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1 Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture Korean J Environ Agric (2011) Online ISSN: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp Print ISSN: 유기농쌀생산을위한벼포트육묘이앙재배의생육특성 권영립,* 최인영, 문영훈, 서경원, P.K.Sharma, 김대향 전라북도농업기술원 The Characteristics of Growth, Yield and Quality of Rice(Oryza sativa L.) on the basis of pot seedling raising method in eco-friendly agriculture Young-Rip Kwon,* In-Young Choi, Young-Hun Moon, Kyoung-Won Seo, Praveen Kumar Sharma, and Dae-Hyang Kim (Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Iksan , Kore Received: 25 August 2011 / Accepted: 23 September 2011 c 2011 The Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture Abstract BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted to find out the suitable method for organic rice production on the basis of different seedling raising methods at nine eco-friendly agricultural units of Samgi, Mangsung, Iksan and Sungsan, Gusan of Jeollabuk-do, during METHODS AND RESULTS: On the basis of yield and physiological parameters, pot seeding method was found to be superior to drill seeding and broadcast seeding methods. The number of panicle,, the precent of ripened s, and the 1,000 weight, were better in pot seeding method. Maximum yield and other attributes were recorded in rice, cultivated with seedlings raised by pot and broadcast seeding method. Number of panicle/hill and /panicle was 10.4% and 35.1% higher than the broadcast seeding method, respectively. Yield also showed 8.8% increase in pot seeding method as compare to broadcast seeding method. Higher yield was obtained when 56 hills/3.3 m2 of rice seedlings were used as compare to 50 hills/3.3 m2 raised by pot seeding method and 70 hills/3.3 m2 of broadcast seeding method. Lodging was minimum in seedlings raised with pot seeding method as thickness of third internode was more (9.0%) than the seedlings, raised * 교신저자 (Corresponding author), Phone: ; Fax: ; kwon@korea.kr with broadcast seeding method. Root length and dry weight also showed similar tendency i.e. 13.8% and 25.3% higher, respectively. CONCLUSION(s): Quality and grade of rice, cultivated with pot seeding method was better than broadcast seeding method. Head rice was 4.4% higher; and protein content and broken rice grown by pot seeding method were 0.4% and 1.8% lower than broadcast seeding method, respectively. Key Words: Broadcast seeding method, Different seedling raising methods, Eco-friendly agriculture, Pot seeding method, Rice 서론 친환경농업의벼제초방법으로그동안오리농법, 우렁이농법등과감비효과를겸한쌀겨농법등을실천해왔으며, 병해충방제를위해여러친환경농자재를사용하여왔다. 