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1 ISSN(print) (2): , June 2017 < 초청논문 > The Effect of Difference in the Characteristics of Soft Lens Material and Main Component of Artificial Tears on Lens Centration and Dynamics Hye-Min Shin, Ju Hyun Jang, Mijung Park, and So Ra Kim* Dept. of Optometry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea (Received May 25, 2017: Revised June 14, 2017: Accepted June 20, 2017) Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of artificial tear use on change of objective signs when wearing different soft contact lenses made of same etafilcon A except whether wetting agent was included or not. Methods: Ninetyfour subjects (male, 17; female, 30) between nineteen and thirty-six were divided into two groups, those with normal (18 subjects) and dry eyes (29 subjects), according to their tear volume and asked to wear soft contact lenses made of either etafilcon A or etafilcon A with a wetting agent for 6 hours. Before and after instilling artificial tears containing either carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC) or polysorbate 80 (PS80) as a main component, lens centration on the cornea and lens dynamics (lag) and lens recovery time were measured as objective signs and their change was further analyzed. Results: Lens centration didn't show significant change according to lens wearers' tear volume, main component of artificial tear and a wetting agent in lens only except when wearing etafilcon A lenses with a wetting agent in normal eyes and using PS80. Lens dynamics according to the main component of artificial tear were found to be good regardless of the wearers' tear volume and a wetting agent in lens since lens lag tended to decrease after instilling artificial tear however, the lens dynamics on dry eyes were not equivalent to those on normal eyes even with artificial tears. The speed of lens movement was influenced by both of the wearer's tear volume and lens material characteristics since lens recovery time in normal eyes was shortened irrespective of the main component of artificial tear and the recovery time in dry eyes was shortened only in the case of instilling CMC, a viscosity thickener. Conclusions: From the results of this study, it was revealed that changes in soft lens centration and dynamics according to the use of artificial tears varied depending on the wearers' tear volume and the lens material characteristics. Therefore, artificial tears may be used without the consideration of their main component when wearing soft lenses without a wetting agent in normal eyes. However, it is necessary to consider whether or not the change of visual correction appears after PS80 instillation when wearing lenses with a wetting agent in normal eyes. On the other hand, in case of dry eyes, it is necessary to consider the instillation numbers larger than CMC for faster lens centration when using PS80 regardless of whether or not the wetting agent is included in the lens. Key words: Soft contact lenses, Wetting agent, Artificial tear, Viscosity thickener, Surfactant, Normal eyes, Dry eyes, Lens centration, Lens dynamics 서론건성안은눈물의수성층부족과눈물증발이원인인눈물막장애 [1,2] 를일컫는안질환으로전세계인구의 5~35% 가앓고있는것으로보고되었다. [3] 수성층부족의원인은쇼그렌증후군인경우와아닌경우로나뉘는데쇼그렌증후군이아닌경우에는눈물샘분비저하로발생된다. [2] 눈물증발의원인인지질층부족은마이봄샘이상, 불완전순목, 적은순목횟수와같은내적요인 [2] 과비타민 A 부족, 국소적인방부제사용, 콘택트렌즈착용, 눈의알레 르기등과같은외적요인에의해나타난다. [4] 눈물막의지질층두께는이온성및비이온성지질간의상호작용에영향을받는데특히이온지질층이전체지질층의안정성을결정한다. [5] 건성안은자각증상과타각적인검사를통해진단하게되는데, 건성안의자각증상으로는건조감, 이물감, 가려움, 눈부심, 충혈, 불편감, 눈부심등이있으며, [3] 타각적검사로는메니스커스높이측정, 로즈벵갈염색, 눈물막파괴시간측정등이있다. [6] 건성안은증상의정도에따라치료방법이달라지나, [7] 최근인공눈물의사용이건성안을치료하는주요한한방법으 *Corresponding author: So Ra Kim, TEL: , srk2104@seoultech.ac.kr 본논문의일부내용은 2015년도한국안광학회동계학술대회에서발표되었음. 105

