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1 43 연구논문 유도초음파를이용한장거리배관탐상기법 박익근 * 김용권 ** 김현묵 *** 송원준 **** 조용상 ***** 안연식 ***** * 서울산업대학교기계공학과 ** 서울산업대학교에너지환경대학원에너지시스템공학과 *** 한양대학교대학원 **** 포항산업과학연구원 ***** 한국전력전력연구원 Long Range Ultrasonic Guided Wave Techniques for Inspection of Pipes Ik-Keun Park*, Yong-Kwon Kim**, Hyun-Mook Kim***, Won-Joon Song****, Yong-Sang Cho***** and Yeon-Shik Ahn***** *Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul , Korea **Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul , Korea ***Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul , Korea ****Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 32 Hyoja-Dong, Nam-Ku, Pohang, Korea *****Korea Electric Power Research Institute, Daejeon , Korea Abstract Conventional non-destructive techniques for inspection of the weld in pipelines require significant test time and high cost. Ultrasonic guided waves have been widely studied and successfully applied to various non-destructive tests with advantage of the long-range inspection. In this paper, a study on the application of ultrasonic guided waves to the long-range inspection of the pipeline is presented using a long-range guided wave inspection system, Wavemaker SE16, GUL. The characteristics and setup of the long-range guided wave inspection system and experimental results in pipes of with various diameter are introduced. The experimental results in mock-up pipes with cluster type detects show that the minimum detectable wall thickness reduction with this guided wave system is 2~3% in the pipe cross section area. And the wall thickness reduction of 5% in cross section area can be detected when actual detection level is used. Therefore, the applicability of the guided wave systeme to long-range inspection of wall thickness reduction in pipes is verified. * Corresponding author : ikpark@snut.ac.kr (Received April 6, 2005) Key Words : Ultrasonic guided wave, Torsional mode, Dispersion Curves, Wave structure 1. 서론 평판이나파이프, 철도레일등가늘고긴봉형의재료표면에해머나초음파진동자등으로진동을가하면파장의 100배에서 1,000배오더의거리를길이방향으로전파하는음향모드가발생한다. 이와같은파동형태를유도초음파 (ultrasonic guided wave) 라부르고길 고큰구조물의고속비파괴검사기법으로최근주목을받고있다. 특히파이프내를수미터에서수백미터전파가가능하다는것이실험적으로검증되어장거리파이프의고속진단이나매설배관을검사하는기법으로큰기대를모으고있다. 유도초음파법은구조물의기하학적인구조를따라전파하는파로서광범위비파괴탐상을효율적으로수행할수있다. 이는기존의종파나횡파를사용한국부검사 (point by point) 법에비해탐 大韓熔接學會誌第 23 卷第 5 號, 2005 年 10 月 451
