DBPIA-NURIMEDIA
|
|
- 정화 지
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ISSN(print) (1):33-40, March 2017 < 초청논문 > The Stability and Safety Evaluations of Soft Contact Lenses past their Expiry Date So Ra Kim, Dong Jin Kim, Hye Won Hwang, and Mijung Park Dept. of Optometry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea (Received February 7, 2017: Revised March 13, 2017: Accepted March 20, 2017) Purpose: Lens shape, variations in function-related parameters, and contamination of soft contact lenses past their expiry date were investigated. Methods: Two types of soft contact lenses made of different materials were examined. The lenses that were left an expiry date over one year, almost expired, and past their expiry date according to the criteria on usage period specified by manufacturer were investigated. Their total diameter, radius of curvature, central thickness, refractive power, water content, oxygen permeability, visible light and UV transmittance were measured, and the presence of bacteria was further measured according to the criteria about stability and safety of contact lenses proposed by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Results: There was a statistically significant change in almost expiring narafilcon A lens as well as the narafilcon A lens past its expiry date. That is, total diameter and refractive power of the lenses increased, and central thickness and oxygen permeability of the lenses statistically decreased. In nelfilcon A lens past the expiry date, the decrease in total diameter, radius of curvature, visible light transmittance, and the increase in water content were statistically significant. However, bacterial contamination was not found in all lenses. Conclusions: In this study, it was revealed that the parameters of soft contact lenses that were nearly expired or past the expiry date changed, and their degree of change varied depending on the lens material. Therefore, it is suggested that the usage period of the soft contact lens should be appropriately determined depending on the material. Key words: Soft contact lens, Expiry date, Parameter stability, Bacterial contamination 서론현재국내콘택트렌즈시장은 2015년상반기기준으로 6백 4십만팩, 1981억원규모이다. [1] 이는국내전체의료기기생산금액의 3.0%(5위 ) 를차지하는것이며시장의규모는점점더커지고있다. [2] 안경과는달리콘택트렌즈는각막에직접접촉하기때문에저산소증, 안구건조증, 알러지성결막염, 각막궤양, 각막신생혈관, 각막부종등의부작용을유발할수있다. [3-6] 따라서착용시에착용기간이나세척등관리에주의를기울여야한다. 또한소프트콘택트렌즈는종류가다양하여물리적인특성과재질적인특성이다양하기때문에각각에맞게유통에있어서도세심한관리가요구된다. 식품의약품안전처 ( 이하식약처 ) 에서는의료기기안정성 (stability) 및안전성 (safety) 평가가이드라인을제시하여콘택트렌즈기준규격에대해명시를하고있으나 [7] 별도로유통기한과관련된구체적인지침이없이제조사에서자율적으 로정하게되어있다. 일반적으로동일제조사제품은동일한사용기한이제시되어있다. 콘택트렌즈의전체직경, 중심두께, 곡률반경, 함수율, 굴절력, 광투과율, 산소투과율등과같이콘택트렌즈형태와기능을유지하기위한안정성및안전성을평가하는기준규격에따라콘택트렌즈가관리되는것은기준규격에서어긋날경우부작용이발생하기때문이며소비자에게유통되는모든기간동안에콘택트렌즈의안정성및안전성이확보되어야한다는것을의미한다. 그러나콘택트렌즈사용기한을정하는명확한기준이제시되어있지않고있으며제조기간이일정시간이상경과되었을때의안정성및안전성에대해서도연구된바가없다. 더군다나건조함, 삼투압, ph 등과같은주변환경에의한렌즈곡률반경이나산소투과도와같은렌즈파라미터의변화가콘택트렌즈재질특성에따라달라지는것으로알려져있다. [8-10] 또한, 눈물단백질이나균의침착정도도콘택트렌즈재질특성에따라다르다는연구결과들이보고된바있어, [11-13] 제 Corresponding author: Mijung Park, TEL: , mjpark@seoultech.ac.kr 본논문의일부내용은 2016년도한국안광학회하계학술대회에서포스터로발표되었음. 33
