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1 Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment Himawari-8/AHI 관측자료를이용한주요대기에어로솔탐지및분류방법기술자료 493 Vol. 34, No. 3, June 2018, pp p-issn , e-issn Himawari-8/AHI 관측자료를이용한주요대기에어로솔탐지및분류방법 Detection and Classification of Major Aerosol Type Using the Himawari-8/AHI Observation Data 이권호 * 이규태강릉원주대학교복사위성연구소, 대기환경과학과 (2018 년 6 월 10 일접수, 2018 년 6 월 12 일수정, 2018 년 6 월 12 일채택 ) Kwon-Ho Lee* and Kyu-Tae Lee Radiation-Satellite Research Institute (RSRI), Department of Atmospheric & Environmental Sciences (DAES), Gangneung-Wonju National University (GWNU) (Received 10 June 2018, revised 12 June 2018, accepted 12 June 2018) Abstract Due to high spatio-temporal variability of amount and optical/microphysical properties of atmospheric aerosols, satellite-based observations have been demanded for spatiotemporal monitoring the major aerosols. Observations of the heavy aerosol episodes and determination on the dominant aerosol types from a geostationary satellite can provide a chance to prepare in advance for harmful aerosol episodes as it can repeatedly monitor the temporal evolution. A new geostationary observation sensor, namely the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), onboard the Himawari-8 platform, has been observing high spatial and temporal images at sixteen wavelengths from Using observed spectral visible reflectance and infrared brightness temperature (BT), the algorithm to find major aerosol type such as volcanic ash (VA), desert dust (DD), polluted aerosol (PA), and clean aerosol (CA), was developed. RGB color composite image shows dusty, hazy, and cloudy area then it can be applied for comparing aerosol detection product (ADP). The CALIPSO level 2 vertical feature mask (VFM) data and MODIS level 2 aerosol product are used to be compared with the Himawari-8/AHI ADP. The VFM products can deliver nearly coincident dataset, but not many match-ups can be returned due to presence of clouds and very narrow swath. From the case study, the percent correct (PC) values acquired from this comparisons are 0.76 for DD, 0.99 for PA, 0.87 for CA, respectively. The MODIS L2 Aerosol products can deliver nearly coincident dataset with many collocated locations over ocean and land. Increased accuracy values were acquired in Asian region as POD=0.96 over land and 0.69 over ocean, which were comparable to full disc region as POD =0.93 over land and 0.48 over ocean. The Himawari-8/ *Corresponding author. Tel : +82-(0) , kwonho.lee@gmail.com
2 494 이권호 이규태 AHI ADP algorithm is going to be improved continuously as well as the validation efforts will be processed by comparing the larger number of collocation data with another satellite or ground based observation data. Key words : Geostationary satellite, Aerosol, Remote sensing, Detection product, Multispectral 1. 서론대기에어로솔은대기에부유하는고체또는액체입자로정의되며, 대기중에서태양광을산란하거나흡수하여지구복사수지, 물순환, 기후변화에영향을미치는중요요소로알려져있다 (Charlson et al., 1992, 1987). 그리고에어로솔의발생원과체류시간의복잡다양성으로인하여, 에어로솔이지구환경에미치는영향에대한과학적이해도는불확실한것으로알려져있다 (IPCC, 2013). 