436 최석관ㆍ한인우ㆍ안두해ㆍ정상덕ㆍ윤은아ㆍ이경훈 (Lawson et al., 8; Cox et al., 11; Fielding et al., 14; La et al., 16), (Everson, 198; Miller and Hampton., 1989).,.,, (Ch

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1 한수지 51(4), , 18 Original Article Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 51(4), ,18 상업어선의어군탐지기를이용한남극크릴 (Euphausia superba) 자원량추정 최석관 한인우 1 * 안두해 정상덕 윤은아 이경훈 국립수산과학원원양자원과, 1 전남대학교수산과학과, 전남대학교해양기술학부 Estimating the Abundance of Antarctic Krill Euphausia superba Using a Commercial Trawl Vessel Seok-Gwan Choi, Inwoo Han 1 *, Doo-hae An, Sang-deok Chung, Eun-A Yoon and Kyounghoon Lee Distant Water Fisheries Resources Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 4683, Korea 1 Division of Fisheries Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 5966, Korea Department of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 5966, Korea The Antarctic krill Euphausia superba is important commercially and ecologically as a basic component of the Antarctic Ocean ecosystem. To manage this resource, it is important to determine the distribution and standing of krill in the water layer. Acoustic methods can capture information about the entire water layer quickly. Acoustic surveys were conducted from March 3 to March 14, 17, using the commercial fishing boat Sejong (7,765 tons). Acoustic systems with a frequency of 38 khz and a khz commercial echo sounder (ES7, Simrad, Norway) were used and the acquired data were processed using post processing software. The density and standing of Antarctic krill were determined using the two-frequency difference method, using the characteristics of two frequencies. To compare the frequency difference of krill, the method using the frequency difference according to the krill length, recommended by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) and the values extracted according to the krill length at survey stations where only krill were collected during the study period, were compared. The frequency difference ranges were db and -3.~13.8 db, respectively. Key words: Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, db-difference method, Two-frequency difference method, Abundance estimation 서론 (Euphausia superba),. (Hewitt and Demer, 1993; Kang et al., 1999; Everson, ; Kang et al., 5; Atkinson et al., 9; Jarvis et al., 1; Fielding et al., 14). (Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, CCAMLR) 198,..,, Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 51(4) , August 18 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received June 18; Revised 3 July 18; Accepted 5 July 18 *Corresponding author: Tel: Fax: address: haninwoo89@gmail.com Copyright 18 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 435 pissn: , eissn:

436 최석관ㆍ한인우ㆍ안두해ㆍ정상덕ㆍ윤은아ㆍ이경훈 (Lawson et al., 8; Cox et al., 11; Fielding et al., 14; La et al., 16), (Everson, 198; Miller and Hampton., 1989).,.,, (Choi et al., 16). 38 khz CCAMLR South Shetland island (Subarea 48.

음향시스템의구성및자료수집 38 khz (single beam) (ES7, Simrad, Norway). CCAMLR (Table 1). 6 mm, 13.7 mm Foote et al. (1987) (6 9. S, 59 4.6 W), single beam,. (Echoview V8; Echoview Software Pty Ltd., Australia).

, data range bitmap S v (volume backscattering strength), S v mask (De Robertis and Higginbottom, Table 1.

2 436 최석관ㆍ한인우ㆍ안두해ㆍ정상덕ㆍ윤은아ㆍ이경훈 (Lawson et al., 8; Cox et al., 11; Fielding et al., 14; La et al., 16), (Everson, 198; Miller and Hampton., 1989).,.,, (Choi et al., 16). 38 khz CCAMLR South Shetland island (Subarea 48.1). 재료및방법 조사해역및정점 South Shetland island, Bransfield strait, Elephant island m (7,765 tonnage). 4,, 9,7 km (Fig. 1). 1 knots,. 6, -3 knots. 음향시스템의구성및자료수집 38 khz (single beam) (ES7, Simrad, Norway). CCAMLR (Table 1). 6 mm, 13.7 mm Foote et al. (1987) (6 9. S, W), single beam,. (Echoview V8; Echoview Software Pty Ltd., Australia). Latitude ( W) , 1 mm. 잡음제거및주파수차이를이용한에코추출 Wang et al. (15). 1 m TVT (time varied threshold)., data range bitmap S v (volume backscattering strength), S v mask (De Robertis and Higginbottom, Table 1. Parameters of commercial echosounder for acoustic data collection Parameters ANTARTICA South Shetland Islands Longitude ( S) Elephant Island Subarea Fig. 1. Acoustic survey line and trawl collection station for collection of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba sample. Setting Frequency (khz) 38 Ping duration (ms) Ping interval (s) Data collection range (min.-max.) (m) Bottom detection range (min.-max.) (m) Display range (min.-max.) (m) Calibration Theoretical value (db)

