DBPIA-NURIMEDIA
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- 동주 하
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1 ISSN(print) (2): , June 2016 < 초청논문 > Relationship between the Deposition of Tear Constituents on Soft Contact Lenses according to Material and Pigmentation and Adherence of Staphylococcus aureus So Hyun Park, Ill-suk Park, So Ra Kim, and Mijung Park* Dept. of Optometry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology Seoul 01811, Korea (Received May 9, 2016: Revised May 26, 2016: Accepted June 9, 2016) Purpose: The study was aimed to figure out the effect of materials and pigmentation of soft contact lens on the adherence of Staphylococcus aureus upon soft contact lenses deposited with tear components. Methods: The number of adherent S. aureus on clear and circle soft contact lenses made of etafilcon A, hilafilcon B, nelfilcon A was measured before and after incubation in artificial tear. Furthermore, the denaturalization level of tear protein with time after incubation in artificial tear was estimated by electrophoresis. Results: The adherence of S. aureus was significantly different according to the lens materials. The pattern of bacterial adherence on clear and circle contact lenses was different. That is, the adherent amount of S. aureus was somewhat larger on circle lens made of etafilcon A however, amount on circle lenses made of hilafilcon B and nelfilcon A was 89.3% and 71.3% of the number on clear lenses. When the tear protein was deposited on contact lenses, the number of adherent bacteria decreased and its degree was varied according to the lens material. The degree of decrease was the biggest in clear soft lens made of etafilcon A. Anti-bacterial effect of tear protein decreased with time after deposition of tear protein on soft contact lens and the amount of lysozyme also decreased. The reduction of anti-bacterial effect and quantity of lysozyme was different according to contact lens materials and pigmentation. Conclusions: It was revealed that the adherence of S. aureus depends on contact lens materials and pigmentation, and the specification of lens material affects more on adherence of S.aureus than pigmentation. It was further figured out the denaturalization level of anti-bacterial protein on soft contact lens varies according to lens materials and pigmentation, which produces an effect on the quantity of bacterial adherence. Key words: Clear soft contact lens, Circle soft contact lens, Material, Pigmentation, S. aureus, Tear protein, Lysozyme, Electrophoresis 서론 2015년콘택트렌즈의사용자중 96.7% 가소프트콘택트렌즈를사용하며, 소프트콘택트렌즈사용자중 42.8% 가써클소프트콘택트렌즈 ( 이하써클렌즈 ) 사용자이었으며, 써클렌즈의사용이증가추세라고보고되었다. [1] 또한미용콘택트렌즈는시력교정의목적이아닌미용목적인이유로사용하는경우가전체미용콘택트렌즈사용자의 30% 정도라고보고되었다. [2] 콘택트렌즈의사용이증가함에따라이와관련된안질환등의합병증도증가하고있다. 