online ML Comm Rhinology Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2013;56:632-6 / pissn / eissn
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1 online ML Comm Rhinology Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2013;56:632-6 / pissn / eissn Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Factors in Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Polyps Myoung Su Choi 1, No Sun Park 1, Seung-Gu Park 1, Ho Yun Lee 1, Dong Sik Chang 1, Chin Saeng Cho 1, Jae hyuk Jang 2, Myung-Shin Lee 2, Seung Min Yoo 2, Hyun Jin Son 3 and Ah-Young Kim 1 1 Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2 Microbiology and Immunology, 3 Pathology, Eulji University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea 소아만성비용성비부비동염의임상양상및예후인자 최명수 1 박노선 1 박승구 1 이호윤 1 장동식 1 조진생 1 장재혁 2 이명신 2 유승민 2 손현진 3 김아영 1 을지대학교의과대학이비인후과학교실, 1 미생물학교실, 2 병리학교실 3 Received June, 2013 Revised August 26, 2013 Accepted August 26, 2013 Address for correspondence Ah-Young Kim, MD Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eulji University College of Medicine, 95 Dunsanseo-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon , Korea Tel Fax kimayong@eulji.ac.kr Background and ObjectivesZZChronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is an uncommon pathology in the pediatric population and a challenging problem to otolaryngologists. In this study, we aimed to assess the clinical characteristics and postoperative results of children who underwent sinus surgery due to nasal polyps. Subjects and MethodZZWe retrospectively reviewed medical records of 45 pediatric patients who had sinus surgery from 2009 to We studied the relationship between clinical parameters and postoperative results. ResultsZZForty-five patients (18 women and 27 men with an age range of 8 to 17 years) were treated surgically in our hospital. We found statistically significant correlation between the preoperative CT scores (p=0.043), the nasal obstruction symptom scores (p=0.032) and postoperative recurrence, but not between other parameters. ConclusionZZIn this study, prognostic factors affecting the postoperative outcome were preoperative CT score and nasal obstruction symptom score. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2013;56:632-6 Key WordsZZEndoscopy ㆍ Nasal polyps ㆍ Pediatrics ㆍ Prognosis ㆍ Sinusitis. 서론 소아의만성비부비동염은약물치료로호전을보이는경우가대부분이나, 비용을동반하거나약물치료에반응하지않는재발성비부비동염의경우약물치료와더불어내시경하비부비동수술을통한수술적치료도고려되고있다. 그러나, 소아비용성비부비동염의경우해부학적으로크기나위치등성인부비동과의차이등으로수술적치료에도어려움이많으며, 수술후에도잦은상기도감염등으로인한비부비동염의재발이흔하고수술후성장에대한불안감등으로 수술적치료여부를결정함에있어성인의경우와달리어려움이있다. 이러한이유들로소아비용성비부비동염으로수술을하는환자수가성인처럼많지않으며, 수술후결과를예측할수있는인자에대한연구도미미한형편이다. 이에저자들은비용을동반한소아만성비부비동염환자의임상양상및비용의조직학적특성, 내시경하부비동수술후치료결과등을조사해서소아환자의임상적특징을이해하고, 수술후예후에영향을미치는요인들을분석하고자하였다. 632 Copyright 2013 Korean Society of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