그러나친환경농업은병해충피해, 수량과품질저하, 잡초방제등의문제점으로많은농가에서실천하기가어려운현실이다. 친환경농업에서벼병해충의경우이삭도열병은호품벼, 보석찰벼, 토네노메구미 ( 일본품종 ) 에서 11.6% 로심하다고보고된바있으며 (Kang et al., 2008), 수량과품질에관하여서는관행재배대비유기재배 1년차에서는 %, 2년차에서는약 8% 정도수량감소및품질이저하하는경향을보인다고보고되었다 (Kwon et al., 2008). 또한, 친환경벼재배는잡초방제가커다란비중을차지하고있는데, 논잡초에대해서다년생잡초올방개는발생시기가길고, 토양중의괴경을완전 275

2 276 KWON et al. 방제할수없어지속적으로재생되기때문에잡초의방제가매우어렵다고보고되었다 (Hong et al., 2001). 따라서친환경농업으로밥맛좋은쌀생산을위하여품종개량 (Choi, 2002), 이앙시기 (Back et al., 2005), 수확시기 (Kim et al., 2005) 등에관한연구가수행된바있으며, 작물생육과밀접한관계가있는질소시비량 (Nam et al., 2005) 과규산시용 (Kang et al., 1997) 등의품질이나품위에대한연구도활발히이루어지고있다. 예를들면, Na 등 (2007) 은친환경재배에서단백질및아밀로스함량은일반재배와큰차이가없었으며, 밥의조직감으로탄력성, 응집성, 경도, 점성등이친환경재배에서더높다고보고하였다. 친환경농업의한형태로지속가능한농업과안전한농산물의생산을유지시키면서환경부담물질의투입량을절감시킬수있는큰모 ( 성묘 ) 생산이가능한포트육묘이앙재배가각광받고있다. 관행산파육묘이앙재배는밀식때문에 30일중묘이상기르기가어렵고, 본논에모내기한다음초기잡초제거와도열병ㆍ물바구미방제에큰노력이필요하다. 그러나포트육묘는 35 50일동안큰모로기를수있어병해충회피는물론친환경농법인쌀겨ㆍ오리ㆍ왕우렁이농법에도유리하다. 어린모를이앙했을때쌀겨농법의경우쌀겨로인한가스피해가종종발생하며, 오리농법의경우오리가모를쓰러뜨리고, 왕우렁이농법의경우왕우렁이가모까지먹어치우는문제가있어친환경농업실천에어려움이큰게현실이다. 따라서본연구에서는친환경농법으로이용되고있는벼포트육묘이앙재배에대한생육및수량, 그리고쌀의품위및품질을비교분석하여포트육묘이앙재배가친환경농법에미치는영향을조사하였다. 재료및방법 시험포장조건본시험은친환경농업단지로전북익산시삼기면과망성면, 군산시성산면의 3개지역에서수행하였다. 시험농가는단지당 3농가씩 9농가로, 2009년 4월부터 2010년 10월까지생육조사와농가기록방법에의한기장조사방법을병행하였다. 6월 10일에서 20일사이에이앙했으며, 시험포장의시비방법은친환경유기농자재인축분발효퇴비를이앙전 30일경에살포하였으며, 이삭거름도동일한방법으로시용하였다. 기타병해충관리방법은유기농법에준하였다. 시험포장의토양화학성은농업과학기술원토양화학분석법에준하여분석하였다. 즉 ph(istec 460CP) 및 EC(TOACM-40S) 는토양과증류수의비율을 1:5로하여측정하였으며, 유기물은 Tyurin 법으로, 유효인산은 Lancaster법을이용한비색법 (HP 8452A) 으로하였고, 치환성양이온 (K +, Ca ++, Mg ++ ) 은 1N-NH 4OAC 침출액으로침출한여액을 ICP(ICP-AES; GBC, Integr 로측정하였다. 육묘방법별생육특성및품질조사시험포장에이앙을위한모판준비는포트육묘, 조파육묘, 산파육묘로구분하여볍씨를파종하였다. 호품벼를공시품종으로포트육묘는 cm크기의 448구육묘상자에구당 2 3개씩 (40 50 g/ 상자 ) 볍씨를파종하여육묘장에서 40 45일간육묘하였다. 육묘과정은부직포못자리육묘와같은방법이며, 이앙은포트육묘상자를포트이앙전용기 (Minoru, Japan) 로 50주 /3.3m2씩일반관행보다 20주적게이앙하였다. 조파육묘는육묘상자에전용파종기로 g씩 18 20줄로파종하여 30 35일간부직포못자리육묘와같이생육하였으며, 이앙은산파육묘이앙기로 70주 /3.3m2씩심었다. 산파육묘는육묘상자에 g씩파종하여 20일간부직포못자리육묘와같이생육하였으며, 이앙은일반이앙기로 70주 /3.3m2씩심었다. 또한, 포트육묘의단위면적당적정이앙주수를설정하기위해서는포트이앙전용기로 50주 /3.3m2와 56주 /3.3m2로구분하여이앙을실시하였고, 관행재배인산파육묘의 70주 /3.3 m2와비교하였다. 도복형질은출수후 20일에간장, 절간장을조사하였고, 3절간태는 Dial Gage로측정하였다. 뿌리의건물중은뿌리길이를조사한후 80 에서 48시간건조하여측정하였다. 벼생육및수량조사는간장, 수장, 수수, 립수등을지역별 3반복 20주씩조사하였고, 수량조사는육묘방법별 3반복 100주씩을예취하여농촌진흥청농사시험연구조사기준에준하였다. 