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1 대한응급의학회지제 26 권제 5 호 Volume 26, Number 5, October, 2015 Trauma 부산지역에서발생한교통사고환자와강우량과의관계 원 저 인제대학교의과대학부산백병원응급의학교실, 인제대학교의과대학해운대백병원응급의학교실 1 신경호 박득현 윤유상 김양원 박경혜 1 선경훈 1 박하영 1 조준호 1 김태훈 The Relationship between Rainfall and Traffic Accident Patients in Busan Kyung Ho Shin, M.D., Deuk Hyun Park, M.D., Yoo Sang Yoon, M.D., Yang Weon Kim, M.D., Kyung Hye Park, M.D. 1, Kyung Hoon Sun, M.D. 1, Ha Young Park, M.D. 1, Jun Ho Cho, M.D. 1, Tae Hoon Kim, M.D. Purpose: Traffic accidents are increasing due to the development and increment of transportation. Previous studies on analysis of the correlation between environmental factors and traffic accidents have rarely been reported. The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between rainfall and traffic accidents including accident mechanism, incidence, and trauma severity of patients. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted in 851 trauma patients who visited the emergency department (ED) after a traffic accident from January 2013 to December 2013; 248 patients due to a traffic accident when it was raining, and 603 patients when it was not raining. Demographic data, clinical data, and meteorological data (rainfall, daily mean air temperature, daily mean wind speed) in Busan were investigated. Results: The incidence of traffic accidents was one-second and the injury severity score of patients was two points higher on rainy days. In addition, the length of hospital stay was three days longer (p=0.037), and the prognosis was poor in the rain group. Comparison of severe injury sustained over rain, injury time, and accident mechanism showed approximately a 3-fold odds increased rate of severe injury on rainy days (OR 2.55, 95% CI: , p=0.004) and a seven-fold odds increased rate of pedestrian traffic accidents (OR 7.26, 95% CI: , p<0.001) compared with car traffic accidents. In addition, a four-fold increased odds of night time (OR 3.79, 95% CI: , p<0.001) compared with day time accidents on rainy days. Conclusion: The incidence of traffic accidents and injury severity of patients increased on rainy days. Therefore, we suggest expansion of the scope of the emergency and trauma team activation for proper treatment on rainy days. Key Words: Traffic accident, Rain, Injuries, Injury severity score Department of Emergency Medicine, Busan Baik Hospital, Haeundae Paik Hospital 1, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea Article Summary What is already known in the previous study Weather has been considered a strong factor influencing traffic accidents. The incidence of traffic accidents and the injury severity of patients increase on rainy days. What is new in the current study The injury severity score of patients in traffic accidents increased significantly when rainfall was more than 20 mm. 