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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 19, No. 9 pp , ISSN / eissn 비정형건축물의외피시스템설계를위한전 후처리모듈개발 박세희 *, 정성진, 이재승한남대학교건축공학과 A Development of Pre and Post Processor for Design of Surface System of Free Form Building Se-Hee Park *, Sung-Jin Jung, Jae-Sung Lee Division of Architectural Engineering, Hannam University 요약최근비정형건축구조물은건설산업의디지털화로인해점점더복잡한형상으로디자인되고있다. 특히, 외관및내부구성요소들의단면이자유롭게변화되는곡선및곡면의형태를띠고있으며, 그로인해곡률을가진구조부재들이빈번히나타나고있다. 이러한구조물의모형을작성하고안정성을평가를하는데있어, 고전적방식의유한요소해석기법이적용된상용프로그램들은신속한형상모델링이불가능하여생산성저하를초래하고있다. 따라서본연구에서는선행연구를통해개발된구조해석통합시스템을확장하여비정형외피형상을신속하게모델링하고, 그결과물을이용하여외피를구성하는프레임구조를자동으로생성할수있는전후처리모듈을개발하였다. 본연구에서개발된전후처리모듈은스플라인곡선및곡면의세분화알고리즘을적용하여 NURBS곡면의형상정보를통해해석요소를자동으로생성하고, 해석후의변형형상을보다현실적으로가시화시킬수있도록개발되었다. 본연구를통해개발된전후처리모듈은복잡한곡면형상을신속하게구축하고, 그에따른하부골조시스템의해석모형을자동으로생성할수있어향후비정형건축물설계의생산성향상에기여할수있을것으로판단된다. Abstract Recently, free-form buildings have been designed with complex shapes due to digitization of the construction industry. Exterior and interior components of free-form buildings have free cross sections and curved shapes. Therefore, structural members with curvature are frequently seen. In the modeling and stability evaluation of these structures, commercial programs using classical finite element analysis are not able to perform rapid shape modeling, resulting in a decrease in productivity. Therefore, in this study, pre- and post-processing modules were developed using a prior study to rapidly model the surface of a free-form building and to automatically generate frame structures that make up the cladding. The developed modules use a subdivision algorithm with spline curves. This algorithm is used to automatically generate analytical elements from the configuration information of NURBS curves. In addition, the deformation after analysis can be viewed more realistically. The modules can quickly construct complex curved surfaces. An analysis model of the frame structure was also automatically generated. Therefore, the modules could contribute to the productivity improvement of free-form building design. Keywords : Free form building, Surface system, Structural analysis, Pre processor, Post processor 1. 서론 최근비정형건축구조물은건설산업의디지털화로 본논문은한국연구재단연구과제로수행되었음. 과제번호 2017R1A6A3A * Corresponding Author : Se-Hee Park(Hannam Univ.) Tel: destiny2021@naver.com Received June 7, 2018 Revised (1st June 27, 2018, 2nd June 28, 2018) Accepted September 7, 2018 Published September 30, 2018 인해점점더복잡한형상으로디자인되고있다. 특히, 2 방향곡률을가진복잡한형상의입면디자인은현대의디자인패턴중하나로자리잡게되었다. 이에따라비 333