3 남극크릴의음향자원추정 437 7)., data range bitmap,. erosion filter 3 3, dilation filter. dilation filter 7 7 data range bitmap S v mask, median 7 7, select mask median 7 7 S v data range bitmap,. m 5 m, 5 m. detect schools, Cox et al. (11) Table khz -38 khz. 38 khz. ( MVBS, mean volume backscattering strength) MVBS TS (target strength) TS. 38 khz khz. Fig..,. 5 ping 5 m (SC- CCAMLR-XXVII, Anedex8, Paragraph35; CCAMLR 8; WG-EMM-16/38 16). Table. Setting a parameter to detect Antarctic krill Euphausia superba schools Default schools parameter Maximum horizontal link Maximum vertical Minimum candidate height Minimum candidate length Minimum school height Minimum school length Data threshold Default value 15 m 5 m 3 m 1 m 3 m 15 m -7 db Noise 38 khz 38 khz raw data Cleaned 38 khz Resample by ping 38 khz S V difference -38 khz (db) S v (min-max) (SC-CCAMLR-XXIX, Annex 5, CCAMLR 1; Fielding et al., 11), (PDF 95% ). 크릴의밀도및현존량평가 khz raw data Cleaned khz Resample by ping khz Fig.. Flow chart of acoustic data processing using db difference method at 38 khz and khz. khz 1 n.mile, 5 m. n.mile (S A, area backscattering coefficient; m nmi - ), S A (NASC, nautical area scattering coefficient). 1 n.mile C (conversion factor). C (, m ) (w, g). = s A C 185 ( g )WhereC = f (l ) i i m f i (l i ) Noise khz (1) f i l i i. - CCMALR Kaiyo Maru (SC-CCAMLR-XIX, Annex4, Appendix G, CCAMLR, ). w = l () (mg), (mm) CCMALR khz TS (Greene et al., 1991). (L) = 4 1 TS(L)/1 = log(L)/1 = L (3) (index k)

4 438 최석관ㆍ한인우ㆍ안두해ㆍ정상덕ㆍ윤은아ㆍ이경훈 (index j) (index i). -6 Euphausia superba Salpa thompsoni >5 (kg/h) <1 <3 ρ j = 1 N j SAi C i (W 1 ) i =1 i (4) L <6 9 Nj L j = i=1 (W 1 ) i j. S Ai i, C i i., l ^ t W 1 l ^ t. Latitude ( W) -6 T1 T W 1 = lat - lat- ^alt (5) lat 1%, 1 nm W 1.. W j = L j (6) 1 Lj j=1 N. j ( J ) (7). J = j ρ j (7) (VapComp j ) j. VarComp j = ω j ( ρ j - ρ k ) (8) k [ (1), Jolly and Hampton, 199] (9). ρ k = 1 Nk ω j j=1 ρ j (9) k [Var ( ρ k )] Var ( ρ k ) = ω j=1 j ( ρk - ρj ) -1 ( Nk ) j=1 ω j=1 j ( ρk - ρj ) (1) ( -1), k % (CV k ) Fig. 3. Data about fish caught and collected in each survey station. The top right legends shows the distribution of the resource. CV k =1 Var ( ρ k ) (11). (B ) (1). ρ k B = N Ak k=1 ρ k (1) B (13) (14). 결과 트롤채집조사 Longitude ( S) Var (B )= N VarCompk (13) k=1 CV B =1 Var (B ).5 (11) B 5 m 1,., 1 5,469 kg, 5,469 kg 5%,