에어로솔의물리적특성과분포에관한정량적 / 정성적인정보의획득을위한수단으로서지구관측위성이널리사용되고있으며, 장기간동안생산된인공위성관측자료는기후학적인변화탐지 (Kafuman et al., 2005, 2002) 및지역대기질과의연계 (Bae et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2016) 도가능케하였다. 또한, 방대한양의인공위성관측자료는과거와현재의기록뿐아니라추세에따른미래예측의중요한자료로사용되고있다 (Lee, 2012; Hoff et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2006; Al-Saadi et al., 2005). 인공위성을이용한에어로솔관측은 1970년대부터시작되었으며 (Griggs, 1975), 지구환경감시와기후변화연구에서인공위성관측을통한에어로솔특성파악의중요성이강조되었다. 에어로솔탐지방법의기본원리는위성이관측하는채널별복사량으로부터에어로솔이외의물질들 ( 예 : 구름, 안개, 미량기체등 ) 이차지하는기여도를제거하는방법을기본적으로이용하고있다. 이러한방법은위성탑재센서의기기적특성이나관측대상지역에따라복사전달과정해석에필요한계수의적용이나자료처리방법에있어차이가있으며, 현재까지다양한지구관측위성의자료가에어로솔탐지및광학특성산출을위한알고리즘개발을위하여사용되어왔다 (Lee et al., 2009; King et al., 1999). 예를들면, 자외선채널을가지는위성탑재센서는자외선흡수성에어로솔을선택적으로측정할수있는자외선흡수법 (Hsu et al., 1996), 가시광선채널 에서에어로솔의광산란강도를이용한반사도측정법 (Levy et al., 2007; Hsu et al., 2006), 적외선밴드에서선택적흡수를하는입자성분을측정하기위한밝기온도차방법 (Prata, 1989), 다중채널정보를이용한하이브리드방법 (Lee et al., 2016, 2014), 신경망분석기법을이용한방법 (Li et al., 2001; Okada et al., 2001) 등이개발되었다. 수많은지구관측위성중에서정지궤도인공위성은동일지역에대하여연속적인관측이가능한장점이있으므로, 에어로솔의분포와이동에관한정보획득에효과적인수단으로활용가능하다. 가장최근에발사된일본의인공위성인 Himawari-8은차세대정지궤도환경관측위성으로서, 기존의 Multifunctional Transport Satellites (MTSAT) 이나 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), 천리안위성같은기상관측용정지궤도위성보다더욱진보된관측방법과향상된기기적특성이반영되었다. 따라서, Himawari-8 위성의진보된관측능력이대기에어로솔탐지에있어중요한역할을수행할것으로판단된다. 본연구에서는 Himawari-8 위성의탑재센서인 Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) 자료를이용한에어로솔탐지알고리즘의개발을위하여필요한요소및알고리즘을이용한산출결과를분석하였다. 또한산출결과에대한검증방법수립을위하여사례연구를통한산출물의비교검증결과를분석하였다. 2. 방법 2. 1 Himawari-8 위성자료차세대정지궤도위성 Himawari-8은일본가고시마현타네가시마우주센터에서 2014년 10월 7일 UTC 05:16경 H-IIA 로켓에탑재되어발사되었다. 이후, Himawari-9가 2016년에 11월 2일에발사되었으며, 두개의정지궤도위성은향후 15년동안동아시아와서 한국대기환경학회지제 34 권제 3 호
3 Himawari-8/AHI 관측자료를이용한주요대기에어로솔탐지및분류방법 495 태평양지역을관측할예정이다. Himawari-8 위성의탑재센서인 AHI는미국 GOES-R 위성탑재센서인 Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), 그리고한국의차세대정지궤도위성인 Geo-KOMPSAT 2의탑재센서인 Advanced Meteorological Imager (AMI) 와유사하며, 우주환경획득용모니터인 Space Environment Data Acquisition Monitor (SEDA) 가추가로탑재되어있다. Himawari-8 위성은이전의정제궤도기상위성과는달리, 관측기술과자료처리능력이크게향상되었다. Himawari-8 위성의탑재센서인 AHI는 16개채널별 ( 중심파장 μm, μm, μm, μm, μm, μm, μm, μm, μm, μm, μm, μm, μm, μm, μm, μm) 복사량을측정할수있으며, 기존의정지궤도기상관측위성 ( 예 : Himawari 6, 7 또는천리안위성등 ) 대비분광해상도가크게향상되었다. 그림 1은 AHI와천리안위성의기상탑재센서인 MI 의분광반응함수를비교한것으로서, 두위성센서가관측할수있는분광영역을나타낸다. 천리안위성과같은기존의정지궤도위성은가시영역에서광대역파장 ( 예 : 0.4~0.7 μm) 의단일채널을가짐으로써흑백영상을제공하지만, AHI는 3개의협대역가시채널관 측을통해 RGB 칼라합성영상을제작할수있다. 그리고 Himawari-8/AHI의공간해상도는가시채널 500 m~1 km, 적외채널 2 km의해상도까지관측가능하며, 시간해상도는최대 2.5분에한번씩영상을제공할수있다. 이러한 Himawari-8/AHI의관측능력으로인하여, 대기에어러솔분포및변화에대한관측을보다상세하고잦은빈도로관측할수있게되었다 에어로솔탐지산출물에어로솔탐지는기본적으로 Himawari-8/AHI 위성의화소별컬럼대기 (column atmosphere) 에대한광학특성값을해석하며, 위성영상화소수준의영역내에존재하는에어로솔의주요종을결정하는것을목표로설계되었다. Himawari-8/AHI 에어로솔탐지산출물 (Aerosol Detection Product: ADP) 의정의와설명을표 1에정리하였다. ADP는화산재 (Volcanic ash; VA), 황사 (Desert dust; DD), 오염성입자 (Polluted aerosols; PA) 및기타에어로솔 (Clean aerosol; CA) 으로구분된디지털값을통해에어로솔의타입별유무를판단하는정보를제공한다. 화산재와황사입자는비교적입자의크기가큰토양기원의성분으로알려져있으며 (Hess et al., 1998), 다수의적외선밴드를사용하여주야간 Fig. 1. Spectral response function of Himawari-8/AHI (black solid line) and COMS/MI (gray shade).