2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 9 호, 2018 정형입면을시공하기위한스페이스프레임구조의한계를극복하고, 시공정밀도를향상시키기위해 CNC 가공기술을이용하여곡선및곡면부재를제작하여시공하는공법들이적용됨 [1] 에따라 Fig. 1에보이는바와같이곡률을가진구조부재들이빈번히나타나고있다. 선행연구에서는범용구조해석프로그램들을통해이러한비정형구조부재생성시한계성을분석하고이를해결하기위한방법론을제시하였다.[2-3] 또한, 자유형상부재의생성및수정이용이한 NURBS 기반의구조해석통합시스템을구축하였다. 선행연구를통해개발된통합시스템의주된기능은곡선및곡면부재의해석요소를효율적으로생성하기위한모델링기능으로곡선형상의기하정보로부터등매개변수보요소 (Isoparametric Beam Element) 를, 곡면형상의기하정보로부터다수의 6자유도쉘요소 (Shell Element) 를생성한다. 본연구에서는선행연구를통해개발된통합시스템을확장하여입면형상에따라비정형구조부재들을사용하는프레임구조를자동으로생성하고안정성검토를수행하기위한기능구현방법을제시하고자한다. 에서다시형상데이터를생성해내기가어려우므로형상설계에서생성한모델링데이터를필수적으로활용하고있다.[4-5] 이러한이종간의활용디지털도구의차이로인해프로젝트의전체공정과정에서상당한작업부하가초래되는문제가발생한다.[6] 이를개선하기위해최근형상설계와구조해석을통합하기위한방법론이대두되었는데, 아이소-지오메트릭 (Isogeometric) 해석을이용하여 CAD와 CAE(Computer-Aided Engineering) 가결합된도구를개발하는것이다.[6-8] 선행연구들에서제시된방식은기계설계나특수한형태의단일구조부재설계에적용하기에는충분하나다수의부재로이루어진전체건축구조물에적용시리소스사용량이방대해지는결과를초래하므로그대로적용하기에는어려움따른다. 따라서본연구에서는일반적인등매개변수보요소 (Isoparametric Beam Element) 를 2~4점점을사용하여생성할수있도록고안된자유형상보요소 (Free Shaped Beam Element)[9] 로해석요소를제한하고모델링된외피형상에따라해석요소를자동으로생성할수있는전후처리모듈을개발하여업무프로세스상의작업부하를줄이고자하였다. (a) (b) Fig. 1. Buildings using curved beams (a) Louis Vuitton Foundation (b) Heydar Aliyev Center 2.2 스플라인곡선및곡면의세분화본연구에서전후처리모듈의곡선및곡면부재의그래픽처리방식은 NURBS(Non-Uniform Rational B-spline) 를기반으로하고있다. NURBS 곡선및곡면을렌더링하기위해필요한좌표정보는 Fig. 2에보이는바와같이제어점들의위치로이루어진다. 2. 본론 2.1 비정형건축물설계협업의문제점디지털설계기술의발전은단조로운건축물의형태를탈피할수있는자유를안겨주었으나, 건축물의형상설계와구조설계사이의긴밀한상호작용은여전히미흡한실정이다. 아직까지건축프로젝트에서형상설계와구조설계시활용하는디지털프레임워크는서로다르기때문에형상설계로부터구조설계업무로이어지는과정에서데이터의변환이이루어져야한다. 특히, 비정형건축물은형상의복잡함으로인해구조설계업무 Fig. 2. Control points of NURBS 그러나본연구에서구조부재의해석을위해사용된자유형상보요소 (FSBEAM) 의경우기하정보는 Fig. 3 에보이는바와같이곡선에접하여생성되는절점과평면구성을위한참조절점으로구성된다.[9] 334

3 비정형건축물의외피시스템설계를위한전 후처리모듈개발 Fig. 3. Nodal configuration of FSBEAM 따라서, 생성된 NURBS곡선및곡면의형상정보를통해곡선및곡면내부의접점을추출하여해석요소의기하정보로변환하는과정을거쳐야한다. 이를위해본연구에서는스플라인곡선및곡면의순환적분할알고리즘을적용하였다.[10-11] 스플라인곡선의세분화스플라인곡선의세분화절차는 Fig. 4에보이는바와같이제어점의수를증가시켜가면서곡선을반복적으로나누어가는방식으로이루어진다. 이때컨벡스헐 (Convex Hull) 은새로생성된제어점과곡선내분할접점을기준으로재설정된다. Fig. 5. Added control points and contact point where, t : subdivision ratio Eq. 1 Eq. 2 분할접점기준우측점들의좌표또한상기와동일한방식으로구할수있으며, 전술한세분화알고리즘을 Fig. 6과같이재귀적으로반복함으로써곡선내부의접점들을필요한만큼추출할수있다. Fig. 4. Recursive spline-subdivision of NURBS-Curve 이과정에서추가되는제어점들은 Fig. 5에보이는바와같이제어점사이의일정비율을가진위치에생성되며, 추가된제어점들을이어주는선분과곡선의접점을통해분할접점의위치가구해진다. Fig. 5에보이는각점들의좌표는 Eq. 1과같이구할수있으며, 접점기준좌측점들의식을행렬식으로나타내면 Eq. 2와같아진다. 여기서, 분할비율인 t는 0~1사이의값으로두제어점사이에새로생성될제어점의상대좌표를결정하는데사용된다. 예를들어 t가 0.5라면 은 와 를잇는선분의정중앙에위치하게된다. Fig. 6. Flowchart of Spline-subdivieion Recursive function 335

