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- 은진 흥
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1 < 항공우주산업영상레이더세미나 > 영상레이더운용변수설계 김재현 Wireless Internet and Network Engineering Research Lab. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ajou University, Korea
2 영상레이더세미나 1 차 : 영상레이더기술 ( ) 2 차 : 영상레이더운용변수설계 ( )
3 Contents 영상레이더원리 영상레이더시스템설계 영상레이더운용변수설계 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션 3
4 영상레이더원리 4
5 영상레이더원리 Synthetic aperture ( 합성개구 ) 란? 기존의관측레이더는안테나의면적과분해능이비례 위성등플랫폼은중량제한에의해안테나크기제한 영상레이더를탑재한플랫폼의이동및수신된데이터처리로고분해능영상획득 안테나의물리적크기제한을극복한레이더기술 나이나이 합성개구 이 안테나소형화및위성전체중량감소 < 일반나와합성개구비교 > 나 5
6 영상레이더원리 Synthetic aperture 원리 PRI : Pulse repetition interval 6
7 영상레이더원리 Side-looking ( 측관측 ) 레이더 (1) 영상레이더는 microwave를이용하는 RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging) 왕복시간 (round trip time) 으로영상레이더와목표물 (object) 간의거리를측정 < 일반레이더원리 > < 거리측정원리 > 7
8 영상레이더원리 Side-looking ( 측관측 ) 레이더 (2) 왕복시간으로거리를측정 ( 2R c) 측면관측하여목표지점까지의거리를다르게함 < 측관측을진행하는영상레이더 > 8
9 영상레이더원리 Polarization ( 편파 ) (1) 선형편파 (Linear polarization) Electric fields (E), Magnetic fields (M) 성분의위상차가 nπ인경우 수평편파 (Horizontal), 수직편파 (Vertical) Co-polarization (HH, VV) : 송신부와수신부가같은편파면 Cross polarization (HV, VH) : 송신부과수신부가수직편파면 <LP 형태 > < 선형편파 > 9
10 영상레이더원리 Polarization ( 편파 ) (2) 원형편파 (Circular polarization) Electric fields (E), Magnetic fields (M) 성분의위상차가 nπ ± π 인경우 2 좌원편파 (Left-handed circular polarization) 우원편파 (Right-handed circular polarization) <CP 형태 > < 원형편파 > 10
11 영상레이더원리 Polarization ( 편파 ) (3) 선형편파와원형편파의비교 [1] 선형편파 (LP) 원형편파 (CP) 기존연구가넓게진행 Faraday rotation 거의극복가능 장점 단점 제작이용이 대기권에서 Faraday rotation 발생 파장이길수록각회전이큼 이론적으로편파효율이높기때문에 LP 에비해최대송신전력요구값이낮음 CP 방사패턴을구현하는안테나시스템제작이어려움 기존연구결과부족 Faraday rotation : 전자파와자기장간상호영향으로인해전파의각 (angle) 에변화발생, 전파가회전되어수신 [1] Rizki Akbar, P., J. Tetuko SS, and Hiroaki Kuze. A novel circularly polarized synthetic aperture radar (CP-SAR) system onboard a spaceborne platform, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 31, no. 4, pp ,
12 영상레이더종류 SEASAT ERS-1 Radarsat ENVISAT TerraSAR-X RISAT-1 KOMPSAT-5 Sentinel-1 ALOS-2 Country US EU Canada EU Germany India 대한민국 EU Japan Launching year Inclination angle o 98.5 o 98.6 o o o o 97.6 o o 97.9 o Repetition days 17 3, 35, Weight 2,300 kg 2,157 kg 8,211 kg 1,250 kg 1,858 kg 1,315 kg 2,300 kg 2,100 kg Height 760 km 785 km km km 514 km 536 km 550 km 693 km 628 km Frequency GHz GHz GHz GHz 9.65 GHz 5.35 GHz 9.66 GHz GHz 1.2 GHz Polarization HH VV HH HH,VV, HH + VV,VV+ VH,HH+HV Swath width 100 km 100 km km km HH+VV, HH+H V, VV+HV Along 5 km Across 15, 30, 100 km Single Pol, Dual Pol, Circu lar Pol, Quad Pol HH HV VH VV km km Multi mode VV+VH HH+HV Multi mode HH, HV, VH, V V HH+HV, VH+V V Spot : 25 km Strip:50-70km Scan:490 km Azimuth resolution 25 m 30 m m m 1/ 2/ 3/ 15 m 3/ 6/ 25/ 50/ 1/3/20 m m 3/ 10/100 m <2 m Range resolution 25 m 30 m m m 1.2/ 1.2/ 2/ 4/ 8/ 8/ 1/3/20 m 5/20/100 m 1/ 3/100 m 3/ 16 m < 2m PRF Hz Hz ,000-6,500Hz 3,000±200 Hz - Peak power 1000 W 4800 W 5000 W 1400 W 2260 W 2200 W 6700 W 5900 W > 5300 W Band width 19 MHz 19 MHz 11.6/17.3/ MHz 150 MHz 18.75/37.5/75/2-280 MHz > 28 MHz MHz 25 MHz Antenna size 2.16x10.74m 1x10 m 1.5x15 m 1.3x10 m 4.78x0.7m 2x6m 2.6x3.9m 0.821x12.3m 10x3 m 12