5 남극크릴의음향자원추정 439 Latitude ( W) -6-6 T1 AVG.=46.9 SD.=4.1 T AVG.=41.6 SD.=4.9 Frequency (%) ping 5 m T1 T SV difference -38 khz (db) Fig. 4. Size distribution by station of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba fishing by trawls. Frequency (%) N= 4 Avg.±SD = 44.3±5. mm 14,85 kg 1% (Fig. 3). (CPUE, catch per unit effort; kg/h) 1 5,469 kg/h, 11,844 kg/h mm (Avg. SD= mm), mm (Avg. SD= mm), 1 (Fig. 4) mm (Avg. SD= mm) 47. mm, PDF (probability density function) 95% mm (Fig. 5). 크릴의주파수차이 Longitude ( S) 95% = mm Length (mm) Fig. 5. Size distribution of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba catch at all station. PDF, probability density function. 1% PDF Fig. 6. The difference between frequency 38 khz and khz for trawls survey station T1 and T. SV, volume backscattering strength. 5 ping 5 m, 1 Fig %, 5%,, ( ) ( 4.9), 4.5 ( 6.5)., 1 db db, 5% 1,. 1% (5-95% ) -3.~13.8 db. 크릴의시 공간분포및밀도추정 1% SV (volume backscattering strength) -3.~13.8 db. -3.~13.8 db South Shetland island West 6 (Fig. 7). Fig. 8 South Shetland island West 6 5 g/m,.9 g/m (CV=31.55%), 83,45 (Table 3). 고찰,,,

44 최석관ㆍ한인우ㆍ안두해ㆍ정상덕ㆍ윤은아ㆍ이경훈 Latitude ( W) -6-6 -64 Swarm (-3.~13.8 db) 6 5 3 4 1 15 7

6 44 최석관ㆍ한인우ㆍ안두해ㆍ정상덕ㆍ윤은아ㆍ이경훈 Latitude ( W) Swarm (-3.~13.8 db) Longitude ( S) NASC (m /nm ) <5 <1 Fig. 7. Spatio-temporal distribution of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba using the difference between frequency khz and 38 khz (-3.<ΔMVBS -38kHz <13.8dB). (Demer and Renfree, 8; Choi et al., 16). split beam 4, single beam., single beam,, (Fig. 9). Choi et al. (16) ES7 EK6 1 khz 3.59 db 38 <5 <1, <,, Mean density (g/m ) Swarm -3.~13.8 db Transects (St.) =.9 g/m A = 9,7 km B = 83,45 ton Fig. 8. Density of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba using the difference between frequency khz and 38 khz (-3.<ΔMVBS - 38kHz <13.8dB). khz.85 db, db S v 1 khz 38 k 1 db 9.4%. Hz, 38 khz.5 db, khz.34 db db. (ICES, 7), CCAMLR,. m, Ichii 8 Theoretical value (db) = Measurement value (db) = -33. ~ Theoretical value (db) = Measurement value (db) = -46. ~ Ping time (N) 4 Ping time (N) khz TS Value (db) khz TS Value (db) Fig. 9. Theoretical value and Measurement value of single beam calibration. TS, target strength.

7 남극크릴의음향자원추정 441 et al. (1998). Kang et al. (5), South Shetland island West 44.9 g/m, South Shetland island South 3.3 g/m, Elephant island 11.3 g/m, Reiss et al. (8) Elephant island, South Shetland island. South Shetland island g/m (Ichii et al., 1998; CCAMLR, ; Hewitt et al., 4). South Shetland island, Elephant island, South Georgia, (Table 4). Azzali et al. (4) -38 khz db, Euphausia pacifica copepods, db< MVBS-38 khz<3 db (Sato et al., 15)., Euphausia pacifica SV -38 khz db, DWBA, 1-3 mm 8-3 db (Kim et al., 16)., 38 khz. TS, TS. stochastic distored wave born approximation (SDWBA) TS- ( db) SV (-3.~13.8 db). SDWBA db, SV 16 db,.,, khz db, -3.~13.8 db (Fig. 1). Kang et al. (1999) IKMT (isaacs-kidd midwater trawl), amphipods, copepoda, salps. (Salps thompsoni). 1 5%.. Salps thompsoni TS 38 khz -75.7, -74. db, khz -7.8 db TS -38 khz -3 db (Wiebe et al., 9). Table 3. The density and resources in the total survey area of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba MVBS Mean (g/m ) CV (%) Nominal area (km ) Area Density (tonnes) Variance component (tonnes ) -3.1~ ,7 83, ,949,3.33 ΔMVBS, mean volume backscattering strength; CV, coefficient of variation. Table 4. The Antarctic krill Euphausia superba density comparison in previous studies Survey area Survey data Frequency (khz) Mean density (g/m ) References South Shetland Island , 1, Hewitt et al., 3 South Shetland Island Nov Kang et al., 1999 South Shetland Island and South Orkney Island Nov-Dec 38, Kang et al., 5 South Shetland Island Feb 6.37 Cox et al., 11 Elephant Island , Brierley et al., 1999 Elephant Island Jan-Mar Hewitt and Demer, 1993 South Georgia , Brierley et al., 1999 South Georgia, Southern Ocean , 1, Fielding et al., 14 South Georgia Oct -Dec Saunders and Brierley, 7 Scotia Sea Jan-Feb 38, 1, 1.44 Hewitt et al., 4 Weddell Sea Jan-Feb 1 38, Brierley et al., East Antarctica Jan-Mar 6 38, 1, 1. Jarvis et al., 1

