84~ to let him know where the bus stop is to introduce a search application to him to recommend an inexpensive smart phone to

Transcription

1 1 B Woman: 02. Let s turn it off to save energy. I ll pick it up on my way home. I ll call the repairman right away. I m going to buy the same model. We should tell him to come immediately. 05. Man: Right. Bananas are a really healthy food. Be careful not to slip on the banana peel. Sorry, Mom. I ll be more careful next time. Yes. The garbage truck comes on Tuesdays. Good. We should eat more vegetables and fruits Woman: This time, I hope you ll follow my opinion. That s too bad. You shouldn t have gone there. Well, I d like to cancel my flight to Jeju Island. I think it s important to choose the right travel agency. I m planning to go there soon, so I ve studied about it

2 84~ to let him know where the bus stop is to introduce a search application to him to recommend an inexpensive smart phone to give him a ride to the place he s going to to check the arrival time of the bus he s waiting for

3 1 B $80 $88 $112 $120 Pottery Course $140 Level Beginner Intermediate A Intermediate B Intermediate C Intermediate D Instructor Ron Kelly Kelly Ron Kelly Maximum Number Day Tue. Tue. Fri. Thur. Thur. 15. English Idiom Illustration Contest A Man: Okay. I ll take your students to the zoo. I think your students will be happy to see it. Your students are looking forward to the field trip. You should bring a digital camera with you in that case. I m sorry, but I don t remember your students very well. 19. Woman: 16. floorball Now I understand how I should hold others hands. Luckily, they were pleased after watching the video. So hand-holding has the effect of keeping people calm. Yes, hand-holding made people know each other better. Surprisingly, it became more common for people to hold hands. 8

4 90~ Chris Ms. Taylor 23. When a parent sees two children in the midst of Chris: battle, the first instinct is to scream at the one who is I m going to check the engine first. yours. Unless blood is being shed or the fight is There s nothing wrong with your car. getting particularly severe or one of the children is You should change the old front tires. older and is obviously winning hands down, let the Where s the nearest auto repair shop? children solve their own problems. Toddlers aren t Didn t you realize your car had a flat tire? necessarily polite to one another. They don t get insulted (not for very long, anyway), and they can settle their differences within a matter of minutes and sometimes seconds. Children s disagreements may be more disagreeable to their parents than to the children themselves, but try to suffer in silence rather than interfere. A parent is not impartial and therefore cannot be an effective referee; children may fight even harder if parents are involved, to save face in front of adults. [21~22] 21. to compare meat with seafood to explain the causes of memory loss to emphasize the benefits of raw seafood to warn of the danger of an unbalanced diet to introduce foods for memory improvement

5 1 B It would be great for cities if people just stopped liking cars, but that won t happen. For individual commuters in developed countries, cars save a lot of time. In the United States, in 2006, the average car commute lasted twenty-four minutes; the average commute by mass transit took forty-eight minutes. The problem with public transportation is the time involved in getting to the bus or subway stop, waiting to be picked up and then getting from the final stop to one s ultimate destination. That time cost, which is independent of the distance of the journey, averages about twenty minutes for buses and subways. Even before the bus has traveled a stop, the commuter has used up as much time as many car commuters spend on their entire trip. Public transportation takes more time than cars. Poor areas are more vulnerable to car accidents. Traffic laws are different from country to country. The higher fuel costs become, the less drivers use their cars. The development of public transportation fosters decentralization. The Moon is more than a quarter of the diameter of the Earth, which makes the Earth the only planet in the solar system with a sizeable moon in comparison to itself. Then what difference does it make to us? Without the Moon s steadying influence, the Earth would wobble like a dying top causing dramatic changes in climate and weather. The Moon s steady gravitational influence keeps the Earth spinning at the right speed and angle to provide the sort of stability necessary for the long and successful development of life. This won t go on forever. The Moon is slipping from our planet at a rate of about 1.5 inches a year. In another two billion years it will have receded so far that it won t keep us steady and we will have to come up with some other solution, but in the meantime you should think of it as much more than just a pleasant feature in the night sky. The Earth: Home of Life in the Universe Effects of Gravitational Pull in the Universe Conditions for Maintaining Life on the Earth What Causes the Moon to Slip from the Earth The Moon: A Supportive Companion of the Earth 10