4 496 이권호 이규태 Table 1. Definition of the aerosol detection product determined from the Himawary-8/AHI data. Variable name Definition Method Volcanic ash (VA) Desert dust (DD) Polluted aerosols (PA) Clean aerosols (CA) Ash emitted from volcanic eruption Detected day and night Large dust particles in air Detected day and night Relatively small pollution particles emitted from combustion and pyrolysis Detected daytime only Undefined mixed or sole particles except for ash/dust/smoke Relatively low aerosol loading in the air Detected daytime only Visible bands IR bands Visible bands IR bands Visible bands Remaining pixels after ash/dust/smoke detection Fig. 2. Data process of the aerosol detection product (ADP) algorithm for the Himawari-8/AHI. 연속탐지가가능하다 (Prata et al., 1989). 오염성입자는주로연소 / 소각이나열분해과정으로배출된입자로서황사에비하여상대적으로작은입자크기분포를가지므로 (Hess et al., 1998), 가시밴드의반사도기법을이용하여주간에만탐지가능한것으로정의하였다. 그리고기타에어로솔은이외의분류되지않거나상대적으로저농도의에어로솔로정의하며, 주간에만탐지하는것으로설정한다 ( 표 1 참조 ). 주간에만탐지가가능한이유는야간적외밴드에서상대적으로투과도가높기때문에대기중의다른물질또는지표와쉽게구분이되지않기때문이다. 각에어로솔타입은 Himawari-8 원시자료를획득한후, 그림 2에서제시된자료처리과정을이용하여생산된다. 그림 2의 ADP 산출을위한자료처리과정에서는복사보정 (radiative calibration) 과기하보정 (geometrical calibration) 이수행된 L1B 자료를입력자료로사용한다. 자료처리과정에서우선적으로 L1B 자료의관측시간과각화소별경위도자료를이용하여태양과위성의위치정보를계산한다. 그리고 L1B 자료는 8비트의디지털값 (digital number; DN) 이므로, 물리량인복사량 (radiance, I) 이나가시채널반사도 (reflectance, ρ), 적외채널밝기온도값 (brightness temperature, BT) 한국대기환경학회지제 34 권제 3 호
5 Himawari-8/AHI 관측자료를이용한주요대기에어로솔탐지및분류방법 497 으로변환하기위하여다음과같은변환식을사용한다. I(λ)=a 0 (λ) DN +a 1 (λ) (1) ρ(λ)=b 0 (λ) DN +b 1 (λ) (2) BT(λ) =c 0 (λ) DN +c 1 (λ) +c 2 (λ) (3) 위식 (1), (2), (3) 에서 λ는채널별중심파장, a, b, c는각각채널별변환계수로서 Himawari-8 운영주체인일본기상위성센터 ( en/himawari89/space_segment/spsg_sample.html) 에서주기적으로업데이트되는보정계수값을사용한다. 보정계수값은밴드별로다른상수값 ( 즉, a(λ), b(λ), c(λ)) 으로서제공되므로, 밴드별물리량을계산할수있게한다. 식 (1), (2), (3) 을적용하여물리량으로변환된 Himawari-8/AHI L1B 자료는에어로솔탐지를위한전처리과정으로서청천화소 (clear sky pixel) 결정단계를거친다. 청천화소결정단계는구름화소제거 (cloud screening), 밝은지표 (bright surface) 제거과정을포함한다. 일반적으로알려져있는구름의광학특성은가시광선영역에서밝게빛나며 ( 즉, 높은가시채널반사도 ), 적외영역에서비교적낮은밝기온도 ( 즉, 낮은적외채널복사휘도 ) 를나타낸다. 그리고비교적두께가얇고세포 (cell) 단위의구름 ( 예 : 적운계열 ) 은위성영상에서한화소의크기보다작거나공간적인분포가균일하지않은특성을가진다. 이로인하여위성의각밴드별물리량의경계값을이용하거나, 영상의텍스처특성으로서구름을탐지하는방법이널리사용되고있다 (Ackerman et al., 1998; Inoue, 1987). 본연구에서사용된구름제거방법은구름탐지를위한방법보다는다소완화된경계값 (threshold value) 을사용하게된다. 그이유는구름탐지에사용되는경계값이에어로솔을구름으로오인하는경우가발생하기때문이며, 이전의연구를통하여구름제거방법으로적당한것으로사용되었다 (Lee and Kim, 2010; Lee et al., 2007). 