44 최석관ㆍ한인우ㆍ안두해ㆍ정상덕ㆍ윤은아ㆍ이경훈 khz removed noise 5 m Fig. 1. Example of echogram according to the range of SDWBA model and db difference method to Antarctic krill Euphausia superba.

8 44 최석관ㆍ한인우ㆍ안두해ㆍ정상덕ㆍ윤은아ㆍ이경훈 khz removed noise 5 m Fig. 1. Example of echogram according to the range of SDWBA model and db difference method to Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. SDWBA, stochastic distored wave born approximation. Wiebe et al. (9) 1%.,.,,, (Hewitt et al., 3), 4-5 (Fielding et al., 14).,. South Shetland island,. 사사 (R185),. References Swarm ( db) Swarm (-3.~13.8 db) (db) Atkinson A, Siegel V, Pakhomov EA, Jessopp MJ and Loeb V. 9. A re-appraisal of the total biomass and annual production of Antarctic krill. Deep Sea Res Part 1 Oceanogr Res Pap 56, Azzali M, Leonori I and Lanciani G. 4. A hybrid approach to acoustic classification and length estimation of krill. CCAMLR Science 11, Brierley AS, Fernandes PG, Brandon MA, Armstrong F, Millard NW, McPhail SD, Stevenson P, Pebody M, Perrett J, Squires M, Bone DG and Griffiths G,. Antarctic krill under sea ice: elevated abundance in a narrow band just South of ice edge. Science 95, /science Brierley AS, Watkins JL, Goss C, Wilkinson MT and Everson I Acoustic estimates of krill density at South Georgia, 1981 TO CCAMLR Science 6, CCAMLR (Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources).. Report of the nineteenth meeting of the scientific committee. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Hobart, Australia. SC-CAMLR-XIX, 1-5. CCAMLR (Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources). 8. Report of the twenty-seventh meeting of the Scientific Committee. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Hobart, Australia. SC-CAMLR-XXVII, CCAMLR (Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources). 1. Report of the twenty-ninth meeting of the Scientific Committee. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Hobart, Australia. SC-CAMLR-XXIX, Cox MJ, Watkins JL, Reid K and Brierley AS. 11. Spatial and temporal variability in the structure of aggregations of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) around South Georgia, ICES J Mar Sci 68, org/1.193/icesjms/fsq. Choi SG, Lee HB, Lee KH and Lee JB. 16. A study on calibration for commercial split beam echosounder using the bottom backscattering strength from a fishing vessel near the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. J Kor Soc Fish Tech 5, Demer DA and Renfree JS. 8. Variations in echosoundertransducer performance with water temperature. ICES J Mar Sci 65, De Robertis A and Higginbottom I. 7. A post-processing technique to estimate the signal-to noise ratio and remove echosounder background noise. ICES J Mar Sci 64, fsm11. Everson I Diuranal variations in mean volume backscattering strength of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) patch. J Plankton Res 4, plankt/ Everson I The Southern Ocean. In: Krill Biology, Ecology and Fisheries. Everson I, ed. Blackwell Science Oxford, London, U.K., Fielding S, Watkins JL, Trathan PN, Enderlein P, Waluda CM, Stowasser G, Tarling GA and Murphy EJ. 14. Interannual variability in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) density at South Georgia, Southern Ocean: ICES J Mar Sci 71, Foote KG, Knudsen HP, Vestnes G, MacLennan DN and Simmonds EJ Calibration of acoustic instruments for fish