착용자의연령은계속낮아지고있으며, [3] 이에따라합병증환자의연령도낮아지고있다고보고되었다. [4] 렌즈의착용에대한교육없이비교적쉽게구매할수있어잘못된세척방법, 사용기간 미준수, [5] 잘못된보관방법 [6] 등으로인한합병증이발병할수있다고하였다. [7] 콘택트렌즈의사용중눈물단백질과지방은콘택트렌즈에침착하게되는데이로인하여착용감저하, 시력저하가유발되며심하면합병증이발생하게된다. [8] 합병증으로가장흔하게발병하는것은각막미란, 찰과상및점상각막염이가장흔하게발병하며이어신생혈관, 각막궤양등이발생한다고보고되었다. [9] 미생물로인한감염의주원인균은포도상구균과녹농균이며, [10] 가시아메바 [11] 와곰팡이류 [12] 는상대적으로적은빈도로발생한다. 콘택트렌즈관련부작용중미생물관련각막염은콘택트렌즈의산소투과율이낮은경우각막표피에미생물부착이증가한다는연구가보고된바있다. [13] 또한미용콘택트렌즈는특히각막염및궤양등의세균성감염에의한합병증이많은것으로알려져있으나, 착색여부나표면 *Corresponding author: Mijung Park, TEL: , mjpark@seoultech.ac.kr 본논문의일부내용은 2015년도한국안광학회동계학술대회에서구연으로발표되었음. 109
2 110 So Hyun Park, Ill-suk Park, So Ra Kim, and Mijung Park 의물성에따른균흡착에대한연구는미비한실정이다. 따라서본연구에서는포도상구균의흡착에대한소프트콘택트렌즈재질특성및착색여부의영향을밝히고자하였다. 또한소프트콘택트렌즈착용시공존하게되는눈물단백질의균흡착에대한영향이소프트콘택트렌즈특성에따라달라지는지를알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 콘택트렌즈실험에사용된콘택트렌즈는 Table 1, 2와같다. 국내시판되고있는콘택트렌즈가운데 FDA 기준 IV그룹으로분류되는고함수비이온성특성을가진 etafilcon A 재질의투명소프트콘택트렌즈 ( 이하투명렌즈 ), 써클렌즈및습윤제 (PVP, polyvinyl pyrrolidone) 가함유된써클렌즈 (Johnson & Johnson사 ) 와저함수이온성특성을가진 II그룹으로분류되는 hilafilcon B 재질의투명렌즈및써클렌즈 (Baush & Lomb사 ), 역시 II그룹으로분류되는 nelfilcon A 재질의 투명렌즈및써클렌즈 (CIBA Vision사 ) 를실험대상으로하였다 (Table 1, Table 2). 2. 균배양및흡착정도평가균의흡착은 ISO 14729를기준으로실시하였으며, ISO 14729는콘택트렌즈에흡착된균에대한살균력검사를평가하는데사용되는방법에대한기준이다. 실험에사용한균은포도상구균 (Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 6538) 이었으며, 균배양은 tryptone soya agar(tsa) 배지를사용하였다. 배양조건은 37 o C의온도에서 24시간이었다. 멸균된 plate에 cfu/ml의균 10 µl를놓은후렌즈의볼록한부분을 plates 바닥에닿게놓았고, 다시 10 µl의균을렌즈위에올리고 10분간흡착시켜주었다. 균이흡착된렌즈를각각 5 ml의 PBS가담겨있는 12 well plate 에서 3번헹군후여과장치위에올린후 12 well plate에있는멸균 PBS 5 ml를올려 3분동안유지후여과시켰다. 여과시킨렌즈는새 plate에볼록한면이접촉하도록올린후포도상구균은 TSA 배지를부어굳혔다. 1일뒤 Table 1. The specification of clear soft contact lenses tested USAN etafilcon A hilafilcon B nelfilcon A Commercial name 1-Day Acuvue Soflens One Day Focus Dailies Manufacturer Johnson & Johnson Bausch & Lomb CIBA Vision Water content (%) (@-3.00 D) Oxygen transmissibility (Dk/t) (@-3.00 D) Monomers HEMA+MA HEMA+NVP HEMA+PVA FDA group IV II II Packing buffer system borate phosphate phosphate Table 2. The specification of circle soft contact lenses tested USAN Etafilcon A Hilafilcon B Nelfilcon A Commercial name Define New Define Naturrelle Illuminate Manufacturer Johnson & Johnson Baush & Lomb CIBA Vision Water Content (%) (@-3.00 D) Oxygen transmissibility (Dk/t) (@-3.00 D) Monomers HEMA +MA HEMA +MA +PVP HEMA+NVP HEMA+PVA FDA group IV II II Tinting method BWIC (Beauty-Wrapped-In-Comfort) Micro encapsulation Tinting dye Iron oxide Iron oxide Dual Printing Iron oxide black Carbazole violet
