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1 online ML Comm 0CLINICAL ARTICLE0 J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc 2007;3:77-81 ISSN 년간두부손상후급성경막외혈종으로수술을시행받은환자의발생률과발생원인에대한고찰 가천의과학대학교길병원신경외과학교실 정재원 이상구 김대용 김영보 박찬우 A Seven-Year Analysis of Incidence and Cause in Patients Underwent Surgical Evacuation of an Epidural Hematoma after Head Injury Jae-Won Jung, MD, Sang-Gu Lee, MD, Dae-Yong Kim, MD, Young-Bo Kim, MD and Chan Woo Park, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze change of annual incidence and causing factors in patients underwent surgical evacuation of an epidural hematoma (EDH) after head injury. Methods: This study comprised 284 patients with EDH who underwent surgery between January 2000 and December We analyzed retrospectively change of annual incidence, causes and outcome by means of medical records and radiologic study. Results: The overall incidence of surgical EDH patients among traumatic brain injury patients was 6.7%. The peak incidence of surgical EDH was in the year 2002, and the lowest incidence was in The causes of EDH were traffic-related accidents, falling from a height, ground-level falls, collisions, assaults, and unknowns, which accounted for 39.1%, 19.4%, 19.7%, 2.8%, 3.5% and 15.5%, respectively. The peak incidence of EDH was in the fifth decade, and the mean age of patients was 37.6 years of age. Glasgow coma scale (GCS) was identified as a significant factor determining outcome at 6 months. Conclusion: The overall incidence of surgical EDH have decreased, probably because of intensive efforts toward creation and growth of injury prevention programs. But traffic-related accidents have been still main cause, and further reductions will require new research for pedestrian hit by a car. (J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc 2007;3:77-81) KEY WORDS: Epidural hematoma Craniotomy Incidence Head injury. 서 론 급성경막외혈종 (acute epidural hematoma) 은혈종이두개골의내면과경막사이에형성되는경우를말한다. 두부손상후에발생하는외상성뇌출혈을진단하는데에컴퓨터뇌단층촬영이도입된이후전체두부외상중 2.7% 에서 4% 까지차지하고, 호발연령은두부외상을많이받는젊은남자이며 60세이상의노인층이나유아에서는드물게발생한다. 3,5,10,18) Address for correspondence: Sang-Gu Lee, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Gil Medical Center, 1198 Guwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon , Korea Tel: , Fax: samddal@gilhospital.com 발생기전을보면외력이두개골에가해지면힘을가장많이받은부위를중심으로두개골이순간적으로내측으로휘면서변형되므로뇌경막이두개골과분리된다. 이때발생된선상골절로인하여경막동맥이나정맥, 판간층정맥및정맥동등이파열을일으켜이미두개골과분리된뇌경막외강에혈종을형성하게된다. 출혈이동맥손상에기인된경우동맥압력에의하여경막이두개골내판에서박리되어상당량의혈종이형성되고이혈종으로혈관이압박되어지혈이될때까지혈종이계속커질수있어응급수술을하지않으면사망할수있다. 4) 최근에외상성두부손상환자에서환영할만한변화는심한두부손상의발생률이점진적으로감소하고있다는것이다. 10,18) 또한다른최근의변화는과거에비해중년이상에서두부손상의발생률이증가하고있다는것이다. 19) Copyright c 2007 Journal of Korean Neurotraumatology Society 77