2 106 Hye-Min Shin, Ju Hyun Jang, Mijung Park, and So Ra Kim 로자리매김하고있다. [8] 건성안치료에사용되는인공눈물의대표적인성분으로는카르복시메틸셀룰로오스나트륨 ( 이하 CMC), [9] 폴리솔베이트 80( 이하 PS80), [10] 비타민 A 함유의레티놀팔미테이트, [11] 디쿠아포솔 [12] 등을들수있다. 이러한성분을포함한인공눈물의사용은건조감의개선과함께시력향상에도움이되며, [13] 각막과결막에부착되어상처를치유하고보호할뿐만아니라 [14-16] 술잔세포에서의점액분비를촉진하고이를눈표면에있게함으로써 [17] 눈물막안정성을향상시킨다고보고되었다. [18] 인공눈물성분을기능에따라분류하면수분이머무르는시간을길게하여생체이용률을증가시키는점성증강제 [19] 와점액층이각막에부착되는것을향상시켜인공눈물이눈의표면에서오래머무르게하는점액접착제, [20] 그리고표면장력을감소시키며유화제및용해보존의기능을하는계면활성제로나눌수있다. [21] 대표적인점성증강제로는 CMC, 수산화프로필메틸셀룰로스, 히알론산나트륨, 글리세롤, 젤라틴등 [7,20] 이있으며, 비이온계면활성제로는 PS80, 폴리에틸렌글리콜 400 등이있다. [21] 이외에도인공눈물에함유되어있는성분으로는 ph를조정 [22] 하고각막상피의표면을최적의상태로유지하는기능 [23] 의완충제가있으며건성안이가장편안함을느끼는 ph는 8.5로보고된바있다. [24] 본연구에서는주성분으로점성증강제인 CMC와계면활성제인 PS80을각각함유한인공눈물의사용이소프트렌즈착용으로인한건조감관련의타각적증상에미치는영향에대해알아보고자하였다. CMC는점성증강뿐만아니라점액접착의기능이있어눈물막안정성에효과가있으며, [7,14,20] 방부제가미함유된일회용인공눈물에는 0.25~1.0% 의농도로함유되어있다. [8,25] 한편, PS80은폴리에틸렌옥시레이티드소르비탄과올레산에의해만들어진비이온계면활성제이다. [21] 과거임상에서는소프트렌즈를착용한상태에서의인공눈물사용을권장하지않았으나 [26] 렌즈를착용한상태에서도사용가능한인공눈물이시판되면서국내외연구진들에의해여러연구가수행되었다. [27~30] 그러나대부분의연구는인공눈물자체의세포독성평가 [27] 나이의사용으로인한자각적인건조감개선여부평가 [28], 눈물메니스커스높이에미치는영향 [29] 을분석한것으로주로건조감개선여부에초점을맞추어수행되었다. 본연구진역시선행연구 [30] 에서건조감개선효과를인공눈물의주성분차이와착용한렌즈의재질별로나누어분석하여보고한바있다. 이에본연구에서는인공눈물의건조감개선효과이외에시력교정에영향을줄수있는요인으로써인공눈물사용후의렌즈중심안정위치, 렌즈동적움직임, 렌즈복귀시간을측정하여객관적인수치로제시하고상관관계를분석하고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상안질환과안과적수술경험이없는만 19~36세 ( 만 22.6±3.6세 ) 의성인을연구대상으로하였다. 일회용소프트렌즈의착용안은총 94안 ( 남자 34안, 여자 60안 ) 으로구면굴절력교정범위는 0.50 ~ 6.00 D( 평균 2.54±1.51 D) 이었으며, 나안에서수동각막곡률계 (Ophthalmometer, OM-4, Topcon, Korea) 로측정한비침습성눈물막파괴시간에따라 10초이상일때를정상안으로분류하였고, 10초이하일때를건성안으로분류하였다. [31] 2. 소프트렌즈착용및인공눈물사용소프트렌즈착용안의처방도수는자동안굴절력계 (REKTO ORK II, Dongyang Optics, Korea) 를이용하여 3 회측정한후얻어진평균검사값과기존처방값을바탕으로결정하였다. 소프트렌즈에첨가된습윤인자유무에따른인공눈물의효과를비교하기위하여습윤인자유무이외의모든파라미터는동일한 etafilcon A 재질렌즈 (1- Day ACUVUE, Johnson & Johnson, USA) 와 etafilcon A 재질에습윤인자인 PVP를넣은렌즈 (1-Day ACUVUE MOIST, Johnson & Johnson, Ireland) 를선정하였다. [30] 또한, 방부제가포함되지않은 1회용인공눈물로는 0.5% CMC가함유된 Refresh plus(allergan, USA, 이하 CMC) 와 1.0% PS80가함유된 Eyedew(Huons, Korea, 이하 PS80) 를사용하였으며대상자의눈물양과착용하는렌즈및인공눈물종류에따라 8개의군으로나누었다 (Table 1). [30] 대상자는각기다른날에총 4회방문하도록하였고, 방문전날은금주하게하였으며 6시간이상취침하도록하였다. 소프트렌즈와인공눈물은대상자가알지못하도록하루에한종류씩무작위로지급하였으며, 인공눈물 2종류는제조사의권장방법에따라렌즈착용 6시간후에한 Table 1. The classification of subjects according to their tear volume and the kind of soft contact lenses and eye lubricants Group Contact lens Eye lubricant Eye N E-CN Etafilcon A CMC Normal eye 36 E-PN Etafilcon A PS80 Normal eye 36 E-CD Etafilcon A CMC Dry eye 58 E-PD Etafilcon A PS80 Dry eye 58 P-CN Etafilcon A with PVP CMC Normal eye 36 P-PN Etafilcon A with PVP PS80 Normal eye 36 P-CD Etafilcon A with PVP CMC Dry eye 58 P-PD Etafilcon A with PVP PS80 Dry eye 58

