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1 w» wz, 13«2y(2011) Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2011), pp. 87~92 DOI: /KJAFM Author(s) CC Attribution 3.0 License. Ÿ y ù d w 1 Áy 2 Á w 1 Á x 1 Á 1 Á 3 Á y 4 Á½ 2 * 1 w» w / y, 2 w Á lœw, 3 w, 4 w ( ; ; ) On Estimating Interception Storage Capacity of Litter Layer at Gwangneung Deciduous Forest Minseok Kang 1, Je-woo Hong 2, Hayoung Bong 1, Hye Mi Jang 1, Myung Je Choi 1, Yoo Hee Jang 3, Jeong Hwa Cheon 4 and Joon Kim 2 * 1 Global Environment Laboratory & Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul , Korea 2 Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul , Korea 3 Department of Premedicine, Yonsei University, Seoul , Korea 4 Division of Forest Conservation, Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul , Korea (Received March 11, 2011; Revised June 20, 2011; Accepted June 23, 2011) ABSTRACT In order to better understand the role of litter layer on hydrological cycle in forest, we estimated the interception storage capacity of the litter layer at Gwangneung deciduous forest. We first made a thickness map of the litter layer at the study site based on field survey and then collected representative litter samples for the laboratory experiment. We constructed a measurement device consisting of sample tray, drain collector, tipping bucket, and a data logger. Using this device, we examined the relationship between the interception storage capacity (C i ) and the thickness (d) of the litter layer. For the range of d from 25 to 100 mm, there was a simple linear relationship between C i and d, which changed with the intensity of the simulated rain. The results were extrapolated to d smaller than 25 mm by considering that no interception occurs without litter layer. Overall, C i increased rapidly when d was low (< 25 mm) but the rate of increase decreased as d increased due to clumping. With an average thickness of 59 mm, the estimated C i at the site was 0.94 (±0.39) mm. Such an interception storage capacity of the litter layer is comparable to that of the forest canopy, suggesting that the litter layer can play an important role in the forest water cycle. Key words: Interception storage capacity, Litter layer, Thickness map, Laboratory experiment, Deciduous forest I. ù d m t, t ù ù m ƒ m ƒ w. ù d w w.,, m, w dw ( = m w ) w w (, Kim et al., 2005). * Corresponding Author : Joon Kim (joon@snu.ac.kr)
2 88 Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 13, No. 2 달리 낙엽층의 차단강우량의 경우, 낙엽층과 토양층 사 이 공간이 거의 없어 통과우와 수간류를 관측하기 어렵 고, 낙엽층의 공간 변이(예, 낙엽층의 두께, 구성 성분 등)가 크기 때문에 물수지 방법을 이용하기가 어렵다. 차단강우량은 차단된 강우가 강우 종료까지 증발된 양과, 강우 종료 후 남아있는 것이 증발한 양으로 나 눌 수 있는데, 임상(forest floor)에서는 바람이 매우 약하기 때문에 전자가 차지하는 비중은 후자에 비해 매우 작다는 것을 유추할 수 있다. 후자의 경우, 낙엽 층이 최대로 차단할 수 있는 강우량인 차단저류능(즉, 식생이나 낙엽의 투영 면적에 대해 최대로 저장될 수 있는 물의 부피)에 의해 결정되며, 따라서 산림 유역 의 물순환에서 낙엽층의 역할을 평가할 때, 낙엽층의 차단강우량을 직접 산정하는 대신에 차단저류능을 산 정하는 방법이 보다 유효하다. 우리나라에서는 군락에서의 차단 강우에 대한 연구 에 비해 낙엽층에서의 차단 강우에 대한 연구는 크게 관심을 받지 못했다. 실제 야외에서 해당지역의 식생 밀도, 식생구조, 지형, 미생물에 의한 분해 정도에 따 라 낙엽층의 두께나 구조 등이 다를 수 있기 때문에, 낙엽층 차단저류능의 공간변이성은 일반적으로 매우 크 다. 