따라서, MODIS나 VIIRS에서에어로솔탐지시구름제거를위하여널리사용되고있는방법으로통용되고있는방법을선택적으로차용하였으며, 상세한설명은 3.2절에서다루었다. 청천화소로결정된 L1B 자료중가시채널반사도는 대기분자산란효과 ( 또는 Rayleigh 산란효과 ) 가포함되어있으므로, 이를보정하기위하여복사전달모델을이용하여 AHI 밴드별 (1~8번가시-근적외영역 ), 기하조건별 ( 태양천정각 : 0~80, 10 간격 ; 위성관측각 : 0~80, 5 간격 ; 상대방위각 : 0~180, 10 간격 ) 로계산된 Rayleigh 산란에의한반사도값을이용한다. 대기산란효과가보정된화소별반사도값은표 1에서제시된에어로솔주요종으로구분하기위한일련의테스트과정을수행한다. 에어로솔분류의첫단계에서는화산재탐지테스트를우선적으로수행한다. 화산재탐지테스트를통과하지못한화소는황사테스트를거치며, 황사테스트를통과하지못한경우에는오염성테스트과정을거친다. 화산재, 황사, 오염성입자테스트를모두통과하지못한화소의경우는기타청천대기조건에서존재하는미량에어로솔으로분류한다. 3. 결과및토의 3. 1 기하정보생산인공위성의기하관측조건은위성센서가관측하는복사량의계산에중요한역할을담당하지만 Himawari- 8 위성은별도의기하정보파일을제공하고않는다. 따라서, 복사량계산에필요한기하정보획득을위한별도의계산을수행하였다. Himawari-8 위성은동경 140.7, 고도약 35,795 km의위치에서지구를연속관측하고있다 (JMA, 2015). 지구중심으로부터위성까지의고도 (r S ), 위성의지심위도 (Φ S ), 각화소별위도 (Φ) 와경도 (λ) 값을이용하여정지궤도위성의위치벡터 (R S ) 와지상의한점에서의위치벡터 (R E ) 는다음의식 (4), (5) 와같다. =[ r S cosφ S cosλ ] R s r S cosφ S sinλ (4) r S sinφ =[ S r E cosφ cosλ ] R E r E cosφ sinλ (5) r E sinφ 식 (4) 와 (5) 의차이 (R D =R S - R E ) 는지상의한지점으로부터위성까지의방향벡터를의미한다. 지구를타원체로가정하면위성관측각 (θ S ) 과위성방위각 (satel-
6 498 이권호 이규태 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Fig. 3. Calculated geometry data for Himawari-8 AHI sensor s viewing area. (a), (d) Satellite view angles, (b), (d) azimuth angles, (c), (f) digital elevation map (DEM) for AHI looking areas of full disc and north east Asia, respectively. lite azimuth angle) (φ S ) 을다음과같이계산할수있다. (r S cosφ S cosλ - r E cosφcosλ) 2 θ S =tan -1[ r S sinφ S - r E sinφ (r S cosφ S sinλ-r E cosφsinλ) ] (6) r S sinφ S - r E sinφ r S cosφ S cosλ - r E cosφ cosλ φ S =tan -1[ ] (7) r S cosφ S sinλ-r E cosφ sinλ 식 (6) 과 (7) 을이용하여계산된 AHI 위성관측각과 방위각은그림 3 과같다. 그림 3(a), 3(d) 의위성관측 각결과를보면, 위성직하점을중심으로지구타원체 의외곽으로갈수록커지는것을알수있다. 그리고 한반도인근지역은위성관측각이약 35~50 도정도 의기울어진관측경로를가지고있으므로대기투과경로가길어지므로복사전달계산에영향이발생한다. 그림 3(b), 3(e) 는위성방위각으로서, 시간에따른태양의위치변화가상대방위각의변화가예상되므로가시광선에대한반사도계산의경우에양방향효과 (bidirectional effect) 가고려되어야할것이다. 그림 3(c), 3(f) 는미국 NOAA의 1 km 공간해상도를가지는 DEM자료 ( html) 를 AHI 센서의관측화소별수치고도값으로재가공하였으며, 육지와해양의구분및대기투과도계산시지표고도보정을위하여사용된다 청천화소결정 AHI 센서특성에적합한청천화소의결정방법으로서, 태양광거울반사 (sunglint) 영역테스트, 가시밴드반사도경계값테스트, 3 3 화소간공간균일도테스트 (Martins et al., 2002), 적외온도차 (Brightness temperature difference; BTD) 경계값테스트 (Ackerman et al., 1998; Inoue, 1987) 를사용하였다. 예를들어, 가시밴드에서의반사도경계값이약 0.3~0.6 이상의밝은화소범위에대해구름의밝기테스트를수행한다. 적운계열구름탐지를위하여가시밴드에서 3 3 화소의표준편차값을구하여 2.5% 이상인경우구름으로간 한국대기환경학회지제 34 권제 3 호