서 론 책임저자 : 김태훈부산광역시부산진구복지로 75 인제대학교의과대학부산백병원응급의학교실 Tel: 051) , Fax: 051) doctor78em@gmail.com 접수일 : 2015년 7월 23일, 1차교정일 : 2015년 7월 23일게재승인일 : 2015년 8월 21일 교통사고는나이, 성별, 사고기전, 날씨, 차량의종류, 계절등여러가지요인에의해환자의상태나예후등이차이를보인다 1-3). 많은외상환자들이차내교통사고, 이륜차에의한교통사고, 보행자교통사고등다양한형태의교통사고로응급실로내원하게되는데, 날씨와강우량과같은환경요인은교통사고에발생에단지일부분으로만인 443
2 444 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 26 권제 5 호 2015 식되어왔다. 그래서교통사고와관련된대부분의연구는나이, 성별, 응급실내원당시의식상태와혈압등과같은환자활력징후, 그리고병원내차트를통한환자정보와외상중증도에관련된연구들이대부분이었다. 이에비해요일과날씨, 계절등의외부환경의요소와외상중증도의연관성을찾는연구는드문편이며, 특히, 날씨와강우량과그리고시간대별을중심으로하는종합적인요인과교통사고의중증도가어떤상관관계가있는지에대한연구는거의보고되지않았다. 이에저자들은응급의료센터에내원하는교통사고환자의중증도와외부환경요소중날씨와강우량에따른상관관계를알아보고자하였다. 대상과방법 1. 연구대상및지역 망시간까지로정의했다. ISS는응급실에서퇴실하거나병동에서퇴원한시점을기준으로측정하였으며 16점보다높은경우를중증외상으로분류하였다. 3. 통계분석 SPSS for Windows (version 20K, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 를통계분석도구로사용하였다. 기술통계학적분석을통해양적변수는평균 ± 표준편차로각항목별측정된범주형변수에대해서는빈도와백분율 (%) 로표기하였다. 카이제곱검정 (Chi-square test) 및 Fisher의정확검정을시행하였고, 연속변수에대해서는독립표본 t검정을실시하였다. 로지스틱회귀분석을통하여외상관련변수들을독립변수로하고외상중증도지수를종속변수로하여분석을시행하였다. 결과는 p값이 0.05 미만일때통계적유의성을인정하였다. 2013년 1월부터 2013년 12월까지 12개월간지역응급의료센터에내원한환자중부산에서발생한교통사고로입원한환자중 18세이상의성인을대상으로후향적방법으로조사하였다. 이환자집단에는부산에서일어난교통사고에국한하여입원이필요하여타병원에서전원온환자를포함시켰다. 18세미만이거나타지역에서발생한교통사고로 24시간이지난후전원된경우및정확한사고기전을알수없는경우는제외하였다. 2. 연구방법전자의무기록을이용하여환자의 1) 인구학적자료 : 나이성별, 2) 생체징후 : 응급실내원당시수축기및이완기혈압, 맥박수, 호흡수, 체온, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), 3) 교통사고 : 사고기전, 사고가일어난시간, 4) 날씨 : 강우량, 평균기온, 평균풍속, 5) 기타 : 중환자실입원여부, 입원기간, revised trauma score (RTS), injury severity score (ISS) 등의자료를수집하였다. 생체징후와 RTS는응급센터내원초기에측정된결과를사용하였다. 사고기전은차내교통사고, 이륜차교통사고및보행자교통사고 3가지로분류했으며이륜차교통사고에자전거및오토바이사고를포함시켰다. 사고가발생한시간은낮시간대 (day time) 를 7~14시, 저녁시간대 (evening time) 를 15~22시, 새벽시간대 (night time) 를 23~6시로분류하였다. 강우량은기상청의권고대로일반인이비가충분히내렸다고생각하는 10 mm를기준으로 10 mm 이하, 10~20 mm 사이, 20 mm 이상의 3가지군으로분류하였으며, 날씨, 강우량, 평균기온및평균풍속과같은정보는기상청인터넷홈페이지를통해조사하였다 4). 입원기간은응급실로내원한시점부터퇴원또는사 결 과 1. 연구대상자의일반적특성 2013년 1월부터 12월까지 12개월간지역응급의료센터에교통사고로내원하여입원한환자는총 1207명이었고만 18세미만의환자 84명, 사고발생 24시간이지난후타지역병원에서전원되어온환자 272명을제외하여 851명의환자가연구에포함되었다 (Fig. 1). 참여한환자중비가온날에교통사고로입원한환자는 248명 (29.1%), 비가오지않은날에교통사고로입원한환자는 603명 (70.9%) 포함되어있었다. 비가온날과비가오지않은날의성별은비가온날에는남자가 159명으로여자보다 1.7배많았고, 비가오지않은날에는남자가 416명 Fig. 1. Enrollment of the patients visited an emergency department with traffic accident.
