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1 Korean J Hematol Vol. 40, No. 4, December, 2005 Original Article 악성빈혈의임상상 : 22 예의후향적분석 충남대학교의과대학 1 내과학교실, 2 진단검사의학교실 천재민 1 박남숙 1 박남환 1 윤각원 1 양영준 1 박상은 1 윤환중 1 조덕연 1 권계철 2 김삼용 1 Pernicious Anemia: A Retrospective Analysis of 22 Cases Jae-min Chun, M.D. 1, Nam-Sook Park, M.D. 1, Nam-Hwan Park, M.D. 1, Gak-Won Yun, M.D. 1, Young-Joon Yang, M.D. 1, Sang-Eun Park, M.D. 1, Hwan-Jung Yun, M.D. 1, Deog-Yeon Jo, M.D. 1, Gye-Cheol Kwon, M.D. 2 and Samyong Kim, M.D. 1 Departments of 1 Internal Medicine and 2 Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea Background: Pernicious anemia is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency in western populations, but to date, only case reports or small series dealing with this malady have been reported in Korea. This study describes the clinical characteristics of pernicious anemia in Koreans. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data for twenty-two Korean patients with pernicious anemia who were diagnosed during the period from 1995 to 2004 at Chungnam National University Hospital. Results: Only two patients were diagnosed before The median age of the patients was 66 years and the male/female ratio was 1.8. Anemia-associated discomfort was the most common symptom (95.5%); this was followed by gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms (77.2% and 50.0%, respectively). Autoimmune disorders were found in five patients (22.7%). The median hemoglobin level was 7.0g/dL (range: 3.1~11.8g/dL) and pancytopenia was found in 12 patients (54.5%). The median serum vitamin B12 Level was 26pg/mL (range: 12~189pg/mL). Fifteen (78.9%) and eight (42.1%) of the 19 patients who underwent tests for antibodies were positive for anti-intrinsic factor and anti-parietal cell antibody, respectively. Nineteen of 21 patients who were treated with intramuscular cobalamin recovered from their cytopenia within 3 months. The gastrointestinal symptoms resolved completely for all the patients, while neurological symptoms remained for some of the patients. Conclusion: This study shows that the clinical features of pernicious anemia in Koreans are not different from those of the western cases. In addition, pernicious