2 44 박익근 김용권 김현묵 송원준 조용상 안연식 촉자의이동없이고정된지점으로부터대형설비전체, 즉여러개의용접부를한번에탐상할수있다. 그리고절연체나코팅재의제거없이구조물이설치된그대로검사를수행할수있어기존의비파괴기법에비해시간적, 경제적효율이뛰어나다. 또한, 보온재나제한된공간으로인하여검사자의접근이곤란하고복잡하다든가, 다양한피검사체의형상을따라장거리초음파탐상이어려운발전설비의보수검사에적극활용되고있다 2-5). 반면유도초음파는상기와같은장점을가지고있음에도불구하고발전설비의보수검사에적용하는데아직해결되어야할어려움이남아있다. 유도초음파는판표면간을왕복전파하는종파ㆍ횡파의간섭및공명에의해형성된파동모드이기때문에전파송ㆍ수신메카니즘이상당히복잡하다. 즉유도초음파가전파해가는모드가무한히많이존재함으로인해다양한모드의선택을통한측정민감도를향상시킬수있는장점도있지만, 여러개의모드가동시에수신될때신호해석과모드확인 (mode identification) 이어렵다는것이다. 예를들면속도가다른다수의진동모드가중첩되어수신파형의해석이어렵다는점, 우리가바라는진동모드를얻기위해서는입사탐촉자를적절히조정해야하는점등이다. 이러한유도초음파의전파형태를아는가장유효한수단으로는레일리- 램방정식등의이론식으로부터구한분산선도가이용된다. 분산선도로부터복수의진동모드의전파속도를구하는것이가능하고수신된반사파형으로부터탐촉자와이상부위까지의거리를아는것이가능하다. 그러나결함이나불균질영역, 파이프의엘보우부분으로부터의반사율이나모드변환율, 초음파감쇠율등을구하고결함이나불균질영역을정량적으로평가하는것은아직불가능하다. 그러나이러한어려운문제를안고있지만최근에는장거리비파괴검사가가능한파이프라인의유도초음파검사시스템이영국의 Guided Ultrasonic Ltd. [ 와 Plant Integrity Ltd [ 에의해상용화되었고미국의 SWRI에서는배관에서유도초음파를발생시키기위해자왜센서 (magnetostrictive sensor) 를채택하고있는데, 시스템또한자체적으로개발하여장거리배관의결함을신속하게탐상할수있게되었다. 본연구에서는발전설비배관의효율적인보수검사에적용하기위한예비연구로유도초음파기법의실용기술측면에서장거리배관탐상을위해영국의 Guided Ultrasonic Ltd. 에서개발한유도초음파검사시스템을적용하고, 배관내에서의유도초음파의분산선도에나타난각종모드의분산특성과파형구조로부터유도초 음파의모드특성을예측하여배관용접부의두께감육을모의한결함의위치와두께감육정도를실험적으로검증하고자한다. 2. 유도초음파의특징 배관내에서운동방정식은 Navier's 방정식으로부터식 (1) 과같이유도되어지며배관에서유도초음파가전파한다고가정하고, Fig. 1과같이경계면이자유로운경우경계조건을식 (2) 로정의할수있다. μ 2 u +(λ + u) ( u)= ρ( 2 u/ t 2 ) 여기서, u 는변위벡터이며, ρ 는밀도, μ 와 λ 는 Lame 의탄성상수이다. (2) (3) σ rr = σ rz = σ r θ =0 at r = a and r = b 각방향의응력은다음식 (3) 로유도되며, σ rr = { - λ( α 2 +ξ 2 )f+2μ[f'' + n r ( g 3 '- g 3 r )+ ξg 1 '] } cos nθ cos (ωt +ξz) σ r θ = μ { - 2n r ( f'- f r -(2g 3 '' - β 2 g 3 )-ξ n +1 r sin nθ cos (ωt+ξz) g 1 -g 1 ') } σ rz = μ { -2 ξf'- n r [ g 1'+( n +1 r - β 2 +ξ 2 )g 1]- n ξ r g 3} cos nθ sin (ωt +ξz) 여기서, α 2 = ω 2 / v ξ 2 이고, β 2 = ω 2 / v ξ 2 이며, ξ는파수, r은반경, n는 원주방향차수이다 6). (1) 452 Journal of KWS, Vol. 23, No. 5, October, 2005
3 유도초음파를이용한장거리배관탐상기법 45 경계조건식 (2) 에식 (3) 를대입하면다음의특성 (characteristic) 방정식을얻을수있다. C ij =0, ( i, j =1to 6) (4) 이행렬식은주파수식이라고도부르며, 이식 (4) 을이용하여이론적인분산곡선을얻을수있고배관내에존재하는모드들을해석하여배관의건전성을평가할수있다. 본논문에서적용하는시스템에서탐촉자는배관외면에부착되어진동방향이배관의원주방향의성분을가지는 Torsional mode(t(0,1)) 가송 수신되며, 사용되어지는주파수가 T(0,2) 모드의 Cutoff 주파수 (332kHz) 이하의 20-60kHz 이므로다른 T모드는고려하지않아도된다고생각된다. 또한진동방향이배관의원주방향으로따르는성분을갖는 Flexural mode(f(n,m)) 도함께송 수신된다고생각된다. 여기서, n은원주방향변위분포를나타내는차수이며, m은두깨방향변위분포를나타내는모드차수이다. 즉, 원주방향차수가 0이면변위분포가축대칭임을나타낸다. Fig. 2는식 (4) 에서얻어진이론적인분산곡선을나타낸다. 그리고 Fig. 3는본논문에서발생된 T(0,1) mode 의변위파형구조를나타낸다. 3. 실험장치및방법 3.1 시험편 Fig. 4 는본연구에사용된대구경배관시험편을나타내고있다. 이배관의바깥지름은 508 mm이며, 두께는 19 mm, 길이는 16 m이다. 이배관은실제발전설비배관으로사용되고있으며중앙부에용접부, 수직, 수평행거와지지대 (support) 로지지되고있다. 용접부내부에두께감육결함을가공하였다. Fig. 4 는소구경배관시험편을나타내고있으며이배관의바깥지름은 38 mm이며, 두께는 5 mm, 길이는 7.7 m이다. 표면에 2~10 mm 드릴홀과깊이 2 mm의노치형결함을가공하였다. 또한 Fig. 4(c) 는바깥지름이 51 mm이며, 두께는 6 mm, 길이는약 8 m인배관을길이가약 2.4 m인 Fig. 4 의배관양쪽에용접이음을하였다. 그리고좌측에는약깊이 4 mm, 길이 20~50 mm의노치형결함과 2~4 mm 드릴홀을 Fig. 3 Displacement wave structure of torsional mode Phase velocity Group velocity Fig. 2 Dispersion curve of guided wave (c) Fig. 41 The A Traction-free, geometric of pipe infinitely specimens long with hollow variable cylinder diameters with inner radius and outer radius 大韓熔接學會誌第 23 卷第 5 號, 2005 年 10 月 453