3 The Deposition of Tear Constituents and Adherence of Staphylococcus aureus on Soft Contact Lenses 111 자란균수를투명렌즈와써클렌즈에자란균수와면적당균수로나누어비교하였다. 3. 인공눈물침착및정량인공눈물은라이소자임 0.18 g, 글로불린 0.18 g, 알부민 0.54 g, 뮤신 0.18 g을 0.01 M 인산완충액 (ph 7.4) 100 ml 에녹여제조하였다. [14] 오염을방지하기위해인공눈물용액은 membrane filter로살균후사용하였다. 콘택트렌즈가담긴튜브에인공눈물 8 ml를각각넣어진탕기 (CR300, FINEPCR, Korea) 를이용하여 50 rpm의속도로실온 20 o C에서 24시간동안인공눈물성분을콘택트렌즈에침착시켰다. 인공눈물성분침착후콘택트렌즈는인산완충액으로 3번세척후인산완충용액 8 ml만으로다시 7 일, 14일, 28일동안인공눈물침착조건과동일한조건으로진탕시켰다. 인공눈물에 24시간동안침착시킨렌즈와인공눈물침착후 7일, 14일및 28일동안유지시킨렌즈를 250 µl의추출용매 (SDS 완충용액 :2% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 0.1% dithiothreitol, 0.01 M Tris buffer, ph 8) 에넣은후 95 o C로 15분간가열한후상온에서 20분동안식혀서단백질을추출하였다. 단백질을추출한후 Lowry 방법을이용하여정량하였다. [15] 4. 콘택트렌즈에침착된단백질분석인공눈물에 1일동안침착시킨콘택트렌즈와침착후 7 일, 14일, 28일동안인산완충용액에진탕시킨콘택트렌즈에침착된단백질을 SDS 완충용액으로추출하여 SDS 폴리아크릴아미드젤전기영동 (SDS PAGE, 13.5%) 을하였으며 Coomassie blue로염색하여단백질을분석하였다. 5. 통계처리결과는평균 ± 표준편차로표시하였고 SPSS 12.0 K를사용하여분석하였다. 콘택트렌즈재질과종류에따른균흡착정도와써클렌즈의투명부와착색부의흡착정도의통계적유의성은독립표본 t-검정 (Independent T-test), 인공눈물침착에따른흡착된균수는일원분산분석 (Oneway ANOVA) 을실시하여유의성을확인하였다. 분석에서 p<0.05일경우통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로판정하였다. 결과및고찰 1. 콘택트렌즈에흡착된균수비교투명렌즈의경우렌즈에흡착된포도상구균의수는 etafilcon A 재질에서 16.13±4.88 cfu/lens, hilafilcon B 재질에서 12.06±8.11 cfu/lens, nelfilcon A 재질에서 6.45± Fig. 1. The colony forming unit of S. aureus on clear and circle soft contact lenses. A. colony per lens, B. colony per area 4.27 cfu/lens이었다. 써클렌즈의경우포도상구균의수는 etafilcon A 재질에서 18.31±6.99 cfu/lens, 습윤제가함유된동일재질에서 14.72±4.47 cfu/lens, hilafilcon B 재질에서 10.77±7.09 cfu/lens, nelfilcon A 재질에서 4.60± 2.45 cfu/lens이었다. 투명렌즈와써클렌즈모두에서포도상구균은 etafilcon A, hilafilcon B, nelfilcon A 순으로흡착균수가많았으며 (Fig. 1A), 모든재질에서투명렌즈와써클렌즈간흡착균수는통계적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p<0.05). 실험에사용한콘택트렌즈의전체직경이상이하여실제동일면적당균수의차이가있는지를평가하기위해단위면적당흡착포도상구균수를알아보았다. 투명렌즈의경우포도상구균은 etafilcon A 재질에서는 0.105± cfu/mm 2, hilafilcon B 재질에서 0.084±0.046 cfu/ mm 2, nelfilcon A 재질에서는 0.045±0.030 cfu/mm 2 흡착되었다. 써클렌즈의경우포도상구균은 etafilcon A 재질에서 0.111±0.044 cfu/mm 2, 습윤제가함유된 etafilcon A 재질에서는 0.093±0.028 cfu/mm 2, hilafilcon B 재질에서 0.064±0.045 cfu/mm 2, nelfilcon A 재질에서는 0.031± cfu/mm 2 이었다. 투명렌즈와써클렌즈모두 Fig. 1의렌즈당흡착된균수에서와동일한순서인 etafilcon A, hilafilcon B, nelfilcon A 재질순으로흡착균된수가많았으나렌즈재질간차이는단위면적당균수에서더적었으며 (Fig. 1B), 모든재질에서투명렌즈와써클렌즈간
4 112 So Hyun Park, Ill-suk Park, So Ra Kim, and Mijung Park 흡착균수는통계적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p<0.05). Etafilcon A 재질과습윤제가함유된 etafilcon A 재질에서의균수의흡착량을비교하였을때습윤제가함유된써클렌즈의경우습윤제가포함되지않은 etafilcon A 재질의써클렌즈에비해 80% 에불과하여습윤제가함유된재질에서의포도상구균흡착량이더적음을알수있었다. 투명렌즈와써클렌즈의흡착균수를비교하였을때 etafilcon A 재질에서써클렌즈에흡착된균수는투명렌즈의 113.5% 로많았으나, hilafilcon B 재질과 nelfilcon A 재질에서는써클렌즈에흡착된균수가각각투명렌즈의 89.2%, 71.31% 였다. 2. 써클렌즈에서투명부위와착색부위에서의흡착균수비교써클렌즈의투명부분과염료가착색된착색부분에서균의흡착정도의차이를비교하였다. Etafilcon A 재질의써클렌즈에흡착된포도상구균수는투명부에서는 12.62± 5.26 cfu/lens, 착색부에 5.00±2.50 cfu/lens이었고, 습윤제가함유된 etafilcon A 재질의투명부에서는 10.33±3.03 cfu/lens, 착색부에는 4.39±2.09 cfu/lens이었다. Hilafilcon B 재질의투명부에는 6.89±5.66 cfu/lens, 착색부에는 3.24±2.19 cfu/lens, nelfilcon A 재질의투명부에는 3.53± 1.36 cfu/lens, 착색부에는 1.07±0.46 cfu/lens이흡착되었다. 