2 Incidence and Causes of EDH 외상성두부손상중에서급성경막외혈종의발생원인은크게교통사고와관련된경우, 낙상, 구타가있는데교통사고와관련된경우가가장많은원인을차지하고있다. 1,9,11,17) 본연구에서는심한두부손상의한부분인급성경막외혈종으로최근 7년간본원신경외과에입원하여수술을시행한환자를대상으로발생률과발생원인을조사하여그변화의요인을알아보고자한다. 대상및방법 2000년 1월부터 2006년 12월까지 7년간두부외상으로본원에내원한환자는 4,233 명이었다. 두부외상은두부에가해진외력에의하여두개외부의연조직과두개골이나두개내의뇌에발생하는손상을포함했다. 이들중급성경막외혈종으로수술을시행한 284명 (6.7%) 의환자들을대상으로하였다. 수술의적응증은환자의 glasgow coma scale (GCS) 과상관없이급성경막외혈종의양이 30 cm 3 를넘는경우에수술을시행하였으며, 만약급성경막외혈종양이 30 cm 3 이하이고두께가 15 mm 이하이며 midline shifting 이 5 mm 이하인경우는연속적인컴퓨터뇌단층촬영과신경학적관찰을통하여악화되는소견이보이면수술을시행하였다. 2) 수술방법은혈종제거술을포함한개두술이나골절제술을시행하였는데환자의컴퓨터뇌단층촬영소견과임상증상에따라개두술이나골절제술을선택하여수술을시행하였다. 이환자들을대상으로각연도와나이에따른발생분포, 발생원인, 임상증상, 수술후예후등을후향적으로조사, 분석하였다. 임상증상은 GCS, 동공이상, 동반된두개골내손상을조사하였고, 수술후예후는 GCS, glasgow outcome scale (GOS) 7,16) 을통하여조사하였다. GCS는응급실내원시혹은수술전시행한것으로하였고, GOS score 는수술 6개월이상지난후시행한것으로하였다. 통계학적분석방법은 unpaired Student s t-test를이용하여비교, 분석하였다. 통계학적유의성을위하여 p< 0.05 인경우를의미있는차이로규정하였다. 결과 외상성급성경막외혈종으로개두술이나골절제술을시행한 284명의환자중남자는 241명이고여자는 43 명이었으며남녀비는 5.6:1 이었다. 평균연령은 37.6 세 (1~78) 였다. 각연도의환자분포 2000 년 1월부터 2006 년 12월까지본병원에서외상성급성경막외혈종으로수술을시행한환자의연간평균환자수는 40.6명이었고, 환자분포를보면 2002년이 60 예로가장많았으며가장최근인 2006 년이 29예로가장적었다 (Figure 1). 최근으로올수록발생률은감소하는추세를보이고있었고통계학적으로의의가있었다 (p<0.05). 나이에따른환자분포평균연령은 세였고, 가장많이발생한연령대는 40대로 71예였으며 10세미만의소아나 60대, 70대에서는비교적적게발생하였다 (Table 1). 이와같이많이발생한연령대는사회적으로활동이많은 30~40 대와관련이있었다. 발생원인급성경막외혈종으로수술한환자의수상원인으로교통사고와관련이있는경우, 높은곳에서의낙상, 지면높이에서넘어져발생한수상, 충돌, 폭행과원인불명등이있었다. 각각 39.1%, 19.4%, 19.7%, 2.8%, 3.5%, 15.5% 를차지하였다. 교통사고와관련된경우가 111예 (39.1%) Patients Years FIGURE 1. Annual numbers of patients underwent surgical evacuation of an epidural hematoma (EDH) after head injury. TABLE 1. Number of patients in relation to years and ages Total Total J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc 2007;3:77-81
3 Jae-Won Jung, et al. 로가장많았는데, 그중보행자로차에수상받은경우가 52예로가장흔하였으며. 이는차내수상한경우 (24예 ) 보다현저하게많았다. 2001년외에는모든연도에서보행자로차에수상받은경우가가장큰원인을차지하고있었다. 구타나충돌은각각 10예와 8예로적었고원인불명인경우가 44예를차지하였다 (Table 2). 임상증상수술을시행한 284 예중 108 예 (38.0%) 는응급실이나수술직전에시행한 GCS는 3~5점이었고 105예 (36.9%) 는 6~8 점이었으며 71예 (25.0%) 는 9점이상이었다. 동공비대칭, 고정, 확장과같은동공이상은수술한환자중 42.2% 에서관찰되었다. 수술후나쁜예후를가져온경우의동공을조사해보니 30.7% 에서만정상의동공을보였으며 35.1% 에서는편측동공의확대나고정이, 25% 에서는양측동공의고정이나확대를보였다. 다른신경학적이상으로반신부전, 간질, 제뇌증, 병적반사등과같은국소적신경이상을관찰할수있었고신경학적으로아무런이상이없는경우는 14.0% 였다. 두개골내동반손상으로뇌경막하출혈, 뇌실질내출혈, 뇌지주막하출혈등이있었으며발생빈도는각각 14.7%, 10.2%, 7.3% 였고이중뇌경막하출혈이동반된경우의사망률이 37.5% 로가장높았다. 예후 7년간급성경막외혈종으로수술을시행한환자중사망한예는 25예였고사망률은 8.8% 였다. 