13 영상레이더시스템설계 13
14 영상레이더시스템설계 영상레이더시스템설계단계 1 단계 : 영상레이더전체계 및설계 영상레이더시스템변수정립, 요구사항에의한변수설계 2 단계 : 시스템모듈설계 제어모듈, RF 모듈, 안테나, 데이터저장기설계 3 단계 : 세부시스템모듈설계 영상레이더계 1 단계 2 단계 3 단계 및설계 제어모듈 RF 모듈 안테나 데이터저장기 SAR controller Chirp signal generator Timing controller Baseband processor Baseband amplifier Oscillator RF transmitter-receiver Transmitter Receiver Data receiver Memory 13
15 영상레이더시스템설계 영상레이더시스템설계순서 1 영상레이더임무석 플랫폼 탑재체 관측모드 2 사용자요구사항 (Requirements of Customer) 석 3 변수설계 Platform selection Mission selection Payload selection SAR mode selection Requirements Parameters < 영상레이더시스템설계순서도 > 15
16 영상레이더시스템설계 : 임무 석 영상레이더의플랫폼, 탑재체, 관측모드선택 Platform : Satellite (600km), stratosphere (20km), UAV(~2km), drone Payload : SAR + optical camera or LiDAR, etc. Operational Mode : Stripmap, Spotlight, ScanSAR mode <Strip-map> <Spotlight> <Scan> < 영상레이더관측모드 > Stratosphere : 성층권 UAV : Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, 무인기 LiDAR : Light Detection and Ranging 16
17 영상레이더시스템설계 : 임무 석 영상레이더관측모드별특징 Strip-map Spotlight Scan 일반적인관측모드 방위분해능 안테나길이 조향없이관측 고분해능 관측지역을집중조사 방위방향안테나조향 낮은분해능 넓은영역영상획득 고각 (elevation) 방향조향 <Strip-map> <Spotlight> <Scan> < 영상레이더관측모드 > 17
18 영상레이더시스템설계 : 요구사항석 플랫폼, 탑재체, 관측모드에따른요구사항도출 요구사항 관측범위 (km), 분해능 (m), 관측품질 (db) 요구사항관측범위분해능관측품질 플랫폼에서 688 km 떨어진대상을관측폭 64 km 로관측 L-band를이용하여방위 2.5 m, 거리 7.5 m 획득 X-band를이용하여방위 1.5 m, 거리 1 m 획득 플랫폼에서목표지역과의거리 i km 에서반사도 x dbsm ( 크기 k m 2 ) 의대상을관측했을때 y db 이상의 SNR 을획득하도록관측 예 18
19 영상레이더시스템설계 : 요구사항석 관측대상과반사도관계 <Man-made Objects> <Rough surface> <Calm water> < 표. 관측대상과반사도 [5]> 반사도 (dbsm) 반사도 (m 2 ) 예 > -5 > 0.3 Man-made objects, very rough surface 0 ~ ~ 0.1 Man, Rough surface, dense vegetation (forest) -10 ~ ~ 0.01 Agricultural crops, moderately rough surfaces < -20 < 0.01 Smooth surface, calm water, road, sand Bird Stealth aircraft (F-22) Insect 19
20 영상레이더시스템설계 : 변수설계 영상레이더변수설계 임무분석, 요구사항분석이후영상레이더의운용컨셉설정및변수설계 운용컨셉 : 궤도 / 고도, 운용주파수, 관측각도 영상레이더운용컨셉 항공기, 무인기 : 대류권이하 (<15 km) 궤도 / 고도 운용주파수 관측각도 위성 : 저궤도 (200~500 km), 중궤도 (1,500~10,000 km), 고궤도 (10,000~40,000 km), 정지궤도 ( 약 36,000 km) L-band, S-band, C-band, X-band 등항공기, 무인기 : 10 ~ 70 위성 : 10 ~ 60 20
21 영상레이더시스템설계 : 변수설계 영상레이더변수설계 Basic parameter Antenna parameter Resolution & signal parameter PRF & Swath parameter 요구사항석 관측범위, 분해능, 최소 SNR 운용컨셉설정 궤도, 운용주파수, 관측각도 영상레이더 spec 도출 Ambiguity parameter SNR & PSLR parameter Basic paramter 고도, 관측각도, 운용주파수위성도 Resolution & Signal 대역, 스, 거리해상도, 방위해상도 Antenna 안테나길이,,, 이득 PRF & Swath 운용PRF PRF min, PRF max, Swath width SNR & PSLR σ 0, 시스템, 안테나면적, 송신전력안테나이득, SNR, PSLR Ambiguity 거리 ambiguity, 방위 ambiguity PRF : Pulse repetition frequency SNR : Signal to noise ratio PSLR : Peak to side-lobe ratio 설정변수 < 영상레이더변수도출흐름 > 도변수 21
22 영상레이더운용변수설계 22
