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1 Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 4x4 MIMO 알고리즘구현및결과에대한검증방법 최준수 1 허창우 2* Verification method for 4x4 MIMO algorithm implementation and results Jun-su Choi 1 Chang-wu Hur 2* 1 Pinetelecom co., Ltd, NO.227, 1359, Gwanpyeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon City, , Korea. 2* Department of Electronic Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon , Korea. 요약 본논문에서는 OFDM 기반의 4x4 MIMO 알고리즘을설계및구현을하였으며, 구현된결과를검증하기위한방법을제시한다. 알고리즘은 MRVD 와 QRM-MLD 을적용했다. Matlab 과 Simulink 를이용하여채널추정및 MIMO 알고리즘을 Floating-point 와 Fixed-point 모델로설계하였다. 그다음 Modelsim 을이용하여 VHDL 로구현한다. 구현된알고리즘의성능검증을위해설계한 Simulink 모델과 Modelsim 시뮬레이션, ISE ChipScope, 그리고오실로스코프로측정한결과를비교하는방법을사용하였다. 이방법은시스템이완성되지않은상태에서구현된알고리즘을검증하는방법이다. 검증결과 ChipScope 의결과와오실로스코프의결과가동일함을확인하였고, 백홀시스템에적용이가능함을확인하였다. ABSTRACT This paper is the design and implementation to the 4x4 MIMO algorithm based on OFDM, and presented how to verify the implemented result. Algorithm applied the MRVD and QRM-MLD. Matlab and Simulink are used to design channel presumption & MIMO algorithm by Floating-point and Fixed-point model. After then implement VHDL using Modelsim. Performance of algorithm is checked by comparing Simulink model, Modelsim simulation, ISE ChipScope with the result measured by oscilloscope. This method is useful to verify an algorithm with uncompleted system. Conformance between the result of ChipScope and the result of oscilloscope is confirmed, it could be applied on the Backhaul system. 키워드 : QRM-MLD, MRVD, MIMO 알고리즘, MIMO 검증방법 Key word : QRM-MLD(Maximum likelihood detection with QR decomposition and M-algorithm), MRVD(Modified RVD), MIMO(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) Algorithm, Verification method for MIMO Received 16 March 2015, Revised 10 April 2015, Accepted 21 April 2015 * Corresponding Author Chang-Wu Hur ( chang@mokwon.ac.kr,Tel Department of Electrical Engineering, Mokwon Unversity Daejeon Korea Open Access print ISSN: online ISSN: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License( by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright C The Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering.
2 Ⅰ. 서론이동통신서비스망구조는다수의기지국에서서비스를제공하며기지국크기가크고고가이며소모전력이높은단점을가지고있다. 또한이동통신망은건물이밀집되어있는지역의경우건물안에서비스를위해서는별도의 AP(Access Point) 을설치운용해야한다 [1]. AP을설치운용하기위해서는건물과건물, 건물과백본망을연결하기위한별도의유선백홀시스템을필요로한다. 하지만소형기지국의수가증가함에따라더많은데이터량을처리할수있지만, 집중노드 (Concentrate Node) 와원격노드 (Remote Node) 사이의백홀이처리해야하는트래픽부담도증가할수밖에없다 [2]. 그렇기때문에유선백홀에서발생하는비용최소화를위한무선백홀시스템을필요로한다. 무선백홀시스템을그림 1과같이다수의원격노드와접속할수있는구조로제작을진행하고있다 [3]. 본논문에서는무선백홀시스템에적용할수있는 MIMO 알고리즘를개발하고, 개발된알고리즘을 FPGA에구현하는방법과구현된알고리즘을검증하는방법을제시한다. 맞추어 mapping 한뒤에시스템에서사용되는 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) 포맷에맞추어각각의송신안테나를이용해전송하게된다. MIMO 시스템은시스템의복잡도와 BER(Bit Error Rate) 성능의 trade-off을고려한알고리즘이최상의성능을낼수있으며, 크게두가지구현방향으로분류된다. 