3 The Effect of Soft Lens Materials and Artificial Tears on Lens Centration and Dynamics 107 방울씩 점안하도록 하였다. 각막에서의 렌즈중심위치, 렌즈 는 (+)로 표시하였고, 귀쪽에 위치하였을 때에는 ( )로 각 의 동적움직임, 렌즈 움직임 복귀시간을 포함한 모든 검사 각 표시하였다. 수직방향의 렌즈중심위치는 동공중심에서 는 눈물막이 안정된[32] 소프트렌즈 착용 30분 이후와 대상 위쪽에 위치하였을 때에는 (+)로 나타내었으며, 아래쪽에 자의 눈물양에 관계없이 모두 착용 가능한 시간이었던 6시 위치하였을 때에는 ( )로 나타내었다. 수평 및 수직방향의 [30] 간 후에 시행하였다. o 연구실의 온도(21±1 C)와 습도 좌표 상 중심안정위치의 단위는 모두 mm이었다. (50±10%)는 항온항습기(Thermohygrostat, SVU-30M, Kiturami, Korea)를 이용하여 일정하게 유지되도록 하였다. 4. 각막에서 렌즈의 동적움직임 대상자를 한번 순목하게 하고 정면주시 기준으로 7 cm 3. 각막에서의 렌즈중심위치 측정 거리에 주시판을 두고 상하좌우로 각각 45 만큼 떨어진 렌즈의 중심안정위치는 대상자가 정면을 응시한 상태에 지점을 응시하게 하였다(Fig. 1). 이 때 중심안정위치 측정 서 순목 후 렌즈 움직임이 없을 때 세극등현미경(Silt lamp 시와 동일한 조건으로 각각 3회 촬영하였으며, 각막윤부 US/SL 7F, Topcon, Japan)의 10배율로 장착된 카메라(D200, 에서 렌즈엣지 사이의 거리를 측정하여 렌즈래그(lag)값으 Nikon, Japan)를 이용하여 3회 반복 촬영하였다. 촬영된 사진 로 하였으며 3회 촬영의 래그 평균값을 사용하여 동적움 은 Photoshop Software(Adobe photoshop 7.01 Adobe Systems Incorporated, United States)를 이용하여 분석하였으며, 1 pixel 당 mm를 아래와 같은 비례식으로 계산하였다. 1 pixel : χ mm = 피검자가 정면주시 시 렌즈의 길이 : 14.2 (콘택트렌즈직경) χ : 피검자의 1 pixel당 mm 값 동공중심을 x축과 y축 좌표 상에 (x, y = 0, 0)으로 표시 하고 이를 기준으로 렌즈중심위치를 수직 및 수평방향의 3회 평균값을 좌표 상에 점으로 표시하고, 수직 및 수평방 향의 표준편차를 타원으로 나타내었다.[33] 수평방향의 렌 즈중심안정위치가 동공중심에서 코쪽에 위치하였을 때에 Fig. 1. The set-up for four gaze directions using a slit lamp microscope. Fig. 2. The measurement of lens lag on cornea in four gaze directions using a photoshop software. A. Superior, B. Inferior, C. Nasal, D. Temporal

4 108 Hye-Min Shin, Ju Hyun Jang, Mijung Park, and So Ra Kim 직임으로분석하였다 (Fig. 2). [34] 5. 순목후렌즈복귀시간대상자가정면을주시한상태에서한번순목한후콘택트렌즈아래가장자리가각막의중앙에이를때까지푸시업했을때부터렌즈수직위치가안정화되어더이상움직이지않을때까지의시간을 3회측정한값의평균을렌즈복귀시간으로하였다. [34] 렌즈움직임은세극등현미경 (Silt lamp US/SL 7F, Topcon, Japan) 을사용하여 16배율로관찰하였다. 6. 통계처리모든결과는평균 ± 표준편차로나타내었으며 SPSS 20.0K for Windows를이용하여통계적인유의성을분석 하였다. 인공눈물의주성분과대상자의눈물양에따른렌즈의중심안정위치, 렌즈의동적움직임, 렌즈복귀시간의차이는각각독립표본 (t-test) 으로분석하였으며, 렌즈착용 30분후와렌즈착용 6시간후, 인공눈물점안전과점안후의렌즈의중심안정위치, 렌즈의동적움직임, 렌즈복귀시간의차이는대응표본 (paired t-test) 으로분석하였다. 이때유의확률이 0.05미만일경우를통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로판단하였다. 결과및고찰 1. 각막에서의렌즈중심위치정상안에습윤인자미포함의 etafilcon A 재질렌즈를 Fig. 3. The comparison of lens centration at 6hr later of etafilcon A wear. A. After treating CMC in normal eye B. After treating PS80 in normal eye C. After treating CMC in dry eye D. After treating PS80 in dry eye

5 The Effect of Soft Lens Materials and Artificial Tears on Lens Centration and Dynamics 109 착용시킨후렌즈중심안정위치를측정하였다. E-CN군 (n = 36) 과 E-PN군 (n = 36) 의렌즈착용 30분후중심안정위치는각각 (x, y = 0.39±0.24, 0.06±0.17) 와 (x, y = 0.39±0.25, 0.09±0.20) 로측정되었다. 렌즈착용 6시간후의중심안정위치는 E-CN군의경우는 (x, y = 0.34±0.26, 0.11±0.25) 이었으며, E-PN군의경우는 (x, y = 0.37±0.23, 0.11±0.36) 로측정되어렌즈착용시간이길어질수록수평방향의중심위치는동공중심으로이동하며, 수직방향의중심위치는동공아래쪽에위치함을알수있었다. 렌즈착용 6시간경과하고인공눈물을점안하게한후의중심안정위치는 CMC를주성분으로하는인공눈물을점안한 E-CN군은 (x, y = 0.37±0.24, 0.09±0.21) 로측정되었으며, PS80를주 성분으로하는인공눈물을점안한 E-PN군의중심안정위치는인공눈물직후에 (x, y = 0.36± 0.27, 0.14±0.18) 로측정되었다 (Fig. 3A and 3B). 이러한인공눈물점안으로인한중심안정위치의변화는 CMC 점안직후의수평방향은동공중심에서멀어졌으며, PS80 점안직후에는수직방향에서동공중심에서멀어지게나타나주성분에따라다소차이가있는것으로보였으나독립표본으로분석시통계적인유의성은관찰할수없었다 (p>0.05). 또한각군에서의렌즈착용 30분후와 6 시간후, 렌즈착용 6시간후인공눈물점안전과후의수평및수직방향의중심안정위치를대응표본으로분석하였을때에도모두유의한차이를관찰할수없었다. 따라서 Fig. 4. The comparison of lens centration at 6hr later of etafilcon A with PVP wear. A. After treating CMC in normal eye B. After treating PS80 in normal eye C. After treating CMC in dry eye D. After treating PS80 in dry eye