3 신경호외 : 부산지역에서발생한교통사고환자와강우량과의관계 / 445 으로여자보다 2.2배많았다. 연령은비가온날에는평균 50.3±18.4세, 비가오지않은날에는평균 53.5±18.8세로유의한차이가없었다. 사고발생빈도의측면에서도비가온날은하루 2.99건으로비가오지않은날의 2.41건에비해높았다. 사고기전에서는비가온날은차내교통사고가 110건 (44.3%), 비가오지않은날은차내교통사고가 279건 (46.3%) 으로비율이가장높았고, 이륜차교통사고와보행자교통사고의순서대로비율이높았다. 입원기간에서는비가온날은 20.3±18.3일로서비가오지않은날의 17.6±13.7일에비해입원일수가더많았다 (p=0.037). 마지막으로환자의결과는예후가불량한환자의비율이비가온날은 22명 (8.8%), 비가오지않은날은 28명 (4.4%) 으로비가온날의환자의예후가좋지않았다 (p=0.023) (Table 1). 2. 날씨에따른환자의임상적특징 GCS는비가온날은 13.79±2.36점이고비가오지않 은날은 13.83±1.89점으로비가온유무에따라유의한차이가없었다. 또한 RTS, 수축기및이완기혈압과맥박수도비가온유무에따라유의한차이가없었다. 반면 ISS 에서는비가온날은평균 10.19±7.91점이었고비가오지않은날에서는 8.66±6.49점으로유의한차이를보였다 (p=0.004). RTS에서는유의한차이가없었으나, RTS 를계산하기위한요소인호흡수는비가온날은 19.95± 2.61회, 비가오지않은날은 18.60±1.65회로유의한차이를보였다 (p=0.05). 마지막으로체온에서도비가온날은 35.28±2.35 C 였고비가오지않은날은 36.3±1.24 C 로서통계적으로유의한차이를보였다 (p<0.001) (Table 2). 3. 환자의중증도에영향을미치는요인 ISS 16점을기준으로 minor injury와 severe injury로나누었다. 교통사고의 severe injury와관련된지표들을설명변수로하고교통사고로인한중증도지수를종속변수로하여로지스틱회귀분석을시행하였다. 분석결과상 Table 1. Characteristics between rain group and non-rain group in patient with traffic accident. Rain Non rain Patients (male) 248 (159). 603 (416). Age (yr) 50.3± ±18.8 Accident cases (per day) Mechanism number (%) In Car TA 110 (44.3) 279 (46.3) Bike TA 080 (32.3) 189 (31.3) Pedestrian TA 058 (23.4) 135 (22.4) Length of HD (day) 20.3± ±13.7 Outcomes number (%) Discharge 226 (91.2) 575 (95.3) Hopeless discharge 010 (04.0) 006 (00.9) Death in 24 hr 004 (01.6) 007 (01.1) Death 008 (03.2) 015 (02.4) TA: traffic accident, HD: hospital day Table 2. Variable factors with relationship between rain group and non-rain group in patient with traffic accident. Rain Non-rain p value GCS 13.79± ±1.89 NS ISS 10.19± ±6.49 <0.004 RTS 07.54± ±0.71 NS SBP (mmhg) ± ±23.56 NS DBP (mmhg) ± ±14.67 NS HR (beat/min) ± ±14.09 NS RR (breath/min) 19.95± ±1.65 <0.050 Body temperature ( C) 35.28± ±1.24 <0.001 GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale, ISS: injury severity score, RTS: revised trauma score, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, HR: heart rate, RR: respiratory rate, NS: not significant
4 446 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 26 권제 5 호 2015 비가온경우, 강우량이 20 mm 이상인경우, 이륜차교통사고, 보행자교통사고, 새벽시간대의교통사고가유의한지표였다 (Fig. 2). 고찰교통사고에의한외상의발생에는여러가지요소가영향을미치게되는데기상이나계절등의기후적인요소도외상의발생에영향을미칠수가있다 3). 만약비가오면외부활동이줄어응급실로내원하는환자가감소할수도있으나, 교통사고가많아져외상환자들이증가할수도있고, 비가오는날이나눈이오는날에는보행시나차량운전시에주의도가증가하여외상환자의수가줄어들수도있으나태풍이나대설등의자연재해나휴가철고속도로상에서의대형교통사고등으로인해환자의수가폭발적으로증가할수도있다 2,3,5). 또한비가오는날교통사고의중증도가높다는연구가보고되었다 6,7). 