데이터전송률을극대화하는방향과데이터손실을최소화하기위한 Diversity 방향이다 [4]. 본논문의 MIMO는데이터전송률을극대화하는방향의구조이다. 그림 2. MxM MIMO 기본송수신구조 Fig. 2 Basic structure of TX and RX about MxM MIMO 그림 1. 무선백홀시스템의구성도 Fig. 1 Block diagram of wireless backhaul system Ⅱ. MIMO 송수신기및프레임구조 MxM MIMO 시스템의기본송수신구조는그림 2와같다. 최초생성된데이터비트를 FEC(Forward Error Correction) Encoder를통과시키고, 이를변조기법에 MxM MIMO의기본송수신구조는그림 2와같다. 수신부의검출기는 ZF (Zero Forcing), MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error), OSIC (Symbol level Interference Cancellation), ML (Maximum Likelihood), SD (Sphere Decoding) 등이일반적으로사용된다. ML 기법은최적의방식으로다른방식의성능비교기준이되지만, 안테나의수와변조차수가높아짐에따라연산복잡도가지수적으로증가한다. ML 기법의연산복잡도를줄이면서유사한성능을가지는신호검출방식인 QRM-MLD(Maximum likelihood detection with QR decomposition and M-algorithm) 기법이널리이용된다 [5]. 송신된데이터는채널을통과하고각각의수신안테나에서잡음이더해진상태로수신되며, 수신된데이터의일부분을이용해채널을추정하고추정된채널을바탕으로수신알고리즘을진행한뒤 FEC decoder을이용하여최초송신된데이터를추정하게된다. 이러한내용을바탕으로시스템에서사용된 MIMO 송수신기의전송구조는그림 3과같다. 1158
3 4x4 MIMO 알고리즘구현및결과에대한검증방법 rate=3/4이다. OFDM은 256 point FFT를사용하였으며이중 232개의 sub-carrier을사용하여각각의값을전송하도록하였다. data가전송되는 sub-carrier는 228개, 나머지 4개의 sub-carrier는 pilot을전송한다. Ⅲ. 구현및검증 그림 3. MIMO 송수신기전송구조 Fig. 3 Transmission structure of the MIMO's transceiver MIMO 구조는각송신안테나를이용해전송될데이터를각각생성하고이를 SISO와동일한방법을통해전송하며, 두신호는서로다른네개의채널을통과한뒤두개의수신안테나에수신된다. 수신된신호는각각 CP(Cross Polarization) 을제거하고 FFT을진행한다. 그후 Pilot을추출하여채널통과한네개의채널을추정하게된다. 추정된채널네개와수신된데이터이용하여채널보상알고리즘을통해송신된신호를보상하게된다. 추정된각각의신호는 SISO(Single Input Single Output) 와마찬가지로 Demodulation, Viterbi Decoder를통과하고최초송신된데이터를추정한다. 본논문에서사용되는 OFDM 시스템프레임구조는그림 4와같다. Payload는 13개의 OFDM symbol로구성된다. 4x4 MIMO 검출알고리즘에그림 5와같이 RVD (Real Value Decomposition) 방식을수정하여반영된 MRVD(Modified RVD) 를적용하였다. MRVD는우수한채널성능확보를위해 Channel Recording 후행렬의실수화를수행한다. 수행후 QRM-MLD 검출기법을통해전송신호를검출한다. 송신안테나의개수가 N T 이고, 수신안테나의개수가 N R 일때, 송수신신호의관계는다음과같이벡터형태로표현된다. (1) 이고, 는 번째수신안테나에서수신한신호이다. 이고, 는 번째송신안테나에서송신된신호이다. 는 번째 element, 는 번째송신안테나와 번째수신안테나사이의채널이득을나타낸다. 그림 4. OFDM 시스템프레임구조 Fig. 4 Structure of OFDM system frame Preamble과데이터가전송되는 payload, IFS로이루어져있으며데이터가전송되는데필요한시간은총 187.2us로총 13개의 OFDM 심볼이전송된다. OFDM 심볼의개수는총 12개이며, 변조기법은 16QAM, code 그림 5. MIMO 구현알고리즘구조 Fig. 5 Structure of the implementation about MIMO 1159
4 이고, 은 번째수신안테나에서받은 Gaussian 분포를갖는잡음성분이다. 식 (1) 을식 (2) 와같이실수부, 허수부를분해하여합성하면실수로만구성된새로운행렬이도출되며, 이것을표준 RVD라고한다. (2) 는각각복소수의실수부와허수부를의미한다. 표준 RVD 식 (2) 을아래와같이분해하면다른실수행렬이생성된다. 이것을 MRVD 라고하며, 식 (3) 에표현하였다. (3) 는수신벡터, 는채널행렬, 는송신벡터, 는잡음벡터이다. 식 (3) 을이용하여 MRVD을한후 QR 분해를하면식 (4) 와같은배열을도출할수있다. 표 1은설계된알고리즘에대한시뮬레이션을위한시스템파라미터값이며, 그림 7은이러한파라미터에대한 QRM-MLD 기반 MRVD를적용한 4x4 MIMO 시스템의비트오류성능을채널부호율에따라분석하고결과를도시하였다. 표 1. MIMO 시뮬레이션파라미터 Table. 1 Simulation parameters of the MIMO Item Values FFT size 256 CP length 32 Antenna Configuration 4x4 Sub-Frame length Symbol mapping Channel coding Channel estimation MIMO detection 12 OFDM symbols (Including 2 preambles) 16QAM Convolutional coding Rate : 1/2, 2/3, 3/4 Constraint length : K=7 Generating polynomials : [ ] LS + LI ZF, MRVD based QRM-MLD(M=2) [with the extended QRD-RLS(CORDIC based given rotation) based matrix inversion] (4) 도출된배열을최적 LLR 계산방식을이용하여그림 6과같은 soft-output 계산알고리즘을적용한다. 