6 110 Hye-Min Shin, Ju Hyun Jang, Mijung Park, and So Ra Kim 정상안이습윤인자미포함의 etafilcon A 재질렌즈착용시에는렌즈중심안정위치의변화는인공눈물주성분의차이와는관계가없음을알수있었다. 건성안이습윤인자미포함의 etafilcon A 재질렌즈를착용하였을때의중심안정위치를측정하였다. E-CD군 (n = 58) 의중심안정위치는렌즈착용 30분후에는 (x, y = 0.37±0.27, 0.13±0.23) 에서 6시간후에는 (x, y = 0.33±0.27, 0.17±0.25) 로렌즈가수평방향으로는동공중심쪽으로 0.04 mm 이동하였으나수직방향으로는동공중심에서 0.04 mm 멀어졌다. 6시간후에 CMC함유의인공눈물을점안한후에는 (x, y = 0.32±0.24, 0.19±0.25) 로나타나인공눈물점안전보다수평방향을거의변화가없었으나수직방향으로는동공에서더욱멀어지는경향을보였다 (Fig. 3C). E-PD군 (n=58) 의중심안정위치는렌즈착용 30분후에는 (x, y = 0.38±0.29, 0.13±0.21) 이었으며, 6시간후에는 (x, y = 0.35±0.25, 0.13±0.23) 로측정되어수평방향으로동공중심으로안정화됨을알수있었다. PS80 함유의인공눈물점안직후는 (x, y = 0.33±0.24, 0.13±0.25) 로나타나수평방향으로동공중심쪽으로 0.02 mm 더이동하였다 (Fig. 3D). 독립표본으로두군사이의수평과수직방향의중심안정위치변화를분석한결과모두 p>0.05로통계적으로유의하지않음을알수있었다. 또한각군에서수평과수직방향의중심안정위치를렌즈착용 30분후와 6시간후, 렌즈착용 6시간후의인공눈물점안전과후로나누어대응표본으로분석한결과모두통계적인유의성은없음을확인하였다. 정상안에습윤인자인 PVP가함유된 etafilcon A 재질렌즈 ( 이하습윤렌즈 ) 를착용시킨후중심안정위치를측정하였다 (Fig. 4). P-CN군 (n=36) 의중심안정위치는착용 30분후에는 (x, y = 0.45±0.30, 0.07±0.26) 이었으며, 착용 6시간후에는 (x, y = 0.39±0.28, 0.10±0.27) 로측정되었으며, CMC 함유의인공눈물점안직후에는 (x, y = 0.35±0.26, 0.08±0.21) 로측정되어렌즈착용 6시간후보다수직과수평방향에서모두동공중심으로위치하고있음을알수있었다 (Fig. 4A). P-PN군 (n = 36) 에서중심안정위치는렌즈착용 30분후에는 (x, y = 0.45±0.30, 0.06±0.25) 에서 6시간경과후에는 (x, y = 0.36±0.28, 0.09±0.26) 로나타났으며 PS80 함유의인공눈물점안직후에는 (x, y = 0.37±0.25, 0.17±0.25) 로수직과수평방향에서모두인공눈물점안전보다동공중심에서멀어진경향을보였다 (Fig. 4B). 두군에서수평과수직방향의중심안정위치를시간경과에따라각각독립표본으로분석한결과모두 p>0.05로유의하지않은것으로나타났으나, 두군에서렌즈중심안정위치의변화를착용 30분후와 6시간후, 착용 6시간후의인공눈물점안전과후로나누어대응표본으로분석하였을때에는 PS80 함유의인공눈물을점안한 P- PN군의 30분후와 6시간착용하고 PS80 점안후의중심안정위치의수평차이는 p = 0.007로유의하게나타났다. 건성안이 etafilcon A 재질의습윤렌즈를착용한 P-CD 군 (n = 58) 에서렌즈착용 30분후의중심안정위치는 (x, y = 0.38±0.29, 0.11±0.24) 로 6시간후인 (x, y = 0.34±0.28, 0.15±0.27) 보다수평방향에서동공중심으로렌즈가이동하고, 수직방향에서는동공중심에서멀어졌다. CMC 점안직후 (x, y = 0.33±0.24, 0.09±0.23) 로나타나렌즈착용 6시간후보다수직과수평방향에서렌즈가동공중심으로이동하였다 (Fig. 4C). P-PD군 (n=58) 에서 30분후의중심안정위치는 (x, y = 0.38±0.29, 0.13±0.25) 이었으며, 6시간후에는 (x, y = 0.34±0.27, 0.15±0.26) 로측정되어수평방향은동공쪽으로이동하였으나수직방향에서는동공에서멀어짐을확인하였다. PS80 점안직후는 (x, y = 0.28±0.25, 0.16±0.23) 로측정되어정상안의경우 (Fig. 4B) 와는달리수평방향에서는동공중심으로렌즈가안정되었으며, 수직방향에서의동공중심아래쪽이탈도크지않았다 (Fig. 4D). 건성안인 P-CD군과 P-PD군의수평및수직방향렌즈중심안정위치는독립표본으로분석한결과모두유의하지않게나타났으나 CMC와 PS80 점안시수평방향에서는모두동공중심으로이동하는경향을보인반면수직방향에서는 P-CD군은동공중심으로, P-PD군은동공중심에서멀어지는경향이나타났다. 따라서건성안이 etafilcon A 재질의습윤렌즈착용시에는인공눈물점안후의중심안정위치의변화는통계적인유의성이없었으므로주성분에관계없이큰차이가없음을알수있었다. 본연구진은선행연구에서인공눈물주성분에따른착용자의눈물막안정성을평가하여정상안이 etafilcon A 재질렌즈를착용하였을때에는점성증강제인 CMC 함유의인공눈물을사용하는것이계면활성제인 PS80 함유의인공눈물을사용하는것보다눈물막안정성에더큰효과를나타내며, 건성안의경우에는인공눈물의주성분에관계없이비슷한눈물막안정성증진효과를가짐을보고한바있다. [30] 인공눈물의사용이렌즈착용으로인한눈물막안정성저하를개선한다하더라도렌즈중심안정위치에유의한변화가나타난다면시력교정면에서는부정적인영향을줄수있다. 그러나본연구결과각막에서의렌즈중심안정위치는렌즈착용시간이경과함에따라동공중심으로이동하는경향을보였으며사용한인공눈물의주성분과착용자의눈물양및렌즈재질에따른유의한차이는나타나지않았으므로시력교정상태에크게영향을미치지않을것으로판단되었다. 반면 etafilcon A 재질의습윤렌즈착용시에는정상안과건성안에서모두점안 5분후까지의눈물막안정성증진효과는 PS80 사용시더높았다고보고하였다. [30] 그러나본연구결과정상안이 etafilcon A

7 The Effect of Soft Lens Materials and Artificial Tears on Lens Centration and Dynamics 111 재질의습윤렌즈를착용하고 PS80를사용한경우에는렌즈중심안정위치의유의한변화가관찰되었으므로이에대한고려가필요하다고판단되었다. 2. 각막에서렌즈의동적움직임정상안과건성안이각각 etafilcon A 재질렌즈를착용 한후응시방향을코 (Nasal, 이하 N), 귀 (Temporal, 이하 T), 위 (Superior, 이하 S), 아래 (Inferior, 이하 I) 쪽으로달리하였을때의래그를측정하여동적움직임으로분석하였다 (Fig. 5). 정상안인 E-CN군 (n = 36) 에서응시방향에따른래그값은렌즈착용 30분후에는 N = 2.30±0.51 mm, T = 2.17±0.38 mm, S = 1.94±0.98 mm, I = 3.41±1.31 mm이었 Fig. 5. The comparison of lag between CMC and PS80 treatments when wearing etafilcon A lens. A and D. 30 min later of lens wear B and E. 6 hr later of lens wear C and F. After treating CMC and PS80 at 6 hr later of lens wear