4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 9 호, 스플라인곡면의세분화곡면또한내부접점의좌표를추출하기위해사용되는알고리즘은곡선과동일하다. 다만곡면의경우 u, v 방향각각에대하여생성된여러곡선들이만들어내는격자 (Grid) 로구성되므로, 격자를구성하는각각의곡선들에대하여세분화절차를진행해야한다. 또한 Fig. 7 (a) 에서보이는바와같이곡면의외곽선은양끝을매듭짓는제어점이곡면내부에존재하지만내부곡선의경우는 Fig. 7 (b) 와같이모든제어점이곡면의외부에존재하게된다. 2.3 전후처리모듈구현본연구에서개발된전후처리모듈의인터페이스는 WPF(Windows Presentation Foundation) 를이용하여양방향데이터바인딩이가능하도록구현하였다. 구조해석을위한솔버는 Fortran으로구현하였으며, 3차원형상을표현하기위한그래픽엔진으로는 OpenGL의 C# 라이브러리인 SharpGL을사용하였다 전처리모듈전처리모듈의첫번째기능은모델링된곡면으로부터전술된세분화알고리즘을이용하여내부접점들을추출한후이접점들로이루어진분할곡선들을생성하는것이다. Fig. 9는분할비를 0.5로설정했을때, 세분화횟수에따라생성된내부곡선들을보여주고있다. (a) (b) Fig. 7. u-direction control points of NURBS-Surface (a) Control points on NURBS-Surface outlines (b) Control points on curve inside NURBS-Surface (a) (b) 따라서, u, v 방향에대한세분화순서를정하고각방향에대하여순차적으로세분화를진행해야만곡면내부접점들의좌표를추출할수있다. 즉, Fig. 8과같이 1차방향에대한세분화를진행한후구해지는외곽선의접점들과새로생성되는제어점들통해 2차방향에대한세분화를진행함으로써곡면내부에접하는접점들을추출할수있다. Fig. 9. Contact points and NURBS-Curve generated according to the number of subdivision (a) Subdivision Count : 2 (b) Subdivision Count : 3 전처리모듈의두번째기능은곡면의접점사이에생성된곡선들을설정된횟수에따라세분화하여구해진곡선의접점좌표정보를통해 3절점자유형상보요소로변환하는것이다. Fig. 10은 2차세분화된곡면을통해생성된곡선중일부가다시 2차세분화과정을거쳐 3 절점자유형상보요소로변환되는과정을나타내고있다. Fig. 8. Procedure for subdivision of NURBS-Surface Fig. 10. The process of conversion to FSBEAM element 336

5 비정형건축물의외피시스템설계를위한전 후처리모듈개발 Fig. 11은구현된기능을이용하여제작된쌍곡포물면형태의지붕프레임구조와요소에적용된단면에대한개념도를보여주고있다. 이때, 곡면에대한 u방향세분화는 2번, v방향세분화는 3번진행하였으며, 곡면의세분화과정이완료된후생성되는내부곡선요소들은 1번의세분화만진행하여중간절점만을추출하여단일해석요소로변환되도록하였다. 보를추출하는작업이선행되어야한다. 본연구에서는제어점을산출하기위한단일공식을활용하기위해 Fig. 12에보이는바와같이 3절점자유형상보요소를 2개씩엮어서하나의곡선요소로처리한다. 이렇게재결합된곡선요소의제어점과접점의좌표는 2차세분화된 3차 NURBS 곡선의좌표정보로활용할수있다. Fig. 12. Two FSBEAM elements combined Fig. 12에서 과 은 3차 NURBS 곡선을 2차세분화했을때생성되는접점이며, 2절에서제시된공식을적용하여 Eq. 3~4와같이식을도출할수있다. Eq. 3 Eq. 4 상기두식을연립하여 과 에대하여정리하면 Eq. 5~6 과같아진다. Fig. 11. Generate frame structure of hyperbolic parabolic roof using development program Eq 후처리모듈후처리모듈은설계된외피를구성하는프레임구조의해석결과를가시화시켜주기위하여개발되었다. 후처리모듈의시각화기능은절점변위에따른변형형상, 변위 Contour, 부재력에대한 Contour로구성된다. Contour를출력하는기능은변위및부재력에대한최대값과최소값을통해색상의고저기준치를설정하고각절점이도출한결과값과기준값의비를이용하여쉽게처리할수있다. 그러나변형형상의경우, 해석결과는곡선의접점에대한변위를저장하고있지만곡선및곡면을렌더링하기위한 NURBS는제어점정보가필요하기때문에접점의최종좌표를이용하여제어점의정 Eq. 6 이제도출된식에절점변위에대한해석결과를더해준접점의좌표들을대입하여결합곡선의제어점좌표를도출할수있다. Fig. 13은변형형상을확인하기위한해석모형으로 2.3.1항에서생성한쌍곡포물면프레임구조의 u방향벡터양끝절점들을고정시키고중간절점들에연직방향의절점하중을적용한모습을보여준다. 337