포도상구균의흡착은모든재질의써클렌즈에서착색부보다투명부의흡착량이많았으나 (Fig. 2A), 렌즈재질에따라통계적으로유의한정도가달라 etafilcon A 및 hilafilcon B 재질의투명부와착색부의균흡착량은통계적으로유의하였으나, 습윤제가함유된 etafilcon A 및 nelfilcon A 재질의경우는통계적으로유의하지않았다. 단위면적당균수는 etafilcon A 재질써클렌즈의투명부에서는 0.133±0.056 cfu/mm 2, 착색부에 0.079±0.040 cfu/mm 2 였으며, 습윤제가함유된 etafilcon A 재질의투명부에서는 0.109±0.032 cfu/mm 2, 착색부에서는 ±0.033 cfu/mm 2 로나타났다. Hilafilcon B 재질써클렌즈의투명부에서는 0.084±0.064 cfu/mm 2, 착색부에서 0.046±0.030 cfu/mm 2 이었으며, nelfilcon A 재질의투명부에서는 0.063±0.024 cfu/mm 2, 착색부에 0.011±0.005 cfu/mm 2 이었다. Etafilcon A, hilafilcon B, nelfilcon A 재질의써클렌즈에서착색부의경우투명부의각각 59.4%, 54.8%, 17.5% 로포도상구균흡착량이착색부분에서더적은경향을보였다. 또한동일 etafilcon A 재질이지만습윤제성분의함유유무에따라투명부분의흡착균수가통계적으로유의한차이가있었으나 (p<0.05), 착색부위의경우는차이가거의없었다 (p>0.05) (Fig. 2B). Fig. 2. The colony forming unit of S. aureus on pigmented and non-pigmented area of circle soft contact lenses. A. colony per lens, B. colony per area 3. 눈물단백질의침착량투명및써클렌즈를인공눈물에 1일침착시킨경우와 1 일침착후 PBS에서다시 7일, 14일, 28일유지시킨경우의각렌즈에부착된단백질을정량비교하였다. Etafilcon A 재질의투명렌즈를 1일동안인공눈물에침착시킨경우각각총단백질량은 ±589.1 µg/lens이었으며, 1일동안침착시킨후 PBS에 7일, 14일및 28일간유지시킨경우 ±265.4 µg/lens, ±126.6 µg/lens 및 ±208.4 µg/lens로측정되었다. 써클렌즈의경우 1 일간인공눈물에침착시킨경우의단백질량은 ± µg/lens이었으며, 1일침착시킨후 PBS에 7일, 14일및 28일동안유지시킨경우는각각 ±138.7 µg/ lens, ±84.2 µg/lens 및 ±118.0 µg/lens로측정되었다. 습윤제가함유된 etafilcon A 써클렌즈를 1일동안인공눈물침착시킨경우의단백질량은 ±624.2 µg/lens이었으며, 1일인공눈물침착후 PBS에 7일, 14일및 28일동안유지시킨경우는각각 ±131.2 µg/ lens, ±223.7 µg/lens 및 ±396.6 µg/lens로측정되었다. Hilafilcon B 재질의투명렌즈를인공눈물에 1일동안침착시킨경우총단백질량은 129.6±2.4 µg/lens 이었고, 인공눈물침착후 7일, 14일및 28일동안 PBS에유지시킨경우에는각각 114.0±15.6 µg/lens, 106.7±21.5 µg/lens 및 77.6±11.5 µg/lens로나타났다. 써클렌즈의경
5 The Deposition of Tear Constituents and Adherence of Staphylococcus aureus on Soft Contact Lenses 113 Fig. 3. The amount of protein deposited soft contact lenses. A. etafilcon A, B. hilafilcon B, C. nelfilcon A 우 1일동안인공눈물에침착시켰을때총단백질량은 137.7±4.7 µg/lens이었고, 1일동안인공눈물에침착후 PBS에 7일, 14일및 28일동안유지시킨경우는 106.6± 9.9 µg/lens, 114.0±11.3 µg/lens 및 101.0±15.2 µg/lens의단백질이침착되었다. Nelfilcon A 재질의투명렌즈를 1일동안인공눈물에침착시킨경우총단백질량은 21.4±6.3 µg/lens이었던반면, 인공눈물에 1일동안침착후 7일, 14 일및 28일동안 PBS에서유지시킨경우는 19.6±2.2 µg/ lens, 13.8±5.9 µg/lens 및 7.9±4.8 µg/lens로단백질흡착량이나타났다. 써클렌즈의경우 1일동안인공눈물에침착시킨총단백질량은 27.7±2.2 µg/lens이었던반면, 1일동안인공눈물에침착시킨후 PBS에서 7일, 14일및 28일동안유지시킨경우는 17.9±1.4 µg/lens, 18.2±2.3 µg/ lens, 11.5±7.8 µg/lens로단백질이감소하는경향을나타내었으나통계적유의성은없었다 (Fig. 3). 4. 인공눈물침착에의한균수변화포도상구균이인공눈물단백질이침착된투명및써클렌즈에는어떠한양상으로흡착되는가를알아보았다. 즉, 1) 인공눈물에침착하지않은렌즈와 2) 인공눈물에 1일침착시킨렌즈, 인공눈물에 1일침착후각각 3) 7일, 4) 14일, 5) 28일동안 PBS에서유지시킨렌즈에균을흡착시키고그수를비교하였다. 인공눈물에 1일동안인공눈물침착시킨경우렌즈와 1일침착후 PBS에 7일, 14일, 28 일경과된경우포도상구균의균수와면적당균수를비교하였을때 1일인공눈물에침착시켰을때의균흡착이가장적었고, 침착후경과기간 7일부터 28일까지균의흡착량이계속증가하였다. 