6 95~ he On the way home from school on Tuesday, a dad promises his five-year-old son that he will take him to the baseball game on Saturday afternoon. When they get home, he learns from his wife that earlier in the day, she scheduled a swim lesson for Saturday afternoon and can t change it. When they tell their son, he gets terribly upset, and the situation melts down. Why is the kid so upset? Dad didn t know about the swim lesson. By the adult definition, Dad did not lie. But by the kid definition, he did lie. Any false statement regardless of intent or belief is a lie. Therefore, unwittingly, Dad has given his child the message that he allows lies. *melt down 28. (A)(B)(C) In the past, employees did exactly what they were (A) instructed / stimulated to do. If they didn t receive clear directions, then nothing got done. In fact, if they received directions that they knew would produce a low-quality product, they carried them out anyway. That was how the management-employee relationship worked. Today, employees are expected to make minute-by-minute decisions related to their work tasks. They are more (B) conservative / independent. The company no longer expects to have to give specific directions for each task or problem. Instead, employees are asked to direct their own work flow and to keep productivity up even when required resources are not (C) available / scarce. They have to learn how to work smarter, make the most of limited time and budgets, and be more productive in their own work environment. (A) (B) (C) instructed independent available instructed independent scarce instructed conservative available stimulated independent scarce stimulated conservative available 27. Inside each person there is a wonderful capacity to reflect on the information that the various sense organs register, and to direct and control these experiences. We take this ability too much for granted that we seldom wonder about what it is, and yet, as far as we know, it is a recent accomplishment of evolution that only the human brain has achieved. If we ever think about it, we give it such names as awareness, consciousness, self, or soul. Without it, we could only obey instructions programmed in the S nervous system by our genes. But having a selfreflective consciousness allows us to write our own programs for action, and make decisions for which no genetic instructions existed before. too / so / very He is so kind that everybody likes him. (O) He is too kind that everyone likes him. (X) He is too kind to be a killer. (O) 11

7 1 B Philippe Halsman Social Networking Site Use by Age Group, The above graph shows the percentage of adult Internet users in each age group who use social networking sites. Between 2005 and 2006, the use of social networking sites among young adult Internet users aged increased from 9% to 49%. From 2005 to 2011, users aged continued to be the most likely to use social networking sites, compared with the other age groups. However, the three other age groups showed faster growth rates than users aged from 2009 to Social networking site use among Internet users aged 65 and over increased from 13% to 33% between 2009 and Similarly, the use by year-old Internet users tripled during the same period. Philippe Halsman was one of the most original and inventive portrait photographers. Before he turned to photography, Halsman studied electrical engineering in Dresden. It was only in 1928, when he went to Paris, that he established himself as an independent fashion and portrait photographer. In 1940, he emigrated to the USA, where he took on numerous assignments for Life magazine. In 1959, he published his successful series entitled Jump Pictures, which were photographs of prominent personalities performing jumps in front of his camera. This series is characteristic of the witty humor that permeated all his work. Equally characteristic is the surrealistic touch of his work, which can be ascribed to his friendship with Salvador Dalí. Halsman worked jointly with Dalí on various projects for more than 30 years, expressing the painter s ideas with the medium of photography. *permeate Dresden Jump Pictures 30 Dalí 12

8 97~99 [31~36] 31. According to research carried out by the University carry out = conduct S of Michigan, a good brain-training program can improve working memory and boost general problemsolving ability, which can raise general intelligence. In the study, after recording the subjects mental agility with a variety of cognitive tests, the researchers gave the subjects a series of brain-training exercises. This mental workout was given to four groups, who repeated the exercises for 8, 12, 17, or 19 days. After the training the researchers re-tested the subjects intelligence. Although the performance of the untrained group improved slightly, the trained subjects showed a significant improvement, which increased with. This suggests that a good brain-training program is an effective way to boost intelligence levels. *agility group size subjects age peers presence time spent training problem-solving ability 32. For a supervisor or employer, group leader or coach, is important to the success of the individual and the team. It requires understanding people. As Joe McCarthy, manager of the New York Yankees during the thirties and forties demonstrated, it also calls for creativity. One day, he approached his shortstop Frank Crosetti, saying, I m not satisfied with the way Lou Gehrig is playing first base. He is too lazy and inactive. I want you to help me. From now on, charge every ball. When you get it, fire it as quickly and as hard as you can to first base. Throw it fast and make it tough for him. Later, a coach commented to McCarthy, I guess you were trying to wake up Gehrig. The manager responded, There wasn t a thing wrong with Gehrig. Crosetti was the one who was sleeping. I wanted to wake up Crosetti. *shortstop placing emphasis on rest listening to what others say setting a good example first bringing out the best in others following the rules in any case 33. Because children take stories so seriously and believe in them as if they were real life, the O author must evaluate with utmost care whether = highest. Good children s stories are considerate of the reader as well as of the facts of life and the world. They may show how life and the world are, how problems are solved, or they may teach, comfort, inspire, or entertain. But none of these goals is successfully achieved when the reader is left discouraged when he finishes reading. To a child, unhappiness creates a problem. It is as if the action of the story had not been completed: The child can be confused or even frustrated. A children s story should allow the child to leave the story with confidence that the characters will continue successfully in their lives after the end of the story. a sad ending is truly justified the language used is appropriate proper gender roles are provided a complex plot can be understood children s diverse interests are reflected 13