2 34 So Ra Kim, Dong Jin Kim, Hye Won Hwang, and Mijung Park 조후일정기간이경과되었을때의렌즈파라미터의안정성이렌즈의재질에따라달라질가능성도배제할수없다. 따라서, 현재다양한재질의콘택트렌즈가제조되고사용되고있는상황에서일괄적용되고있는사용기한이적절한지에대한연구가필요하다고생각된다. 콘택트렌즈는의료기기로분류되어엄격한관리가이루어지며이러한관리는제조과정이나사용시뿐만아니라유통과정도포함되어있다. 콘택트렌즈의안정성및안전성이눈의건강과직결되기때문이며, 유통시에유발될수있는문제점을파악하여적절한유통환경을유지하는것뿐만아니라제조후적절한기간동안사용되고유통되어야하므로이를위해서학술적인근거가뒷받침된기준마련이필요하다. 이에본연구에서는 2종의소프트콘택트렌즈를대상으로제조시간경과에따라서렌즈파라미터들의변화가발생했는지확인하고사용기한설정에대한타당성을알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 실험대상콘택트렌즈본연구에서는매일착용소프트콘택트렌즈중저함수이면서산소투과도가높은실리콘하이드로겔렌즈 1종과고함수이면서상대적으로산소투과도가낮은 1종의 HEMA 재질렌즈를선택하여렌즈재질특성이다른렌즈들의차이를비교하여보았다. FDA 분류상 V군에해당하는 Table 1. Parameters of soft contact lenses investigated Contact lens Lens A Lens B Brand name Acuvue Trueye Focus Dailies Manufacturer Johnson & Johnson Alcon USAN narafilcon A nelfilcon A Wearing cycle Daily disposable Daily disposable Diameter (mm) Base curve (mm) Central thickness (mm) Water content (%) Refractive power (D) Dk (10 11 (cm 2 /sec) (ml O 2 /ml mmhg)) FDA material group V II UV FDA class I - Monomer HEMA, siloxane, PVP HEMA+PVA HEMA: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate; PVP: Polyvinyl pyrrolidone; PVA: Polyvinyl alcohol Table 2. Classification of soft contact lenses investigated Lens USAN Expiration date A 1 A 2 A 3 B 1 B 2 26 months remained narafilcon A 1 month remained 12 months passed 40 months remained nelfilcon A 17 months passed TruEye(Johnson & Johnson Inc., USA) 는실리콘하이드로겔재질의렌즈이며본연구에서는제품에표기된사용기한을기준으로사용기한이 1년이상남은렌즈 (A 1 렌즈 ), 사용기한이만기되어가는렌즈 (A 2 렌즈 ) 및사용기한이지난렌즈 (A 3 렌즈 ) 를연구대상으로하였다. FDA 분류상 II군에해당하는 Focus Dailies(Alcon Inc., USA) 는고함수 비이온성재질의렌즈이며본연구에서는사용기한이 1년이상남은렌즈 (B 1 렌즈 ), 사용기한이지난렌즈 (B 2 렌즈 ) 를대상으로하여실험을진행하였다 (Table 1, 2). 콘택트렌즈는완제품상태로밀봉되어있으며보관용기의외부손상이없는렌즈를사용하였다. 세균오염도검사는군마다각각 10개의렌즈를검사하였으며그외다른모든실험은군마다각각 12개의렌즈를 3회반복측정하여분석하였다. 2. 소프트콘택트렌즈의중심두께, 직경, 곡률반경, 함수율측정 30분동안수화시킨렌즈를전자두께측정장치 (Model ET-3, Chreatech, USA) 를이용하여소프트콘택트렌즈의두께를측정하였다. [9] 직경은눈금자가있는편평한받침대에 30분간수화시킨렌즈를올려두고세극등현미경 (TOPCON, SL-7E, Japan) 을이용해서사진을찍어파일로변환시킨뒤포토샵으로격자눈금을사용해측정하였다. 측정한직경과 Seg 높이도같은방법으로측정하여곡률반경을계산하였다. [14] 함수율은중량측정법을이용하여측정하였으며, 소프트콘택트렌즈를 vacuum oven(gravityair Ovens, Daihan, Korea) 을사용하여 105 C에서 18시간동안건조시킨후건조중량을재고건조하기전의중량과비교하여계산하였다. [7] 3. 소프트콘택트렌즈의가시광선투과율및굴절력측정분광광도계 (PDA UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Scinco, Korea) 와 UV spectrometer (CL-100, TM-1, Topcon, Japan) 을사용하여렌즈의표면에있는물기만 science wiper로제거한뒤전용홀더에올려놓고 UV-A 투과율, UV-B 투과율, 가시광선투과율을측정하여백분율로표시하였다. [15] 렌즈
3 The Stability and Safety Evaluations of Soft Contact Lenses past their Expiry Date 35 미터 (CL-100, Topcon, Japan) 로렌즈의굴절력을측정하였다. 30분동안수화시킨렌즈의표면에있는물기만 science wiper로닦아낸뒤오목한부분이위쪽으로가게하여 0.01 D 단위로설정하여측정하였다. [8] 4. 소프트콘택트렌즈의산소침투성 (Dk) 측정산소투과도는수정된 polarographic method을사용하였고식약처에서제시한기준인 95% 이상의습도와 35 C 이상의온도를유지하기위해모든과정은항온항습기 (Wisecube, WTH-E 155, Korea) 내에서진행되었다. [9] ph 7.4의인산완충용액에렌즈를 4시간이상수화시켜평형상태를맞추었고 cell은연마제와식염수를이용해깨끗하게준비한뒤, 평형상태에있는인산완충용액 15 µl를 cell 의중심부에떨어뜨린뒤렌즈의표면물기만 science wiper를이용해닦은뒤 cell에중심부를맞춰올려놓았다. Cell mounting fixture(reh-deveolment, USA) 를이용해고정시킨뒤 permeometer(model 201T O 2 permeometer, Chreatech, USA) 에연결하여전류값을측정하였다. 산소투과도가높은 A렌즈의경우가장자리효과에의한값의보정을위해 3개의렌즈를겹쳐서측정하였는데렌즈를올려놓을때마다인산완충용액을떨어뜨렸다. 전류값중최대역치를나타내는값을사용하였고측정된전류값을 Dk값으로나타내었다. 5. 소프트콘택트렌즈의세균오염도검사멸균된 plate에 Tryptone Soya Agar(TSA) 배지를놓은후렌즈의볼록한부분을바닥으로가게하여놓았다. 배지가어느정도굳으면 37 C의온도에서 24시간, 48시간, 72시간이지난시각에균군집의발생여부를관찰하였으며각각렌즈 10개씩관찰하였다. [16] 6. 통계처리실험결과는 SPSS V.22의통계프로그램을사용하여한종류의렌즈에서사용기한이지나지않은렌즈를기준으로만기되어가는렌즈또는사용기한이지난렌즈의파라미터변화의통계적유의성은독립표본 t 검정으로검증하였다. P값이 0.05이하일경우통계적으로유의한것으로판단하였다. 결과및고찰 1. 콘택트렌즈파라미터의변화중심두께를측정한결과, narafilcon A 재질의사용기한이지나지않은 A 1 렌즈는 0.075±0.003 mm이고사용기한이만기시점의 A 2 렌즈는 0.064±0.003 mm로통계적으로 Fig. 1. Central thickness of soft contact lenses with different Fig. 2. Total diameter of soft contact lenses with different 유의하게감소하였다 (p=0.000, Fig. 1a). 사용기한이 12개월경과한 A 3 렌즈또한 0.060±0.004 mm로 A 1 렌즈에비해통계적으로유의하게중심두께가감소하였다 (p=0.000, Fig. 1a). Nelfilcon A 재질의렌즈중사용기한이지나지않은 B 1 렌즈는 0.086±0.003 mm이었으나사용기한이 17 개월지난 B 2 렌즈는 0.092±0.003 mm이었고중심두께가통계적으로유의하게증가하였다 (p=0.038, Fig. 1b). 