2 Prognostic Factors in Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Polyps Choi MS, et al. 대상및방법 대상 2009년부터 2012년까지본원에서비용을동반한만성비부비동염으로진단을받고부비동내시경수술을시행받은 17세이하 45명의환자를대상으로하였다. 대부분의환자는타병원에서약물치료에호전이없거나비용이관찰되어수술을위해의뢰되었다. 외래에서시행한비내시경소견과부비동전산화단층촬영 (CT) 소견을종합하여진단하였으며, 알레르기진균성부비동염, 진균종, 상악동후비공용종, 점액낭종, 급성화농성부비동염등은본연구에서배제하였다. 대상환자들의의무기록및부비동 CT 영상, 조직검사를후향적으로분석하였으며, 증상점수, 동반질환 ( 천식, 중이염, 비중격만곡증, 알레르기비염, 아데노이드비대증 ), 외래내시경검사소견, 혈액호산구수치, 알레르기유무, 부비동 CT의 Lund-Mackay 점수, 1) 아데노이드 -비인두비율 (A/N ratio), 조직학적비용의분류, 수술후재발여부에대하여조사하였다. 수술은병변의정도및부위에따라내시경하비부비동수술을시행하였으며, 아데노이드비대증이심한경우아데노이드절제술도같이시행하였다. 수술후외래내시경검사관찰중비용이재발한경우나쁜예후군으로분류하였다 (Table 1). Table 1. Epidemiological characteristics of subjects and patients Parameters Data Age (yrs) 14.6±2.60 Gender M/F 27/18 Allergic rhinitis 09 (20%)0. Middle ear disease 04 (8.9%)0 Deviated nasal septum 26 (57.8%) Blood eosinophil (%) 2.06±1.57 Adenoid/Nasopharynx ratio 0.48±0.13 Endoscopic polyp score 4.58±2.04 Preoperative CT score 13.6±5. Postoperative recurrence 09 (20%)0. M: male, F: female, CT: computed tomography 증상점수증상점수는수술전콧물, 코막힘, 후비루, 수면장애등의 4가지증상을 0에서 점까지 visual analogue score(vas) score를통하여조사하였다. 알레르기검사알레르기비염진단을위해피부단자검사나 multiple allergosorbent test(mast) 검사를시행하였다. 비중격만곡증및아데노이드비대증여부비중격만곡증및아데노이드비대증은부비동 CT에서진단하였으며, 아데노이드비대증의경우측면영상에서 A/N ratio가 0.7 이상일경우아데노이드비대증으로진단하였다. 수술전외래내시경검사수술전외래내시경검사를통해비용의정도를 Fig. 1과같이 0부터 4까지분류한후양측비용의정도를합산하였다. 내시경으로비용이전혀관찰되지않는경우를 0, 중비도이내에국한된비강점막의부종성변화가관찰될경우를 1, 중비도이내에국한된다수의비용이관찰될경우를 2, 비용이중비도뿐만아니라나비벌집오목 (sphenoethmoidal recess) 까지공간을차지하면서비강을부분적으로폐쇄시키는경우를 3, 비용이비강전체를폐쇄시키는경우를 4로분류하여조사하였으며, 이를통계학적으로분석하였다 (Fig. 1). 2) 수술전부비동 CT의 Lund-Mackay 점수수술전부비동 CT 결과는 Lund-Mackay 점수 (0~24점) 로평가하였다. 비용의조직학적분류수술중채취한후비용조직을조직병리학과전문의에의해호산구부종형 (eosinophilic edematous type), 만성염증성섬유형 (chronic inflammatory or fibrotic type), 장점액 Fig. 1. Polyp grading system via nasal endoscope. Polyp grading system: 0, no visible polyp; 1, small amount of polypoid disease confined within the middle meatus; 2, multiple polyps occupying the middle meatus; 3, polyps extending beyond the middle meatus, within the sphenoethmoid recess but not totally obstructing, or both; 4, polyps completely obstructing the nasal cavity. MT: middle turbinate, : inferior turbinate. MT MT MT MT MT
3 Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2013;56:632-6 Table 2. Histological classification of nasal polyps 성선형 (seromucinous gland type), 그리고비정형적기질형 (atypical stromal type) 의 4 가지유형 3) 으로분류하여조사 하였다 (Table 2). 점막고유층의심한부종과많은수의호산 구의침윤이관찰되었을경우호산구부종형으로분류하였 고, 간질조직내섬유세포의증식을보이며, 많은림프구와호 중구의침윤이관찰되는경우만성염증성섬유형으로, 장점 액성선조직이다수관찰되는경우장점액성선형으로, 비정형 적으로방추상의기질이관찰되는경우를비정형적기질형으 로분류하였다. 통계학적평가 Type 통계는두군간의연속형숫자변수비교에는 Mann-Whitney U test, 세군이상의연속형숫자변수비교에는 Kruskal- Wallis test 를사용하였고, 명목변수간의관련성확인에는 Fisher s exact test 를이용하여 p<0.05 인경우통계적으로유 의하다고판정하였다. 예후인자각각에대한통계방법을좀 더자세히기술하면, 성별, 중이염유무, 비중격만곡증유무, 알레르기비염유무, 아데노이드비대증유무등은 Fisher s exact test 를통하여수술후예후와의관련성을통계학적으 로분석하였고, 나이및혈중호산구수치, VAS 증상점수, A/ N ratio, 수술전내시경검사에서비용의정도, 수술전 Lund- Mackay 점수등은 Mann-Whitney U test 를통하여수술 후통계학적으로분석하였다. 조직학적분류와수술후예후 와의관련성은 Kruskal-Wallis test 를이용하여통계학적으 로분석하였다. 통계프로그램은 SPSS 12.0(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을사용하였다. 결 대상및임상증상과수술후경과 과 Prevalence of patients (%) Eosinophilic edematous type 47 Chronic inflammatory or fibrotic type 31 Seromucinous gland type 13 Atypical stromal type 09 총 45 명의환자나이는 8 세부터 17 세까지평균 14.6±2.6 세였으며, 성비는남자가 27 명 (60%), 여자가 18 명 (40%) 이었 다. 그중 9 명 (20%) 의환자가알레르기비염을동반하였으며, 4 명 (8.9%) 의환아가삼출성중이염을, 26 명 (57.8%) 의환아가 비중격만곡증을동반하고있었다. 