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1 w w m y wz Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 43~51, 2008 œ Ÿ ü w» p ½ 1 Á ûe 1 *Á 1 Áyk 1 Á½ 2 1 w l w, 2 w» w Periodic Variation of Water Table at a Headwater Catchment in the Gwangneung Ecohydrological Research Site Yu-lee Kim 1 ÁNam C. Woo 1 *ÁSangduck Lee 1 ÁTae-Kyung Hong 1 ÁJoon Kim 2 1 Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University 2 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University ABSTRACT Periodic fluctuation of water levels were analyzed for their causes and effects on groundwater movement. Groundwater levels were monitored from two shallow monitoring wells, G1 and G4, located at a headwater catchment in the Gwangneung Ecohydrological Research Site using pressure transducers with automatic data-loggers by five-minute interval from February to October, The water table fluctuates on a daily basis with a clear diurnal variation, and the fluctuation amplitude increases with time from the winter to the summer. Results from spectral analysis of water-level data show periodic variations in hour and in hour, indicating P 1 diurnal and L 2 semidiurnal tidal components, respectively. The diurnal component of the water level in summer has greater power than that in winter, implying that the water table is affected not only by earth tides, but also by evapotranspiration. Right after rain stops, the power of diurnal component of the water level decreases, indicating that evapotranspiration influences significantly diurnal periodicity. The effects of diurnal and semidiurnal components of the water level range from 0.4 to 4.2 cm and from 0.2 to 0.7 cm, respectively. Key words : Water-table fluctuation, Power spectral analysis, Periodicity, Earth tides, Evapotranspiration Ÿ ü d G1, G l 10 ¾ 5 dw w w» w w. w», s ƒw. w d q rp, 24.38» 12.19» ùkù, ƒƒ P 1 L 2 w.» w j power ùkü w ƒ w w¾ wì š. w z w» w x» j w eš w. w w» 0.4~4.2 cm,» 0.2~0.7 cm w e. : w,», q rp,, *Corresponding author : newoo@yonsei.ac.kr š : : m : ¾ 43
2 44 ½ Á ûeá Áyk Á½ 1. z w y ƒƒ w w yƒ w. w w mw w w œw y w. dœ mw d w d ƒ w w p w œw, w p w w, w e w (Taylor and Alley, 2001)., w y x y y w, / w w. w j w w, œ» sz z,,» y, w w, œw, (Freeze and Cherry, 1979). ù w w w» w y w ƒ w w. w w d ùk ù w w (Marechal et al., 2002),» w w (Inkenbrandt et al., 2005), ùkù» w» ü w dw w (Almedeij and Al-Ruwaih, 2006), (Cutillo and Ge, 2006) w w (Butler et al., 2007) w š. ü w», ü w w w ƒ š (Lee et al., 2001, 2004), 150 m ¾ ƒ z w w w. ü HydroKorea/CarboKorea mw Ÿ w / /k y w w w ƒ w (Kim et al., 2006). k w ƒƒ w x d w ³ š» w wì GIS w k w p ³ š, ù ƒ w k»z w x ù x, sƒ dw l wš, q d yw w / dœ mw w y w p x y w w» sƒw t wš. w w» y,,, w w w ùkù. w w ü Ÿ ew dœ» l z w d w w, w» y j x e w ywš w. 2.» s ew Ÿ ü (headwater catchment) w w ƒ w š œ. 37 o 44'N, 127 o 09'E ew, 0.22 km 2 (22 ha), š 280~470 m ƒ. Ÿ 2km 2 (200 ha), n t ( 201 km 2 ) w w ( 26,000 km 2 ) sw (Fig. 1)(Choi et al., 2007).» w»r w» wš(kigam, 1999) m v (alfisol), m (soil texture) m ù kü ù, ù ù y š (Lim et al., 2003). w z w d G1, G4 d (Fig. 2), ƒ d ¾ t l 65.2 cm, 54.7 cm š, j ¼ 20 cm» ¾ m. d 13.5 m, d d (CTD-Diver, model DI261, Schlumberger) ew, l 10 ¾ 5 w dw. d» ƒƒ ± 1cm ± 0.2 cm. d w» d e(baro-diver, Schlumberger) w d w» w» y w w z w. 3.» d w
3 광릉 수문연구부지 내 원두부 소유역에서 지하수면의 주기적 변동 특성 Fig ). 45 Study area and location of monitoring wells (after Lee, 파워스펙트럼 분석은 수치신호 처리기법 중의 하나인 퓨 리에 변환(Fourier Transforms)을 이용하였으며 MATLAB 7.1(MathWorks, 2005) 프로그램을 통해 분석하였다. 스펙트 럼 분석을 통해 획득한 결과는 빈도(frequency)에 대한 신 호의 세기(power)를 나타내는 periodogram으로 표현하였다. Location of the study area: (a) Han-river watershed, (b) Toegyewon watershed, (c) Gwangneung watershed. Area in the thick line is the study area, Gwangneung headwater chatchment (after Choi et al., 2007). Fig. 1. 일련의 시계열 자료이다. 따라서 시계열 자료에서 나타나 는 각각의 주기함수들의 영향력을 알아보기 위해, 널리 사 용되는 방법인 파워스펙트럼 분석(Power spectral analysis) 을 이용하였다. 파워스펙트럼 분석은 시계열의 분산에 대 한 각각의 주기함수들의 영향력을 주파수 영역에 대한 스 펙트럴 밀도함수로 나타냄으로써 영향력이 큰 주기를 찾 아내는 대표적인 분석법이다(Davis, 2002). 분석에 앞서, 관측된 자료의 신호(signal) 대 잡음 (noise)의 비율을 높이기 위해 자료에 내포된 경향성 (trend)를 없애는 과정이 필요한데, 일반적으로 최소자승법 에 의해 선형의 경향성을 얻는 방법(Almedeij and AlRuwaih, 2006), 이동평균(moving average)을 이용하는 방 법(Marechal et al., 2002), 필터(filter)를 이용하는 방법 (Hsieh et al., 1987)등이 이용되고 있다. 여기서 분석한 자료들은 비교적 짧은 기간에 해당하므로, 최소자승법을 통해 선형의 경향성을 구한 후 해당 자료에서 제거하여 주기성만을 볼 수 있도록 하였다. 4. 결과 및 고찰 관측 자료의 특성 연구지역이 유역의 원두부에 위치하는 관계로 12월에서 1월 중에는 현장에 대한 접근이 불가능하여 지하수위 변 동 관측자료를 획득할 수 없었다. 2월 중에도 식물의 활 동이 최저점에서 유지되고 있으므로, 식생에 의한 지하수 면의 변동요인이 최저라고 가정하고, 2월에 수집된 자료 를 겨울철을 대표한다는 가정하에 자료를 분석하였다. Fig. 3(a)은 겨울에 해당하는 기간(2006년 2월 21일 14 시 00분~25일 03시 15분)에 G1, G4 관측정에서 5분 간 격으로 획득한 지하수위를 대기압 보정하여 나타낸 그래 프이다. 지하수위는 낮 12시경에 가장 낮은 값을 보이다 가 점차 상승하여 밤 12시경에 최고 수위를 나타내는 경 향을 보이며, 두 관측정 모두 이러한 패턴이 하루 주기로 반복되고 있다. 수위는 해발고도로 약 265 m 정도로서, G1이 G4보다 4~5 cm 가량 낮은 값을 보이며, 수위의 변 동폭은 모두 6~8 cm로 크게 차이나지 않는다. 이들 관측 정은 인위적 활동에 의한 영향을 받지 않는 보존림인 광 릉 수목원의 원두부 유역에 있고, 또한 천부 지하수위를 관측대상으로 하기 때문에 일주기의 지하수위 변동 원인 은 식생에 의한 증발산과 조석, 대기압의 변화에 따른 영 4.1.