식약처에서제시하는허용오차는 ±{0.010+( 표시치 0.10} 로 A 3 렌즈의경우는허용오차를벗어났다. 전체직경을측정한결과, A 1 렌즈는 14.20±0.32 mm이고 A 2 렌즈는 14.58±0.14 mm로사용기한만기시점의렌즈에서통계적으로유의한전체직경의변화가나타났다 (p=0.000, Fig. 2a). A 3 렌즈또한 14.49±0.34 mm로 A 1 렌즈에비해통계적으로유의하게증가하였다 (p=0.007, Fig. 2a). Nelfilcon A 재질의렌즈중사용기한이지나지않은 B 1 렌즈의전체직경은 13.80±0.22 mm, 사용기한이 17개월지난 B 2 렌즈는 13.53±0.13 mm로전체직경이감소하였으며통계적으로도유의한변화였다 (p=0.004, Fig. 2b). A 2 렌즈, A 3 렌즈, B 2 렌즈모두식약처에서제시하는허용오차인 ±0.2 mm보다더큰변화값을보였다. 곡률반경을측정한결과, A 1 렌즈는 8.50±0.24 mm이고 A 2 렌즈는 8.62±0.28 mm였지만통계적으로유의한차이는아니었다 (p=0.360, Fig. 3a). A 3 렌즈는 8.44±0.29 mm로 A 1 렌즈에비해감소하였지만통계적으로유의한차이는아니었다 (p=0.405, Fig. 3a). B 1 렌즈는 8.60±0.25 mm이었으
4 36 So Ra Kim, Dong Jin Kim, Hye Won Hwang, and Mijung Park Fig. 3. Radius of curvature of soft contact lenses with different Fig. 6. UV-B transmission of soft contact lenses with different Fig. 4. Water content of soft contact lenses with different 나, B 2 렌즈는 8.37±0.17 mm이었고사용기한이만기된렌즈의곡률반경이통계적으로유의하게감소하였다 (p=0.038, Fig. 3b). B 2 렌즈는식약처에서제시하는허용오차인 ±0.2 mm보다더큰변화값을보였다. 함수율을측정한결과, A 1 렌즈는 43.64±1.03% 였고 A 2 렌즈는 43.98±0.57% 로통계적으로유의한차이는없었고 (p=0.584, Fig. 4a) A 3 렌즈도 43.47±0.18% 로통계적으로유의한차이가없었다 (p=0.183, Fig. 4a). B 1 렌즈의측정값은 69.69±0.79% 이었으나 B 2 렌즈의측정값은 70.92±0.83% 로증가하였고이는통계적으로유의하였으나 (p=0.025, Fig. 4b), 식약처의허용오차인 ±2% 범위내의변화값을보였다. 2. 자외선및가시광선투과율의변화 UV-A 투과율을측정한결과 A 1 렌즈는 3.70±0.25% 이고 Fig. 7. Visible light transmission of soft contact lenses with different A 2 렌즈는 4.08±0.07% 로통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.066, Fig. 5a). A 3 렌즈는 4.04±0.40% 로 A 1 렌즈에비해통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.277, Fig. 5a). B 1 렌즈는 75.95±1.56% 이였고 B 2 렌즈는 74.59±0.33% 로통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.214, Fig. 5b). UV-B투과율을측정한결과, A 1 렌즈는 ±0.0003% 이고 A 2 렌즈는 ±0.0003% 로통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.903, Fig. 6a). A 3 렌즈또한 ±0.0003% 로 A 1 렌즈와비교하여통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.273, Fig. 6a). B 1 렌즈는 60.4±1.97% 이고 B 2 렌즈는 61.57±0.11% 로증가하였지만통계적으로유의하지는않았다 (p=0.527, Fig. 6b). 가시광선투과율을측정한결과, A 1 렌즈는 96.00±1.74% 이고 A 2 렌즈는 95.18±0.37% 로통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.304, Fig. 7a). A 3 렌즈또한측정값은 94.06±2.26% 로 A 1 렌즈와통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.084, Fig. 7a). B 1 렌즈는 98.83±0.43% 이었으나 B 2 렌즈는 96.94±1.36% 로사용기한이만기한 B 2 렌즈의가시광선투과율이통계적으로유의하게감소하였으나 (p=0.029, Fig. 7b), 식약처의허용오차인 ±5% 범위내의변화값을보였다. Fig. 5. UV-A transmission of soft contact lenses with different 3. 굴절력의변화 5.75 D의굴절력을가진 narafilcon A렌즈중 A 1 렌즈의측정값은 5.75±0.11 D이었고 A 2 렌즈는 5.82±0.13 D로다소증가하였으나통계적으로유의한차이는아니었다 (p=0.277, Fig. 8a). A 3 렌즈는 6.08±0.17 D로측정되었고
5 The Stability and Safety Evaluations of Soft Contact Lenses past their Expiry Date 37 Table 3. The colony forming unit of live microbes on soft contact lenses with different expiry date Fig. 8. Refraction power of soft contact lenses with different expiry date. a. narafilcon A b. nelfilcon A Lens No. of colony forming (cfu/lens) A 1 0±0 A2 0±0 A 3 0±0 B 1 0±0 B 2 0±0 A 1 렌즈와비교하였을때통계적으로유의한차이였으며식약처에서제시한허용오차인 ±0.25 D를벗어난변화를보였다 (p=0.000, Fig. 8a) D인 B 1 렌즈의측정값은 2.96±0.02 D였고 B 2 렌즈는 2.90±0.04 D로측정되어사용기한에따라굴절력이달라지는것으로나타났으며통계적으로유의한감소였다 (p=0.025, Fig. 8b). 그러나식약처에서제시하는굴절력의허용오차인 ±0.25 D을벗어나지않았다. 4. 산소침투성 (Dk) 의변화산소침투성을측정한결과, A 1 렌즈는 (100.01±8.07) (cm 2 /sec)(ml O 2 /ml mmhg) 이고 A 2 렌즈는 (83.02±5.52) (cm 2 /sec)(ml O 2 /ml mmhg) 으로감소하였고통계적으로유의하였다 (p=0.025, Fig. 9a). A 3 렌즈또한 (84.45±3.48) (cm 2 /sec)(ml O 2 /ml mmhg) 로 A 1 렌즈에비해감소하였고통계적으로유의하였다 (p=0.011, Fig. 9a). B 1 렌즈는측정값이 (23.82±1.06) (cm 2 /sec)(ml O 2 /ml mmhg) 이고, B 2 렌즈는 (24.64±2.07) (cm 2 /sec)(ml O 2 /ml mmhg) 로통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.573, Fig. 9b). 