모든실험대상렌즈에서인공눈물침착경과시간과균수증가와의상관성에서통계적으로유의한차이가있었다 ( 모두 p<0.001). Etafilcon A 재질의투명렌즈, 써클렌즈, 습윤제가포함된써클렌즈각각인공눈물에침착시켰을경우포도상구균흡착량은침착시키기전의 51.0%, 66.7%, 56.0% 로나타났으며, 28일경과하였을경우각각 97.1%, 101.0%, 78.1% 로나타났다. 습윤제가포함된써클렌즈는 28일이경과하여도투명렌즈와써클렌즈에비해적은양의균이흡착되었다. 또한전기영동결과에서 28일경과하였을때습윤제가포함된써클렌즈에가장많은양의침착단백질이남아있는것을통하여습윤제가단백질침착에영향을주었으며, 경과기간 28일에도항균력이남아있어포도상구균흡착에도영향을미치는것을알수있었다. Hilafilcon B 재질의투명렌즈및써클렌즈에서는인공눈물을침착시킨경우는균흡착량이감소하여침착시키기전의각각 84.9%, 76.7% 로나타났으며, 침착후 7일경과하였을때는각각 99.5%, 99.9% 였다. Nelfilcon A 재질의경우인공눈물침착후흡착된균수는침착전의각각 77.5%, 66.6% 로나타났으며, 경과기간 14일이되었을때각각 98.8%, 106.3% 로나타나 hilafilcon B 재질은경과기간 7일, nelfilcon A 재질은경과기간 14일이되었을경우침착된항균단백질의항균력이소실된것을알수있었다 (Fig. 4). 5. 소프트렌즈에침착된라이소자임의변성인공눈물의성분중항균작용을가지는라이소자임이소프트렌즈에침착된후시간경과에따른변성여부를알아보고자전기영동을실시하였다. 단백질의침착량이가장많았던 etafilcon A 재질의투명렌즈, 써클렌즈와 etafilcon A 재질에습윤제가함유된써클렌즈를선택하여전기영동분석을시행하였다. 전기영동을실시하였을때 15 kda의위치에서만밴드가나타나렌즈에침착된대부분의단백질은라이소자임이며다른눈물단백질은양이적어검출
6 114 So Hyun Park, Ill-suk Park, So Ra Kim, and Mijung Park Fig. 5. The change in lysozyme amount on soft contact lens after 1 day-treatment of artificial tear and further incubation in PBS for 7, 14 and 28 days. Fig. 4. Changes in the colony forming unit of S. aureus on soft contact lens after 1 day- treatment of artificial tear and further incubation in PBS for 7, 14 and 28 days. A. etafilcon A, B. hilafilcon B, C. nelfilcon A 되지않은것을확인할수있었다. 인공눈물을 1일동안침착시켰을때세가지종류의렌즈가운데습윤제를함유하는 etafilcon A 재질의써클렌즈에서가장많은양의라이소자임이침착된것으로나타났으며, 다른렌즈에침착된라이소자임의양과비교하였을때통계적으로유의한차이였다 (p<0.05)(fig. 5, 6). Etafilcon A 재질의투명렌즈, 써클렌즈및습윤제를함유한써클렌즈모두 1일침착후 PBS에유지시켰을때에는그기간이증가함에따라침착된라이소자임의양이감소하여 28일째에가장낮은값을나타내었다. 즉, etafilcon A 재질의투명렌즈에서써 클렌즈보다더많은양의라이소자임이있는것으로나타났으며, 인공눈물에 1일침착후 7일, 14일동안 PBS에유지시킨렌즈는 1일인공눈물에침착시킨렌즈와비슷한양의라이소자임이있었던것으로나타났다. 투명렌즈와써클렌즈사이의통계적인유의성을관찰할수없었지만 (p>0.05) 1일침착후 28일동안 PBS에유지시킨경우에는라이소자임의양이감소하였던반면, 습윤제가함유된써클렌즈에서의라이소자임양은인공눈물에 1일동안침착시킨경우, 인공눈물침착후 7일, 14일, 28일동안 PBS 에유지시킨경우통계적으로유의하게감소하였다 (p<0.05)(fig. 5, 6). 투명렌즈만을대상으로포도상구균의흡착량을알아본 Kodjikian L 등 [16] 의연구에서는 etafilcon A, galyfilcon A, balafilcon A, lotrafilcon B 재질투명렌즈중에서 etafilcon A 재질렌즈에서포도상구균이가장적게흡착된다고보고된바있다. 본연구에서의연구대상인투명렌즈는 etafilcon A, hilafilcon B, nelfilcon A 재질이었으며 etafilcon A 재질에서포도상구균이가장많이흡착되었고, hilafilcon B, nelfilcon A 재질순으로통계적으로유의한흡착량차이가있었다. Etafilcon A 재질은 HEMA와 MA의공중합체이며, hilafilcon B 재질은 HEMA와 NVP, nelfilcon A 재질은 HEMA와 PVA 의공중합체로렌즈간재질차이가존재한다. Fleiszig SM 등 [17] 은 hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) 로만되어있는재질보다 HEMA와 methacrylic acid(ma) 가함께들어있는렌즈에서포도상구균의흡착이더많았다고보고되어재질특성이균흡착에영향을주는주요요인인것으로보고한바있으며, 본연구결과에서도역시재질특성에따라균흡착이달라지는것으로나타났다. 또한본연구에서사용한 hilafilcon B 재질과 nelfilcon A 재질은모두 FDA 그룹 Ⅱ로표면의성격이고함수, 비이온성으로동일하나균의흡착량이 hilafilcon B 재질에서더많은것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는 OnurdaFK 등 [18] 의연구에서동일표면특성을갖는 FDA