9 1 B The ultimate life force lies in tiny cellular factories of energy, called mitochondria, that burn nearly all the oxygen we breathe in. But breathing has a price. The S combustion of oxygen that keeps us alive and active sends out by-products called oxygen free radicals. They have Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde characteristics. On OC the one hand, they help guarantee our survival. For example, when the body mobilizes to fight off infectious agents, it generates a burst of free radicals to destroy the invaders very efficiently. On the other hand, free radicals move uncontrollably through the body, attacking cells, turning their fats rancid, rusting their proteins, piercing their membranes and corrupting their genetic code until the cells become dysfunctional and sometimes give up and die. These S fierce radicals, built into life as, are the potent agents of aging. either invaders or escapers elements to purify the mind both protectors and avengers undetected independent cells antibiotics to be taken with food *oxygen free radical **rancid We complain because we derive psychological and social benefits from doing so. Sociologists and psychologists theorize that we also complain as a way of. For example, even if the cuisine at a restaurant is excellent, a person might complain that the level of the food is not up to their standards. This is a way of letting everyone who hears know that they do in fact have high standards. The complainer is saying that they are an arbiter of fine food and is implying that their refined taste is derived from many high-class dining experiences. Like Rodney Dangerfield s character in Caddyshack when he says to the waiter at the exclusive Bushwood Country Club, Hey, tell the cook this is low-grade dog food, the complainer is saying, I have so much sophistication, this fare doesn t impress me. *arbiter correcting what is not going right getting attention and seeking intimacy expressing excuses for our own behavior making ourselves appear more discriminating managing our anxiety and hiding our emotions Oxygen Free Radical: The Two Faced Doctor in Us. 14

10 ~102 (A), (B) Diseases may require a minimum threshold of = margin population size or density to support ongoing transmission of the disease. Therefore, a rise in human population size or density can expose the population to a disease that previously could not be sustained in the population. The advent of agriculture, for example, resulted in the transmission of countless diseases that require higher human densities than occur in hunter-gatherer societies. Malaria is an example of a massive killer that probably took on its modern killer form around five thousand years ago with the introduction of settled farming in Africa. Until settled agriculture, hunter-gatherer communities in Africa were too small and sparsely settled to support the sustained transmission of malaria. Urban life similarly supports the spread of numerous diseases that require higher population densities than occur in agricultural settlements. Therefore, throughout history, when societies achieved breakthroughs in farming that enabled the growth of an urban population, the initial spread of urbanization. was often set back by bouts of infectious diseases also gained a foothold in sustainable development was widely perceived as the end of uncivilized life usually provided the treatment of numerous diseases did not necessarily mean the victory of humans over nature An international business negotiation serves many purposes, but one of the most significant, yet unappreciated, is that it gives each side an opportunity to learn about the other, about their businesses, and about the conditions in which they must operate. Executives engaged in making a deal are rarely in the type of competition that ends abruptly when they finish the ninth inning or the fourth quarter. (A), they are laying the foundation for a continuing relationship, and the successful management of that relationship depends crucially on how much they know about one another. The need for learning is particularly acute in global deal making since the parties usually come from different cultures, political systems, and business orientations. (B), the effective global dealmaker sees a negotiation as an opportunity to learn, and the best way to learn is to visit the other side s territory to conduct the negotiations. (A) (B) In addition As a result In addition Otherwise Similarly However Instead As a result Instead However 15

11 1 B Changing lightbulbs to get the right level of illumination is inconvenient and possibly dangerous. Unscrewing a bulb that has been on for some time often leads to burned fingers. (A) The lamp has a 40-watt bulb in one of the three sockets and 60-watt bulbs in the other two sockets. Using the lamp, we can have a choice of 40, 60, 100, 120, or 160 watts worth of illumination by switching on one, two, or all three of the bulbs. (B) Even if it can be unscrewed, it very well may crash-land, producing a mess of sharp edges. Given this scenario, most of us might settle for a compromise: to put a 100-watt bulb in the lamp and leave it, accepting the room being a bit too bright for watching television and a bit too dim for reading. (C) But of such situations, inventions are born. Wouldn t it be nice if the same lamp could provide different degrees of illumination at different times? Out of such a question might have come the design for a lamp with three sockets. (A)(C)(B) (B)(A)(C) (B)(C)(A) (C)(A)(B) (C)(B)(A) It is important, however, that the subject be (should) unaware that he is being observed. One method for studying behavior is to observe and record events as they naturally occur in life. ( ) Researchers who use this method, called naturalistic observation, do not bring their subjects into the laboratory and manipulate their behavior in any way. S ( ) Nor do they select groups of subjects and set up different experimental conditions. ( ) Naturalistic observation is frequently used to study animal behavior, such as the hibernation habits of bears or the maternal behavior of hens. ( ) For example, a psychologist using naturalistic observation to study how children of different races play together would O OC watch groups of children playing in the school yards or parks, but he would keep himself at a distance so as not to be detected. ( ) If the children were aware that a strange adult was watching, they might behave differently than they ordinarily would. *hibernation It is important that the assignment (should)be turned in on time. proper good natural normal 16