6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 9 호, 2018 Table 1. Comparison of the method of generating member(sap2000, Development Program) Fig. 13. Two FSBEAM elements combined Fig. 14는해석후변형형상이출력된모습으로해석후에도해석요소의절점들이곡선의경로상에접하여출력된것을확인할수있다. Fig. 14. Output deformed shape 2.4 모델링효율성분석본연구를통해개발된전후처리모듈을통해곡선형프레임구조의해석모형을생성할경우고전적모델링방식에비해신속한형상구축이가능하다. 이를비교하기위해 Fig. 15와같은반원형볼트형상지붕의프레임구조를 Sap2000과개발프로그램을이용하여각각모델링하고입력행동발생횟수를 Table 1과같이분석하였다. PGM. Step Sap2000 Development PGM. Action Count Action Count Input Nodes ~ x, y, z Copy Nodes: ~ Repeat 2 times Create Element: Click two nodes Elements: Input Nodes,,, x, y, z Move 8 control points Subdivision u-direction: 1 v-direction: 2 Auto generation Total Table 1에나타난결과를통해고전적방식의모델링방식에비해개발된전후처리모듈을이용하여해석모형을생성하는방식이더효율적이라는것을알수있다. Sap2000의경우, 필요한절점은 ~ 로 5개의절점이필요하며 x, y, z좌표를입력하기위해 15번의입력행동이발생한다. 이후 5개의좌표를확장축으로 2번복사하여부재를연결시킬 10개의좌표를추가로생성하고, 22개의부재를생성하기위해두절점들을클릭하는행동이 44번나타나게되므로총 61번의입력행동이발생한다. 개발된통합시스템의경우, 필요한절점은,,, 4개의꼭지점좌표가필요하므로좌표입력시 12번의입력행동이발생하게되며, 형상을구축하기위해제어점 8개의 z축좌표를이동시킨다. 이후부재들은세분화알고리즘을통해자동으로생성되며, 세분화는 u, v 방향의세분화횟수입력을통해제어한다. 따라서총입력행동은 22번발생하게되므로 Sap2000과비교하여입력행동수가현저히줄어들었다는것을파악할수있다. 또한형상이복잡해지고생성해야하는부재의수가증가할수록개발된전후처리모듈의경우제어점을이용한형상모델링후 u, v 방향에대한세분화횟수만수정해주면되므로입력행동발생횟수의차이는더욱더늘어날것으로판단된다 결론 Fig. 15. Semicircular bolt-shaped roof frame structure 본연구를통해개발된비정형건축물의외피시스템설계를위한전후처리모듈에대한특징을요약하면다음과같다. 338

7 비정형건축물의외피시스템설계를위한전 후처리모듈개발 1) 본연구에서개발된전후처리모듈은스플라인곡선및곡면의세분화알고리즘을적용하여 NURBS곡면의형상정보를통해해석요소를자동으로생성하고, 해석후의변형형상을보다현실적으로가시화시킬수있도록개발되었다. 2) 전처리모듈에서는곡면을세분화시키면서내부곡선들의접점들을추출하는작업이이루어지며, 후처리모듈에서는변형형상을곡선형태로가시화시키기위해절점변위해석결과를이용하여제어점을역으로산출하는작업이이루어진다. 3) 본연구에서개발된전후처리모듈은제어점을이용한 NURBS기반의모델링방식을통해곡면외피형상을쉽게구축할수있으며, 스플라인세분화알고리즘을활용하여외피를구성하는프레임구조를자동으로생성할수있어기존의방식에비해해석모형생성시간을단축할수있다. 상기전술된바와같이본연구를통해개발된전후처리모듈은고전적인해석모형저작방식에비해신속한형상구축이용이하며, 복곡률을가진복잡한형상의곡면또한손쉽게생성할수있어향후비정형건축물외피를구성하는프레임구조설계의생산성향상에기여할수있을것으로판단된다. References [6] Michael Schwedler, "Integrated structural analysis using isogeometric finite element methods", p.1-209, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, [7] B. Philipp, M. Breitenberger, I. D Auria, R. Wüchner, K.