그림 7. 4x4 MIMO 의 BER 성능 Fig. 7 BER performance of the 4x4 MIMO 그림 6. 16QAM 성상도에대한 I-Q 4PAM 구조 Fig. 6 I-Q 4PAM structure for 16QAM constellation 알고리즘은 MATLAB Simulink을사용하여시뮬레이션후 ModelSim을이용해모델링하였다. 그림 8은 1160
5 4x4 MIMO 알고리즘구현및결과에대한검증방법 S/W 및 H/W을통합검증을위한구조이다. H/W는 FPGA 플랫폼을사용하였다. 그림 8. MIMO 알고리즘통합및검증방법 Fig. 8 MIMO algorithm integrated and verification MIMO Board의모뎀은 4x4 MIMO의수신데이터를모의생성, ISE Chipscope는 MIMO Board에서구현된결과를데이터베이스화하는역할을한다. Oscilloscope 는구현된결과를시간축에서데이터를확인한다. Ⅳ. 결론본논문에서는 4x4 MIMO 검출알고리즘을표준 RVD 방식을수정하여반영된 MRVD(Modified RVD) 를적용하였다. MRVD는우수한채널성능확보를위해 Channel Recording 후행렬의실수화를수행하는방식이며. 수행후 QRM-MLD 검출기법을통해전송신호를검출한다. MRVD를적용하고 QRM-MLD 검출을했을경우 BER 성능이향상됨을확인하였다. 구현된알고리즘의 BER 성능은적용하려는백홀장비에적합함을확인했다. 구현한 MIMO 알고리즘을모뎀, RF, IF를연동하지않고성능을검증하기위해서알고리즘, MIMO 보드, 시뮬레이션결과를비교하는방법을사용하였다. 우선성능검증을위해설계한 Simulink 모델, Modelsim 시뮬레이션, ISE Chipscope, 그리고오실로스코프로측정한결과들을상호비교했다. 비교결과, Modelsim 시뮬레이션, ISE Chipscope, 그리고오실로스코프로측정한결과들이서로동일함을확인했다. 감사의글 본연구는지식경제기술혁신사업의산업융합원천기술개발사업에의하여이루어진연구로서, 관계부처에감사드립니다. 그림 9. 칩스코프검출결과 Fig. 9 Result of ChipScope detecting REFERENCES 그림 10. ModelSim 시뮬레이션결과 Fig. 10 Result of ModelSim simulation [1] Hoadley, John, and Payam Maveddat.(2012 April) Enabling small cell deployment with HetNet. IEEE Wireless Communications [Online]. pp.4-5. Available: org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber= [2] Jong. Hyun. Bang, Sung. Mook. Lim, Seok. Won. Lee, Sung. Woo. Weon, and Dae. Sik. Hong, Cell Association in Small Cell with Wireless Backhaul, The Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea Autumn Conference, pp , Nov
6 [3] Byong. Hyo. Shim, and Byung. Ju. Lee, Evolution of MIMO Technology, The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences, vol. 38A, no. 08, pp , Aug [4] Ki. Sik. Park, Performance Analysis of MIMO System adopting MMSE-OSUC Receiver in Fading Channel, The Journal of The Korea Institute of Electoronic Communication Sciences, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 726, Oct [5] Hoon. Hur, Hyun. Myung. Woo, Won. Young. Yang, Seung. Jae. Bahng, Youn. Ok. Park, and Jae. Kwon. Kim, An Improved Search Space for QRM-MLD Signal Detection, The 18th Joint Conference on Communications and Information, pp. 203, May 최준수 (Jun-Su Choi) 2000 년 : 목원대학교전자공학과공학사 2002 년 : 목원대학교전자공학과공학석사 2001 년 ~ 현재 : ( 주 ) 파인텔레콤책임연구원 관심분야 : 통신시스템, 데이터링크, 무인항공기, VLSI 허창우 (Chang-Wu Hur) 1991 년 : 연세대학원전자공학과공학박사 1986 년 ~ 1994 년 : 금성사중앙연구소 1994 년 ~ 현재 : 목원대학교전자공학과정교수 관심분야 : 반도체공학및 VLSI 설계 1162
(72) 발명자 정진곤 서울특별시 성북구 종암1동 54-398 이용훈 대전광역시 유성구 어은동 한빛아파트 122동 1301 호 - 2 -
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