나이및성별, 중이염, 비중 격만곡증여부는예후와통계학적유의성이관찰되지않았 Table 3. Prognostic factors affecting postoperative recurrence 다 (Table 1 and 3). Factors 임상증상을 VAS 점수로조사한결과, 대부분의환자에서 코막힘, 콧물, 후비루, 수면장애 4 가지증상을모두호소하였 으며, 코막힘 7.64±1.81, 콧물 6.76±1.89, 후비루 6.62±1.762, 수면장애 7.04±1.24 로조사되었고, 각증상점수에따른예 후와의관련성을조사한결과코막힘의경우좋은예후를보 였던환자군보다나쁜예후를보인환자군에서유의하게높 은증상점수를보였다 (p=0.018). 콧물및후비루와수면장애 의경우유사한경향을보였지만통계학적으로유의하지는 않았다 (Fig. 2, Table 3). 수술후 45 명중 9 명 (20%) 의환자에서외래경과관찰중 수술부위비강점막에비용의재발양상이관찰되었다. 이 중 3 명의경우약물치료후호전되었고, 4 명의경우비용이재 발하여재수술을시행받았으며, 2 명의경우재수술을원하 지않아약물치료하였으나호전은관찰되지않은상태였다. 혈중호산구수치및 MAST 검사결과 혈중호산구수치는 2.06±1.57% 였으며, 통계학적으로예 후와의관련성은보이지않았다. 피부반응검사및 MAST 검 사에서 9 명 (20%) 의환자가집먼지진드기나곰팡이, 잔디꽃 가루등에양성반응을보였으며통계학적으로예후와의관 련성은없었다 (Table 1 and 3). p value Age (yrs) Gender M/F Allergic rhinitis Middle ear disease Deviated nasal septum History of previous operation Nasal symptoms Nasal obstruction Rhinorrhea Postnasal drip Sleep disturbance Adenoid/Nasopharynx ratio Endoscopic polyp score Preoperative CT score Blood eosinophil (%) Biopsy result p<0.05. M: male, F: female, CT: computed tomography 수술전내시경하비용정도및부비동 CT Lund-Mackay 점수, 아데노이드 - 비인두비율 (A/N ratio) 수술전내시경검사에서비용의정도를분류한결과평균 634
4 Prognostic Factors in Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Polyps Choi MS, et al. Prognosis Poor prognosis Good prognosis VAS symptom score Fig. 2. VAS symptom score between good and poor prognostic group. Symptom scores of nasal obstruction are higher in poor prognostic group than in good prognostic group (p= 0.018). VAS: visual analogue score. Nasal obstruction Rhinorrhea Postnasal Sleep drip disturbance Nasal obstruction Rhinorrhea Postnasal Sleep drip disturbance p<0.05 Lund-Mackay score Lund-Mackay CT grading score Fig. 3. Lund-Mackay CT score between good and poor prognostic group. Lund-Mackay CT scores are higher in poor prognostic group than in good prognostic group (p=0.021). CT: computed tomography. 4.58±2.04 였으며, 예후와의관련성은통계학적으로유의하 지않았다 (p=0.311)(table 1 and 3). 부비동 CT 의 Lund-Mackay 점수는 2~24 점까지조사되 었으며, 평균 13.6±5.1 점이었으며, 나쁜예후를보인환자에 서통계학적으로유의하게 Lund-Mackay 점수가높았다 (p=0.043)(fig. 3, Table 3). A/N ratio 는 0.48±0.13 으로측 정되었으며, 예후와의관련성은통계학적으로유의하지않았 다 (Table 3). Poor prognosis Prognosis Good prognosis 0 Eosinophilic Chronic edematous type inflammatory fibrotic type 조직학적비용분류 Seromucious gland type Atypical stromal type Fig. 4. Lund-Mackay CT score according to pathology type. Lund- Mackay CT scores are higher in the eosinophilic edematous type than in the atypical stromal type (p=0.009). CT: computed tomography. 비용을 H&E 염색후조직학적으로분류한결과 eosinophilic edematous type(47%), chronic inflammatory type (31%), seromucinous gland type(13%), atypical stromal type(9%) 으로조사되었다. 조직학적분류의경우 Kruskal- Wallis 통계분석결과비용분류에따른 Lund-Mackay CT score 점수에는유의한차이를보였으며 (p=0.009), eosinophilic edematous type 은 atypical stromal type 보다유의하 635