7 The Deposition of Tear Constituents and Adherence of Staphylococcus aureus on Soft Contact Lenses 115 Fig. 6. Electrophoretic pattern of lysozyme deposit on soft contact lenses after 1 day-treatment of artificial tear and further incubation in PBS for 7, 14 and 28 days. A. etafilcon A clear, B. etafilcon A circle, C. etafilcon A with PVP circle 그룹렌즈에서도모노머의종류에따라균의흡착량이달라질수있다는결과에서와유사한결과가나타났으며, 미세한재질의특성이균흡착에영향을미치는것으로생각된다. Etafilcon A 재질과습윤제 (PVP) 가함유된 etafilcon A 재질에서의균흡착량을비교하였을때 etafilcon A 재질에서포도상구균의흡착량이 119.4% 로더많았다. Bruinsma GM 등 [19] 과 Giraldez MJ 등 [20] 의연구에의하면표피포도상구균은생체막이친수성인균으로렌즈표면이소수성을띌수록잘부착되었다. 따라서본연구에서친수성모노머인 PVP가포함된 etafilcon A 재질에더적은양의균이흡착되는것은표면의친수성화에기인한것으로보이며 PVA 가함유된 nelfilcon A 재질의경우는마찬가지이유로균의흡착량이적은것으로보인다. Chan 등 [21] 의연구결과로유추해볼때써클렌즈의착색부에서더많은양의균이흡착될것으로예상할수있지만, 본연구에서착색공법이모두다른세가지재질의렌즈를투명부와착색부로나누어균흡착량을비교하였을때착색부의포도상구균흡착량은투명부의최대 77.1% 에서최소 17.5% 로투명부의균흡착량이많았으며, 통계적으로도유의한차이를보였다. 이러한결과는 Chan 등 [21] 의주장과같이단순히염료의용출여부만으로균흡착량을예측하는것은무리가있다는것을의미한다. 즉, 염료의친수성정도와렌즈의거칠기차이가균흡착에영향을미칠수있을것으로보이며, 이를밝히기위해추가연구가이루어져야할필요성이있다고생각된다. 실제로콘택트렌즈를착용하였을때에는눈물성분이침착되게되고이로인하여균의흡착량이달라질수있을것으로예상되어본연구에서는눈물구성성분중항 균력을가지고있는단백질성분을렌즈에침착시킨후흡착된균수를측정하여보았다. 단백질의침착은렌즈의재질중 FDA그룹 IV의렌즈에서다른그룹의렌즈들보다 10배가넘는단백질이침착되며 Suwala M 등 [22] 은강한양전하를띄는라이소자임의침착이가장많으며, 반대로음전하를띄는알부민의침착은적다고보고하였다. 본연구에서 FDA그룹 IV인 etafilcon A 재질의렌즈에 hilafilcon B와 nelfilcon A 재질에침착된단백질양의 10배가넘는단백질이침착되는것을알수있었다. 이러한눈물단백질의침착은오히려콘택트렌즈에흡착되는포도상구균수의감소를초래하였으며, 이것은눈물단백질의항균력에의한것으로보인다. 그러나, 침착된단백질양과항균력이나타나는정도에차이가있었다. 즉, 침착된눈물단백질의양과항균력이나타나는정도가비례하여나타나지않았다. 이러한결과는소프트콘택트렌즈 pore 속으로들어간눈물단백질의항균력이발현되지않았거나소프트콘택트렌즈표면특성의차이에의해눈물단백질의항균력에영향을주어나타났을가능성이있을것으로보인다. 본연구에서는소프트콘택트렌즈표면특성에의한눈물단백질의항균력변화에초점을맞춰연구를진행하였으며, 전기영동법결과에서 etafilcon A 재질에침착된단백질은대부분이라이소자임이며렌즈종류에따라침착량차이가있다는것을확인할수있었다. 또한, 눈물단백질을침착시킨후 PBS 용액에서 soaking 시키면서소프트콘택트렌즈의표면특성에따라눈물단백질변성정도에차이가있는지를분석하였다. Sariri R 등 [23] 은단백질이안정성을가지고있지만구조적변화를거치게되면그기능을잃게된다고보고하였다. Norde W [24] 는침착된단백질은삼차구조와이차구조
8 116 So Hyun Park, Ill-suk Park, So Ra Kim, and Mijung Park 를잃게되어변성이되는데생물학적기능도잃게된다고하였고, Subbaraman LN 등 [25] 보고에의하면콘택트렌즈에부착된라이소자임은항균력을갖지않는다고하였지만, Suwala M 등 [22] 은 FDA그룹 IV인 etafilcon A 재질에침착된라이소자임은 14일이지난후에도 90% 이상의생물학적기능을한다고보고하였고, FDA그룹 Ⅱ에서는 7일에 40~60% 정도의라이소자임의활성도가남아있다고보고한바있는것처럼연구마다다소상이한결과가보고되었다. 본연구에서는동일재질렌즈라도습윤제함유여부나착색여부에따라서도눈물단백질에의한항균력유지기간이다른것으로나타나소프트콘택트렌즈재질의미세한재질특성차이에의해서도눈물단백질의활성이달라질가능성이있음을알수있었다. 결론 콘택트렌즈의재질에따른포도상구균의흡착은 etafilcon A 재질에서가장많으며, hilafilcon B, nelfilcon A 순으로나타난것으로보아고함수, 이온성인렌즈가고함수, 비이온성인렌즈보다포도상구균의흡착이더잘되는것을알수있었다. 또한, 고함수, 비이온성인 hilafilcon B 재질과 nelfilcon A 재질에서의균흡착량에서도차이가있어동일재질에서도중합된모노머의종류혹은표면의특성에따라균의흡착량이다를수있음을알수있었다. Etafilcon A 재질써클렌즈와습윤제가함유된 etafilcon A 재질써클렌즈비교에서습윤제가함유된 etafilcon A 재질에흡착량이적어습윤제로인한균흡착차이가있었다. 투명렌즈와써클렌즈의흡착된균수비교에서는 etafilcon A 재질중써클렌즈에균의흡착량이가장많았고, hilafilcon B, nelfilcon A 재질의경우투명렌즈에서의균의흡착량이많았다. 투명부와착색부로구분하여비교하였을경우착색부보다투명부에흡착된면적당균수가많아균의흡착은착색제로인한거칠기보다렌즈의재질에영향을많이받음을알수있었다. 인공눈물침착후항균단백질의항균력으로인해렌즈에흡착된균의수는감소하였으며, 렌즈에침착된항균단백질은시간이경과함에따라침착량과항균력이감소하여결과적으로렌즈에흡착된균수증가를초래하였다. 