문에음파의기본주파수나진폭을측정하여평가하는지터또는시머와는기본적인개념과측정방법이다르다. 6) 켑스트럼분석을할때는 Hillenbrand 의 CPP 방법이흔히쓰이는데잡음의기저선을의미하는회귀선 (linear regression) 을사용하는것이특징이다. 하나의음성신호과다른신호를비교할때이회귀선을사용하는방법은음성을녹음하는과정에서측정도구에의해서발생하거나, 음성신호가매우커서발생하는잡음들을배제하는데매우중요하게적용된다. 기존의보고에따르면성대마비또는성대결절과같은음성질환의기식화된음성과정상인의음성을비교평가했을때, 음성질환군의 CPP 값이정상군에비해감소되었다. 1,13,14) 본연구에서도성대마비와성대결절환자의음성에서정상인에비하여 577

5 Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2013;56:574-8 낮은 CPP 값을보였다. Heman-Ackah 등 2,15,16) 이보고한바에의하면음성을평가할때잡음의수준이높을수록 CPP 값이감소하는역상관관계가있다고하였다. 즉, CPP 값이낮을수록음성은비정상적이라고판단하는데성대마비환자군의음성이성대결절환자군의음성보다 CPP 값이낮은결과를보여성대마비환자군의음성이더기식화되어있고, 불안정하다는것을알수있었다. 켑스트럼의분석방법에는기존의 Hillenbrand 의방법으로 CPP를이용하는방법과 CSL 프로그램을사용하여 CMV를계산하여이용하는방법이있다. CPP는음성신호의조화구조 (harmonic structure) 정도를측정하는데적합한음성분석값이다. CPP를구하는과정은음성녹음의기술, 녹음의크기, 비주기성에크게영향을받지않기때문이다. 이 CPP 값은 Hillenbrand 에의해만들어진컴퓨터프로그램으로측정되며본연구에서 CPP의측정은홈페이지에접속하는방법으로음성분석을하였다. 켑스트럼의다른분석방법으로 CMV 방법이있다. 음성신호로부터직접켑스트럼을얻는방법으로 Hillenbrand 방법과는달리회귀선을사용하지않는차이점이있다. CSL 프로그램은다양한방법으로입력및저장이가능하며, 다양한스펙트럼과스펙트로그램을통한음향학적분석이가능하다. 또한 MDVP, voice range profile, Visipitch, Sona match, Nasometer 등의옵션소프트웨어프로그램을포함하고있기때문에연구, 진단, 치료에널리이용된다. 이두가지방법은임상적으로켑스트럼분석을하는데자주사용되는방법이지만, CMV 값이 CPP 값과비교했을때통계적인의미를보이지않았다는보고가있는데본연구에서도 CMV 값을비교했을때 CPP 값보다신뢰도가감소하는것으로나타났다. 2) 또한일측성후두마비환자와후두결절환자에서켑스트럼이다른음성지표보다음성분석에유용하였다는보고가있다. 1,13) 결과적으로음성을분석하는데여러가지음성지표가사용될수있지만그중켑스트럼분석의 CPP 값은음성장애환자들의기식화된음성의변별에좀더유용하게사용될수있는중요한검사방법이라할수있겠다. 본연구결과에의하면성대결절과성대마비환자군의 CPP 값이정상군의 CPP 값에비해유의하게감소되어있는것으로나타났다. 따라서 CPP를사용한음성분석방법이실제임상적인음성분석에서유용하고, 음성장애환자평가에서객관 적이고신뢰할수있는분석방법으로생각된다. 어떤켑스트 럼분석방법을선택하느냐에따라음성장애의변별력에차 이가발생할수있는데, Hillenbrand 방법과 CSL 프로그램으 로산출한결과를비교하여본결과 Hillenbrand 방법이좀더 유의하다는결과를얻었다. 따라서켑스트럼을사용한음성 분석을할때는 Hillenbrand 방법을통한 CPP 값을사용하 는것이좀더신뢰할수있을것으로사료된다. REFERENCES 1) Radish Kumar B, Bhat JS, Prasad N. Cepstral analysis of voice in persons with vocal nodules. J Voice 2010;24(6): ) Heman-Ackah YD, Heuer RJ, Michael DD, Ostrowski R, Horman M, Baroody MM, et al. Cepstral peak prominence: a more reliable measure of dysphonia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2003;112(4): ) Hillenbrand J. A methodological study of perturbation and additive noise in synthetically generated voice signals. J Speech Hear Res 1987;30(4): ) Titze IR. Principles of voice production. 2nd ed. New Jersey: National Center for Voice and Speech; ) Hillenbrand J, Houde RA. Acoustic correlates of breathy vocal quality: dysphonic voices and continuous speech. J Speech Hear Res 1996; 39(2): ) Hillenbrand J, Cleveland RA, Erickson RL. Acoustic correlates of breathy vocal quality. J Speech Hear Res 1994;37(4): ) Kerst LG. Amplitude cross-scetion representation with the sound spectrograph. J Acoust Soc Am 1948;20: ) Hong KH, Yang YS, Kim HK. Acoustic and laryngeal characteristics of Korean traditional singers. Korean J Otolaryngol 1996;39(10): ) Hong KH, Chung KY, Kim MC, Kim NK, Kim BK. A study for acoustic parameters in unilateral vocal cord palsy. Korean J Otolaryngol 1992;35(2): ) Lieberman P. Pertubations in vocal pitch. J Acoust Soc Am 1963;33: ) Horii Y. Vocal shimmer in sustained phonation. J Speech Hear Res 1980;23(1): ) Kim KM, Kim GR, Choi HS, SuK KS, Bag JC, Hong SK. Significance of acoustic parameters obtained from sound spectrogram in determining the phonatory function of the patients with vocal nodule. Korean J Otolaryngol 1989;32(5): ) Balasubramanium RK, Bhat JS, Fahim S 3rd, Raju R 3rd. Cepstral analysis of voice in unilateral adductor vocal fold palsy. J Voice 2011;25(3): ) Zieger K, Schneider C, Gerull G, Mrowinski D. [Cepstrum analysis in voice disorders]. Folia Phoniatr Logop 1995;47(4): ) Heman-Ackah YD, Michael DD, Goding GS Jr. The relationship between cepstral peak prominence and selected parameters of dysphonia. J Voice 2002;16(1): ) Heman-Ackah YD. Reliability of calculating the cepstral peak without linear regression analysis. J Voice 2004;18(2):

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