8 112 Hye-Min Shin, Ju Hyun Jang, Mijung Park, and So Ra Kim 으며, 6시간후에는 N = 2.21±0.55 mm, T = 2.12±0.46 mm, S = 1.98±0.89 mm, I=3.04±0.60 mm이었고, CMC 점안후의래그값은 N = 2.25±0.50 mm, T = 2.13±0.43 mm, S = 1.93±0.80 mm, I = 3.09±0.51 mm로측정되었다 (Fig. 5A~C). 건성안인 E-CD군 (n=58) 에서응시방향에따른래그값은렌즈착용 30분후에는 N = 2.44±0.56 mm, T = 2.44±0.49 mm, S = 2.66±1.06 mm, I = 3.30±0.66 mm이었으며, 6시간후에는 N = 2.50±1.07 mm, T = 2.39±0.46 mm, S = 2.50±1.13 mm, I = 3.22±0.70 mm이었다. CMC 점안직후응시방향에따른 E-CD군의래그값은 N = 2.25±0.52 mm, T = 2.43±0.46 mm, S = 2.47±1.10 mm, I = 3.19±0.67 mm로측정되었다. 응시방향에따른 E-CN군과 E-CD군간의래그값을독립표본으로분석한결과렌즈착용 30분후와 6시간후에모두 T방향에서래그값차이의유의성이 p = 0.007로나타났으며, 6시간후와 CMC 점안한직후의 T방향에서래그값의유의성은 p=0.003로나타나정상안과건성안간 T방향으로의움직임차이는통계적으로유의하게차이가있는것을알수있었다. 한편, E-CN군과 E-CD군간의수직방향래그값의유의성은 S방향에서렌즈착용 30분후, 6시간후및 CMC 점안후각각 p = 0.001, 0 = 및 p = 0.012로나타나통계적으로유의한차이를보였다. 따라서 etafilcon A 재질렌즈착용시에는착용자의눈물양에따라 T방향과 S방향에서동적움직임의차이가있으며, CMC 함유인공눈물점안시에는그차이가더커짐을알수있었다 (Fig. 5). Etafilcon A 재질렌즈를착용하고 PS80 함유의인공눈물을사용한정상안 (E-PN, n = 36) 과건성안 (E-PD, n=58) 군의응시방향에따른래그를측정하였다 (Fig. 5). E-PN 군의응시방향에따른래그값은착용 30분후, 6시간후, 인공눈물점안후의순으로각각 (N = 2.33±0.54 mm, T = 2.17±0.36 mm, S = 2.00±1.00 mm, I = 3.21±0.50 mm), (N = 2.25±0.44 mm, T = 2.12±0.47 mm, S = 1.90±0.85 mm, I = 3.05±0.57 mm), (N = 2.15±0.42 mm, T = 2.01±0.40 mm, S = 2.03±0.91 mm, I = 3.06±0.46 mm) 로측정되어착용시간이지날수록래그값이감소하였으며인공눈물사용후에도수평방향래그값은감소하였다 (Fig. 5D~F). 건성안인 E-PD군의응시방향에따른래그값은렌즈착용 30분후에는 (N = 2.44±0.63 mm, T = 2.45±0.50 mm, S = 2.58±1.14 mm, I = 3.21±0.58 mm) 로측정되었으며, 6시간후에는 (N = 2.41±0.83 mm, T = 2.41±0.83 mm, S = 2.67±1.07 mm, I = 3.29±0.63 mm) 로측정되어수평방향은감소, 수직방향을증가하는경향을보였다. 반면, PS80 점안후의래그값은 (N = 2.18±0.52 mm, T = 2.18±0.52 mm, S = 2.33±0.63 mm, I = 3.14±0.56 mm) 로측정되어인공눈물점안전과후의래그값의차이는 N방향 (p = 0.014), T방향 (p = 0.001), S방 향 (p = 0.028) 에서모두통계적으로유의한것으로나타났다. Etafilcon A 재질렌즈착용시정상안과건성안의응시방향에따른래그값의차이를독립표본으로분석한결과렌즈착용 30분후에는 T방향 (p = 0.004) 과 S방향 (p = 0.010) 에서통계적으로유의한래그값의차이를보였으며, 착용 6시간후에도 T방향 (p = 0.007) 과 S방향 (p = 0.006) 에서통계적으로유의한래그값의차이를나타내었다. 인공눈물점안후의정상안과건성안의래그값의차이를비교한결과 T방향 (p = 0.003) 에서만통계적으로유의한차이를보였다. Etafilcon A 재질의습윤렌즈를착용하고 CMC가함유된인공눈물을사용한정상안 (P-CN군, n = 36) 과건성안 (P-CD군, n = 58) 의응시방향에따른래그를측정하였다 (Fig. 6). P-CN군의렌즈착용 30분후응시방향에따른래그는 N = 2.32±0.54 mm, T = 2.18±0.50 mm, S = 2.22±1.27 mm, I = 3.15±0.49 mm이었으며, 6시간후에는 N = 2.28±0.47 mm, T = 2.17±0.40 mm, S = 1.93±0.92 mm, I = 2.99±0.61 mm 으로측정되었고, CMC 점안직후는 N = 2.26±0.46 mm, T = 2.15±0.40 mm, S = 1.93±0.91 mm, I = 3.09±0.53 mm 로측정되었다. P-CN군과 E-CN군의래그값을비교하여보면착용시간경과에따른수평방향에서의래그값차이는없었으나수직응시인 I방향에서는 E-CN군에서, S방향에서는 P-CN군에서래그값의감소가다소큰것으로나타나정상안이라하더라도착용한렌즈의재질에따라응시방향에따른래그값의차이가나타남을알수있었다. P-CD군의응시방향에따른래그는착용 30분후에는 N = 2.43±0.60 mm, T = 2.47±0.57 mm, S = 2.73±1.44 mm, I = 3.13±0.57 mm이었으며, 6시간후는 N =2.20±0.51 mm, T = 2.39±0.43 mm, S = 2.42±1.12 mm, I = 3.11±0.59 mm 으로나타났으며, 인공눈물점안직후는 N = 2.28±0.52 mm, T = 2.43±0.43 mm, S = 2.46±1.11 mm, I = 3.14±0.61 mm 로나타났다. 즉, CMC 점안후에는모든응시방향에서의래그값이점안전보다다소증가하는경향을나타내었으나유의한변화는나타나지않았다. CMC군에서렌즈착용 30분후와 6시간후의래그값차이가 N방향 (p = 0.000) 과 S방향 (p = 0.033) 에서유의하게나타났다. P-CN군과 P- CD군간의래그값차이는렌즈착용 30분후 T방향에서통계적으로유의한것으로나타났으며 (p = 0.015), 착용 6 시간후의래그값차이는수평응시인 T방향 (p = 0.015) 과 N방향 (p = 0.029) 에서통계적으로유의한것으로나타났다. CMC 점안직후의 P-CN군과 P-CD군사이의래그값차이역시 T방향 (p = 0.002) 과 N방향 (p = 0.017) 에서통계적으로유의하게나타났다. Etafilcon A 재질의습윤렌즈를착용하고 PS80 함유의인공눈물을사용하였을때정상안 (P-PN, n=36) 과건성안