anemia is not a rare finding in Korea. (Korean J Hematol 2005;40: ) Key Words: Pernicious anemia, Cobalamin, Anti-intrinsic factor antibody, Anti-parietal cell antibody 접수 :2005 년 10 월 27 일, 수정 :2005 년 11 월 30 일승인 :2005 년 12 월 7 일교신저자 : 조덕연, 대전광역시중구대사동 , 충남대학교병원내과 Tel: , Fax: deogyeon@cnu.ac.kr Correspondence to:deog-yeon Jo, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University 640 Daesa-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon , Korea Tel: , Fax: deogyeon@cnu.ac.kr 219
2 220 Korean J Hematol Vol. 40, No. 4, December, 2005 서 악성빈혈은비타민 B 12 결핍의주요원인으로, 위점막의위축혹은위벽세포 (parietal cell) 의자가면역성손상으로인한내인자의결여에기인한다. 1) 비타민 B 12 의결핍은엽산대사의이상을유발하고, 이는 DNA 합성장애를초래하여세포분열이왕성한조혈세포의성장및분화장애를일으킨다. 결과적으로거대적혈모구빈혈이발생한다. 아울러비타민 B 12 결핍은엽산결핍의경우와는달리신경학적합병증을일으킬수있다. 이질환은북유럽인과미국의흑인에서비교적흔하게볼수있으나아시아에서는드문것으로알려져있다. 1-3) 국내에서는 1966년악성빈혈 1예가처음으로보고된이후, 산발적으로증례가보고되어왔다. 4-6) 그러나다수의환자를대상으로분석한자료는 Lee 등 7) 에의한 7예의비타민 B 12 결핍성빈혈환자중 4예, 그리고 Song 등 8) 에의한 45예의비타민 B 12 결핍성빈혈중 8예의악성빈혈에대한보고를제외하고는거의없는상태이다. 저자들은충남대학교병원에서지난 10 년간악성빈혈로진단된환자 22예의증상과징후, 검사소견및치료에대한반응등의임상상을분석하여보고하고자한다. 론 대상및방법 1995년 1월부터 2004년 12월까지의기간동안충남대학교병원에서악성빈혈로진단된환자 22예의의무기록을후향적으로분석하였다. 빈혈이있는환자중자동화화학발광검사법 (automated chemiluninescence) 으로측정한혈청비타민 B 12 농도가 200pg/mL ( 정상범위 : 250~1,100pg/mL) 보다낮으면서 (1) 항내인자항체가양성인경우, (2) 항벽세포항체가양성이면서위내시경에서체부에중등도이상의위축위염이있는경우 (H. pylori 감염이없는경우 ), (3) 항체검사가시행되지않았지만위내시경과조직검사에서체부에서중증의위축위염이확인된경우또는다른자가면역질환이동반된경우를악성빈혈로정의하였다. 따라서위절제술후발생한거대적혈모구빈혈이나식이성결핍에의한것은제외되었다. 위의조건에부합하는환자 22예를대상으로임상증상, 전체혈구계산, 말초혈액바른표본, 일반화학검사, 골수검사, 위내시경및조직검사, 항내인자항체및항벽세포항체, 동반질환의유무, 그리고치료에대한반 Table 1. Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency in megaloblastic anemia (n=58) Causes No. of patients (%) Pernicious anemia 22 (37.9) Gastrectomy 27 (46.6) Others 9 (15.5) 응등을분석하였다. 항내인자항체는방사면역측정법 (radioimmunoassay) 으로, 항벽세포항체는간접면역형광법 (indirect immunofluorescence) 으로검사되었다. 21 예의환자에대하여위내시경검사를시행하였다. 이중 10예에서위체부조직검사가시행되었고일부환자에서 H. pylori에대한검사가시행되었다. 치료로는 hydroxycobalamin 1,000μg을매일 1회씩 7일간근주하였고, 이후에주 1회로 4주간, 그이후로는매월또는격월로 1회씩근주하였다. 치료에대한반응은치료개시로부터 3개월후병력청취, 신체검사및혈액검사를통해평가하였다. 1. 환자의특성 결 연구기간중비타민 B 12 결핍에의한거대적혈모구빈혈로진단된환자는모두 58예였으며, 이중 22예 (37.9%) 가악성빈혈로판단되었다. 27예 (46.6%) 에서는위전절제술의과거력이확인되었으며, 나머지 9예 (15.5%) 에서는검사가충분히시행되지않았거나시행되었다하더라도원인을뚜렷하게지목할수없었다 (Table 1). 악성빈혈로진단된경우가 2000년이전에는 2예에불과하였다. 