사망원인으로는뇌부종, 재출혈, 감염이있었고, 각각 21예, 2예, 2예였다. GCS에따른사망률을보면, GCS가 3~5 사이일경우사망률이 19.4% 로가장높았고, GCS 가 6~8 사이인경우는 3.8%, GCS가 9 이상인경우의사망률은 2.8% 였다. GCS 가높을수록환자의사망률은낮았으며이는통계 학적으로의미가있었다 (p<0.05). GCS 9 이상으로사망한 2예의원인은모두폐렴에의한패혈증이었다 (Table 3). GOS는가능한모든환자를대상으로평균적으로수술후 10개월에시행되었다. GOS에따라예후가좋은군 (GOS 4, 5) 과나쁜군 (GOS 1~3) 으로나누고각발생원인에따라 odds ratio (GOS 4, 5 vs. GOS 1~3) 를구하였다. 각각의 odds ratio 는교통사고와관련이있는경우는 2.17, 높은곳에서의낙상은 4.50, 지면높이에서넘어져발생한수상이 1.07 로, 높은곳에서의낙상의경우가장예후가좋았고, 지면높이에서의넘어져발생한수상의경우가예후가가장불량하였으나통계학적의의는없었다 (p>0.05)(table 4). 교통사고와관련된경우의원인에따른 odds ratio는보행자로차에수상받은경우, 차내에서수상받은경우와오토바이운전자로수상받은경우각각 1.89 (p> 0.05), 1.67 (p<0.05), 2.89 (p>0.05) 로오토바이운전자로수상받은경우가예후가가장좋았고차내에서수상받은경우가예후가가장불량했다 (Table 4). 예후를판단하는데사용하는 GCS와 GOS의관계를알아보았다. 응급실내원시혹은수술전시행한 GCS 에따라환자군을나누고각각에따라수술 6개월이상지난후시행한 GOS의 odds ratio (GOS 4, 5 vs. GOS 1~3) 를구하였다. GCS가 3~5점인경우 odds ratio는 0.33 이었고, 6~8점인경우 odds ratio 는 2.89, 9~12 점인경우는 7, 13점이상인경우는 33이었다. GCS가높을수록 odds ratio 의값은높았으며모든경우에통계학적으로의미가있었다 (p<0.05)(table 5). TABLE 3. Effect of GCS on the mortality rate GCS 3-5* 6-8* >9* No. of death Motality rate(%) *significant difference at p<0.05. GCS: glasgow coma scale TABLE 2. Frequencies of trauma types Type of trauma Total Traffic-related accident Pedestrian hit by a car In-car TA Autobike TA Falling from a height Ground-level falls Collision Assault Unknowns Total TA: traffic accident 79
4 Incidence and Causes of EDH TABLE 4. GOS of patients in according to trauma types Trauma types GOS Traffic-related accident * OR p value Pedestrian hit by a car * In-car TA * Autobike TA * Ground-level falls * Falling from a height * *significant difference at p<0.05. GOS: glasgow outcome scale, OR: odds ratio (GOS 4-5 vs. GOS 1-3), TA: traffic accident TABLE 5. GOS of patients in according to GCS GCS GOS 고 찰 두부손상후에발생하는외상성뇌출혈을진단하는데에컴퓨터뇌단층촬영이도입된이후전체두부외상중급성경막외혈종이차지하는비율은 2.7~4% 까지보고되고있다. 3,5,10,18) Gennarelli 등은두부외상으로혼수상태를보이는환자중 9% 이상에서개두술이필요한급성경막외혈종이발견된다고보고하였다. 4) 급성경막외혈종의발생원인은교통사고와관련된경우가흔하고, 그외낙상, 구타가있다. 3,7,11,17) 특히소아에서는낙상이가장흔한원인이고, 그뒤를따르는것으로교통사고가알려져있다. 8,12,13) Hoyt 등은최근세계각국에서사고예방프로그램에집중적노력을기울인후과거에비해급성경막외혈종의발생률이점차감소하였다고보고하였는데, 6) 본연구에서도매년급성경막외혈종의발생률이감소하는경향을보여주었다. 이의주요한요인으로가장많은원인을차지하는교통사고관련된경우가감소한때문으로생각된다. 교통사고관련된 111 예를두기간으로나누어보면, 전반기가 72예였고후반기가 39예로현저히감소한것을알수있었다. 그러나보행자교통사고의경우는다른원인에비해현저하게많은것으로나타나앞으로보행자에대한사회기간시설확충과예방교육에더욱노력을기울여야할것으로생각된다. 나이에따른환자분포에대한다른문헌을살펴보면 OR p value * * * > * *significant difference at p<0.05. GCS: glasgow coma scale, GOS: glasgow outcome scale, OR: odds ratio (GOS 4-5 vs. GOS 1-3), TA: traffic accident 급성경막외혈종이가장많이발생하는연령대는 20대이다. 평균연령은 20~30 대로, 5O대와 60대이상에서는다른연령대와비교해서적게발생한다. 