7 Himawari-8/AHI 관측자료를이용한주요대기에어로솔탐지및분류방법 499 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Fig. 4. (a) AHI RGB color composite (red=0.64 μm, green=0.51 μm, blue=0.46 μm) image on 5 March 2016, UTC03:00, (b) standard deviation of 3 by 3 pixels of band 2, (c) BT at 13.3 μm, (d) BTD at 11 μm and 4 μm, (e) BTD at 11 μm and 8 μm, (f) BTD at 11 μm and 12 μm, respectively. 주한다. 이방법은일정영역에서반사도값이균일하지못한경우, 즉소규모구름에의하여반사도값이갑자기증가하는영역이존재하는경우를탐지하기위한방법이다. 그리고단일적외밴드경계값테스트로서, 11 μm와윈도우채널테스트에서는 265K보다낮은저온상태의구름을탐지하며, CO 2 흡수밴드인 13.3 μm의밴드는약 500 hpa 이상의고도에위치한상층구름을탐지한다. 그리고복수의적외밴드온도차를통하여광학적으로옅은구름탐지가가능함이알려져있다 (Frey et al., 2008; Hutchison and Hardy, 1995; Saunders and Kriebel, 1988). 그림 4(a) 는 2016년 3월 5일 03:00 UTC의 AHI RGB 칼라합성영상과, 구름탐지를위한각밴드별영상사례 ((b) 3 by 3 pixels of band 2, (c) BT at 13.3 μm, (d) BTD at 11 μm and 4 μm, (e) BTD at 11 μm and 8 μm, and (f) BTD at 11 μm and 12 μm) 를나타낸다. AHI 전구칼라합성영상사례에서흰색의밝게보이는부분이구름영역이며, 3 3 화소의표준편차값이 2.5% 이상인영역, CO 2 흡수채널의밝기온도값 BT 13 <224K 인영역, BTD 11-4 < - 10K인영역을선택하면, 그림 4(f) 와같은결과를얻게된다. 칼라합성영상과구름탐지결과를직관적으로비교하면, 대부분의구름영역이탐지되고있음을알수있다. 위에서언급한밴드별구름탐지테스트를적용하여청천영역에대한화소값만이후의에어로솔자료처리를위하여사용하였다. 그러나미세영역에서저층구름이나옅은구름에대해서는탐지오차가발생할수있으므로, 구름탐지방법에대한연속적인개선이필요하다 에어러솔탐지를위한민감도실험위성관측자료로부터에어로솔탐지와분류를하기위해서는에어로솔의물리적 분광학적특성을고려해야한다. 에어로솔입자의분광학적특성을결정하는중요한인자는입자의굴절률 (Refractive index, m= m r - m i ) 으로서, 굴절률의실수부 (m r ) 는입자의광산란을조절하며굴절률의허수부 (m i ) 는광흡수특성을조절한다. 주요에어로솔입자에대한굴절률과 AHI의파장별반응함수는그림 5와같다. 주요에어로솔모델
8 500 이권호 이규태 Refractive Index (real part) Refractive Index (imagenary part) (a) Wavelength (μm) (c) Wavelength (μm) Ash Dust Soot Water Ice Relative Responce Relative Responce Refractive Index (imagenary part) Refractive Index (real part) (b) Wavelength (μm) (d) Wavelength (μm) Relative Responce Relative Responce Fig. 5. Spectral refractive indices of ash (WCRP, 1986), dust (Koepke et al., 1997), soot (WCRP, 1986), water (Hale & Querry, 1973), ice (Warren & Brandt, 2008) with the relative spectral response functions of AHI. (Ash, Dust, Soot) 에대한파장별굴절률은널리사용되는 Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC) 모델 (Hess et al., 1998) 로부터획득하였다. 그림 5의각밴드별굴절률의차이를참조하면, 에어로솔입자와구름 ( 물방울또는얼음성분 ) 과의구분이가능하다. 굴절률정보는입자의산란, 흡수특성과관련이있으므로이를통하여주요에어로솔타입별분류가가능하다. 예를들어, 적외선밴드영역은대기중의미량기체에의한광흡수가적고, 입자별투과도특성이다르게나타난다. 이러한특성을응용하여두개의적외채널을이용하는 BTD 기법이개발되어화산재탐지 (Prata et al., 1989) 와황사와같은모래폭풍탐지 (Legrand et al., 1992) 에널리사용되었다. 즉, 화산재와모래먼지입자는 11 μm에서광흡수가 12 μm 보다크기때문에, 위성센서에서관측된두파장에서밝기온도값의차이 (BTD =BT 11 - BT 12 ) 는음의값을가지게된다. 그리고 MODIS를이용한모래폭풍의 탐지를위하여 8 μm와 11 μm 밴드에서밝기온도값의차이 (BTD 8-11 =BT 8 - BT 11 ) 를이용한방법 (Darmenov and Sokolik, 2005) 이제시되기도하였다. 