두렌즈모두식약처에서제시하는허용오차인 ±20% 를벗어나지않았다. 5. 콘택트렌즈세균오염도평가 TSA배지에서균을배양한결과, 사용기한이지나지않은렌즈, 만기되어가는렌즈, 사용기한이지난렌즈모두 Fig. 9. Oxygen permeability of soft contact lenses with different expiry date. a. narafilcon A b. nelfilcon A 에서균의군집은나타나지않았다 (Table 3). 사용기한이지난콘택트렌즈의파라미터변화를알아보기위해사용기한내에있는렌즈와사용기한이지난렌즈의파라미터를비교하여보았다. 함수율이나표면처리, 경도등과같은렌즈재질특성에따라서도파라미터의변화정도가달라질가능성이있어 2 종의렌즈를실험에사용하였으며, 저함수이면서실리콘하이드로겔재질인 narafilcon A와고함수이면서 HEMA를기본으로한 nelfilcon A 재질의렌즈를대상으로평가하였다. 먼저직경의변화를보았을때, narafilcon A의경우제조시간이경과함에따라직경이증가하는경향을보였다. 곡률반경은통계적으로유의한차이가없었고중심두께는얇아졌다. 종합적으로 narafilcon A의형태는얇아지면서길어진형태라고할수있다. Nelfilcon A의경우사용기한이지난렌즈에서직경이감소하고곡률반경이줄어들었으며중심두께는두꺼워지는경향을보였다. 전체적으로중심이두꺼워지면서 steep해진형태라고할수있다. Narafilcon A와 nelfilcon A 둘다제조기간이경과됨에따라파라미터의변화가나타났다는사실은동일하지만파라미터의증감양상은정반대로나타났다. Narafilcon A는저함수율을가진실리콘하이드로겔재질이라는것외에내구성 (durability) 을강화시켜주는플라즈마코팅이나 UV absorbing 코팅처리가되어있으나 nelfilcon A는고함수의하이드로겔재질이며이러한특수코팅처리가되어있지않다는차이도있으며이런코팅의차이에의해서도두렌즈의안정성이나변화양상의차이가나타날수있을것으로보인다. [17,18] 이러한곡률반경이나중심두께와같은형태관련파라미터의변화는굴절력에도영향을미칠가능성이크다. [19] 빛이렌즈를통과해서굴절할때굴절정도를변화시켜빛의경로가달라질수도있으며함수율이나 [20] 재질자체의변화로재질의고유특성인굴절률이달라져굴절력에영향을미쳤을가능성도있다. [21] 굴절력은 narafilcon A 재질과 nelfilcon A재질의사용기한이지난렌즈에서통계적으로유의한변형이있었으나식약처에서제시한시력
6 38 So Ra Kim, Dong Jin Kim, Hye Won Hwang, and Mijung Park 교정에영향을미치지않는최소한의허용오차 [7] 를벗어난것은 narafilcon A의사용기한이지난렌즈였다. 사용기한이지난콘택트렌즈의함수율은변화가없었고직경, 곡률반경및중심두께의변화가나타난것으로보아사용기한이지난콘택트렌즈의굴절력의변화는직경, 곡률반경및중심두께와같은형태파라미터의변화에기인하는가능성이크다고보여진다. 또는재질자체의변형에의해굴절률이변화하여굴절력에영향을끼쳤을가능성도있다. 콘택트렌즈의형태변화와는상관없이재질자체나코팅의변형과관계있는 UV투과율및가시광선투과율을측정해본결과, narafilcon A와 nelficon A 모두통계적으로유의한차이는없었다. 하지만 narafilcon A의경우제조시간이경과함에따라 UV-A에서다소투과율이증가하여차단률이떨어졌음을알수있었다. Narafilcon A는파장대가짧은 UV-A 영역을집중적으로흡수하는물질인 benzotriazole을기반으로한자외선흡수코팅이되어있다. [22] 자외선흡수제들은기본적으로자외선을흡수하여이것을열과같이분산시키는데단점은일정한흡수 depth 를필요로한다는것이다. [23] 본연구에서사용기한이지난렌즈에서큰폭의증가는아니지만 UV-A 영역대에서의통계적으로유의한투과도의변화가유발된것은제조후일정시간이경과되면서자외선흡수물질로구성되어있는코팅막에도변형이일어났을가능성을제시하는것이라고볼수있다. Nelfilcon A는자외선흡수및특수코팅처리가되어있지않아서코팅의분해나변형보다는재질자체의변형이가시광선투과율을낮춘것으로생각된다. 광투과율과같이형태파라미터의변형에연관되기보다는콘택트렌즈재질자체의변형과관련된콘택트렌즈파라미터인함수율은 narafilcon A에서는유의한차이가없었고 nelfilcon A에서는사용기한이지난렌즈의함수율이통계적으로유의하게증가하였다. 함수율에영향을미치는요소로는렌즈주변환경의온도와 ph가있으며재질의변형으로인해물과의결합력이약해져렌즈와결합하는 bound water의양이적어지고상대적으로 free water 의양이많아져함수율이높아졌을가능성이있다. [24] 일반하이드로겔렌즈의산소투과기전은 free water에산소가녹아콘택트렌즈의 pore를통과함으로서산소가투과된다. Nelfilcon A의산소침투성은사용기한이지난렌즈에서통계적으로유의하지않았지만다소증가하는경향을보였는데이는함수율이높아진 nelfilcon A렌즈가더많아진 free water를통해산소를투과시켰을것이라생각된다. [25] 또는렌즈재질자체의변형으로 pore가늘어나산소가용해된물의이동량이증가하여산소침투성이높아졌을가능성도있다. 반면 narafilcon A는실리콘하이드로겔재질로서산소투과의기전이 free water에산소가 녹아물이렌즈를통과하면서전달하기도하지만분자사이에공간을통해서직접전달되는것이주산소이동경로이다. [26] 그러므로실리콘하이드로겔재질의산소침투성에재질분자의 packing, 분자밀도, 교차결합의크기등이영향을미치게되며 [27] 사용기한이만기되거나지난렌즈에서산소침투성이유의하게감소한것은이러한요소들의변화가유발되었다는것을의미하는것이라볼수있다. 본연구에서사용한콘택트렌즈는유통되고있는렌즈혹은유통후보관되어있는렌즈를수거하였으며, 다양한렌즈파라미터변화를측정하기위해일정수이상의렌즈가필요하였기에동일사용기한및굴절력을가진콘택트렌즈를대상으로하였다. 이러한유통렌즈의수거문제때문에실험에사용한두렌즈의사용기한이나굴절력이일치하지않아두렌즈간의직접적인비교에는한계가있으나각렌즈별로제조한지얼마되지않은렌즈와사용기한이지난렌즈의비교를통해본논문의연구목적인사용기간이지났을때의콘택트렌즈의변화에대해서는학술적으로활용할수있는의미있는결과가도출되었다고생각한다. 콘택트렌즈의안정성및안전성확보를위해추후좀더다양한렌즈를대상으로유통기한뿐만아니라유통환경에대한연구가진행되어야할것으로보인다. 결론본연구에서는소프트콘택트렌즈의사용기한이지남에따라발생될수있는렌즈주요파라미터의변화에대해알아보았다. 저함수이면서실리콘하이드로겔재질인 narafilcon A는사용기한이만기되어가는렌즈와사용기한이지난렌즈모두전체직경이증가하고중심두께는감소하는형태파라미터의변화가있었고사용기한이지난렌즈는식약처의콘택트렌즈기준규격의허용오차를벗어나는변화가나타났다. 산소침투성역시통계적으로유의하게감소하였으나콘택트렌즈기준규격의허용오차범위내에있었다. 시력교정에직접적인영향을미치는굴절력은사용기한이지난렌즈에서만콘택트렌즈기준규격의허용오차를넘는변형이일어났다. 반면고함수성이면서 HEMA 재질의일반하이드로겔소프트콘택트렌즈인 nelfilcon A는사용기한이지난렌즈의전체직경이감소하고중심두께는증가하여형태파라미터의변화는 narafilcon A와반대되는양상을보였고함수율과산소침투성은증가하였으며굴절력은감소하였다. 사용기한이지난 nelfilcon A 렌즈의경우는전체직경과곡률반경이식약처의허용오차기준을넘었다.