9 The Effect of Soft Lens Materials and Artificial Tears on Lens Centration and Dynamics 113 Fig. 6. The comparison of lag between CMC and PS80 treatments when wearing etafilcon A with PVP. A and D. 30 min later of lens wear B and E. 6 hr later of lens wear C and F. After treating CMC and PS80 at 6hr later of lens wear (P-PD, n = 58) 의응시방향에따른래그를측정하였다 (Fig. 6). P-PN군의렌즈착용 30분후응시방향에따른래그는 N = 2.29±0.57 mm, T = 2.18±0.54 mm, S = 2.32±1.29 mm, I = 3.15±0.53 mm이었으며, 6시간후에는 N = 2.19±0.49 mm, T = 2.21±0.39 mm, S = 1.89±0.61 mm, I = 2.90±0.64 mm 로측정되었으며, PS80의점안후에는 N = 2.07±0.48 mm, T = 1.98±0.41 mm, S = 1.89±0.61 mm, I = 2.93±0.47 mm 으로측정되었다. 렌즈착용시간경과와인공눈물점안에따른래그값을렌즈착용 30분후와렌즈 6시간착용후, 인공눈물점안전과후로나누어대응표본으로차이를분석한결과, 인공눈물점안전과후의 N방향의래그값의차이는 p = 0.000으로유의하였으며, I방향의래그값의차

10 114 Hye-Min Shin, Ju Hyun Jang, Mijung Park, and So Ra Kim 이는렌즈착용 30분후와 6시간후에서 p = 0.008로유의하게나타났다. 건성안인 P-PD군에서응시방향에따른래그값은렌즈착용 30분후에는 N = 2.43±0.63 mm, T = 2.47±0.55 mm, S = 3.11±0.70 mm, I = 3.14±0.68 mm이었으며, 6시간후에는 N = 2.21±0.56 mm, T = 2.38±0.42 mm, S = 3.06±0.58 mm, I = 3.08±0.56 mm으로나타났으며, PS80 점안후에는 N = 2.21±0.54 mm, T = 2.42±1.09 mm, S = 2.36±0.88 mm, I = 3.07±0.61 mm로측정되었다. 렌즈착용시간의경과에따라각응시방향에서의래그값이모두감소하는경향이나타내었으며, N방향응시시에는렌즈착용 30분후와 6시간후의래그값차이는 p = 0.002로통계적으로유의하였으며, S방향응시시에는인공눈물점안전과후의래그값차이가 p = 0.000으로통계적으로유의하게나타났다. 정상안 (P-PN군) 과건성안 (P-PD군) 의응시방향에따른래그값의차이를독립표본으로분석한결과, 렌즈착용 30분후와 6시간후모두 T방향 (p = 0.015) 과 S방향 (p = 0.000) 에서통계적으로유의한차이가나타났으며, PS80 점안후의정상안과건성안의래그값또한 T방향 (p = 0.002) 과 S방향 (p=0.005) 에서통계적으로유의한차이를보였다 (Fig. 6). 본연구에서의정상안과건성안의응시방향에따른래그값을비교하여보면착용한렌즈의재질에관계없이모든응시방향에서건성안의래그값이큰경향을나타내었는데이는눈물양이부족한건성안의렌즈움직임이정상안비해적었기때문인것으로판단되었다. 이러한렌즈의래그는인공눈물점안후에는사용한인공눈물의주성분이나착용자의눈물양및렌즈재질에관계없이통계적으로유의하게감소하였으므로본연구진의선행연구결과로밝혀진인공눈물사용에따른눈물막안정성의증가 [30] 와더불어렌즈움직임또한향상되어래그가감소한것으로판단할수있었다. 렌즈움직임은렌즈전면과후면의눈 물층에모두영향을받는것 [35,36] 으로보고되었으므로눈물내수성층과점액층의안정화에도움이되는 CMC와지질층의안정화에도움이되는 PS80는모두렌즈움직임에영향을미쳤던것으로생각되었다. 또한, 계면활성성분인 PS80를함유한인공눈물의사용이응시방향에따른렌즈움직임에좀더효과적임을알수있었으나렌즈재질특성에따른차이는나타나지않았다. 본연구에서는정상안과건성안의응시방향에따른래그값의비교를위해주시거리를정면주시기준에서 7 cm로하였는데, 응시방향은상하좌우로그기준이정해져있는반면주시거리에대한기준은정립되어있지않아타연구진들의선행연구에서도래그측정방향과값분석만있을뿐주시거리에따른분석은없는실정이다. [34,37] 따라서주시거리에따른래그값의차이가존재할가능성을완전히배제할수없다. 3. 렌즈의복귀시간 Etafilcon A 재질렌즈를착용한정상안과건성안이 CMC 와 PS80 함유의인공눈물을사용하였을때렌즈푸시업후복귀시간의차이를분석하였다 (Fig. 7). Young 등 [38,39] 과 Martin 등 [40] 의연구에서는푸시업검사를이용하여렌즈의타이트한정도를 0에서 100까지의단계로평가한바있으며, Wolffsohn 등 [34] 은렌즈푸시업후의회복속도를측정한바있다. 선행연구들에서의푸시업검사를통한렌즈의타이트함평가는객관적이고즉각적인평가가어려웠으므로본연구에서는이를응용하여푸시업후렌즈의타이트함정도에영향을받는렌즈복귀시간을측정하여객관적인평가에활용하고자하였다. Etafilcon A 재질렌즈를착용한정상안인 E-CN군과 E-PN군의착용 30분후렌즈복귀시간은각각 3.98±1.02초와 3.80±0.92초이었으며, 6시간후에는각각 4.05±1.47초와 4.01±1.80초로나타 Fig. 7. The comparison of recovery time after treating each eye lubricant at 6 hr in normal eye and dry eye. A. Etafilcon A wear B. Etafilcon A with PVP wear