그러나 2000년부터진단건수가현저히증가하는추세를보였다 (Fig. 1). 진단당시환자연령의중앙치는 66세 ( 범위 : 34~79세 ) 였고, 22예중 14예 (63.6%) 는남자였고 8예 (36.4%) 는여자였다 (Table 2). 증상으로는빈혈에의한증상이 21예 (95.5%) 에서나타나가장높은빈도를보였고, 위장관증상이 17예 (77.2%), 그리고신경학적증상이 11예 (50%) 에서각각관찰되었다. 빈혈에의한증상으로는전신쇠약감 (20 예, 91%) 이가장많았으며, 운동시호흡곤란 (10예, 45%), 두통 (10예, 45%), 그리고현기증 (3예, 14%) 등이관찰되었다. 위장관증상으로는설통 (16예, 73%), 식욕부진 (10예, 45%), 황달 (2예, 9%) 등이, 그리고신경학적증상으로이상감각 (10예, 45%), 건망증 (4예, 18%), 과
3 천재민외 : 악성빈혈의임상상 : 22 예의후향적분석 221 Fig. 1. Annual distribution of the numbers of newly diagnosed patients with megaloblastic anemia associated with cobalamin deficiency. Table 2. Patient characteristics (n=22) Age (yrs, median (range)) 66 (34~79) Sex (male : female) 14 : 8 Duration of symptoms 3 (1~24) (mos, median (range)) Associated diseases (n (%)) Hashimoto's thyroiditis 2 (9.1%) Vitiligo 3 (13.6%) Graves' disease 2 (9.1%) Aplastic anemia 2 (9.1%) 정신병 (1예, 4%) 등이관찰되었다 (Table 3). 증상발현으로부터진단까지의기간은중앙치 3개월 ( 범위 : 1~ 24개월 ) 이었다. 전체 22예중 5예 (22.7%) 에서자가면역질환이동반되었다. 하시모토갑상선염과백반증이함께동반된경우가 2예였고, 그레이브스병과백반증이각각 2예및 1예에서동반되었다 (Table 2). 2. 검사실검사소견 전체혈구계산에서에서혈색소중앙치는 7.0g/dL ( 범위 : 3.1~11.8g/dL) 였고전체환자중절반에서 7g/dL 이하의심한빈혈을보였으며, 평균적혈구용적의중앙치는 118fL ( 범위 : 76~147fL) 였다. 백혈구감소증은 14예 (64.6%) 에서, 저혈소판증은 17예 (77.3%) 에서각각관찰되었고, 범혈구감소증도 12예 (54.5%) 에서관찰되었다. 과분엽핵호중구는 20예 (90.9%) 에서관찰되었다. 재생불량성빈혈과철결핍성빈혈이각각 2예및 1 예에서동반되었다. 22예중 21예에서골수검사를시 Table 3. Symptoms and signs (n=22) Manifestations No. of patients (%) Weakness 20 (90.9) Headache 10 (45.5) Exertional dyspnea 10 (45.5) Sore tongue 16 (72.7) Anorexia 10 (45.5) Vertigo 3 (13.6) Jaundice 2 (9.1) Numbness 10 (45.5) Amnesia (forgetfulness) 4 (18.2) Psychosis 1 (4.5) Table 4. Laboratory findings at the time of diagnosis Findings No. of patients (%) Leukopenia (<4,000/mL) 13/22 (59.1) Hemoglobin (g/dl) <7 10/22 (45.5) 7~10 10/22 (45.5) >10 2/22 (9.1) MCV (fl) <100 3/22 (13.6) 100~120 10/22 (45.5) >120 9/22 (40.9) Platelet ( 10 3 /μl) <50 5/22 (22.7) 50~130 10/22 (45.5) >130 7/22 (31.8) LDH >450IU/L 17/22 (77.2) Total bilirubin >1.5mg/dL 10/22 (45.5) Vitamin B 12 (pg/ml) <50 14/22 (63.6) 50~100 3/22 (13.6) 100~200 5/22 (22.7) Antibodies Anti-intrinsic factor antibody (+) 15/19 (78.9) Anti-parietal cell antibody (+) 8/19 (42.1) Both antibodies (+) 4/19 (21.1) Any antibody (+) 19/19 (100) PB morphology Hypersegmented neutrophils 20/22 (90.9) BM study Erythroid hyperplasia 19/21 (90.4) Hypercellularity 12/21 (57.1) Abbreviations: MCV, mean corpuscular volume; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PB, peripheral blood; BM, bone marrow