7 The Stability and Safety Evaluations of Soft Contact Lenses past their Expiry Date 39 본연구에서는소프트콘택트렌즈의제조시간이경과함에따라통계적으로유의한렌즈의변형이일어남을알수있었고재질과특성에따라그정도와양상이다르게나타날수있음을밝혀냈다. 이러한소프트콘택트렌즈의변화는착용감과시력교정에도영향을줄가능성을배제할수없다. 또한본연구를통하여사용기한이만기된렌즈뿐만아니라 1개월남은렌즈에서도변형이일어남을확인하였다. 시중에유통되는콘택트렌즈의사용기한은제조년월을기준으로대부분 5년으로설정되어있으나소프트콘택트렌즈의재질과특성에따라변형이다르게일어날수있다는본연구의결과를기초로하여소프트콘택트렌즈의변형정도에따라사용기한을적절하게설정해야할것이다. REFERENCES [1] Korean Optometric Association. Contact lens market in the first half of 2015, eopticnews.asp?nmode=view&onsseq=2686&search_what= &keyword=&search_type=4&page=4(19 March 2017). [2] Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Statistics on medical device production and import/export in 2015, mid=1681&searchword=2015 년의료기기생산, 수출입실적통계자료 &cd=&y=11&pageno=1& seq=23361& cmd=v(19 March 2017). [3] Kim JH, Song JS, Hyon JY, Chung SK, Kim TJ. A survey of contact lens-related complications in Korea: the Korean contact lens study society. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2014;55(1): [4] Michaud L, Giasson CJ. Overwear of contact lenses: increased severity of clinical signs as a function of protein adsorption. Optom Vis Sci. 2002;79(3): [5] Lee DK, Choi SK, Song KY. Clinical survey of corneal complications associated with contact lens wear. J Korean Opthalmol Soc. 1994;35(8): [6] Green M, Apel A, Stapleton F. Risk factors and causative organisms in microbial keratitis. Cornea. 2008;27(1): [7] Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Guidelines for vision safety and performance evaluation of contact lenses for vision correction, device/download.do?fileseq=1&boardseq=48307&board- Code=16803(19 March 2017). [8] Choi JY, Park JS, Kim SR, Park M. The change in refractive powers of soft contact lenses caused by the deposition of tear proteins. 2011;16(4): [9] Lee SE, Kim SR, Park M. Oxygen permeability of soft contact lenses in different ph, osmolality and buffering solution. Int J Ophthalmol. 2015;8(5): [10] Lee SE, Kim SR, Park M. Influence of tear protein deposition on the oxygen permeability of soft contact lenses. J Ophthalmol. 2017;2017: [11] Park M, Kwon YD, Lee WJ, Kim SR. The deposition of tear protein according to soft lens materials and the cleaning efficacy of multi-purpose solution according to the surfactant types. 2014; 19(2): [12] Park SH, Park I, Kim SR, Park M. Relationship between the deposition of tear constituents on soft contact lenses according to material and pigmentation and adherence of Staphylococcus aureus. 2016;21(2): [13] Park SH, Kim SR, Park M. Relationship between the deposition of tear constituents and the adherence of Candida albicans according to soft contact lens materials and pigmentation. 2016;21(3): [14] Park M, Kim SH, Ku BK, Kim SR. Comparisons of the change in soft contact lenses parameters and the cleaning efficiency after eyeliner deposition. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2013;18(2): [15] Park M, Kwon MJ, Hyun SH, Kim DS. The adsorption pattern of protein to the soft contact lens and its effect on the visible light transmission and the contact angle. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2004;9(1): [16] Sung HK, Kim SR, Park M. Comparisons of adherence level of micro-organisms according to contact lens materials and protein deposition and disinfection efficacy of multipurpose solution. 2015;20(1): [17] Bilgihan K, Yuksel E, Deniz NG, Yuksel N. Can possible toxic effect of ultraviolet-a after corneal cross-linking be prevented? In vitro transmittance study of contact lenses at 370nm wavelength. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2015;34(4): [18] Qiu Y, Pruitt JD, Kolluru C, Dunkle MA, Matsuzawa Y. Atmospheric plasma coating for ophthalmic devices. U.S. Patent , [19] Park KA, Mah KC, Lee HJ, Yi MH. Correlation with base curve and back vertex power by diameter changes in spherical RGP contact lens. Korean J Vis Sci. 2006;8(2): [20] Lira M, Santos L, Azeredo J, Yebra-Pimentel E, Real Oliveira ME. The effect of lens wear on refractive index of conventional hydrogel and silicone-hydrogel contact lenses: a comparative study. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2008;31(2): [21] Kim DH, Kim TH, Sung AY. Study on changes in the physical properties of hydrogel lens depending on ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. J Korean Chem Soc. 2012;56(1): [22] Montesdeoca-Esponda S, del Toro-Moreno A, Sosa-Fer-
8 40 So Ra Kim, Dong Jin Kim, Hye Won Hwang, and Mijung Park rera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. Development of a sensitive determination method for benzotriazole UV stabilizers in environmental water samples with stir bar sorption extraction and liquid desorption prior to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci. 2013;36(13): [23] Kim YG, Park DH, Sung JS. UV-cut lens manufacture using optical absorbtion edge control. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2002;7(1): [24] Ahn JH, Jeon YS, Chung DJ, Kim JH. Preparation and swelling behavior of stimuli-responsive PHEMA hybrid gels. Polym Kor. 2011;35(1): [25] Pearson RM. A review of the limitations of the first hydrogel contact lenses. Clin Exp Optom. 2010;93(1): [26] Tighe BJ. A decade of silicone hydrogel development: surface properties, mechanical properties, and ocular compatibility. Eye Contact Lens. 2013;39(1):4-12. [27] Fonn D, MacDonald KE, Richter DB, Pritchard N. The ocular response to extended wear of a high Dk silicone hydrogel contact lens. Clin Exp Optom. 2002;85(3): 사용기한이지난소프트콘택트렌즈의안정성및안전성평가 김소라, 김동진, 황혜원, 박미정 서울과학기술대학교, 안경광학과, 서울 투고일 (2017 년 02 월 07 일 ), 수정일 (2017 년 03 월 13 일 ), 게재확정일 (2017 년 03 월 20 일 ) 목적 : 사용기한이지난소프트콘택트렌즈의렌즈형태및기능관련파라미터변형과오염여부를알아보았다. 방법 : 서로다른재질의소프트콘택트렌즈 2 종을대상으로하였으며제조사에서제안한사용기한을기준으로사용기한이 1 년이상남은렌즈, 사용기한이만기되어가는렌즈및사용기한이지난렌즈에대해식품의약품안전처에서제시하고있는콘택트렌즈의안정성및안전성평가기준에따라전체직경, 곡률반경, 중심두께, 굴절력, 함수율, 산소침투성, 가시광선및 UV 투과율을측정하였으며, 균의존재여부를측정하였다. 결과 : 사용기한이지난 narafilcon A 렌즈뿐만아니라사용기한이거의다된렌즈의파라미터가통계적으로유의하게변하였다. 렌즈들의전체직경, 굴절력은증가하였고중심두께와산소침투성이통계적으로유의하게감소하였다. 사용기한이지난 nelfilcon A 렌즈에서는전체직경, 곡률반경, 가시광선투과율의감소와함수율의증가가통계적으로유의하게나타났다. 세균의오염은모든렌즈에서발견되지않았다. 결론 : 본연구를통하여사용기한이이미지났거나만기되어가는소프트콘택트렌즈에서파라미터의변화가나타났으며렌즈재질에따라변형의정도가달라짐을밝혔다. 따라서소프트콘택트렌즈의사용기한이재질에따라적절하게결정되어져야함을제안한다. 주제어 : 소프트콘택트렌즈, 유통기한, 파라미터안정성, 균오염도
<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>
대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실
More information56(2)-01(IE-039N).fm
Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 2012, Vol. 56, No. 2 Printed in the Republic of Korea http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/jkcs.2012.56.2.303 단신 (Notes) 굴절력을가진친수성렌즈의강도향상을위한 nanodiamond 고분자 김태훈 김동현 성아영 * 대불대학교안경광학과
More information386-390.hwp
386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon
More information14.531~539(08-037).fm
G Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 531~539, August, 2008 š x y w m š gj p { sƒ z 1) * 1) w w Evaluation of Flexural Strength for Normal and High Strength Concrete with Hooked
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -
More information03-서연옥.hwp
농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥
More informationLumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
More information139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ
2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,
More information12.077~081(A12_이종국).fm
J. of Advanced Engineering and Technology Vol. 1, No. 1 (2008) pp. 77-81 y w» e wx Á w œw Fabrication of Ceramic Batch Composition for Porcelain by Using Recycled Waste Ceramic Powder Hyun Guen Han, and
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Oct.; 29(10), 799 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.10.799 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Method
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing
More information( )Kjhps043.hwp
Difference of Fistula Maturation Degree and Physical Property by the Types of Tube Material: An Experimental Study Sang Koo Kang, M.D. 1, Hee Chul Yu, M.D. 1,4, Woo Sung Moon, M.D. 2,4, Ju Hyoung Lee,
More information09È«¼®¿µ5~152s
Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.23, No.2, 2007, pp.45~52 Measurement of Backscattering Coefficients of Rice Canopy Using a Ground Polarimetric Scatterometer System Suk-Young Hong*, Jin-Young Hong**,
More information<33362E20C1A4BFACC8AB2DB0A2B8B7B1BCC0FDB7C2BFA120B5FBB8A520B4A9BED7C3FE2E687770>
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 14, No. 6 pp. 2839-2843, 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2013.14.6.2839 각막굴절력에따른누액층파괴시간분포와연관성 정연홍 1* 1 경동대학교안경광학과 The Correlation of
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education
More information012임수진
Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
ISSN(print) 1226-5012 21(2):109-117, June 2016 < 초청논문 > http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2016.21.2.109 Relationship between the Deposition of Tear Constituents on Soft Contact Lenses according to Material
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina
More information( )Kju269.hwp
만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
한국소음진동공학회 2015추계학술대회논문집년 Study of Noise Pattern and Psycho-acoustics Characteristic of Household Refrigerator * * ** ** Kyung-Soo Kong, Dae-Sik Shin, Weui-Bong Jeong, Tae-Hoon Kim and Se-Jin Ahn Key Words
More information< D B1B9B3BBC0C720C0FAB0A120C4C3B7AF20C4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEB0A120B0A2B8B720BACEC1BE20B9D720BEC8B1B820C7A5B8E920BFB0C1F5BFA120B9CCC
대한안과학회지 2008 년제 49 권제 12 호 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2008;49(12):1888-1893 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.12.1888 국내의저가컬러콘택트렌즈가각막부종및안구표면염증에미치는영향 송종석 이화 김정완 장문희 하석규 김효명 고려대학교의과대학안과학교실 목적 : 국내의저가컬러렌즈가일반렌즈나산소투과율이좋은실리콘하이드로겔렌즈와비교해각막부종및안구표면염증에미치는영향을평가해보고자하였다.