쌀품위조사는미립판별기 (RN-500, Kett, Japan) 로측정하였다. 단백질, 아밀로스, 지방산등의성분분석은근적외선분광분석방식인성분분석계 (AN-700, Kett, Japan) 를이용하여기계적방법으로측정하였다. 백미의도정은전자동정미기 (SY94+RAT2+2400, Ssangyong, Kore 를이용하여현미 g을정백률 91.5% 가되도록중량비로계산하여입력한후동일한압력으로도정하였다. 식미측정은식미계 ( 味度메타, TOYO MA-30A, Japan) 를이용했다. 통계분석은 SAS 9.1.3(Statistical Analysis System Institute Inc., 2002) package를이용하여분석하였으며, 처리간유의성은 5% 유의수준에서 Duncan's multiple range test를이용하여검정하였다. 결과및고찰 벼육묘방법별생육및수량시험포장의토양화학성분으로 ph는조사지역모두적정범위였다. 유기물함량은성산단지에서는적정범위였으나삼기와망성단지에서는적정범위를초과했다. 이는삼기와망성지역에서친환경쌀생산을위해서매년지속적으로유기물을투여한결과라고생각된다. 인산함량은성산단지에서높았으며, 규산은 3지역모두미달되었다 (Table 1). 육묘방법별생육특성조사에사용된육묘에대한묘소질의차이는 Table 2와같이포트육묘에서조파육묘및산파육묘보다생육상황이다소우수하였다. 육묘형태별벼생육상황은관행재배인산파육묘이앙재배에비해포트육묘이앙재배와조파육묘이앙재배에서양호하였는데, 특히포트육묘이앙재배가가장좋았다.

3 The characteristics of rice pot seedling raising method 277 또한, 수수, 립수, 등숙비율, 천립중도포트육묘> 조파육묘> 산파육묘이앙재배순으로우수하였으며, 특히립수의경우산파육묘이앙재배대비조파육묘이앙재배에서수당 18.8개 (21.9%), 포트육묘이앙재배에서수당 30.1개 (35.1%) 가많았다. 또한, 수수도포트육묘이앙재배에서산파육묘이앙재배대비주당 1.6개 (10.4%) 가많았다. 따라서쌀수량은포트육묘이앙재배에서 10a당 506 kg로관행재배인산파육묘이앙재배에비해 10a당 41 kg (8.8%) 증수되었다 (Table 3). 이는산파육묘이앙재배에비해포트육묘이앙재배에서주당수수, 수당립수가많았고, 등숙비율이높고, 천립중이무거운결과라고생각된다. 이러한결과는산파육묘이앙재배에비해포트육묘이앙재배에서육묘일수가길고파종량이적어큰묘로기를수있는장점이있었기때문으로생각한다. 육묘일수는관행재배인산파육묘의경우육묘조건에따라적정육묘일수가다른데, 온실이나하우스에서는 8 10일이적정일수이며, 노지에서는 20 30일이적정하다. 포트육묘는다공포트를이용해한구멍에볍씨 2 3개를파종하기때문에일반밀식산파육묘에비해적정육묘일수가길다. 또한, 벼의수량은영양생장기간의발육및질소영양정도와유수분화기의시비량에의해결정되는데, 이는영양생장기에서생식생장기로전환이이루어지는유수분화기에수비를시용하면 질소영양상태의변화에의해 sink size가결정되기때문이다 (Schnier et al., 1990). 또한, 생식생장이시작되는유수분화기는질소요구도가가장큰시기이고, 이시기에질소부족은결국생장량감소뿐만아니라퇴화영화수증가로인하여 potential sink size를저하시켜엽의노화를촉진시키며, 이로인해등숙기광합성능력의감소로이어져결국등숙률과천립중을저하시켜수량을크게감소시킨다 (Hinzman et al., 1986). 따라서관행재배인산파육묘이앙재배에비해포트육묘이앙재배의경우영양생장기간의발육이훨씬왕성하여질소이용효율이높아수량증가원인으로작용한것으로생각된다. 포트육묘의단위면적당적정이앙주수설정을위한연구결과는 Table 4와같다. 포트육묘이앙후재식밀도별생육상황은 3.3m2당 56주에서 50주보다등숙비율은낮았으나수수, 립수는많고천립중이약간무거워수량지수가 2.6% 증가한 10a당 555 kg이었다. 이는관행인산파육묘이앙재배보다 10a당 49 kg증수되었으며, 수량지수로는 109.7% 를나타냈다. 이러한결과는포트육묘이앙재배에서산파육묘재배에비해주당수수, 수당립수가많았고, 등숙비율이높고, 천립중이무거운결과였다. Table 1. Chemical properties of soil from the experimental units of Iksan and Gunsan Local area ph EC Av. P 2O 5 Av. SiO 2 Ex. cation (Cmol c/ kg ) OM (g/ kg ) (1:5) (ds/m) ( mg / kg ) ( mg / kg ) Ca Mg K Samgi in Iksan Mangsung in Iksan Sungsan in Gusan Optimum range Table 2. Physiological parameters of rice on the basis of different seedling raising patterns Plant height ( cm ) leaf (no.) Seedling dry