4 222 Korean J Hematol Vol. 40, No. 4, December, 2005 행하였으며, 재생불량성빈혈이동반된 2예를제외한나머지 19예 (90.4%) 모두에서골수구계 / 적혈구계비율이감소하였다. 혈청비타민 B 12 치는중앙치 26 pg/ml ( 범위 : 12~189pg/mL) 로감소되어있었으며혈청엽산치는모든환자에서정상범위에속하였다. 항체를검사한 19예중항내인자항체는 15예 (78.9%) 에서, 항벽세포항체는 8예 (42.1%) 에서각각양성으로나타났다. 4예 (21.1%) 에서는항내인자항체와항벽세포항체가모두양성이었고 19예모두어느한쪽이라도양성이었다 (Table 4). 3. 위내시경검사위내시경검사가시행된 21예모두에서위체부에중등도이상의위축위염의소견이있었고, 이중 10예에서는조직검사를통해위축위염이확인되었다. 조직검사가시행된 10예중 5예에서는장상피화생 (intestinal metaplasia) 이관찰되었다. 5예에대해서 H. pylori 에대한검사가시행되었으며모두음성이었다 (Table 5). 1 예에서는악성빈혈의진단시진행성위암이동시에발견되었고, 1예에서는악성빈혈진단후 2년째에진행성위암이진단되었다. 4. 치료에대한반응 22예중 1예는추적관찰이되지않아서치료에대한반응을평가할수없었다. 21예중재생불량성빈혈이동반된 2예를제외한나머지 19예모두에서혈색소가정상화되었으며평균적혈구용적도정상범위로환원되었다. 위장관증상은모든환자에서호전되었으나신경학적증상은일부환자에서지속되었다 (Table 6). 고찰 Table 5. Gastroscopic and histologic findings Findings No. of patients (%) Gastroscopy (n=21) Chronic atropic gastritis 21/21 (100) Moderate 10/21 (47.6) Severe 11/21 (52.4) Others 2/21 (9.5) Stomach cancer 1/21 (4.8) Hyperplastic polyp 1/21 (4.8) Histology of body (n=10) Atropic gastritis 10/10 (100) Intestinal metaplasia 5/10 (50) Advanced stomach cancer 1/10 (10) Test for H. pylori (n=5) Positive 0/5 (0) Negative 5/5 (100) Table 6. Responses to cobalamin therapy (n=21) Parameters No. of patients (%) Correction of anemia 19/21 (90.5) Correction of leucopenia 11/13 (84.6) Correction of thrombocytopenia 9/11 (81.8) Resolution of symptoms Weakness 20/20 (100) Exertional dyspnea 10/10 (100) Vertigo 3/3 (100) Sore tongue 16/16 (100) Anorexia 10/10 (100) Headache 10/10 (100) Numbness 6/10 (60) Amnesia (forgetfulness) 0/4 (0) 악성빈혈은 1849년 Thomas Addison에의해처음으로 idiopathic anemia로기술되었고 Biermer가 progressiver pernicioser anamie라는용어를사용한후부터 pernicious anemia로명명되었다. 9) 이질환은북유럽가계와미국흑인에서가장흔하게볼수있으나남유럽과아시아에서는매우드물게발생하는것으로알려져있다. 1,2.6) 우리나라에서는소수의증례만이산발적으로보고되어왔다. 3-6) 본연구에서는 1995년부터 2004년까지비타민 B 12 결핍성거대적혈모구빈혈로진단된 58예중악성빈혈로판단된 22예의환자를대상으로임상상을분석하였다. 이러한악성빈혈의상대적빈도는최근의국내보 고에비해월등히높다. Song 등 8) 의연구에따르면 1992~2004년의기간중 45예의비타민 B 12 결핍성거대적혈모구빈혈이진단되었고이중 8예 (22.2%) 만이악성빈혈에합당하였다. 이연구에서는쉴링검사 (schilling test) 에의해진단된 1예, 항벽세포항체가양성이어서진단된 1예를제외한나머지는위내시경검사에서위축위염이확인되었음에기초하여악성빈혈로인정하였으며항내인자항체검사여부에대한언급이없어진단의정확성에의문이제기된다. 한편, 이연구에서는 2000년이전에비해그이후에위절제술에의한거대적혈모구빈혈이악성빈혈또는기타원인에의한경우보다증가함을보고하였는데이는오히려위절제