그림 6은 Santa Babara Disort Radiative Transfer (SBDART) (Ricchiazzi et al., 1998) 복사전달모델로계산된이론적인가시채널반사도값의비율 (ρ 0.47 /ρ 0.86, ρ 0.47 /ρ 0.86, ρ 0.55 /ρ 0.86, ρ 0.66 /ρ 0.86 ) 을나타낸다. 복사전달모델의입력자료조건은위성관측각 40도, 태양고도각 30 도, 상대방위각 60도, τ 0.55 =1.0, 중위도대기모델을공통입력자료조건으로활용하였으며, 3가지다른에어로솔타입 (Ash, Dust, Soot) 에대하여 3가지다른지표타입 (Ocean, Vegetation, Soil) 을고려하여계산하였다. 그러나 2개의적외채널차를이용한방법은수증기흡수가강한조건또는지표의방사율이화산재 / 모래먼지와유사한지역에서는오탐지를할수있는가능성이있다. 따라서보다많은적외채널을이용한방법으로서, BTD 와 BTD 8-11 의비율을지수화하는방법 한국대기환경학회지제 34 권제 3 호
9 Himawari-8/AHI 관측자료를이용한주요대기에어로솔탐지및분류방법 501 Fig. 6. Visible bands reflectance ratios calculated by SBDART with three aerosol type (ash, dust, soot) and three different surface type (ocean, vegetation, soil). (Hansell et al., 2007), 수증기의흡수가상대적으로큰 8 μm보다는 3.9 μm 채널을사용한방법 (Ellrod et al., 2003) 이제시되었다. 이러한다중적외채널을이용한화산재 / 황사탐지방법은 MODIS와 COMS 위성자료의분석에있어효과적인탐지가가능함을보였다 (Lee et al., 2016, 2014). 그림 6의결과에서는중요한몇가지사실을알수있다. 첫째로에어로솔과지표의종류와상관없이 AOT값이증가할수록 ρ 0.66 /ρ 0.86 의경우를제외한나머지의반사도비율이작아진다. 이것은파장이짧을수록에어로솔에의한반사도보가상대적으로작아지기때문이다. 두번째로, 각에어로솔타입에의한반사도비율은지표의종류에상관없이 AOT값이증가할수록특정한값으로수렴한다. 즉대기중에서에어로솔의부하량이커질수록고유한특성값이주요인자가되는것을의미한다. 세번째로, Soot 모델은파장별반사도의변화가적으며, 강한광흡수성으로인하여다른에 어로솔모델에비하여반사도비율이크게작아지는특징이발견된다. 그림 7은 Ash, Dust, Soot 입자의부하량증가에따른 ( 즉, AOT 값의증가에따른 ) BTD 11-4, BTD 11-8, BTD 11-10, BTD 의변화량을나타낸다. 이러한복사전달모의결과에서는각에어로솔타입별 AOT의증가는 BTD 11-4, BTD 11-8, BTD 의값을감소시킴과 BTD 의값은증가시키는역할을하는것으로나타나고있다. 그리고광학적두께가 0에서 4까지증가하였을때, BTD 11-4, BTD 11-8, BTD 의변화는입자의크기가큰 Ash와 Dust는입자의크기가작은 Soot와는구분이되고있다. BTD 의변화결과에서는 Ash와 Dust라도파장별광학특성에따라두가지에어로솔타입이구분이되는것을알수있다 에어로솔탐지사례 Himawari-8/AHI 에어로솔탐지산출물은청천대기
10 502 이권호 이규태 Fig. 7. SBDART simulated 2 band BTD results as a function of AOTs. BTD pairs are selected with (a) 11~ 4 μm, (b) 11~8 μm, (c) 11~10 μm, and (d) 11~12 μm, respectively. 중에존재하는에어로솔의종류별 (VA, DD, PA, CA) 요소를관심지역내의지도상에표출한다. 그림 8은 Himawari-8/AHI L1B 자료를이용하여산출된주요에어로솔이벤트에대한탐지결과를나타내었다. 화산재사례는 2017년 3월 25일 09:00 UTC, 황사사례는 2016년 5월 5일 00:00 UTC, 연무사례는 2016년 4월 25일 00:00 UTC, 황사와연무동시탐지사례로서 4월 8일의사례를비교한결과이다. 그림 8의 Himawari-8/AHI 칼라합성영상은황사영역 ( 밝은토양색상 ), 연무영역 ( 잿빛색상 ), 구름영역 ( 밝은흰색영역 ) 에관한시각적인정보를확인할수있다. 따라서 Himawari-8/AHI 칼라합성영상과에어로솔탐지산출결과비교는정성적인비교검증으로간주될수있다. 황사와연무발생사례에서 Himawari-8/ AHI 에어로솔탐지산출결과에의한 DD, PA로판별한영역과비교적잘일치함을확인할수있다. 특히, 2016년 4월 8일에중국내몽골지역과산둥반도지역 에서발생한황사영역과중국중동부지역에서의연무에어로솔이동시에발생한경우도위성관측 RGB 합성영상과, 에어로솔탐지결과에서동시에확인할수있다. 그림 9는 2017년 3월 24일에분화한러시아캄차카반도의 Kambalny 화산의화산재관측결과사례이다. Himawari-8/AHI는 10분간격의관측자료를제공함으로서화산재영역에대한이동현황을준실시간으로파악할수있다. RGB 칼라합성영상을통하여화산분화구 ( 붉은색삼각형 ) 으로부터화산재구름이매시간별계속배출되고있으며, 남서방향으로화산재영역 ( 회색빛영역 ) 이이동하고있는것이확인가능하다. Himawari-8/AHI 에어로솔탐지산출결과도 RGB 영상에서확인된화산재영역과잘일치하고있다. Himawari-8/AHI 에어로솔탐지산출물의검증은정량적인방법과정성적인방법이사용되었다. 에어로솔탐지산출물의정확도검증을위한정성적인방법은 한국대기환경학회지제 34 권제 3 호