4 46 ½ Á ûeá Áyk Á½ Fig. 3. Water levels of G1 and G4 wells: (a) in winter and, (b) in summer. wù d» w y r, ú s f (Fig. 4). y y w w s f x w ƒ w w š ƒ., w œ w ùkù, w yƒ w ùkù w. w» p wš y x š rp w. Fig. 4. Fluctuations of water levels of G1 well in winter and summer. w ùkú. ù w» w, w» ql w z q. w w» ( ~ ) G1 s 10 cm, 5 cm w G4 { j š (Fig. 3(b)). d s w d ew œ p, s ƒw (Loheide et al., 2005). w w yw ³ w w, z w w š w (tide) t w k e ƒ w» w w. w»» k w 2, j t w» s.» 366 w Table 1 ƒ» 90% w (Doodson, 1921; Knauss, 1997). w» j w w ü. Bredehoeft(1967)» ƒw w ƒ w w» sl w w. ü Lee et al.(2004) ü w w d
5 Ÿ ü w» p 47 Table 1. Principal tidal harmonic components (after Knauss, 1997) Name of Tides Symbol Period in solar hours Coefficient ratio (M 2 = 100) Semidiurnal components Principal lunar M Principal solar S Larger lunar elliptic N Lunisolar semidiurnal K Smaller lunar elliptic L Diurnal components Lunisolar diurnal K Principal lunar diurnal O Principal solar diurnal P Larger lunar elliptic Q Smaller lunar elliptic M w w, w» mw. ù w» w» w» w ùkú. w j» w,, z w w d» w w» » w d q rp mw» w ùkù y w. w ƒ w ùkù l»(period) Table 2 ùkü. w»» w ƒ w w» w w w. w w ( ~ ) w (Fig. 5), G1 G » 12.19» w ùkù. t y ƒƒ» ùkü P 1 (Principal solar diurnal),» ùkü L 2 (Smaller lunar elliptic) w (Table 1)., w w ( ~ ) w (Fig. 6),» (24.38 ) powerƒ mámin G1 j w š ù, G mámin Table 2. Fluctuation periods of water levels in G1 and G4 wells by powerful sequence Well Data Period (hour) G1 G4 Winter Summer After rain Winter Summer After rain Table 3. Diurnal and semidiurnal fluctuation periods, power, and periodic fluctuation range in G1 and G4 wells Well G1 G4 Data Winter Summer After rain Winter Summer After rain Period (hour) Power (mámin) Periodic fluctuation range (cm) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.2 power ƒ ùkù (Table 3).» G1 G4 j w, p G4 w w (Table 3). G1» w powerƒ 4.5 ƒw» 2.4 ƒw.» w»» w j ùkù w ƒ» w ù kù. Butler et al.(2007) w, w t l 25 cm ¾ ew» mw w w w. y», y y w w ƒ w» ùkü w y w y» w» wì w k q.
6 48 ½ Á ûeá Áyk Á½ Fig. 5. Plots of water-level data and periodograms of G1 and G4 wells in winter. Fig. 6. Plots of water-level data and periodograms of G1 and G4 wells in summer. ù» G1 d»ƒ 13.5 m G4 w j ùkù, G1 G4 d w z» w (Butler et al., 2007). ùkü» ƒ üswš p wù ql w ù 2 y w w w ùkù» w w w w w sƒw» w, w w» z» d w rp w. w ü z w 10 w 3 l w ƒ» ( ~ ; 62 mm) kw,» ƒ w (Fig. 7).» sw w» ( ~ ) w Fig. 7 ùkü. wì w ƒ x w
7 Ÿ ü w» p 49, wì» w ƒ ƒ z ql ùkù.» w j w š w. z w rp w (Fig. 8),» (Fig. 6) w» w x w. G1 d» mámin mámin, G4 d 6.82 mámin 3.72 mámin powerƒ.» G1 d powerƒ 7.08 mámin 4.89 mámin, G4 d 1.61 mámin 1.54 má min (Table 3). ƒ ù, w ù Fig. 7. Precipitation and water levels of G1 and G4 wells. ƒ û y w ù. w ƒ ûš w ƒ» y w w, t ùkù w w z ƒ j (Lee, 2006). z sy w sww, w w w¾ wì w» sy w w d» w ùkù.», q rp» w ùkù ql ù» x š q.,»» 2 y ùkù»,» w» wì w w w »»» rp ùkù»(24.38 )»(12.19 ) d w ww.» w d ( ~ ) w ƒ w» ql (Fig. 9).,» G1 d ± m, G4 y w e ± m. w» ùkù»» w (power) w» w Fig. 8. Plots of water level-data and periodograms of G1 and G4 wells after rain in summer.