11 The Effect of Soft Lens Materials and Artificial Tears on Lens Centration and Dynamics 115 났다. 인공눈물점안후에는각각 3.71±0.98 초와 4.01±1.80 초로측정되어 CMC 점안으로렌즈복귀시간이빨라지는경향을보였으나통계적인유의성은없었다. 반면, 건성안인 E-CD군과 E-PD군의착용 30분후렌즈복귀시간은각각 3.95±1.14초와 3.98±1.23초로정상안대비느린경향을나타났으며, 6시간후에는각각 4.05±1.47초와 3.74±0.98 초이었으며, 인공눈물점안후에는각각 3.67±1.19초와 3.83±1.19초로측정되어 CMC 점안의경우는점안전보다빠른복귀시간을나타내었는데, p = 0.043으로통계적으로유의한차이를나타내었다 (Fig. 7A). Etafilcon A 재질의습윤렌즈를착용한정상안인 P-CN 군과 P-PN군의착용 30분후렌즈복귀시간은각각 3.98±1.03초와 4.00±1.11 초였으며, 6시간후에는 3.74±1.36초와 4.05±1.36초로나타났다. 인공눈물점안후의 P-CN군과 P-PN군의렌즈복귀시간은각각 3.64±0.95초와 3.70±1.13초로측정되었다. 정상안이 etafilcon A 재질의습윤렌즈를착용한경우는 CMC와 PS80 점안에따른렌즈복귀시간에는유의한차이가없었으므로인공눈물의주성분에따른차이는없음을알수있었다. 그러나정상안의 PS80 점안전후렌즈복귀시간차이는 p=0.021로통계적인유의성을나타내었으므로계면활성성분함유의인공눈물의사용으로렌즈복귀시간이단축됨을알수있었다. 건성안인 P-CD군과 P-PD군의착용 30분후렌즈복귀시간은각각 3.84±0.84초, 3.55±0.87초이었으며, 6시간후에는 3.66±1.08초, 3.56±1.11초이었고, 인공눈물점안후에는각각 3.20±0.63 초와 3.96±1.47초로측정되었다. 건성안이습윤렌즈를착용한경우는 CMC와 PS80 점안에따른렌즈복귀시간의차이가 p = 0.001로통계적인유의성을나타내었으므로점성증강제함유의인공눈물사용시렌즈복귀시간이빨라짐을알수있었다. 또한 CMC 점안전과후, PS80 점안전과후렌즈복귀시간의차이는각각 p = 0.002와 p = 0.017로통계적인유의성을나타내었다. 따라서건성안이 etafilcon A 재질의습윤렌즈를착용하였을때에는 CMC 점안이렌즈움직임을향상시켜복귀시간을단축시키며, PS80 점안시에는오히려복귀시간이느려짐을알수있었다 (Fig. 7B). 본연구결과정상안에비해느린렌즈복귀시간을가지는건성안이습윤인자미포함의 etafilcon A 재질렌즈를착용한경우는인공눈물의주성분에관계없이렌즈복귀시간이단축됨을알수있었으나, 습윤인자포함의 etafilcon A 재질렌즈를착용한경우는 PS80 점안시에는유의한렌즈복귀시간단축을보이지못하였다. 따라서건성안이습윤인자포함의 etafilcon A 재질렌즈를착용할경우에는 PS80 점안은건조감개선유지효과는유의하였으나, [30] 렌즈중심안정위치나렌즈복귀시간의유의한 변화는없었으므로 PS80를주성분으로하는인공눈물사용이권장이필수적이라판단되지않았다. 정상안이 etafilcon A 재질의습윤렌즈를착용하고 PS80를점안하였을때건조감개선효과는 CMC 점안시와유사 [30] 하였으나렌즈중심안정위치의유의한변화에영향을미쳤을가능성이있으므로시력교정에영향이없을경우에만 PS80 를주성분으로하는인공눈물의사용을권장할수있겠다. 그러나본연구에서는인공눈물사용후의정상안과건성안의시력변화를직접측정하지는않았으므로이와연계된후속연구가뒤따라야할것이다. 또한, 본연구와같은종류의인공눈물을사용하더라도임상에서인공눈물의점안횟수나간격을달리조정한다면또다른결과가초래될가능성을완전히배제할수없다. 결론본연구결과정상안이 etafilcon A 재질의습윤렌즈를착용하고 PS80을점안한경우를제외하고는렌즈의중심안정위치는착용자의눈물양, 사용한인공눈물의주성분및렌즈재질내습윤인자포함여부에따른유의한차이는나타나지않았다. 착용자의눈물양과렌즈재질내습윤인자포함여부에관계없이인공눈물점안후의래그값이작아지는경향을보여동적움직임이양호해짐을알수있었으나건성안의경우는인공눈물사용후에도정상안과동일한수준의동적움직임을보이지는못하였다. 렌즈복귀시간은정상안에서인공눈물주성분에관계없이모두단축되었으나건성안은점성증강제인 CMC 점안시에만단축되었으므로렌즈움직임속도는착용자의눈물양과렌즈재질의특성에모두영향을받음을알수있었다. 따라서소프트렌즈착용시인공눈물을사용하고자할때에는건조감개선효과뿐만아니라시력교정을위하여적절한렌즈안정과동적움직임의개선효과까지종합적으로고려하여판단하여야할것이다. 즉, 정상안이습윤인자가포함되지않은렌즈를착용할경우에는인공눈물의주성분을고려하지않고사용하여도되나습윤렌즈를착용할경우는 PS80 점안후시력교정의변화여부를확인하여야할것이다. 반면, 착용자의눈물양이적은건성안의경우는렌즈내습윤인자포함여부에관계없이 PS80를사용하고자할때에는건조감은유의하게개선되나렌즈의빠른중심안정을위해 CMC보다더많은점안횟수가요구될수도있다. 감사의글본연구는 2016년도서울과학기술대학교교내학술연구

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Diquafosol elicits increases in net Cl-transport through P2Y2 receptor stimulation in rabbit conjunctiva. Ophthalmic Res. 2004;36(2): [18] Nepp J, Schauersberger J, Schild G, Jandrasits K, Haslinger- Akramian J, Derbolav A, Wedrich A. The clinical use of viscoelastic artificial tears and sodium chloride in dry-eye syndrome. Biomaterials 2001;22(24): [19] Furrer P, Mayer JM, Gurny R. Ocular tolerance of preservatives and alternatives. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2002; 53(3): [20] Tong L, Petznick A, Lee S, Tan J. Choice of artificial tear formulation for patients with dry eye: where do we start?. Cornea. 2012;31(Suppl 1):S32-S36. [21] Jiao J. Polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactants and their applications in topical ocular drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60(15): [22] Ahmed I, Patton TF. Effect of ph and buffer on the precorneal disposition and ocular penetration of pilocarpine in rabbits. Int J Pharm. 1984;19(2): [23] Bachman WG, Wilson G. 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[29] McDonald M, Schachet JL, Lievens CW, Kern JR. Systane ultra lubricant eye drops for treatment of contact lens related dryness. Eye Contact Lens. 2014;40(2): [30] Shin HM, Park M, Kim SR. The effect of difference in main components of artificial tears on tear film stability of soft contact lenses wearers. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2016;21(4):