11 Himawari-8/AHI 관측자료를 이용한 주요 대기 에어로솔 탐지 및 분류 방법 503 Fig. 8. Himawari-8/AHI aerosol detection cases for dust storm on 5 May 2016 (left), haze on 25 April 2016 (middle), and mixed aerosols on 8 April 2016 (right). Fig. 9. H imawari-8/ahi (above) RGB color composite images and (below) volcanic ash detection results for the Kambalny volcano from 00:00 UTC to 04:00 UTC. The volcano locates in far southern Kamchatka, Russia erupted around 21:20 UTC on 24 March 위성 산출물의 결과의 정확도 여부를 장면 분석적인 다. 정량적인 방법에서는 에어로솔 탐지 산출물과 타 측면에서 결과물의 정확도 성공 여부를 주관적 체험에 위성자료 (공개된 표준 산출물)과의 비교를 수행하게 의하여 비교 및 묘사 가능한 것을 이용한다. 정량적 분 되며, 서로 다른 시공간해상도를 가지는 두 가지 위성 석법은 일반상황을 엄밀히 통제해 놓고 비교 대상과 자료를 비교한다. 즉, 검증용 자료와 비교 대상 자료의 객관적 관찰 결과를 가지고 개념화하는 방법을 이용한 개별화소의 크기와 관측영역의 모양이 서로 다른 경우
12 504 이권호 이규태 HIMAWARI-8 Aerosol Detection 2016/04/08 04:30 UTC Altitude (km) Altitude (km) Lat/Lon (deg) etc ASH NZAS WD SD ND WS SS Fig. 10. (Left) Himawari/AHI aerosol detection result and CALIPSO VFM (green solid line represents CALIPSO overpass track). (Right) CALIPSO VFM and Himawari/AHI aerosol detection. 에는인접한화소중거리가가장최소인화소를선택하게된다. 이러한기본개념에의하여시공간적으로일치된화소에대하여두자료가에어로솔로정의되어있으면에어로솔탐지성공으로확인한다. 에어로솔탐지산출물과비교가능한검증용자료로는 CALIPSO Vertical Feature Mask (VFM) 자료를사용가능하다. CALIPSO VFM 산출물은 CALIPSO 위성의궤도에따라 6가지종류의에어로솔타입의연직분포에관한정보를제공한다 (Vaughan et al., 2009). CALIPSO VFM 자료를이용한에어로솔탐지산출물과비교검증을수행하였으며, 그결과사례로서그림 10에나타내었다. 2016년 4월 8일에발생한연무와황사동시발생사례에대한에어로솔탐지결과와 CALIPSO VFM의비교결과는황사의경우, 0.76의백분율정확도 (Percent Correct, PC), 0.19의임계성공지수 (Critical Success Index, CSI) 의값을보였다. 또한, 연무의경우각각 PC =0.99, CSI =0.01의값을보였으며, 기타로분류된에어로솔의경우각각 PC =0.87, CSI=0.17의값을보였다. Himawari-8/AHI 에어로솔탐지산출물과 CALIPSO VFM 자료와비교시단점은 CALIPSO 위성의관측영역이협소하고연직분포시대표성을가지는 VFM의선택에따라에어로솔주요종이결정된다는점이다. Table 2. Skill scores acquired from comparison between Himawari-8/AHI aerosol detection data and MODIS level 2 aerosol products. Collocated datasets were 2 May 2017 ~ 9 May Area Full disc Asia Skill score PC POD FAR PC POD FAR Land Ocean 따라서광범위영역에대한 Himawari-8/AHI 에어로솔탐지산출물에대한비교가불가능하므로, 현재까지연속적으로에어로솔산출물을생산하고있는 MODIS 에어로솔산출물과비교하였다. 표 2는두자료간의시공간적으로일치된화소간의에어로솔산출결과를비교한것으로 2017년 5월 2일 ~9일동안의전구관측영역 (Full disc) 과아시아지역 (Asia) 에대한영역별비교결과를검증지수로나타내었다. 해상보다는육상의에어로솔탐지결과가높은 POD값을나타내지만 PC 값이적은것은 MODIS의구름탐지과정에서해상에서발생하는 sunglint 영역의위치가다르게나타나는것과에어로솔영역의반사도값이최대치이상인경우에대한예외조건처리에대한부분이다르기때문인것으로판단된다. 특히, MODIS는극지방의셀형태의작은구름이나유빙등에대한오류가발견되므로 한국대기환경학회지제 34 권제 3 호