12 102~ (A) (B) Wendy Fox of The Boston Globe was describing her visit to a plant of 180 people producing printed circuit board modules following the team management approach. Instead of working on a conventional assembly line there were ten teams of 18 people who were responsible for receiving the raw materials, assembling the boards and shipping the finished materials, organizing the work as they saw fit. The workers set their own hours, planned their own schedules, checked their own work and took team responsibility for each board. There were no time clocks, no security guards, no quality controllers and every employee had a key to the building. The plant manager said that the new way of working had reduced the time needed to assemble one board by 40 percent, had reduced scrap by half and had doubled the number of perfectly working modules. no matter how late he has to stay at work to do so. But he won t make the sixteenth. He won t make that extra step, and that s what I m now trying to get him to do. To take what I tell him and move on from there with his own ideas and his own creativity. To be willing to take that next step, rather than merely be content with. And he s now taking that extra step, forming his own identity. He s traveled the road from ex-player to assistant coach to future head coach. We were about to lose Ron Mercer, a prized recruit, to Tennessee. Ron had heard all the recruiting pitches about as much as one could tolerate. Delray convinced me to try it one more time. So I did, going to Oak Hill Academy in the foothills of irginia, where I went to the blackboard in a classroom and pointed out in minute detail why the University of Kentucky was best suited for his future. Ron signed with us shortly after. Delray s insistence that we go after it one more time was the turning point to our attracting the top high school player in the country. Wendy Fox found that when given to each team, (B) (A) increased. was 41. (A) (B) autonomy individualism reward productivity autonomy productivity profitability flexibility reward flexibility Acknowledge Your Limit Think Twice Before Acting Go Beyond Your Assignment Success Is Hidden in Practice You Deserve to Know the Truth [41~42] Delray is one of my assistant coaches at the University of Kentucky, someone who played for me at Providence College and who is going to make a fine head coach some day. He is someone who will do everything I ask him to do, and he will do it with dedication, competence, and commitment. If I tell him to make fifteen phone calls he will make all fifteen, 42. avoiding what s familiar trying what s hard for you doing what s expected of you showing what you did in the past planning what you can t complete 17

13 ~105 [43~45] (A) Azim Premji, chairman of Wipro, a global Indian IT business, inherited his family business under adverse = hurtful circumstances. When (a) he was only twenty-one and still a student at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, his father died unexpectedly. Premji had to abandon his studies and rush home to run the family business. (B) To build a foundation of integrity, Premji has displayed uncommon righteousness in the face of misdeeds that other Indian managers generally ignore. For example, one of Wipro s union leaders submitted an expense account for first-class travel, to which (b) he was entitled. It turned out that he had actually traveled second class and pocketed the difference. By Indian standards, this was the pettiest of petty corruption. But not in Premji s eyes: He fired the man O forthwith. (c) He was not about to let someone in a OC leadership position set such an example. It was a costly decision. Wipro took its first-ever union strike at its corporate office. The strike lasted four weeks and caused much disruption. No matter. Premji would not relent. (C) Premji s insistence on integrity was not restricted to union leaders. Early in his career, (d) he fired two of the company s five top executives because they failed to live up to his standards of integrity. They were highly performing executives, he said, and losing them was not easy because of the difficulties the business was in. Yet, we got rid of them. It was one of the most difficult yet important decisions I made early in my career. (D) What he discovered was a virtually insolvent enterprise because his father had been so preoccupied with various social and civic obligations that he had neglected his business. With his mother s help, Premji set about fixing the business. Early on, (e) he resolved to build an enterprise that was based on strong moral values. I had seen such hard times, he says, that I wanted to build something that would have the strongest foundation possible. I wanted it to be pure. Initially, it was almost an aesthetic sensibility. Only S later did I realize what a powerful business advantage S integrity could be. = principle, honesty (A) (B)(C)(D) (B)(D)(C) (C)(B)(D) (D)(B)(C) (D)(C)(B) (a)~(e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Azim Premji