13 The Effect of Soft Lens Materials and Artificial Tears on Lens Centration and Dynamics 117 [31] Hirji N, Patel S, Callander M. Human tear film pre-rupture phase time (TP-RPT)-a non-invasive technique for evaluating the pre-corneal tear film using a novel keratometer mire. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1989;9(2): [32] Wang J, Cox I, Reindel WT. Upper and lower tear menisci on contact lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50(3): [33] Kim SR, Park SI, Lee SE, Park M. A comparison of lens centrations on cornea with RGP lens fitting by the measured values using keratometer and corneal topography. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2011;16(1): [34] Wolffsohn JS, Hunt OA, Basra AK. Simplified recording of soft contact lens fit. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2009; 32(1): [35] Mann A, Tighe B. Contact lens interactions with the tear film. Exp Eye Res. 2013;117: [36] Nichols KK, Nichols JJ. New developments in research and diagnosis lead to more treatment options for dry eye and contact lens-related dry eye, articleviewer.aspx?articleid=12296(21 December 2015). [37] Walker J, Hay M, Blalock J, Mack C, Knezich G, Henderson TL. Evaluating steeper base curve lens movement, December, 2015). [38] Young G. Evaluation of soft contact lens fitting characteristics. Optom Vis Sci. 1996;73(4): [39] Young G, Schnider C, Hunt C, Efron S. Corneal topography and soft contact lens fit. Optom Vis Sci. 2010;87(5): [40] Martin DK, Boulos J, Gan J, Gavriel K, Harvey P. A unifying parameter to describe the clinical mechanics of hydrogel contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci. 1989;66(2): 소프트렌즈재질특성과인공눈물의주성분차이가렌즈중심안정과동적움직임에미치는영향 신혜민, 장주현, 박미정, 김소라 * 서울과학기술대학교안경광학과, 서울 투고일 (2017 년 5 월 25 일 ), 수정일 (2017 년 6 월 14 일 ), 게재확정일 (2017 년 6 월 20 일 ) 목적 : 습윤인자의포함여부만다른 etafilcon A 재질의소프트렌즈를착용하고인공눈물을사용하였을때착용자의눈물양에따른타각적증상의변화를알아보고자하였다. 방법 : 만 19~36 세의 47 명 ( 남 17, 여 30) 을눈물양에따라정상안 (18 명 ) 및건성안 (29 명 ) 으로분류한후 etafilcon A 재질렌즈및 etafilcon A 재질의습윤렌즈를각각 6 시간동안착용시키고카르복시메틸셀룰로오스나트륨을주성분으로함유한인공눈물 ( 이하 CMC) 과폴리솔베이트 80 을주성분으로하는인공눈물 ( 이하 PS80) 을점안하였다. 인공눈물점안전후에타각적증상으로각막에서의렌즈중심안정위치와렌즈동적움직임 ( 래그 ) 및렌즈복귀시간를각각측정하고그차이를분석하였다. 결과 : 렌즈의중심안정위치에서는정상안이 etafilcon A 재질의습윤렌즈를착용하고 PS80 를사용한경우를제외하고는착용자의눈물양, 인공눈물의주성분및렌즈내습윤인자포함여부에따른유의한변화가나타나지않았다. 인공눈물의주성분에따른렌즈동적움직임은착용자의눈물양이나렌즈내습윤인자포함여부에관계없이인공눈물점안후래그값이작아지는경향을보였으므로양호해짐을알수있었으나건성안의경우는인공눈물사용하더라도정상안과동일한수준의동적움직임을보이지는못하였다. 렌즈복귀시간은정상안에서는인공눈물주성분에관계없이모두단축되었으나건성안은점성증강제인 CMC 점안시에만단축되었으므로렌즈움직임속도는착용자의눈물양과렌즈재질의특성에모두영향을받음을알수있었다. 결론 : 본연구결과로부터인공눈물사용에따른소프트렌즈의중심안정위치와동적움직임의변화는착용자의눈물양과렌즈재질의특성에따라다르게나타남을알수있었다. 따라서착용자의눈물양이정상이고습윤인자미포함의렌즈를착용할경우에는인공눈물의주성분을고려하지않고사용하여도되나습윤렌즈를착용할경우는 PS80 점안후시력교정의변화여부를확인하여야할것이다. 한편, 건성안의경우는렌즈내습윤인자포함여부에관계없이 PS80 를사용하고자할때에는빠른렌즈중심안정을위해 CMC 보다더많은점안횟수를고려하여야할필요가있다. 주제어 : 소프트렌즈, 습윤인자, 인공눈물, 점성증강제, 계면활성제, 정상안, 건성안, 중심안정위치, 동적움직임

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