9 남극크릴의음향자원추정 443 density estimation: A practical guide. ICES Cooperative Research Report 144, Greene CH, Stanton TK, Wiebe PH and McCiatchie SAM Acoustic estimates of Antarctic krill. Nature 349, Hewitt RP and Demer DA Dispersion and abundance of Antarctic krill in the vicinity of Elephant Island in the 199 austral summer. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 99, Hewitt RP, Watkins J, Naganobu M, Sushin V, Brierley AS, Demer D and Brandon M. 4. Biomass of Antarctic krill in the Scotia Sea in January/February and its use in revising an estimate of precautionary yield. Deep Sea Res Part Top Stud Oceanogr 51, org/1.116/j.dsr Hewitt RP, Demer DA and Emery JH. 3. An 8-year cycle in krill biomass density inferred from acoustic surveys conducted in the vicinity of the South Shetland Islands during the austral summers of through 1-. Aqua Living Resour 16, S99-744(3)19-6. ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea). 7. Collection of acoustic data from fishing vessels. Document 87. Ichii T, Katayama K, Obitsu N, Ishii H and Naganobu M Occurrence of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) concentrations in the vicinity of the South Shetland Islands: relationship to environmental parameters. Deep Sea Res Part 1 Oceanogr Res Pap 45, S (98)11-9. Jarvis T, Kelly N, Kawaguchi S, Wijk E and Nicol S. 1. Acoustic characterisation of the broad-scale distribution and abundance of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) off East Antarctica (3-8 E) in January-March 6. Deep Sea Res Top Stud Oceanogr 57, dsr Jolly GM and Hampton I A stratified random transect design for acoustic surveys of fish stocks. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 47, Kang DH, Hwang DJ and Kim SA Biomass and distribution of Antartic Krill, Euphausia superba, in the Northern part of the South Shetland Island, Antartic Ocean. J Korean Fish Soc 3, Kang DH, Shin HC, Lee YH, Kim YS and Kim SA. 5. Acoustic estimate of the krill (Euphausia superba) density between south Shetland islands and south Orkney islands, Antarctica, during /3 Austral summer. Ocean Polar Res 7, Kim EH, Mukai T and IIDA K. 16. Acoustic identification of krill and copepods using difference of volume backscattering strength around Funka Bay, Hokkido. Japan Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 8, La HS, Lee H, Kang D, Lee S and Shin HC. 16. Volume backscattering strength of ice krill (Euphausia crystallorophias) in the Amundsen Sea coastal polynya. Deep Sea Res Part Top Stud Oceanogr 13, dsr Lawson GL, Wiebe PH, Stanton TK and Ashjian CJ. 8. Euphausiid distribution along the western Antarctic Peninsula. A. Development of robust multi-frequency acoustic techniques to identify euphausiid aggregations and quantify euphausiid size, abundance, and biomass. Deep Sea Res Part Top Stud Oceanogr 55, dsr Miller DGM and Hampton I Biology and ecology of the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana): a review. Biomasss Sci Ser 9, 166. Reiss CS, Cossio AM, Loeb V and Demer DA. 8. Variations in the biomass of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) around the South Shetland Islands, ICES J Mar Sci 65, Sato M, Horne JK, Parker-Stetter SL and Keister JE.15. Acoustic classification of coexisting taxa in a coastal ecosystem. Fisheries Research 17, org/1.116/j.fishres Saunders RA and Brierley AS. 7. Intra-annual variability in the density of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) at South Georgia, -5: winter-year variation provides a new framework for interpreting previous annual estimates of krill density. CCAMLR Science 14, Wang X, Zhao X and Zhang J. 15. A noise removal algorithm for acoustic data with strong interference based on post-processing techniques. CCAMLR Science, Wiebe PH, Chu D, Kaartvedt S, Hundt A, Melle W, Ona E and Batta-Lona P. 9. The acoustic properties of Salpa thompsoni. ICES J Mar Sci 67, icesjms/fsp63.

한수지 49(6), , 2016 Original Article Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 49(6), ,2016 음향산란층의식별을위한에코그램분석방법의비교 최석관 윤은아 1 * 한인우 1 오우석 1 국립수산과학원원양자원과, 1 전남

한수지 49(6), , 2016 Original Article Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 49(6), ,2016 음향산란층의식별을위한에코그램분석방법의비교 최석관 윤은아 1 * 한인우 1 오우석 1 국립수산과학원원양자원과, 1 전남 한수지 49(6), 856-861, 2016 Original Article Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 49(6),856-861,2016 음향산란층의식별을위한에코그램분석방법의비교 최석관 윤은아 1 * 한인우 1 오우석 1 국립수산과학원원양자원과, 1 전남대학교수산과학과 Comparison of Echogram Analysis Methods for