4 46 박익근 김용권 김현묵 송원준 조용상 안연식 가공하였고, 우측에는약깊이 3 mm로 2~10 mm 드릴로 cluster 형의결함을가공하였다. 3.2 실험장치본논문에서사용한장거리유도초음파탐상장치는 GUL사 (Wavemaker SE16) 의장비로 Torsional mode를사용했다. Fig. 5은유도초음파를발생하는시스템구성을나타내고있으며신호를송 수신하는실험장치와이를구동하기위한제어컴퓨터와소구경용탐촉자로구성되어있다. 또한대구경의배관에적용하는탐촉자의구성도 Fig. 5와동일하다. Fig. 6는본실험에서사용된탐촉자를나타낸다. Fig. 6 는대구경의배관에적용하며공기압에의해배관에고정되고사용한주파수는 20~28 khz이다. 이탐촉자의구성은 2개의열과 4개구역으로나뉘어있으며총 80개의요소로이루어지며요소탐촉자의간격은 35 mm이다. 소구경배관에적용하기위한탐촉자는 Fig. 6 와같이두개의부분으로분리되어있으며사용한주파수는 45~60 khz이다. 이탐촉자는 2개의열과 6개구역으로나뉘어있으며총 12개의 요소로이루어지며요소탐촉자의간격은 16 mm이다. 3.3 실험방법본실험에서사용된탐촉자는배관의외경에따라탐촉자를설치했으며, 대구경용탐촉자는구성된센서의수가총 80개로수가많아배관에정확히부착시키기에상당히어려움이있다. 또한소구경배관에적용된탐촉자는구성된센서의수가총 12개이며, 배관의부착은 2분할된탐촉자를나사로고정하고외면에있는나사를조절하여미세조정이가능하다. Fig. 6의배관에따라탐촉자를설치하여좌우로송 수신되는유도초음파를얻었다. 4. 배관탐상결과및고찰 Fig. 7은각각의배관으로부터획득한유도초음파신호로써, 이신호는탐촉자의여러개의영역 (segment) 으로부터획득된 RF신호중에서하나이며, 여러개의신호로부터얻은정보를 Fig. 9와같이시스템에구성된 Fig. 5 Experimental setup of long range Guided wave inspection system with solid ring transducer Fig. 6 Inflatable ring transducer and solid ring transducer (c) Fig. 7 Received RF-signal from variable diameter pipe( 508 mm, 38 mm, (c) 38 & 51 mm) 454 Journal of KWS, Vol. 23, No. 5, October, 2005
5 유도초음파를이용한장거리배관탐상기법 47 컴퓨터로배관의탐상결과를나타낸다. Fig. 9 의탐상결과로부터용접선, 행거 (hanger) 와플랜지신호는명확하게검출됨을보여주고있다. 배관내의용접부식별은동시에표시되는대칭모드 (Black line) 및비대칭모드 (Red line) 의대비에의해가능하다. 용접부의원주방향에균등한반사원의경우, 검출된신호는대칭모드가지배적이며, 부식과 Fig. 8 The estimated cross-section loss 같은두께감육부가원주방향의일부분에존재하여반사원이될경우에는, 비대칭모드와대칭모드가동시에검출된다. 다만, 배관상의행거, 지지대및불균일한용접선에있어서도부식과같은두께감육에의한유사한신호가나오기때문에결함평가를하는데어려움이있다. 그렇기때문에배관상의위치를파악해두는것이중요하다. 용접부내에가공된결함에대한탐상은대칭모드와비대칭모드의대비에의해가능하다. Fig. 8은대칭모드와비대칭모드를통한결함형상을평가하는방법을도식적으로나타낸다. 진폭비가커질수록균일한두께감육결함이며, 반대로진폭비가작아질수록시험편의단면적에대하여국소부위에집중된결함으로평가할수있다. 소구경배관의탐상결과를다음 Fig. 9,(c) 에나타낸다. Fig. 9 는 7.7 m의배관탐상의결과로탐촉자의좌측에 4 mm 드릴홀과깊이 2 mm의노치형의결함신호를얻을수있었으며우측에서는 2~10 mm 드릴홀의신호를얻었다. 소구경배관에대한드릴홀결함의검출한계는본실험의결과로부터배관의횡단면에대한단면감소율 2~3% 정도이다. 결함신호를식별할때, 플랜지신호에 26dB 아래의결함검출레벨 (call line) 를적용하며실험결과로부터횡단면에대한단면감소율이 5% 이상되어야결함검출이가능함을알수있었다. 또한 Fig. 9(c) 의시험편으로부터용접부, 결함과플랜지신호를탐상결과로확인할수있다. 드릴홀결함에대한대칭모드의신호의크기는횡단면에대한단면감소율이커짐에따라선형적으로증가함을알수있었으며, 원주방향으로가공된노치형결함은홀결함과같은경향을보이지만횡단면에대해서는비례관계가다르다. 이것은 T 모드가관의축방향정보를포함하기때문이라생각된다. (c) Fig. 9 Experimental result of variable diameter pipe( 508 mm, 38 mm, (c) 38 & 51 mm) 5. 결론 본논문에서는발전설비에사용되는배관에대한장거리유도초음파탐상의유용성유무를실험적으로검증한결과다음과같은결론을얻었다. 1) 배관내의용접선, 모의결함과형상에대한장거리유도초음파의탐상가능성을실험적으로확인하였다. 2) 장거리유도초음파시스템의검출한계는배관의횡단면에대한단면감소율 2-3 % 이며, 실제결함검출레벨에의한식별은배관의횡단면에대한단면감소율 5% 이상되어야검출이가능하였다. 참고문헌 大韓熔接學會誌第 23 卷第 5 號, 2005 年 10 月 455