More information82-01.fm
w y wz 8«( 2y) 57~61, 2005 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis p w w Á Á w w» y l Analysis of Influence Factors and Corrosion Characteristics of Water-pipe in Potable Water System Jae Seong
More information김수현 정주현 390, 처방에 새로운 변화가 시작되었으나 국내에서는 소프트렌 즈 각막교정술(soft lens orthokeratology)에 의한 각막 형 상 변화에 대해 진행된 연구가 전무한 실정이다. 이에 저 자들은 역방향으로 실리콘 하이드로겔 렌즈를 착용하여 굴절
Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 389-395, December 2012? da w w (inside out or everted) g w ƒ ƒ x y e w ½ x x w Ÿw, 2-718 nš (2012 11 7 ), (2012 12 3 ), y (2012 12 15 ) : w(inside out or everted) w g w ƒ ƒ x y e w»
More information. 0.. Planck : sec : sec : : m in radian m in ln sec 심장 발 기압
. 0.. Planck : sec : sec : : sec sec A . 0.. Planck : sec : sec : : m in radian m in ln sec 심장 발 기압 . 0. sec π . 0.. Planck : sec : sec : : sec sec sec sec . 0.. Planck : sec : sec : : m p = 1u=931.5 MeV
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2015 Nov.; 26(11), 985991. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2015.26.11.985 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Analysis
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
ISSN(print) 1226-5012 22(3):213-219, September 2017 < 초청논문 > http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2017.22.3.213 Evaluation for Surficial and Internal Hydrophilicity of Soft Contact Lenses Hye Lim Park 1, Shin
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Mar.; 28(3),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2017 Mar.; 28(3), 163 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2017.28.3.163 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) PCB
More information00....
Fig. 1 2.5%. 51.5%, 46.0%,.. /, Table 1 (U.V.; Ultraviolet 10-400 nm)/ (NIR; Near Infrared 700 nm - 5 µm) ( TiO 2, WO 3, ZnO, CeO, ATO, Sb 2O 3-ZnO, ITO.) (400 nm - 780 nm). /. Fig. 1.. 23 Table 1. / /
More information- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α
More informationAnalysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ
Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in University & 2 Kang Won University [Purpose] [Methods]
More informationAbstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie
Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung
More information서강대학교 기초과학연구소대학중점연구소 심포지엄기초과학연구소
2012 년도기초과학연구소 대학중점연구소심포지엄 마이크로파센서를이용한 혈당측정연구 일시 : 2012 년 3 월 20 일 ( 화 ) 14:00~17:30 장소 : 서강대학교과학관 1010 호 주최 : 서강대학교기초과학연구소 Contents Program of Symposium 2 Non-invasive in vitro sensing of D-glucose in
More information09권오설_ok.hwp
(JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) (Regular Paper) 19 5, 2014 9 (JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2014.19.5.656 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) a) Reduction
More information03-2ƯÁý -14š
Management on hazardous chemicals for production of safe produce Namjun Cho, Sumyeong Hong, Wonil Kim, Byungjun Park Chemical Safety Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA * Correspondence
More information_1692.hwp
대한안과학회지 2015 년제 56 권제 11 호 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2015;56(11):1692-1698 ISSN 0378-6471 (Print) ISSN 2092-9374 (Online) http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2015.56.11.1692 Original Article 컬러콘택트렌즈기준규격에관한국가간비교및고찰
More information03이경미(237~248)ok
The recent (2001-2010) changes on temperature and precipitation related to normals (1971-2000) in Korea* Kyoungmi Lee** Hee-Jeong Baek*** ChunHo Cho**** Won-Tae Kwon*****. 61 (1971~2000) 10 (2001~2010).