-U. Bletzinger, "Integrated design and analysis of structural membranes using the Isogeometric B-Rep Analysis", Journal of Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol.303, pp , DOI: [8] Sara Almstedt, Puria Safari Hesari, "Isogeometric analaysis of curved beams and thin shells", p.1-82, Chalmers University of Technology, [9] Sung-Jin Jung, Min Sub Lee, Se-Hee Park, "A Development of General 3-D Curved Beam Element for Structural Analysis of Free Form Building", Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea, vol.27, no.8, pp.65-72, [10] Donald Hearn, M. Pauline Baker, Warren R. Carithers, Computer Graphics with OpenGL, pp , Pearson Education Korea, [11] Edward Angel, Dave Shreiner, Interactive Computer Graphics, pp , Hongreung Science Publishing, 박세희 (Se-Hee Park) [ 정회원 ] 2011 년 2 월 : 한남대학교대학원건축공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2016 년 2 월 : 한남대학교대학원건축공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 2016 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 한남대학교건축공학과박사후연구원 [1] Han-Guk Ryu, "Deduction of Considerations During Design and Construction by Analysing Domestic and A broad Case Analysis of Freeform Building Envelope", Journal of KJCEM, vol.14, no.4, pp.84-96, July, DOI: [2] Se-Hee Park, "A Study on the Pre and Post Processing Module Development Based on NURBS for Structural Analysis of Freeform Members", p.1-211, Hannam University, [3] Sung-Jin Jung, Se-Hee Park, "A Development of NURBS-Based Pre and Post Processor for Structural Analysis of Free-Shaped Beam", Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, vol.16, no.10, pp , DOI: [4] Myung-Sik Lee, "[special issue] BIM Based Structural Design in Free Form Architecture", Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea, vol.55, no.12, pp.77-87, [5] Chel-Ho Choi, Sang-He Yoon, Kyung-Mee Whang, Sang-Yoon Chin, Su-Won Yoon, "[special issue] BIM Case Study : Sung Kwun Kwan Unvi. Digital Library Project", Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea, vol.52, no.4, pp.66-68, < 관심분야 > 건축구조 정성진 (Sung-Jin Jung) [ 정회원 ] 1989년 2월 : 서울대학교대학원건축공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1993년 2월 : 서울대학교대학원건축공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1985년 3월 ~ 1996년 2월 : 현대건설 ( 주 ) 과장 1996년 3월 ~ 2005년 2월 : 영동대학교건축학부부교수 2005년 3월 ~ 현재 : 한남대학교건축공학과교수 < 관심분야 > 건축구조 339

8 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 9 호, 2018 이재승 (Jae-Sung Lee) [ 정회원 ] 1999 년 2 월 : 한양대학교대학원건축공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2002 년 12 월 : University of Colorado at Boulder( 공학석사 ) 2006 년 12 월 : University of Colorado at Boulder( 공학박사 ) 2007 년 6 월 ~ 2009 년 2 월 : 포항산업과학연구원 (RIST) 선임연구원 2009 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 한남대학교건축공학과교수 < 관심분야 > 건축재료 340

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