6 48 박익근 김용권 김현묵 송원준 조용상 안연식 1. T. Hayashi : Numerical Simulation of Guided Wave Propagation, Journal of the Japanese Society for Non-Destructive Inspection, 52-12(2003), D. N. Alleyne and P. Cawley : Long Range Propagation of Lamb Waves in Chemical Plant Pipework, Materials Evaluation, 52-7(1997), T. Nagai, M. Hyodo and K. Takamura : Long Range Ultrasonic Technique for Inspection of Buried Pipelines, Journal of the Japanese Society of Non-Destructive Inspection, 51-10(2002), (in Japanese) 4. P. J. Mudge, A. M. Lank and D. N. Alleyne : A Long Range Method of Detection of Corrosion under Insulation in process Pipework, Journal of the Japanese Society of Non-Destructive Inspection, 46-4(1997), (in Japanese) 5. S. J. Song, J. S. Park and H. J. Shin : Guided Wave Mode Selection and Flaw Detection for Long Range Inspection of Polyethylene Coated Steel Gas Pipes, Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing, 21-4(2001), (in Korean) 6. D. C. Gazis : Three-Dimensional Investigation of the Propagation of Waves in Hollow Circular Cylinders. I. Analytical Foundation, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 31-5(1959), Guided Waves, Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing, 20-1(2000), 1-9 (in Korean) 8. J. L. Rose and D. Jiao and J. Spanner, Jr : Ultrasonic Guided wave NDE for Piping, Materials Evaluation, 51-5(1996), D. N. Alleyne and P. Cawley : Optimization of Lamb wave inspection Techniques, NDT & E International, 25-1(1992), T. Nagai, M. Hyodo and K. Takamura : Guided Ultrasonic Testing as a Practical Technology, Journal of the Japanese Society for Non-Destructive Inspection, 52-12(2003), (in Japanese) 11. S. Kameyama, K. Misu, S. Wadaka, Y. Tanaka, M. Koike and S. Suchiro : Ultrasonic Test Instrument Using Guided Wave, Journal of the Japanese Society for Non-Destructive Inspection, 52-12(2003), (in japanese) 12. I. K. Park, Y. K. Kim, Y. S. Cho, Y. S. Ahn, and Y. H. Cho : A Study on the Behavior of Ultrasonic Guided Wave Mode in a Pipe Using Comb Transducer, Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing, 24-2(2001), (in Korean) 7. H. J. Shin, Joseph L. Rose, S. J. Song : Inspection of Heat Exchanger Tubing Detects with Ultrasonic 456 Journal of KWS, Vol. 23, No. 5, October, 2005
KAERITR hwp
KAERI/TR-3143/2006 유도초음파를이용한직선배관의 원거리결함탐지실험 Experiments of Long-range Inspection Method in Straight Pipes using Ultrasonic Guided Waves 2006. 2 한국원자력연구소 TR-3143-2006- 수정요청부분.hwp 2006-03-13 오전 9:59 2 쪽중
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