인공눈물침착후렌즈에흡착된균수의증가는재질마다차이가있었으며, etafilcon A 재질에서침착후 28일경과하였을경우, hilaiflcon B 재질에서는침착후 7일경과하였을경우, nelfilcon A 재질에서는침착후 14일경과하였을경우에인공눈물에침착전과비슷한수의균이흡착되었다. 이를통하여소프트콘택트렌즈재질특성에따라서침착되는눈물단백질량의차이뿐아니라침착된 눈물단백질의활성도에도차이가있음을밝혔다. 감사의글 본연구는 2016년도서울과학기술대학교교내학술연구비로수행되었습니다. REFERENCES [1] Korean Optometric Association. Contact lens market conditions in the first half of 2015, or.kr/cate_03/eopticnews.asp?nmode=view&onsseq=2686& search_type=4(2 December 2015). [2] Ruben M, Guillon M. Contact lens practice, 1st Ed. London: Chapman & Hall, 1994: [3] Kim JH, Song JS, Hyon JY, Chung SK, Kim TJ. A survey of contact lens-related complications in Korea: the Korean contact lens study society. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2014;55(1): [4] Choi HJ, Yum JH, Lee JH, Lee DH, Kim JH. Clinical features and compliance in patients with cosmetic contact lensrelated complications. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2014;55(10): [5] Boost M, Poon KC, Cho P. Contamination risk of reusing daily disposable contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(12): [6] Ma KJ, Lee KJ. Contact lens, 1st Ed. Seoul: Daihakseolim, 1995: [7] Singh S, Satani D, Patel A, Vhankade R. Colored cosmetic contact lenses: an unsafe trend in the younger generation. Cornea. 2012;31(7): [8] Michaud L, Giasson CJ. Overwear of contact lenses: increased severity of clinical signs as a function of protein adsorption. Optom Vis Sci. 2002;79(3): [9] Lee DK, Choi SK, Song KY. Clinical survey of corneal complications associated with contact lens wear. J Korean Opthalmol Soc. 1994;35(8): [10] Green M, Apel A, Stapleton F. Risk factors and causative organisms in microbial keratitis. Cornea. 2008;27(1): [11] Yoder JS, Verani J, Heidman N, Hoppe-Bauer J, Alfonso EC, Miller D et al. Acanthamoeba keratitis: the persistence of cases following a multistate outbreak. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2012;19(4): [12] Tuli SS, Iyer SA, Driebe WT Jr. Fungal keratitis and contact lenses: an old enemy unrecognized or a new nemesis on the block?. Eye Contact Lens. 2007;33(6 Pt 2): [13] Ladage PM, Jester JV, Petroll WM, Bergmanson JP, Cavanagh HD. Role of oxygen in corneal epithelial homeostasis during extended contact lens wear. Eye Contact Lens. 2003;29(1):S2-S6. [14] Park M, Kwon MJ, Hyun SH, Kim DS. The adsorption
9 The Deposition of Tear Constituents and Adherence of Staphylococcus aureus on Soft Contact Lenses 117 pattern of protein to the soft contact lens and its effect on the visible light transmission and the contact angle. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2004;9(1): [15] Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951;193(1): [16] Kodjikian L, Casoli-Bergeron E, Malet F, Janin-Manificat H, Freney J, Burillon C et al. Bacterial adhesion to conventional hydrogel and new silicone-hydrogel contact lens materials. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008; 246(2): [17] Fleiszig SM, Evans DJ, Mowrey-McKee MF, Payor R, Zaidi TS, Vallas V et al. Factors affecting Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion to contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci. 1996;73(9): [18] OnurdaFK, Ozkan S, Ozgen S, OlmuH, Abbasolu U. Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion on soft contact lenses. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011;249(4): [19] Bruinsma GM, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Bacterial adhesion to surface hydrophilic and hydrophobic contact lenses. Biomaterials. 2001;22(24): [20] Giraldez MJ, Resua CG, Lira M, Oliveira ME, Magarios B, Toranzo AE et al. Contact lens hydrophobicity and roughness effects on bacterial adhesion. Optom Vis Sci. 2010; 87(6):E426-E431. [21] Chan KY, Cho P, Boost M. Microbial adherence to cosmetic contact lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2014;37(4): [22] Suwala M, Glasier MA, Subbaraman LN, Jones L. Quantity and conformation of lysozyme deposited on conventional and silicone hydrogel contact lens materials using an in vitro model. Eye Contact Lens. 2007;33(3): [23] Sariri R, Tighe B. Effect of surface chemistry on protein interaction with hydrogel contact lenses. Iran Polym J. 1996;5(4): [24] Norde W. Adsorption of proteins from solution at the solid-liquid interface. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 1986;25(4): [25] Subbaraman LN, Borazjani R, Zhu H, Zhao Z, Jones L, Willcox MD. Influence of protein deposition on bacterial adhesion to contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(8): 소프트콘택트렌즈재질과착색에따른눈물성분침착과포도상구균흡착의상관관계 박소현, 박일석, 김소라, 박미정 * 서울과학기술대학교, 안경광학과, 서울 투고일 (2016 년 5 월 9 일 ), 수정일 (2016 년 5 월 26 일 ), 게재확정일 (2016 년 6 월 9 일 ) 목적 : 본연구에서는소프트콘택트렌즈의재질특성과착색여부가눈물성분이침착된소프트콘택트렌즈의포도상구균흡착에미치는영향을알아보았다. 방법 : Etafilcon A, hilafilcon B, nelfilcon A 재질의투명소프트콘택트렌즈 ( 이하투명렌즈 ) 와써클소프트콘택트렌즈 ( 이하써클렌즈 ) 를대상으로하여인공눈물에침착시키기전과후의흡착균수를측정하였다. 또한, 전기영동법을통해인공눈물의침착경과시간에따른눈물단백질의변성정도를측정하였다. 결과 : 포도상구균의흡착은콘택트렌즈재질에따라통계적으로유의하게차이가있었다. 투명렌즈와써클렌즈의균흡착양상에차이가있어 etafilcon A 재질에서는써클렌즈의균흡착량이다소많았지만, hilafilcon B 및 nelfilcon A 재질에서는써클렌즈에흡착된균수가각각투명렌즈의 89.3%, 71.3% 였다. 눈물단백질이침착되었을경우흡착된균의수가감소하였으며감소정도는재질에따라차이가있어 etafilcon A 재질투명소프트콘택트렌즈에서가장감소정도가컸다. 이러한눈물단백질의항균효과는눈물단백질이소프트콘택트렌즈에침착된시간이경과될수록감소하였으며침착된라이소자임의양역시감소하였다. 또한, 항균효과의감소및라이소자임양의감소가콘택트렌즈재질특성및착색여부에따라달라졌다. 결론 : 본연구를통하여소프트콘택트렌즈의재질및착색여부에의해포도상구균의흡착량이달라지며, 착색여부보다렌즈의재질특성이균의흡착에많은영향을주는것을밝혔다. 또한소프트콘택트렌즈에침착된항균단백질의변성정도가렌즈재질및착색여부에따라달라지며이러한결과가균의흡착량에영향을미친다는것을확인하였다. 주제어 : 투명소프트콘택트렌즈, 써클소프트콘택트렌즈, 재질, 착색, 포도상구균, 눈물단백질, 라이소자임, 전기영동
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