8 50 ½ Á ûeá Áyk Á½ Fig. 9. Plots of water level data of G1 and G4 wells, extracted diurnal components and remainder of water level after removing diurnal components. j ³ (periodic fluctuation range) ùkü Table 3.» 0.4~4.2 cm w» 0.2~0.7 cm w. ù»» 2 y ¾ sw q ³ { ùkú š q. p»» w ³ š w w w p ùkü w. 5. : 1. w Ÿ ü G1, G4 d ùkù w w», û s ƒw. 2.», G1 G4 d 24.38» 12.19» w ùkù, t y P 1, L 2 w, w w w. 3. G1 d w» w 4.5 powerƒ ƒw» 2.4 ƒw. w» w w wì w q. 4. z w» w w. w w w w. 5. w w» w w w ù, w ùkü» w 0.4~4.2 cm,» 0.2~0.7 cm» w. w d d w. w ƒ d y w ƒ. w w G1, G4 ùkù., w s, œ yƒ w y wš, w d p ww» w mw œ w v w w. ù ƒ w ³ yw y w d» w wš, ù ƒ d šw» w, ª ù y w y». ü ½ w w, 21» v p
9 Ÿ ü w» p 51 y» ( y 1-8-3) w BK21» w». š x Almedeij, J. and Al-Ruwaih, F., 2006, Periodic behavior of groundwater level fluctuations in residential areas, J. Hydrol., 328, Butler, J.J., Kluitenberg, G.J., Whittemore, D.O., Loheide, S.P., Jin, W., Billinger, M.A., and Zhan, X., 2007, A field investigation of phreatophyte-induced fluctuations in the water table, Water Resour. Res., 43. Bredehoeft, J.D., 1967, Response of well-aquifer systems to Earth tides, J. Geophys. Res., 72, Choi, I.H., Woo, N.C., Kim, S.J., Moon, S.K., and Kim, J., 2007, Estimation of the groundwater recharge rate during a rainy season at a headwater catchment in Gwangneung, Korea, Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteology, 9(2), Cutillo, P.A. and Ge, S., 2006, Analysis of strain-induced ground-water fluctuations at Devils Hole, Nevada, Geofluids, 6, Davis, J.C., 2002, Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology, John Wiley&Sons, New York, Doodson, A.T., 1921, The Harmonic Development of the Tide- Generating Potential, Proc. Roy. Soc., A., 100, Freeze, A.R. and Cherry, J.A., 1979, Groundwater, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Hsieh, P.A., Bredehoeft, J.D., and Farr, J.M., 1987, Determination of aquifer transmissivity from earth tide analysis, Water Resour. Res., 23, Inkenbrandt, P.C., Doss, P.K., Pickett, T.J., and Brown, R.J., 2005, Barometric and Earth-tide induced water-level changes in the Inglefield sandstone in Southwestern Indiana, Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Science, 114(1), 1-8. KIGAM, 1999, Explanatory note of the Seoul-Namchonjeom shee, Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, KR-99(B) Kim, J., Lee, D.H., Hong, J.K., Kang, S.K., Kim, S.J., Moon, S.K., Lim, J.H., Son, Y.H., Lee, J.S., Kim, S.H., Woo, N.C., Kim, K.H., Lee, B.Y, Lee, B.L., and Kim, S., 2006, HydroKorea and CarboKorea : cross-scale studies of ecohydrology and biogeochemistry in a heterogeneous and complex forest catchment of Korea, Ecol Res, 21, Knauss, J.A., 1997, Introduction to Physical Oceanography, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, Lee, B.J., Moon, S.H., Cho, B.W., Sung, I.H., and Lee, C.W., 2001, Identification of influences on groundwater fluctuations using spectrum analysis, J. Geol. Soc. Korea, 37(2), Lee, B.J., Ko, K.W., Moon, S.H., Park, Y.S., and Lim, M.T., 2004, Identification of seawater encroachment based on the characteristics of tidal fluctuation of groundwater level, J. Geol. Soc. Korea, 40(1), Lee, S.D., 2007, Estimation of Groundwater Recharge using Water-Table Fluctuations in a Headwater Catchment of the Gwangneung Supersite, Korea, M.Sc. Thesis (unpublished), Graduate School of Yonsei University. Lee, J.S., 2006, Hydrology, Goomibook, Seoul, p Lim, J.H., Shin, J.H., Jin, G.Z., Chun, J.H., and Oh, J.S., 2003, Forest stand structure, site characteristics and carbon budget of the Kwangneung natural forest in Korea, Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteology, 5(2), Loheide, S.P., Butler, J.J., and Gorelick, S.M., 2005, Estimation of groundwater consumption by phreatophytes using diurnal water table fluctuations: A saturated-unsaturated flow assessment, Water Resour. Res., 41. Marchal, J.C., Sarma, M.P., Ahmed, S., and Lachassagne, P., 2002, Establishment of earth tide effect on water-level fluctuations in an unconfined hard rock aquifer using spectral analysis, Current Science, 83(1), Taylor, C.J. and Alley, W.M., 2001, Ground-water-level monitoring and the importance of long-term water-level data, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1217, p. 68.
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