weight ( mg /hill) Seedling dry weight /Plant height( mg / cm ) Pot seeding method Drill seeding method Broadcast seeding method Table 3. Yield and yield components of rice on the basis of different seedling raising patterns at eco-friendly agricultural units Plant height (cm) Culm length (cm) Panicle length (cm) panicle /hill /panicle Ripened (%) Wt. of 1,000 s(g) Yield ( kg /10 Pot seeding method a a 70.8 a 21.5 a 506 a Drill seeding method a a 69.2 a 21.3 a 492 a Broadcast seeding method a 85.8 b 68.4 a 21.0 a 465 a

4 278 KWON et al. Table 4. Yield and yield components of rice on the basis of number of transplanting seedling with different seedling raising patterns at eco--friendly agricultural units Number of transplanting seedling(no.) panicle (ea./m 2 ) (ea./m 2 ) Ripened (%) Wt. of 1,000 s(g) Yield ( kg /10 Yield index ab 29,076 a b) 72.4 a 23.0 ab 542 ab Pot seeding method a 33,854 a 68.2 b 24.0 a 555 a Broadcast seeding method b 28,848 a 64.9 c 22.0 b 506 b Number of transplanting seedling per 3.3 square meter. b) 도복형질 산파육묘이앙재배와포트육묘이앙재배모두포장에서시험연구기간동안도복은발생하지않았다. 그러나도복형질은포트육묘이앙재배에서 3절두께가산파육묘이앙재배에비해 0.31 mm (9.0%) 양호하였다. 절간장은포트육묘와산파육묘이앙재배간에큰차이가없었으나뿌리길이및건물중은포트육묘에서산파육묘이앙재배에비해각각 2.8 cm (13.8%), 1.8 g(25.3%) 양호하였다. 이러한결과는포트육묘이앙재배가도복형질이우수한결과로태풍등에대한외부저항에도도복이되지않는다는것을알수있다 (Table 5). 도복형질은쌀수량과품질에미치는영향이대단히클뿐만아니라벼수확작업에도많은불편을초래하여주곡의지속적인안정생산과양질미생산및생산비절감측면에서매우중요하게다루어져야할기상재해이다. 도복의발생원인은크게두가지로태풍, 폭우등과같이기상황경에의해직접적으로물리적피해를주는것과품종, 시비량, 시비시기, 분시방법, 재식밀도, 물관리, 병충해피해등과같은재배방법에따라간접적으로발생되는것으로구별될수있다 (Lim et al., 1992). 직접적인요인인기상환경은인위적으로조절할수없으나간접적인요인인재배방법은인위적으로조절이가능하므로포트육묘이앙재배방법이더욱필요하다. 도복과관련있는벼의특성은하위절간의길이, 간벽의두께, 줄기에포함된세포벽구성물질의함량등으로도복과상관이높은것으로알려져있고, 뿌리의분포율에도많은영향을받는것으로보고되었다 (Lee et al., 1989; Lim et al., 1991; Kim et al., 1993). 쌀품위및품질평가비교포트육묘와산파육묘이앙재배의쌀품위및품질을평가한결과품위관련특성중백미의완전미율은두가지재배방법에서평균 90% 이상으로조사되었다. 특히포트육묘이앙재배에서산파육묘이앙재배에비해완전미율이 4.4% 높았고, 싸라기비율이 1.8% 낮았다. 품질관련특성으로단백질함량은포트육묘이앙재배에서 0.4% 낮은결과를얻었다 (Table 6). 포트육묘이앙재배의경우완전미율이높은원인은산파육묘이앙재배보다수량및수량구성요소가우수하였고, 도복형질도양호한결과로판단된다. 또한, Nam 등 (2005) 은백미완전미율은질소시비량이많을수록낮다고보고하였는데포트육묘이앙재배의경우친환경농법으로질소시비량이상대적으로적었기때문으로생각된다. Won 등 (2008) 은분시비율연구에서완전미율은수비시용량이많을수록단백질함량이높고완전미율이낮다고하였는데, 포트육묘이앙재배의경우친환경재배농법으로관행재배에비해수비를시용하지않았기때문에완전미율이높고단백질함량이낮은결과를얻은것으로생각된다. 단백질은약 50개이상의 L-α-아미노산이펩티드결합으로연결된고분자질소함유화합물의총칭이라고말할수있다. 단백질함량은쌀의품질과밥의찰기에영향이있어단백질이많을수록밥이단단하고부착성이떨어져식미가저하된다 (Ishima et al. 1974). 따라서본시험의포트육묘이앙방법은농가에서친환경농법의실천에따른병해충피해, 수량과품질저하, 잡초방제등의어려움을해결하기위한새로운방법으로농가보급이절실한기술이다. 