13 Himawari-8/AHI 관측자료를이용한주요대기에어로솔탐지및분류방법 505 이러한영향이두자료간의비교에영향을주는것을확인하였다. 따라서, 전구영역과아시아영역의검증지수를비교하면아시아영역에서검증지수값이다소높게나타나는것을알수있다. 4. 결론인공위성을이용한에어로솔산출에관한연구는주로특정에어로솔의광학특성에기반한 AOD 산출하는것이주를이루었다. 그러나최근의센서기술의발달에따른위성자료의질적양적성장은보다효율적인자료처리를요구하고있다. 특히, Himawari-8과같은정지궤도위성은기존의위성자료에비하여진보된관측센서와시공간해상도의증가로인한빅데이터수준의관측자료로인하여새로운에어로솔의탐지방법이필요하다. 본연구에서는 Himawari-8/AHI를이용하여에어로솔입자에대한유무뿐아니라주요에어로솔에관한구분이가능한알고리즘의실행시간을단축하고보다효율적인연산과정을수행하는것을목적으로한다. Himawari-8/AHI 관측자료로부터분석된에어로솔탐지결과의분석을통하여시간에따른주요에어로솔타입별분포및이동특성정보를정량적, 정성적으로획득하였다. RGB 칼라합성영상으로부터자연색에가까운에어로솔영역에대한가시적인영상정보를확인하였으며, 가시채널과적외채널밴드기법을이용한주요에어로솔 (VA, DD, PA, CA) 탐지결과는관심대상지역에서해당에어러솔에대한공간적분포정보를획득할수있었다. 특히정지궤도위성의장점인연속관측정보를통하여에어로솔의공간분포뿐아니라이동특성에관한정보를획득하였다. Himawari-8/AHI 에어로솔탐지산출물과타위성자료 (CALIPSO, MODIS) 의비교를통한정확도검증지수는약 73% 이상의정확도를나타내었으며, 각에어로솔종류별지역별특성에관한다양성을극복하고원격탐사를통한연속관측가능성을보였다. Himawari-8/ AHI 에어로솔탐지방법은구름제거의성공여부에크게의존하지만, AHI의적외채널공간해상도가약 2 km이므로청천화소결정에관한오차가에어로솔탐지산출물에그대로영향을미치게되는점이다. 향후, 청천화소결정을위한보조자료 ( 타위성자료또는모델자료등 ) 이가능하게되어정확도가개선된다면에어로솔탐지정확도가향상될수있을것으로기대된다. 그리고 Himawari-8/AHI 에어로솔탐지자료가한반도지역에특화된대기환경분석연구에활용하기위하여지속적인분석알고리즘의개선및산출물의검증분석을통한자료의질을높이는과정이집중적으로이루어질예정이다. 감사의글본연구는기상청국가기상위성센터 정지궤도기상위성지상국개발 (NMSC ) 출연금사업의일환으로한국전자통신연구원 (ETRI) 에서추진하는 복사 / 에어로졸분야알고리즘 / 활용기술개발 과제의지원으로수행되었습니다. References Ackerman, S.A., Strabala, K., Menzel, P., Frey, R., Moeller, C., Gumley, L., Baum, B., Seeman, S.W., Zhang, H. (1998) Discriminating clear-sky from cloud with MODIS. Algorithm theoretical basis document (MOD35), Journal of Geophysical Research, 103 (D24), Al-Saadi, J., Szykman, J., Pierce, B., Kittaka, C., Neil, D., Chu, D.A., Remer, L., Gumley, L., Prins, E., Weinstock, L., McDonald, C., Wayland, R., Dimmick, F. (2005) Improving national air quality forecasts with satellite aerosol observations, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 86(9), Bae, M.-S., Park, D.-J., Lee, K.-H., Cho, S.-S., Lee, K.-Y., Park, K. (2017) Determination of analytical approach for ambient PM 2.5 free amino acids using LC-MSMS, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 33(1), 55-64, KOSAE (in Korean with English abstract). Charlson, R.J., Lovelock, J.E., Andreae, M.O., Warren, S.G. (1987) Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo, and climate, Nature, 326,
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