5 천재민외 : 악성빈혈의임상상 : 22 예의후향적분석 223 술이외의원인, 특히악성빈혈에의한비타민 B 12 결핍이증가함을제시하고있는본연구의결과와상이하다. 이러한차이가지역적인특성에의한것인지, 아니면다른요인에의한것인지는확실치않다. 본연구에서도역시그동안전통적으로표준적진단법으로인정되어온쉴링검사에기초해서진단하지않아진단의정확성에대해논란이제기될수있을것으로생각된다. 그러나쉴링검사가환자의치료에는별도움이되지않는다는점, 검사가용이하지않다는점, 그리고검사시행과정에서많은오류가발생할가능성이있다는점등때문에최근들어이검사법의유용성에많은의문이제기되고있다. 10) 따라서항내인자항체, 혈청가스트린 (gastrin) 또는펜타가스트린 (pentagastrin) 의측정등이대안으로제시되고있다. 10,11) 항내인자항체는오래전부터악성빈혈의진단에있어중요한요소로인정되어왔으며, 50~70% 의민감도 (sensitivity) 와 90% 이상의특이도 (specificity) 를보이는것으로알려져있다. 10,12) 고가스트린혈증은 80% 이상의비교적높은민감도를보이나특이도가 50% 이하로낮은것이한계로지적된다. 12) 항벽세포항체는위점막위축에중요한역할을하는자가면역성위염의지표로여겨진다. 항벽세포항체는악성빈혈의진단에있어전통적으로 90% 이상의높은민감도를보인다고알려져왔다. 그러나특이도가 50% 이하이고정상인의 2~ 16% 에서검출되기때문에진단적가치가높지않은것으로평가되어왔다. 10,12-14) 자가면역성위염이진행하고전체위벽세포의소실이있으면항원소실의결과로인해항벽세포항체의검출빈도가오히려감소할수있다는가설이가능한데, 실제로최근의연구에서는기존의보고와는달리악성빈혈환자의 55% 에서항벽세포항체가양성이었다. 14) 본연구에서항벽세포항체양성률은 42.1% 로항내인자항체양성률 78.9% 에비해크게낮았는데상기한최근의연구결과에부합하는결과이다. 본연구에서항체검사를시행하지않았던 3예중 2예는각각 34세와 55세로젊은나이로위내시경검사및조직검사에서위체부의중증위축위염이확인되었고비타민 B 12 의결핍을초래할만한다른원인이없었으며, 다른 1예는 47세의젊은환자로전형적인백반증이동반되어있어비록쉴링검사또는항체검사가않았지만진단에는큰문제가없을것으로판단된다. 항체검사를시행한 19예중 78.9% 에서항내인자항체가양성이었고모든환자에서항내인자항체와항벽세포항체중어느한쪽이양성이었는데, 이역시본연구에서분석한증례에대한악성빈혈진단에큰 무리가없음을시사한다. 항내인자항체가검사되지않았거나음성인경우배제되어야할것이최근서구에서임상적의미가재조명되고있는노인에서의음식-코발라민결핍 (foodcobalamin deficiency) 이다. 음식-코발라민결핍은 1995 년 Carmel 18) 에의해처음기술되었고음식이나장의운반단백으로부터코발라민분리가잘되지않는것이특징이다. 이는기본적으로위축위염이원인이되며, 부분위절제, 제산제또는 metformin 사용, 알코올중독, 췌장분비장애, 장내세균증식등이유발인자로알려져있다. 12,15,16) 본연구에서설정한악성빈혈의진단기준을적용하면노인성음식-코발라민결핍에의한비타민 B 12 결핍성거대적혈모구빈혈은배제되는것으로판단된다. 악성빈혈은면역학적기전으로발생하는다른질환, 즉그레이브스병, 점액수종, 갑상선염, 특발성부신피질부전증, 백반증등의환자에서발생빈도가증가한다. 1,19) 본연구에서는 22예중 5예에서하시모토갑상선염, 그레이브스병, 백반증등이동반되어이러한현상을확인할수있었다. 악성빈혈과연관된 A형위축위염은전정부를제외한기저부와체부에만성적인림프구침윤의병리학적소견을보이고위벽세포의소실로인한무산증, 고가스트린혈증을보이는위벽세포와내인자에대한자가항체와연관된자가면역성위염이다. 2) 최근전정부에기시하는 B형위축위염과연관된 H. pylori 감염이악성빈혈의발생과관련된다는보고가있다. 20) 본연구에서위내시경검사가시행된 21예중모두에서체부에위축위염의소견이있었다. H. pylori 검사는 5예에서시행했으며모두음성이었다. 그러나어떠한결론을내리기에는증례수가작아우리나라악성빈혈의발생에있어 H. pylori의역할에대해서는추가적인연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 악성빈혈환자에서는위암발생의위험이증가하는것으로알려져있어주기적인위내시경검사가권고된다. 2,19,21,22) 본연구에서도악성빈혈의진단시진행성위암이같이발견된경우가 1예있었고, 내시경적조직검사를시행한환자 10예중 5예에서위암의전구병변으로알려진장상피화생이관찰되었으며, 추적관찰중에진행성위암으로진단된경우가 1예있어악성빈혈환자에서주기적위내시경이필요함을확인할수있었다. 비타민 B 12 의결핍은빈혈과혀, 구강, 위장관점막의이상이외에도중추신경과말초신경의변성을초래하여신경증상을초래한다. 본연구에서신경학적증상