따라서 해당지역의 차단저류능을 평가하고자 할 때, 낙엽층의 차단저류능과 관계 있는 물리적 특성(예, 낙엽 의 두께)을 조사한 후, 실내에서 실험을 통해 낙엽층의 물리적 특성과 차단저류능 간의 관계를 도출한 뒤, 두 결과를 종합하는 방법이 사용된다. 이와 같은 방법으로 수행된 외국의 선행연구결과에 따르면 낙엽층의 차단저 류능은 유칼립투스(Eucalyptus rossii and Eucalyptus mannifera) 숲에서 0.91~1.30mm, 라디아타 소나무 (Pinus radiata) 숲에서 0.54~1.54mm로서, 물순환 과정 에서 낙엽층 역할의 중요성을 강조하고 있다(Putuhena 엽층의 차단저류능을 산정하였다. II. 재료 및 방법 연구지역 연구지역인 광릉 활엽수림은 경기도 포천시 소흘읍 소재 국립 수목원의 광릉 소유역(37 45'N, 'E) 에 위치한다(Fig. 1). 복잡 지형에 위치한 다양한 식 생이 혼재 되어 있는 자연림으로 우세목은 졸참나무 (Quercus serrata)와 서어나무(Carpinus laxiflora)이고, 평균임령은 80~200년, 임분평균수고는 약 18m, 최대 식생면적지수(plant area index, PAI)는 여름에 약 6 이다. 연구지역의 입목밀도는 1,473trees ha, 흉고단 면적합은 28m ha 이며, 평년 기온은 11.3 C, 평년 강수량은 1,365mm이다(Lim et al., 2003). 광릉 활 엽수림의 연간 낙엽낙지량은 5,627kg ha yr 으로 이중 순수한 엽량은 총 낙엽낙지량의 61%를 차지하고, 졸참나무 엽량이 전체 엽량의 73%, 서어나무가 15% 를 차지한다(Kim et al., 2003). 연구지역의 토양 깊 이는 0.4~0.8m이며, 주 토성은 미사질양토이다 o 2 o 실험 방법 낙엽층 두께 조사와 지도 작성 산림 토양 위의 유기물층은 그 분해 정도에 따라 낙엽층(litter layer), 낙엽분해층(fermented layer), 부 식층(humus layer)으로 나뉘는데, 본 연구에서는 거의 분해되지 않은 낙엽 낙지와 초본의 유체로 구성되어 and Cordery, 1996; Crockford and Richardson, 2000). 우리 나라의 경우, 인공조림 이후 산림의 관리가 제대 로 이뤄지지 못한 것을 주 원인으로 하여 낙엽층 두께 가 증가하고 있는 상황을 고려하면, 물 순환에 미치는 낙엽층의 역할 규명이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 광릉 활엽수림의 물 순환 과정에서 낙엽층의 역할을 이해하기 위한 예비 실험으로 활엽수 림 일부 지역에 대해, (1) 낙엽층 두께의 공간 분포를 조사하여 낙엽층 두께 지도를 작성하였고, (2) 낙엽층 을 채집한 뒤, 실험실에서 강우 모의를 통해 차단저류 능을 평가하고, (3) 두 결과를 종합하여 해당지역 낙 o Fig. 1. Location of the experimental site.
3 Kang et al.: On Estimating Interception Storage Capacity of Litter Layer at Gwangneung Deciduous Forest 89 ù d w. ù d Ì y ü m w w. k ƒ sw. ù d Ì 5m 341 d w. ù d t š w» ƒ w Ì 10mm š, w d w. ƒ d w ù d Ì w ù d Ì ƒ x yw ƒ w, š (contour map) ùkü sƒ sƒ x w ù ù w, x m j» t w (Fig. 2). t w w. ù d t Ì x š w, 25mm 100mm¾ 25mm 4 Ì w, ƒ Ì 3 x w, x ù d t w. ù ù e šw t x w w w. x t d wš, w ù 1L( y 4mm) t l ( 3 )¾» z t d w w w. w, y y» w (1L)» ƒ ü w y w 4 Ì w 1z x ww. ƒ x x 8mm min,» x 0.8mm min. t ù (TE525, Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA) w dw,»(cr5000, Campbell Scientific Inc.) w w. III. š Fig. 2. Experimental set-up for estimating the interception storage capacity of the litter sample ù d œ t xy ù d Ì 0~150mm Fig. 3. Thickness of the litter layer at the study area.
4 90 Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 13, No. 2 d (Fig. 3). s³ Ì 59Û32mm, ù d w k w s³ Ì 64Û28mm. ù d Ì (coefficient of variation) 50% ù d Ì œ f. ù d 16kg m 3, ù d Ì y w ù d 944Û512g m 2. Lim et al.(2003) x Ÿ y ù d k 560g C m 2 š, ù k w ù ƒw, w ew ù t x mw ü ù t ù t ̃ 25mm, 0.63Û0.03mm, 50mm, 0.87Û0.04mm, 75mm, 1.19Û0.04mm, 100mm, 1.37Û0.07mm. w (, Putuhena and Cordery, 1996) ƒ ù t ̃ ƒw x ƒw (Fig. 4a). ù t ̃ 1mm(y ù d ƒ 16g m 2 ) ƒw 0.01mmƒ ƒw. x t Ì ƒ 25mm w t eƒ w. ù ù w 0mm, ù d ̃ 25mm w x ƒ w. ù d 0~25mm, ù d Ì ƒ w ƒƒ Fig. 4. Relationship between interception storage capacity and thickness of the litter sample for rain (8 mm min ) (a) and drizzle (0.8 mm min ) (b). Fig. 5. Interception storage capacity of the litter layer at the study site.