More information환경중잔류의약물질대사체분석방법확립에 관한연구 (Ⅱ) - 테트라사이클린계항생제 - 환경건강연구부화학물질연구과,,,,,, Ⅱ 2010
11-1480523-000702-01 환경중잔류의약물질대사체분석방법확립에 관한연구 (Ⅱ) - 테트라사이클린계항생제 - 환경건강연구부화학물질연구과,,,,,, Ⅱ 2010 목차 ⅰ ⅱ ⅲ Abstract ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ i 목차 Ⅲ Ⅳ i 목차 ii 목차 iii Abstract α β α β iv Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅰ 1 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 Ⅱ. 2 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법
More informationKinematic analysis of success strategy of YANG Hak Seon technique Joo-Ho Song 1, Jong-Hoon Park 2, & Jin-Sun Kim 3 * 1 Korea Institute of Sport Scienc
Kinematic analysis of success strategy of technique JooHo Song 1, JongHoon Park 2, & JinSun Kim 3 * 1 Korea Institute of Sport Science, 2 Catholic Kwandong University, 3 Yonsei University [Purpose] [Methods]
More informationA Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
ISSN(print) 1226-5012 22(1):59-63, March 2017 < 초청논문 > http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2017.22.1.59 A Study on the Corneal Power and Refractive Error of Emmetropia and Myopia in Different Ages: from Elementary
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: A Study on the Opti
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.127-148 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/11024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.127 A Study on the Optimization of Appropriate Hearing-impaired Curriculum Purpose:
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Mar.; 25(3),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2014 Mar.; 25(3), 304310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2014.25.3.304 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Analysis
More information10(3)-10.fm
w y wz 10«3y 259~264 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment w gj p p y Á Á½k * w m œw Á* w y œw (2010 9 28, 2010 10 12 k) Characteristics of Antiwashout Underwater Concrete for Reduction
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 293~316 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2015. 12. 04 2015. 12. 24 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT
More informationhttp://www.kbc.go.kr/pds/2.html Abstract Exploring the Relationship Between the Traditional Media Use and the Internet Use Mee-Eun Kang This study examines the relationship between
More information???? 1
The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2014) 27(1), 13 20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.1.013 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule and SM3 Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial
More information[ 화학 ] 과학고 R&E 결과보고서 나노입자의표면증강을이용한 태양전지의효율증가 연구기간 : ~ 연구책임자 : 김주래 ( 서울과학고물리화학과 ) 지도교사 : 참여학생 : 원승환 ( 서울과학고 2학년 ) 이윤재 ( 서울과학고 2학년 ) 임종
[ 화학 ] 과학고 R&E 결과보고서 나노입자의표면증강을이용한 태양전지의효율증가 연구기간 : 2013. 3 ~ 2013. 12 연구책임자 : 김주래 ( 서울과학고물리화학과 ) 지도교사 : 참여학생 : 원승환 ( 서울과학고 2학년 ) 이윤재 ( 서울과학고 2학년 ) 임종찬 ( 서울과학고 2학년 ) 소재원 ( 서울과학고 2학년 ) 1,.,.,.... surface
More informationJkbcs016(92-97).hwp
Expression of bcl-2 and Apoptosis and Its Relationship to Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer - A Study with Long Term Follow-up correlated with the survival rate.(journal of Korean
More informationα α α α α
α α α α α α α α 太陰調胃湯加減方 dbdb 마우스 肝에 대한 아디포사이토카인 및 발현에 미치는 영향 SREBPs 와 섞어서 하고 마커 또한 하여 전기 영동을 하였다 전기영동을 한 후에 에 를 쪼여서 각 를 확인하였다 이 를 프로그램을 이용해 수치화하 여 분석하였다 肝 조직 동결 절편 분리한 조직은 로 시간 동안 고정 시킨 후 에 세척한 후 물기를
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
ISSN(print) 1226-5012 21(2):91-98, June 2016 < 초청논문 > http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2016.21.2.91 Study of Masking Effect of Soft Contact Lenses on Cornea after Refractive Surgery Ye-Rim Moon, Hyung-Min
More information1..
Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :
More information<313120B9DABFB5B1B82E687770>
한국민족문화 40, 2011. 7, 347~388쪽 1)중화학공업화선언과 1973년 공업교육제도 변화* 2)박 영 구** 1. 머리말 2. 1973년, 중화학공업화선언과 과학기술인력의 부족 3. 1973년 전반기의 교육제도 개편과 정비 1) 계획과 개편 2) 기술교육 개선안과 인력개발 시책 4. 1973년 후반기의 개편과 정비 5. 정비된 정규교육제도의 특징
More information433대지05박창용
Recent Changes in Summer Precipitation Characteristics over South Korea Changyong Park* JaYeon Moon** Eun-Jeong Cha*** Won-Tae Yun**** Youngeun Choi***** 1958 2007 6 9 6 9 10 10 10 10 10 Abstract This
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Study on Teache
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.149-171 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.149 * A Study on Teachers and Parents Perceptions on the Introduction of Innovational
More information서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
More information03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö
25 3 (2004 9 ) J Korean Oriental Med 2004;25(3):20-31 1), 2), 3) 1) 2) 3) Grope for a Summary Program about Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK)etc. Discussed in WIPO Hwan-Soo
More information<313630313032C6AFC1FD28B1C7C7F5C1DF292E687770>
양성자가속기연구센터 양성자가속기 개발 및 운영현황 DOI: 10.3938/PhiT.25.001 권혁중 김한성 Development and Operational Status of the Proton Linear Accelerator at the KOMAC Hyeok-Jung KWON and Han-Sung KIM A 100-MeV proton linear accelerator
More informationAnalyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong
Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong An 1 & Kyoo-jeong Choi 2 * 1 Korea National Wrestling
More informationA 617
Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R
More informationÆ÷Àå½Ã¼³94š
Cho, Mun Jin (E-mail: mjcho@ex.co.kr) ABSTRACT PURPOSES : The performance of tack coat, commonly used for layer interface bonding, is affected by application rate and curing time. In this study, bonding
More information:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( )
:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α=.83.91.,.,,..,,,.,. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ..,.,.,. Bandura(1997),.,,,,., (,,, 2009), (,,,, 2014).?.,,,.. Bandura (1995) (Resiliency
More informationhwp
2010, Vol. 54, No. 1 Printed in the Republic of Korea DOI 10.5012/jkcs.2010.54.01.099 백금나노입자를포함한고분자재료의합성및콘택트렌즈로의응용 예기훈 성아영 * 대불대학교안경광학과 ( 접수 2010. 1. 19; 수정 2010. 1. 23; 게재확정 2010. 1. 25) Synthesis of
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: * Review of Research
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.79-102 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.79 * Review of Research Trends on Curriculum for Students with Severe and multiple
More information<5B313132385D32303039B3E220C1A634B1C720C1A632C8A320B3EDB9AEC1F628C3D6C1BE292E687770>
디지털 영상에서의 자막추출을 이용한 자막 특성 분석에 관한 연구 이세열 * 요약 본 연구는 방송 프로그램 제작에 있어서 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있는 영상 자막의 특성과 영상 커 뮤니케이션 기능적인 관점에서 나타나고 있는 현상을 살펴본다. 다양한 방송 프로그램에서 활용되고 있는 디지털 영상 자막의 기능은 단순하게 간략한 정보를 전달하는 기능적인 역할을 수행하였다.