5 Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2013;56:632-6 게높은 CT score를보였다 (p=0.023)(fig. 4). 조직검사결과에따른예후의차이를알아보기위해 chi-square 분석을시행했으나개체수가적어유의한결론을내리지못했다. 고찰 소아비부비동염은치료후에도증상이남아있거나재발이흔한등그양상이성인의비부비동염과는다른임상양상과예후를보인다. 그러나소아의비부비동염에대한연구는부족하며, 특히예후에영향을미치는인자는아직잘알려져있지않고, 여러문헌보고 4-13) 마다논란의여지가있어이에대한지속적인연구가필요하다. 소아만성비부비동염의수술적치료성공률은 55~93% 4-13) 까지문헌에따라다양하게보고되고있으며, 본연구에서의수술성공률은 80% 로타문헌보고와차이가없었다. 성공률에영향을미치는예후인자에대해서도보고자에따라다르게보고되고있다. Song 등 4) 은 6세미만의나이, 간접흡연이나쁜예후인자임을보고하였으며, Kim 등 5) 은수술전비용의정도와수술전 CT의병변정도, 간접흡연등이통계학적으로유의하게예후와관련이있다고보고하기도하였다. Dhong 등 6) 은수술전여러인자들과예후와의관련성을조사하였으나모두통계학적유의성이없었다고보고하기도하였다. 저자들은다른문헌보고에서조사하였던예후인자들 ( 나이, CT 병변정도, 내시경하비용정도, 아데노이드비대증, 알레르기비염, 비중격만곡증유무, 증상점수, 혈중호산구수치 ) 뿐만아니라조직학적비용의분류에따른예후의차이를조사하였으며, 통계학적으로유의한차이를보이는나쁜예후인자는수술전코막힘증상과 Lund-Mackay score였다. 이는코막힘이심하고 CT score가높을수록정상비강점막의부위보다병적인점막의범위가더넓고, 따라서내시경적수술적치료로비용을제거하고비부비동의환기를호전시켜준후에도재발가능성이높은것이아닌가사료된다. 조직학적분류의경우 eosinophilic edematous type의환자가높은 CT score를보임이관찰되었으나예후와는개체수가적어통계적처리가어려웠으며, Lund-Mackay 점수와의관련성으로유추하여볼때조직학적분류에따른예후의차이를알아보기위해좀더많은환자를대상으로한연구가필요할것이다. 저자들의경우소아비용에대한점액유전자연구가드물 며, 성인에비하여소아의경우, 임상적으로증상이심하고, 콧 물과코막힘등의증상도성인에비하여심하게호소하는경 우가많으며, 지속적인치료에도재발의경우가많아성인의 점액유전자와의차이점을알아보기위해예비연구로발현 의차이를보고자하였다. 그러나실험및유전자관련검사 에동의를한환자수가적어통계학적의미를찾기는어려웠 으며, 성인과소아에서점액분비유전자발현의차이는보이 지않았다. 점액유전자에대한연구는대상소아비용의환자 수가적고, 적절한성인과소아의환자군선정이어려워제한 점이있으나, 소아비부비동염에대한좀더많은이해및치 료를위해서도향후좀더많은대상을통한연구가필요할 것으로생각된다. Acknowledgments This article is supported by an Eulji University Research Grant. REFERENCES 1) Lund VJ, Mackay IS. Staging in rhinosinusitus. Rhinology 1993; 31(4): ) Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL, Hadley JA, Lanza DC, Marple BF, Nicklas RA, et al. Rhinosinusitis: developing guidance for clinical trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118(5 Suppl):S ) Pawankar R. Nasal polyposis: an update: editorial review. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;3(1):1-6. 4) Song HM, Yu MS, Park HW, Chung YS, Lee BJ, Jang YJ. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery in pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis. Korean J Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2006;49(2): ) Kim HY, Dhong HJ, Chung SK, Chung YJ, Min JY. Prognostic factors of pediatric endoscopic sinus surgery. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2005;69(11): ) Dhong HJ, Chung YJ, Ha BS. Prognostic factors of pediatric endoscopic sinus surgery. Korean J Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2003;46(8): ) Tsukidate T, Haruna S, Fukami S, Nakajima I, Konno W, Moriyama H. Long-term evaluation after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic pediatric sinusitis with polyps. Auris Nasus Larynx 2012;39(6): ) El Sharkawy AA, Elmorsy SM, Eladl HM. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery in children: predictive factors of outcome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2012;269(1): ) Lee JY, Lee SW. Influence of age on the surgical outcome after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Laryngoscope 2007;117(6):84-9. ) Lusk RP, Muntz HR. Endoscopic sinus surgery in children with chronic sinusitis: a pilot study. Laryngoscope 1990;0(6): ) Rosenfeld RM. Pilot study of outcomes in pediatric rhinosinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;121(7): ) Stankiewicz JA. Pediatric endoscopic nasal and sinus surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;113(3): ) Bolt RJ, de Vries N, Middelweerd RJ. Endoscopic sinus surgery for nasal polyps in children: results. Rhinology 1995;33(3):
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