6 224 Korean J Hematol Vol. 40, No. 4, December, 2005 은환자의 50% 에서나타났다. 비타민 B 12 의투여로위장관증상은모든환자에서빠르게호전되었으나신경학적인증상은일부환자에서소실되지않아신경학적장애가비가역적으로진행되기전에진단과치료가이루어져야함을재삼확인하였다. 요약하면, 본연구를통해우리나라악성빈혈환자의임상적특성이그동안잘기술된서구증례와크게다르지않음을알수있었다. 단일기관의연구이고진단의정확성에일부의문이제기될수있으나, 2000년이전보다그후에진단건수가늘고있는경향은뚜렷하다. 따라서국내에서는악성빈혈이매우드물게발생한다는그동안의통념에대해재고할필요가있으며전국적인차원에서의조사가필요할것으로생각된다. 요약배경 : 악성빈혈은위점막의위축또는위벽세포의자가면역성파괴로인한내인자의결여에서비롯된다. 우리나라에서는 1966년 1예가보고된이래간헐적으로증례가보고되어왔으나다수의환자를대상으로분석한자료가거의없는실정이다. 이에저자들은최근 10년간진단된악성빈혈환자들의임상상을분석하였다. 방법 : 1995년부터 2004년까지의기간중충남대학교병원에서악성빈혈로진단된환자 22예의의무기록을후향적으로분석하였다. 결과 : 환자나이는 34~79세였고중앙치는 66세였다. 증상으로는빈혈에의한증상이 95.5% 로가장많았고, 위장관증상이 77.2%, 그리고신경학적증상은 50% 의환자에서각각관찰되었다. 혈색소중앙치는 7.0g/dL (3.1~11.8g/dL) 였고절반에서 7g/dL 이하의심한빈혈을보였으며, 평균적혈구용적의중앙치는 118fL (76~147fL) 였다. 혈청비타민 B 12 치의중앙치는 26pg/mL (12~189pg/mL) 였다. 항체검사를시행한 19예중항내인자항체는 15예 (78.9%) 에서, 항벽세포항체는 8예 (42.1%) 에서각각양성이었다. 21예에서위내시경검사가시행되었으며모든환자에서위체부에중등도이상의위축위염소견이있었다. 전체 22예중 5 예 (22.7%) 에서하시모토갑상선염, 그레이브스병, 백반증등다른자가면역질환이동반되었다. Hydroxycobalamin으로치료한 21예중재생불량성빈혈이동반된 2예를제외한나머지 19예에서는빈혈이소실되었으며평균적혈구용적도정상범위로회복되었다. 위장관 증상은모든환자에서소실되었으나신경학적증상은일부환자에서지속되었다. 악성빈혈로진단된경우가 2000년이전에는 2예에불과하였으나그이후에는진단건수가뚜렷하게증가하는추세를보이고있다결론 : 국내에서발생하는악성빈혈의임상적특성은이미잘기술된서구증례와크게다르지않으며우리나라에서악성빈혈이매우드물게발생한다는그동안의통념에대해재고할필요가있다고생각된다. 참고문헌 1) Babior BM, Bunn HF. Megaloblastic anemia. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 16th ed. New York: McGrqw Hill Co, 2004: ) Toh BH, van Driel IR, Gleeson PA. Pernicious anemia. N Engl J Med 1997;337: ) Borch K, Liedberg G. Prevalence and incidence of pernicious anemia. An evaluation for gastric screening. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984;19: ) Park AJ, Kim HT, Kim SS, Kim SG, Son YA. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of pernicious anemia (one case report). Korean J Hematol 1983;18: ) Lee DG, Do IH, Kim DW, Park JI, Chung SY, Moon SK. A case of pernicious anemia associated with chronic atropic gastritis. Korean J Hematol 1987; 22: ) Hahn JS, Park JO, Lee S, et al. A case of pernicious anemia with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Korean