More informationKor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의
RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 한국 중년 여성의 라이프스타일이 메이크업 추구이미지와 화장품 구매행동에 미치는 영향 주영주 1 *, 이순희 2 1 서경대학교대학원미용예술학과, 2 신성대학교 미용예술계열 The Effects of The Life Style for Korean Middle Aged Women on
More information#Ȳ¿ë¼®
http://www.kbc.go.kr/ A B yk u δ = 2u k 1 = yk u = 0. 659 2nu k = 1 k k 1 n yk k Abstract Web Repertoire and Concentration Rate : Analysing Web Traffic Data Yong - Suk Hwang (Research
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Jun.; 27(6),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2016 Jun.; 27(6), 495 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2016.27.6.495 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Design
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.99-117 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.99 2015 * A Analysis of the Characters and Issues about the 2015 Revised Social
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: IPA * Analysis of Perc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.45-72 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.2.201806.45 IPA * Analysis of Perception and Needs on Teaching Competencies of Faculty
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: (NCS) Method of Con
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.181-212 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.181 (NCS) Method of Constructing and Using the Differentiated National Competency
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
Printed in the Republic of Korea "/"-:5*$"- 4$*&/$& 5&$)/0-0(: Vol. 18, No. 5, 425-430, 2005» 677*4 Ÿ w sƒ ½»x Á Á½ k w y w, w y œw Some considerations for the analytical approaches to measure atmospheric
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities
More information(JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) (Regular Paper) 21 1, (JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) ISSN 228
(JBE Vol. 1, No. 1, January 016) (Regular Paper) 1 1, 016 1 (JBE Vol. 1, No. 1, January 016) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.016.1.1.60 ISSN 87-9137 (Online) ISSN 16-7953 (Print) a), a) An Efficient Method
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
ISSN(print) 1226-5012 21(1):11-21, March 2016 < 초청논문 > http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2016.21.1.11 The Difference in Tear Film Stability between Normal and Dry Eyes by Wearing Clear and Circle Contact
More information<35335FBCDBC7D1C1A42DB8E2B8AEBDBAC5CDC0C720C0FCB1E2C0FB20C6AFBCBA20BAD0BCAE2E687770>
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 15, No. 2 pp. 1051-1058, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2014.15.2.1051 멤리스터의 전기적 특성 분석을 위한 PSPICE 회로 해석 김부강 1, 박호종 2, 박용수 3, 송한정 1*
More information한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구
한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
ISSN(print) 1226-5012 23(4):379-388, December 2018 < 초청논문 > http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2018.23.4.379 Changes in Axis Destabilization, Subjective Discomfort, and Visual Acuity Induced by Overuse of
More information304.fm
Journal of the Korean Housing Association Vol. 20, No. 3, 2009 yw s w - û - A Study on the Planning of Improved-Hanok - Focused on Jeon-Nam Province - y* ** z*** **** Kang, Man-Ho Lee, Woo-Won Jeong, Hun
More informationAnalysis of teacher s perception and organization on physical education elective courses Chang-Wan Yu* Korea Institute of curriculum and evaluation [Purpose] [Methods] [Results] [Conclusions] Key words:
More information101~110 ¿õ´ã.¿ìȲ
101 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.101 Received : 10. 05. 06 Accepted : 10. 05. 27 The Experimental Study on the Effect of Fel Ursi & Bovis Calculus Pharmacopuncture Solution in Bacterial Species which cause
More informationγ
경락경혈학회지 Vol.27, No.1, pp.87 106, 2010 Journal of Meridian & Acupoint Dept. of 1 Meridian & Acupoint, 3 Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University 2 Division of Clinical
More information이용석 박환용 - 베이비부머의 특성에 따른 주택유형 선택 변화 연구.hwp
住居環境 韓國住居環境學會誌 第 11 卷 1 號 ( 通卷第 20 號 ) pp. 159~172 투고 ( 접수 ) 일 : 2013.02.28. 게재확정일자 : 2013.04.04. The change of housing choice by characteristics of the Baby Boomers Lee, Yong-Seok Park, Hwan-Yong Abstract
More information<BFACBCBCC0C7BBE7C7D02831302031203139292E687770>
延 世 醫 史 學 제12권 제2호: 29-40, 2009년 12월 Yonsei J Med Hist 12(2): 29-40, 2009 특집논문 3 한국사회의 낙태에 대한 인식변화 이 현 숙 이화여대 한국문화연구원 1. 들어가며 1998년 내가 나이 마흔에 예기치 않은 임신을 하게 되었을 때, 내 주변 사람들은 모두 들 너무나도 쉽게 나에게 임신중절을 권하였다.
More informationStudy on the Improvement of Management System through Analysis of golf semi- market: Focus on Physical Education Facility Act Ji-Myung Jung 1, Ju-Ho Park 2 *, & Youngdae Lee 3 1 Korea Institute of Sport
More information歯1.PDF
200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)
More informationMicrosoft Word - 1-차우창.doc
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea Vol. 28, No. 2 pp.1-8, May 2009 1 하이브리드 환경하의 인간기계시스템 제어실 평가에 관한 연구 차 우 창 김 남 철 금오공과대학교 산업시스템공학과 A Study of the Evaluation for the Control Room in Human Machine
More information개최요강
55 2009. 5. ( ) ( ) < > 1. 1 2. 2. 2. 3 1) 3 2) 3 3) GC-MS 4. 5 1) 5 2) 5 3) ICP-OES 6 3. 7. 7 1) 7 2) 10. 13 1) 1g 13 2),,, 14 3), 15 4),, 15 4. 17 19 < > [ 1] 2 [ 2] ICP-OES 6 [ 3] 13 [ 4] 1g 13 [ 5]
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
ISSN(print) 1226-5012 21(3):215-225, September 2016 < 초청논문 > http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2016.21.3.215 Relationship between the Deposition of Tear Constituents and the Adherence of Candida albicans
More information,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;
,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).
More information<BFA9BAD02DB0A1BBF3B1A4B0ED28C0CCBCF6B9FC2920B3BBC1F62E706466>
001 002 003 004 005 006 008 009 010 011 2010 013 I II III 014 IV V 2010 015 016 017 018 I. 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 III. 041 042 III. 043
More informationKor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타
RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 20-40대 여성의 외모만족도가 미용관리태도에 미치는 영향 홍수남 1, 김효숙 2 * 1 건국대학교 뷰티사이언스디자인학과, 2 건국대학교 의상디자인과 Effects of Extrinsic Body Satisfaction on Beauty Management Behavior of
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Feb.; 29(2), IS
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Feb.; 29(2), 93 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.2.93 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) UHF-HF
More information878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu
한 국 통 계 학 회 논 문 집 2012, 19권, 6호, 877 884 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2012.19.6.877 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation Applied Biased Coin Design in a Phase Ⅰ Clinical Trial Yu Kim a, Dongjae Kim
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and
More information<313430333033C6AFC1FD28C3E0B1B8292E687770>
스포츠와 물리학: 구기운동 안티-싸커 와 간접-축구 DOI: 10.3938/PhiT.23.005 이 인 호 Anti-soccer and Indirect Soccer 편성은 없다고 장담한다. 벨기에(FIFA 랭킹 11위), 러시아 (FIFA 랭킹 22위), 알제리(FIFA 랭킹 26위), 그리고 한국(FIFA 랭킹 61위)으로 이어지는 H조 편성 결과이다. 이
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.577-601 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.577 3 * The Effect of Home-based Activities Using Traditional Fairy Tales
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
ISSN(print) 1226-5012 22(4):395-404, December 2017 < 초청논문 > http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2017.22.4.395 Difference in Staining of Soft Contact Lenses According to Coloring Components of Eyeliner Hyun
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: * Suggestions of Ways
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.65-89 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.65 * Suggestions of Ways to Improve Teaching Practicum Based on the Experiences
More information,.,.,., AcrySof IQ ReSTOR,,.. 1, AcrySof IQ ReSTOR. AcrySof IQ ReSTOR. AcrySof IQ ReSTOR IOL.
가장 잘 볼 수 있는 백내장 대체 렌즈를 선택하십시오. 삶은 한 가지 거리에서만 진행되는 것이 아닙니다. TM 더 많은 것을 볼수록 더 풍요로운 삶을 살 수 있습니다. ,.,.,., AcrySof IQ ReSTOR,,.. 1, AcrySof IQ ReSTOR. AcrySof IQ ReSTOR. AcrySof IQ ReSTOR IOL. ?... 2... " ".,,,..
More informationhwp
Journal of the Korean Chemical Society Printed in the Republic of Korea 분광광도법에의한칼라렌즈내염색제에대한흡광도분석 최은정 * 정주현건양대학교안경광학과 ( 접수 2009. 8. 31; 수정 2009. 10. 15; 게재확정 2009. 10. 28) Analysis of for Tinted Dye Absorbed
More information