특히친환경농법에서관행재배인산파육묘이앙재배의문제점인중묘이상기르기힘들고, 본답초기잡초방제와병해충관리를보다손쉽게해결할수있을것으로판단된다. 그동안친환경농법중쌀겨농법의경우어린모이앙에따른가스피해와잡초방제를위한심수관리가어려울뿐만아니라이앙전균평작업에많은노동력이소모되어왔다. 오리농법의경우도모가너무어리면오리에의해모가쓰러지기도하고종종오리가모까지먹는문제가발생하였으며, 왕우렁이농법의경우어린모가왕우렁이에의해섭식되므로친환경농업에많은어려움이있었는데, 포트육묘이앙재배로이와같은문제점들이해결될것으로기대된다. 다만, 포트육묘이앙에있어서는육묘를위한파종기와트레이그리고전용이앙기가아직국산화되지않아비용부담이큰것이문제인데, 수요가증대되어국산화가실행되기이전까지는지방자치단체의예산을지원받는다든지작목반별로공동구입하게되면이와같은문제점이해결될것으로본다.

5 The characteristics of rice pot seedling raising method 279 Table 5. Internode thickness, length, root length and weight of rice on the basis of different seedling raising patterns in eco-friendly agricultural units 3 rd Internode Internode length(cm) Root length Root dry weight thickness( mm ) Total (cm) (g/hill) Pot seeding method 3.75 a a 8.9 a Broadcast seeding method 3.44 b b 7.1 b Table 6. Quality parameters of rice on the basis of different seedling raising patterns in eco-friendly agricultural units Head rice (%) Broken rice (%) Others (%) Protein (%) Whiteness Pot seeding method 94.5 a 1.0 b a 36.9 Broadcast seeding method 90.1 a 2.8 a a 36.0 요약 본연구는전라북도친환경농업실천농가포장에서벼육묘방법별생육, 도복형질, 쌀의품위및품질등을비교분석하여친환경쌀생산에적합한이앙방법을구명하였다. 육묘방법별생육특성으로수수, 립수, 등숙비율, 천립중은포트육묘>조파육묘> 산파육묘이앙재배순으로우수하였으며, 특히수수, 립수의경우산파육묘이앙재배대비포트육묘이앙재배에서각각 1.6개 / 주 (10.4%), 30.1개 / 수 (35.1%) 가많아쌀수량이 41 kg /10a(8.8%) 증수되었다. 포트육묘의단위면적당적정이앙주수는 56주 /3.3m2로 50주 /3.3m2보다등숙비율은낮았으나수수, 립수는많아수량지수가 2.6% 증가한 555 kg /10a이었다. 이는관행인산파육묘이앙재배보다 49 kg /10a 증수된 109.7% 이었다. 도복형질은포트육묘이앙재배에서 3절두께가산파육묘이앙재배에비해 0.31 mm (9.0%) 양호하였다. 뿌리길이및건물중은포트육묘에서산파육묘이앙재배에비해각각 2.8 cm (13.8%), 1.8 g(25.3%) 우수하였다. 쌀품위및품질은포트육묘이앙재배에서산파육묘이앙재배에비해완전미율이 4.4% 높았고, 싸라기비율이 1.8% 낮았다. 단백질함량은포트육묘이앙재배에서 0.4% 낮았다. 감사의글 This study was carried out with the support of Cooperative Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ ), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. 참고문헌 Back, N.H., Choi, W.Y., Ko, J.C., Nam, J.K., Park, H.K. Jeong, J.I., Kim, S.S., Park. K.G., Proper nitrogen fertilizer level for improving the rice quality at reclaimed saline land in the southwestern area, Korean J. Crop Sci. 50, Choi, H.C., Current status and perspectives in varietal improvement of rice cultivars for high-quality and value-added products, Korean J. Crop Sci. 47, Hinzman, L.D., Bauer, M.E., Daughtry, C.S., Effects of nitrogen fertilization on growth and reflectance characteristics of winter wheat. Remote Sensing of Environment 