1,3,9,15) 소아에서의평균연령은 6~10 세이고 8,13) 유아나신생아시기에는매우드물게발생한다. 11,12) 본연구에서는 20~50 대까지의연령대에서다른연령대에비해환자분포가많았고, 평균연령은 37.6 세였다. 과거에발표된다른보고에비해많이발생하는연령이 40~50 대로확대되었으며평균연령이 20대에서 30대로높아졌다. 또과거에발표된보고와다른점은지면에서넘어져수상받은경우가 56예로두번째로많은원인을차지한점이다. 이경우나이분포를보면주로 40대이상에서발생했으며나이가증가할수록원인으로차지하는비율이커지는것을알수있었다. 따라서중년과노인이차지하는비율의증가와최근들어이들의사회활동이증가하고있다는점을요인으로생각할수있었다. 급성경막외혈종으로수술을시행한환자의예후를결정하는인자로 GCS, GOS, 나이, 동공이상, 연관된두개골내다른병변, 신경학적이상이발생한시간부터수술까지걸린시간, 뇌압상승정도를들수있다. 여러문헌에서급성경막외혈종으로응급실이나입원시에시행한 GCS 가예후를결정하는가장중요한인자가되고있다. 4,7,14,15) 급성경막외혈종으로수술을시행한환자의사망률은 7~ 12.5% 로보고되고있는데, 3,9) 소아의사망률은약 5% 정도로보고되었다. 10,12) 각발생원인에따른예후를보면지면높이에서넘어져수상받은경우가가장불량하였는데, 이환자군의평균연령은 52.4 세로다른원인에의한수상에비해높았다. 여러문헌의보고에의하면나이는수술을시행한급성격막외혈종의예후를결정하는중요한인자로보고있다. 4,7) 그러므로지면높이에서넘어져수상받은경우가가장예후가나쁜이유는나이와관련된요인때문이라생각된다. 교통사고과관련된경우중에차내에서수상받은경 80 J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc 2007;3:77-81
5 Jae-Won Jung, et al. 우가그중예후가불량하였다. 급성경막외혈종의발생기전은외력에의해두개골이직접적으로수상을받아경막동맥이나정맥, 판간층정맥및정맥동등이파열을일으켜이미두개골과분리된뇌경막외강에혈종을형성되는것으로차내에서수상받은경우는대부분고속손상 (high velocity injury) 이동반되어있다. 2,4) 고속손상과관련된급성경막하혈종과같은동반손상과경추부위에심한손상등을일으킬수있어, 4) 이로인하여차내에서수상받은경우예후가불량한것으로생각된다. GCS와 GOS의관계를보면, 응급실이나입원시에시행한 GCS가높을수록 GOS는양호하였다. 여러문헌에서도 GCS가수술을시행한급성경막외혈종의예후를결정하는가장중요한인자로보고되고있으며, 4,7,14,15) 본연구에서도위와일치하였다. 결론 급성경막외혈종의주요한이유는비록여전히교통사고가가장많은원인을차지하지만수술한환자의예가과거에비해감소한것을알수있었고, 이는교통사고관련사고의양적감소와관련되어있었다. 따라서교통사고관련사고감소의주요한요인으로사고예방프로그램에대한집중적노력과그로인한안전에대한사람들의인식변화를생각할수있었다. 또한과거에발표된다른보고에비해많이발생하는연령대가 40~50 대로, 30대이후로평균연령이높아졌다. 이는원인으로인구분포에서중년과노인이차지하는비율의증가와최근들어이들의사회활동이증가하고있다는점을생각할수있다. 가장많은원인을차지하는교통사고중에차내사고는많이감소하였으나보행중에수상받는경우는여전히많은부분을차지하고있다. 또한지면에서넘어져수상받는경우가노인인구에서증가하고있다. 그러므로이부분에대해한층더적극적인예방프로그램을개발하여노력을기울인다면외상으로인한두부손상을더욱감소시킬수있을것으로생각된다. 중심단어 : 경막외혈종 발생률 발병원인 두부손상. REFERENCES 1) Bricolo AP, Pasut LM. Extradural hematoma: toward zero mortality. A prospective study. Neurosurgery 14:8-12, ) Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, Gordon D, Hartl R, Newell DW, et al. Surgical management of acute epidural hematomas. Neurosurgery 58(3 suppl):s7-15, ) Cordobés F, Lobato RD, Rivas JJ, Muñoz MJ, Chillón D, Portillo JM, et al. Observations on 82 patients with extradural hematoma. Comparison of results before and after the advent of computerized tomography. J Neurosurg 54: , ) Gennarelli TA, Spielman GM, Langfitt TW, Gildenberg PL, Harrington T, Jane JA, et al. Influence of the type of intracranial lesion on outcome from severe head injury. J Neurosurg 56:26-32, ) Gupta SK, Tandon SC, Mohanty S, Asthana S, Sharma S. Bilateral traumatic extradural haematomas: report of 12 cases with a review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 