우리의연구에서도비가오지않는날에비해비가온날이 2.55배로중증외상이발생할확률이높게나타났고, 비가오는날에교통사고환자의발생빈도가비가오지않은날에비해높았다 (Table 1). 아마도비가오는날가시거리가짧아지고, 노면이비로인해미끄럽기때문에정지를하더라도속도가많이줄어들지않고빠른속도로부딪히기때문일것으로 추정된다 8). Rising 등 9) 의연구에서는 3시간간격의강우량이 25.4 mm일때시간당외상으로입원율이 60~78% 증가한다고되어있고, Parsons 등 10) 의연구에서는각 10 mm 강수량이증가할때마다외상으로인한하루입원율이 2.2% 증가한다고되어있었다. Lynn과 Barbara 11) 는미국세인트루이스에서교통사고를시간별, 요일별, 그리고강우량을크기별로분류하여교통사고발생률증가와의상관성을조사하였다. 그결과강우가많을때사고발생율도증가한것으로나타나강우변화와교통사고율과는높은상관성을나타내었다고되어있다. 그리고 Lee 등 12) 의연구에서는부산지역에서의경우교통사고에대한기여가높은기상요소중강우량이포함되어있다. 그러나 Keay K와 Simmonds 13) 의연구에서는호주의경우강우량이교통량을줄인다고하였다 13). Bergel-Hayat 등 14) 의연구에서도강수량은교통량과교통사고의빈도와는음의상관관계를나타낸다고하였다. 그들은강수량이많은날에는사람들은약속을취소하고, 뿐만아니라이륜차를운전해야겠다는생각이줄어들어그것으로인해교통량이줄어들어교통사고가적게일어난다고본것이다. 우리연구에서는강우량이 20 mm 이상일경우에비가오지않은날에비해중증도가높은교통사고가일어날위험도가 1.94배로높았다. 풍속역시교통사고에영향을끼칠수있다. Baker와 Reynold 15) 의연구에서는영국에서강한폭풍이있을때거의 50% 의사고가뒤집히는것이며, 66% 의사고는위험 Fig. 2. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with severe traffic accident patient as the dependent variable in all patient.
5 신경호외 : 부산지역에서발생한교통사고환자와강우량과의관계 / 447 성을내포한높은트럭이연관되어있었다. 우리의연구에서는풍속이교통사고의중증도와는유의한차이를나타내지못하였으며대다수의연구에서도풍속과교통사고의연관성에대한결과가보고되고있지않다. 앞으로이부분에대해서도많은연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 기온과교통사고의관계에대한논문들이있는데기온이올라가면총외상의발생율뿐만아니라교통사고가늘어난다고나와있다. Bhattacharyya와 Millham 3) 은보스턴에서 8년간후향적으로연구를했고하루최고기온과외상으로인한입원율은강하게연관성이있다고했다. 아마도기온이높을때외부활동이증가하고교통량이증가하기때문일것이다. 하지만우리연구에서는기온과외상의중증도와는큰관련이없었다. 기후적인요소뿐만아니라사고가발생한시간또한교통사고의중증도와연관이있다. 시간이늦은밤의교통사고는중증도가높을가능성이있다 13). 우리연구에서도마찬가지로비가오는날의 23~6시까지의시간에중증도가높은사고가일어날위험성이비가오는날 7~14시까지의시간에비해 3.79배로나타났다. 주로늦은시간에시야가멀리까지보이지않으며, 차가많이없기때문에빠른속력으로운전을하고, 음주가주로밤에이루어져음주시인체의반응속도가느려져서상황에대한대처가느리기때문에큰사고로연결되는것으로추정된다. 손상기전에대해보면 Park 등 16) 의연구에서는보행자손상이많았고, Jung 등 17) 의연구에서는우리연구와동일하게운전자손상이많았다. 이러한차이는 Jung 등 17) 의연구에서언급하였듯이 1993년에비하여운전자의수가증가하였기때문으로분석하였는데, 실제국내도로교통공단교통사고통계분석자료에의하면 90년까지는보행자사고가전체사고의 52.5% 로많았지만자동차의증가로통행수단이차량통행으로차츰변하면서 2000년이후에는차내사고가매년증가하고있다 18). 우리연구에서도역시차내교통사고가 389명 (45.7%) 으로이륜차및보행자교통사고에비해높게나왔다. 우리연구의제한점으로첫째, 한지역의응급의료센터에서교통사고로입원한성인환자만을대상으로한점이다. 둘째, 부산이라는한지역이대한민국전체의강우량을대표할수없는점이다. 추후전향적연구로여러지역의다수의응급의료센터에서강우량을고려하여사고의중증도및빈도에대해서연구가필요할것으로사료된다. 결론교통사고로인해응급실로내원한환자가비가오지않은날에비해비가온날증가하였고, 중증도가높았으며, 환자의예후가좋지않았다. 특히, 20 mm 이상의강우량이관측된날에는교통사고로응급실에내원하는환자의 중증도가높을가능성이있기때문에환자의적절한치료를위해응급의료팀과중증외상팀은신속하고주의깊게진료하는것이필요하며, 중증외상활성화범위를확대시키는방안을고려해볼수있을것이다. 참고문헌 01. DiMaggio C, Durkin M, Richardson LD. The association of light trucks and vans with paediatric pedestrian deaths. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2006;13: Attia MW, Edward R. Effect of weather on the number and the nature of visits to a pediatric ED. Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16: Bhattacharyya T, Millham FH. Relationship between weather and seasonal factors and trauma admission volume at a level I trauma center. J Trauma. 2001;51: Available at: Accessed June 17, Lee JY, Min JH, Park JS, Chung SP, Park JS, Jung SK, et al. The association of meteorological and day-of-the week factors with patient visits to emergency centers. J Korean Soc Emerg Med. 2005;16: Majdzadeh R, Khalagi K, Naraghi K, Motevalian A, Eshraghian MR. Determinants of traffic injuries in drivers and motorcyclists involved in an accident. Accid Anal Prev. 2008;40: Yau KK. Risk factors affecting the severity of single vehicle traffic accidents in Hong Kong. Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36: Usman T, Fu L, Miranda-Moreno LF, A disaggregate model for quantifying the safety effects of winter road maintenance activities at an operational level. Accid Anal Prev. 2012;48: Rising WR, O Daniel JA, Roberts CS. Correlating weather and trauma admissions at a level I trauma center. J Trauma. 2006;60: Parsons N, Odumenya M, Edwards A, Lecky F, Pattison G. Modelling the effects of the weather on admissions to UK trauma units: a cross-sectional study. Emerg Med J. 2011;28: Sherretz LA, Farhar BC. An analysis of the relationship between rainfall and the occurrence of traffic accident. J Appl Meteor. 1978;7: Lee DI, Lee MC, You CH, Lee SK, Lee CK. On the seasonal prediction of Traffic accidents in relation to the weather elements in Pusan area. J Korean Environmental Sci Soc. 2000;9: Keay K, Simmonds I. The association of rainfall and other weather variables with road traffic volume in Melbourne,
6 448 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 26 권제 5 호 2015 Australia. Accid Anal Prev. 2005;37: Bergel-Hayat R, Debbarh M, Antoniou C, Yannis G. Explaining the road accident risk: weather effects. Accid Anal Prev. 2013;60: Baker CJ, Reynolds S. Wind-induced accidents of road vehicles. Accid Anal Prev. 1992;24: Park KN, Kim YC, Lee WJ, Hwang JI, Kim SK, Kim IC. An analysis of the traffic accident victims who visited emergency room by injury severity score (ISS). J Korean Soc Emerg Med. 1992;3: Jung JY, Paek KW, Lee KJ, Cho JP. Evaluation of serious injuries due to motor vehicle collision. J Korean Soc Traumatol. 2004;17: Available at: Accessed June 17, 2015.
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