19, Hong, K.S., Kim, T.J., Lee, J.J., Kwon, Y.W., Current status and research direction of weed science in Korea; Ecology of perennial weed species in rice paddy field in Korea, Korean J. Weed. Sci. 21, Ishima, T., Taira, H., Taira, H., Mikoshiba, K., Effects of nitrogenous fertilizer and protein content in milled rice on organoleptic quality of cooked rice. Rep. Nat. Food Res. Inst. 29, Kang, B.Y., Kim, S.G., Kwon, O.D., The study of disease control in organic rice culture, Jeonnam ARES Study 1, Kang, Y.S., Lee, J.H., Kim, J.L, Lee, J.S., Influence of Silicate Application on Rice Grain Quality, Korean J. Crop Sci. 42, Kim, J.K., Lee, M.H., Oh, Y.J., Lodging pattern

6 280 KWON et al. of rice plant in broadcast-seeded and hand transplanted cultivation. Korean J. Crop Sci. 38, Kim, S.S., Lee, J.H., Nam, J.K., Choi, W.Y., Back, N.H., Park, H.K., Choi, M.K., Proper harvesting time considering the quality of rice in honam plain area, Korean J. Crop Sci. 50, Kwon, O.D., An, G.N., Park, H.G., Selection of cultivar and development of cultivation methods in organic rice culture, Jeonnam ARES Study 1, Lee, D.O., Kwon, H.O., Park, K.H., Influence of nitrogen and silicate on yield and lodging related traits of paddy rice, Korean J. Crop Sci. 34, Lim, J.T., Kwon, B.S., Jung, B.G., Relationship between lodging-related characteristics and field lodging in rice, Korean J. Crop Sci. 36, Lim, J.T., Lee, H.J., Cho, K.S., Song, D.S., Analysis of lodging related characteristics in rice plants, Korean J. Crop Sci. 37, Na, G.S., Lee, S.K., Kim, S.Y., Antioxidative effects and quality characteristics of the rice cultivated by organic farming and ordinary farming, J. Korean Soc. Agric. Chem. Biotechnol. 50, Nam, J.K., Kim, S.S., Lee, J.H., Choi, W.Y., Back, N.H., Park, H,K., Choi, M.G., Kwon, T.H., Proper nitrogen application level for improving the rice quality in honam plain area, Korean J. Crop Sci. 50, Schnier, H.F., Dingkuhn, M., De Datta, S.K., Mengel, K., Faronilo, J.E., Nitrogen fertilization of direct-seeded flooded vs. transplanted rice : I. Nitrogen uptake, photo-systhesis, growth, and yield. Crop Sci. 30, Won, J.G., Ahn, D.J., Kim, S.J., Choi, C.D., Lee, S.C., Improving quality by controlling top dressing of nitrogen application ratio, Korean J. Crop Sci. 53,

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03-서연옥.hwp 농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