94: , ) Hoyt DB, Coimbra R, Potenza B, Doucet J, Fortlage D, Holingsworth-Fridlund P, et al. A twelve-year analysis of disease and provider complications on an organized level I trauma service: as good as it gets? J Trauma 54:26-37, ) Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 1: , ) Kuday C, Uzan M, Hanci M. Statistical analysis of the factors affecting the outcome of extradural haematomas: 115 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 131: , ) Ben Abraham R, Lahat E, Sheinman G, Feldman Z, Barzilai A, Harel R, et al. Metabolic and clinical markers of prognosis in the era of CT imaging in children with acute epidural hematomas. Pediatr Neurosurg 33:70-75, ) Lee EJ, Hung YC, Wang LC, Chung KC, Chen HH. Factors influencing the functional outcome of patients with acute epidural hematomas: analysis of 200 patients undergoing surgery. J Trauma 45: , ) Maggi G, Aliberti F, Petrone G, Ruggiero C. Extradural hematomas in children. J Neurosurg Sci 42:95-99, ) Mohanty A, Kolluri VR, Subbakrishna DK, Satish S, Mouli BA, Das BS. Prognosis of extradural haematomas in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 23:57-63, ) Pillay R, Peter JC. Extradural haematomas in children. S Afr Med J 85: , ) Schutzman SA, Barnes PD, Mantello M, Scott RM. Epidural hematomas in children. Ann Emerg Med 22: , ) Uzan M, Yentür E, Hanci M, Kaynar MY, Kafadar A, Sarioglu AC, et al. Is it possible to recover from uncal herniation? Analysis of 71 head injured cases. J Neurosurg Sci 42:89-94, ) Valadka AB, Robertson CS. Surgery of cerebral trauma and associated critical care. Neurosurgery 61(suppl):SHC , ) van den Brink WA, Zwienenberg M, Zandee SM, van der Meer L, Maas AI, Avezaat CJ. The prognostic importance of the volume of traumatic epidural and subdural haematomas revisited. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 141: , ) Wester K. Decompressive surgery for pure epidural hematomas: does neurosurgical expertise improve the outcome? Neurosurgery 44: , ) Wu JJ, Hsu CC, Liao SY, Wong YK. Surgical outcome of traumatic intracranial hematoma at a regional hospital in Taiwan. J Trauma 47:39-43,
KISEP Clinical Research J Korean Neurosurg Soc , 2000 급성경막하혈종에서응급두개골천공의위치 문수현 김근회 권택현 박윤관 정흥섭 서중근 = Abstract = Emergency Trephination Site o
KISEP Clinical Research J Korean Neurosurg Soc 29659-663, 2000 급성경막하혈종에서응급두개골천공의위치 = bstract = Emergency Trephination Site of cute Subdural Hematoma Soo-Hyeon Moon, M.D., Geun-Hoe Kim, M.D., Taek-Hyun
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