5 Kang et al.: On Estimating Interception Storage Capacity of Litter Layer at Gwangneung Deciduous Forest 91 û w. w w x ƒ 10mm Ì ùkû y w (Putuhena and Cordery, 1996).» w ƒ ü y w x, x z w rƒ 0.71 x 2 x ƒ û ùkû (Fig. 4b)., (, Massman, 1983; Eagleson, 1980). x z w x r m 2 w, ù w y w. ù d Ì x, ù d ̃ y(,», ù ) ù, ƒ w y x. yw w» w 25mm û Ì w ƒ x w x v w. Ÿ y, ù d ̃ 10mm w w» ù d w x j w ù d ù d Ì x sƒ ( x x ) m w ù d s³ 0.94mm, t r 0.39mm ùkû (Fig. 5). w Putuhena and Cordery(1996)ƒ e n ( 960trees ha, {š w 21.1m 2 ha, ù d 898g m ) ù d mm, k ù ( 1,024trees ha, {š w 27.4m 2 ha, ù d 2,053g m ) 1.54mm 2 šw š, Crockford and Richardson(2000) e n ( 1,525trees ha, {š w 34.1m 2 ha, ù d 1,055g m ) 2 1.3mm, k ù ( 1,708trees ha, {š w 35.1m 2 ha, ù d 400g m ) mm šw. IV. ù ù ƒ Ÿ y ù d y e w ww» w ù d w. Ÿ y ù d Ì s³ 59Û 32mm, ù d Ì x ù ùkû. ù d Ì ù d Ì mw w ù d 0.94Û0.39mm. ù d ù d Ì w (PAI) w. (mm) 0.2 PAI (Dickinson, 1984) w š w, Ÿ y ù d(s³ Ì 59Û32mm) w. w, w 20mm ƒ ü y ù d sy š š (Crockford and Richardson, 2000). Ÿ y w w 10%(2mm) š w, ù d w w 4.5% 0.9mm w 14.5% w. Ÿ y w ù e n (ù d 898g m mm) w ù d ( 7%) ( 15%) (Putuhena and Cordery, 2000). z x(, de Groen and Savenije, 2006) y w, Ÿ y ù d w w v ƒ. z, ww w 25mm w ù d Ì x x y w ù d k y e w ù d w š w k y yw y e w w ƒ w. Ÿ y y
6 92 Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 13, No. 2 ù d w ww» w ù d w. ù d Ì œ s w ù d Ì w, ù d Ì y wš ù t w x ww. 25~100mm Ì ù t w x, x ƒ w y w. ù d 0~25mm Ì ù d Ì ƒ w ƒƒ ù x. w ƒ w ù d Ì x ƒ j ùk ú y w. ù d Ì ù d Ì mw w ù d s³ 0.94±0.39mm. ù d(s³ Ì 59±32mm) w j»ƒ w, ù d Ÿ y y w w w. 21» v p y» ( y:1-8-3) w y y w» k w A3 Foresight v w. w mw t Ì. REFERENCES Crockford, R. H., and D. P. Richardson, 2000: Partitioning of rainfall into throughfall, stemflow and interception: effect of forest type, ground cover and climate. Hydrological Processes 14, de Groen, M. M., and H. H. G. Savenije, 2006: A monthly interception equation based on the statistical characteristics of daily rainfall. Water Resources Research 42, W12417, doi: /2006wr Dickinson, R. E., 1984: Modelling evapotranspiration for three dimensional global climate models. Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity, J. E. Hansen and T. Takahashi (Eds.), American Geophysical Union, Eagleson, P. S., 1978: Climate, soil and vegetation. 2: The distribution of annual precipitation derived from observed storm sequences. Water Resources Research 14, Kim, C., J. H. Lim, and J. H. Shin, 2003: Nutrient dynamics in litterfall and decomposing leaf litter at the Kwangneung Deciduous Broad-Leaved Natural Forest. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 5, Kim, K., J. Jun, J. Yoo, and Y. Jeong, 2005: Troughfall, stemflow and interception loss of the natural old-growth deciduous and planted young coniferous in Gwangneung and the rehabilitated young mixed Forest in Yangju, Gyeonggido(I)G with a special reference on the results of measurement. Journal of Korean Forest Society 94, (in Korean with English abstract) Lim, J. H., J. H. Shin, G. Z. Jin, J. H. Chun, and J. S. Oh, 2003: Forest Stand Structure, Site Characteristics and Carbon Budget of the Kwangneung Natural Forest in Korea. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 5, Massman, W. J., 1983: The derivation and validation of a new model for the interception of rainfall by forests. Agricultural Meteorology 28, Putuhena, W. M., and I. Cordery, 1996: Estimation of interception capacity of the forest floor. Journal of Hydrology 180, Putuhena, W. M., and I. Cordery, 2000: Some hydrological effects of changing forest cover from eucalypts to pinus radiate. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 100,
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