J Hematol 1995;30: ) Lee JS, Jeon JJ, Suh JI, et al. Clinical consideration of vitamin B12 deficiency megaloblastic anemia. Korean J Hematol 1994;29: ) Song HH, Kwon JH, Kim JH, et al. Causes and clinical features of vitamin B12 deficiency megaloblastic anemia. Korean J Hematol 2004;39: ) Castle WB. Current concept of pernicious anemia. Am J Med 1970;48: ) Carmel R, Green R, Rosenblatt DS, Watkins D. Update on cobalamin, folate, and homocysteine. Hematology 2003; ) Carmel R. Pepsinogens and other serum markers in pernicious anemia. Am J Clin Pathol 1988;90: ) Andres E, Loukili NH, Noel E, et al. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency in elderly patients. CMAJ 2004;171: ) Chanarin I. Historical review: a history of pernicious anaemia. Br J Haematol 2000;111: ) Toh BH, Alderuccio F. Pernicious anemia. Autoim-
7 천재민외 : 악성빈혈의임상상 : 22 예의후향적분석 225 munity 2004;37: ) Andres E, Perrin AE, Demangeat C, et al. The syndrome of food-cobalamin malabsorption revisited in a department of internal medicine. A monocentric cohort study of 80 patients. Eur J Intern Med 2003; 14: ) Rice L. Food-cobalamin malabsorption: a usual cause of vitamin B12 deficiency. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: ) Carmel R. Reassessment of the relative prevalence of antibodies to gastric parietal cell and to intrinsic factor in patients with pernicious anaemia: influence of patients age and race. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 89: ) Carmel R. Malabsorption of food cobalamin. Baillieres Clin Haematol 1995;8: ) Antony AC. Megaloblastic anemias. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Shattil SJ, eds. Hematology: basic principles and practice. 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2005: ) Perez-Perez GI. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the development of pernicious anemia. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25: ) Hsing AW, Hansson LE, McLaughlin JK, et al. Pernicious anemia and subsequent cancer: a population-based cohort study. Cancer 1993;71: ) SjobLom SM, Sipponen P, Jarvinen H. Gastroscopic follow up of pernicious anaemia patients. Gut 1993; 34:28-32.
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