23 영상레이더운용변수 영상레이더운용변수설계 Resolution δ az BW Basic parameter h γ f c v st Antenna parameter L, W A e θ az, θ el δ r τ p SNR P avg σ 0 η NESZ k T s NF L s PRF & Swath PRF max PRF G < 영상레이더변수흐름도 > PRF min Swath Ambiguity AASR RASR h height( m) look angle() f v c st center frequency( Hz) platform velocity(km/ s) L, W length and width of antenna( m) A e 2 ( ), beam width of range and azimuth( ) el az G antenna gain(db) az effective area of antenna m azimuth resoultion( m) range resolution( m) r B bandwidth(hz) pulse width(us) P PRF PRF max min maxmimum PRF minimum PRF PRF operational PRF Swath swath width AASR azimuth ambiguity to signal ratio(db) RASR range ambiguity to signal ratio(db) NESZ( noise equivalent sigma zero )(db) 0 F noise figure(db) P avg average power(w) 23
24 Basic parameter 고도 (Height) : h 플랫폼의운용고도 R f : Far range, R m : Middle range, R n : Near range R e : Radius of the Earth θ i : Incidence angle W gr : Ground swath width α : Core angle 관측각도 (Look angle) : γ m 플랫폼에서의직하방 (Nadir) 과목표물의각도 γ m h R n R m R f γ m Nadir θ i R f W gr h R m θ i R e R e R e Re R n α m Nadir <Satellite Geometry> W gr α n α f <Earth Geometry> 24
25 Basic parameter 운용주파수 (Operational frequency) : f c 주파수대역이높을수록짧은파장, 좁은, 안테나소형화, 좋은분해능 낮은대역 (L-band) 의경우, 관측이넓어광역관측에적합 높은대역 (X-band) 의경우, 좋은분해능 ( 해상도 ) 획득가능 < 표. 레이더에서사용하는밴드별주파수와파장 > Frequency Band L-band S-band C-band X-band Frequency [GHz] Wavelength [cm] Resolution 수백미터 ~ 서브미터급 Beamwidth < 파장별투과정도비교 > < 영상레이더빔폭 > 25
26 Basic parameter 플랫폼속도 (Platform velocity) : v st 운용경로를따라이동하는플랫폼의도 m v 2 h + R e G m M 2 (h+r e ) 2 = mv st h+r e ( 지구중력 = 원심력 ) v st v st = G M = h+r e 중력상수지구중량지구중심 ~ 플랫폼거리 G m M (h + R e ) 2 h ex) 고도 600 km = 6.67e e ~ 7.56 km/s R e ex2) 고도 km = 6.67e e ~ km/s < 지구중력과위성의원심력 > G = 6.67*10^-11 ( 중력상수 ) M = 5.98*10^24 ( 지구질량 ) m = 플랫폼무게 R e = 지구반지름 26
27 Basic parameter Ground velocity (Beam velocity) : v g 지표에비춰지는의 도 플랫폼고도에따라변화 v g 2πR e = v st 2π(R e +h) v g = 2πR e 2π(R e +h) v st ex) 고도 600 km = 2π π ~ 6.91 km/s 약 8.6 % 차이 ex2) 고도 km = 2π π ~ 0.46 km/s Beam footprint or Printed area 약 85 % 차이 27
28 Antenna parameter 나이 (Length), 폭 (Width) : L, W 길이 : Azimuth 방향, azimuth 에영향 : Range 방향, elevation 에영향 나유효적 (Effective area), 효율 (antenna efficiency) : A e, η 안테나의입력단자와안테나내부에서발생되는 을고려 안테나사양과타입에따라다르며제작시고려 Azimuth direction L < 나이 (L) 와폭 (W)> 28
29 Antenna parameter 나빔폭 (Azimuth beamwidth, elevation beamwidth) : θ az, θ el θ az = λ L θ el = ex) f c = 9.66 GHz, λ = 3 cm, L = 5 m, W = 2.6 m λ W θ az = 0.31, θ az = 0.60 ex2) f c = 1.27 GHz, λ = 23 cm, L = 5 m, W = 2.6 m θ az = 2.38, θ az = 4.58 L Azimuth direction θ az θ el < 영상레이더나변수 > 29
30 Antenna parameter 나이 (Antenna gain) 지향성 (directivity) 으로인해파생되는상대적이득 이득이크다 지향성이높다 Antenna Gain db = 4πA e λ 2 = D I A e ex) A = 0.25 m 2, efficiency = 70 % f c = 9.66 Ghz Isotropic Directivity = 4π (c/9.66e9) 2 ~ db I D < 나지향성과이 > 30
31 Antenna parameter 3 db 빔폭 (half-power beam width) Main-lobe 의 peak 값에서파워가절반이되는지점의 Side-lobe Level Main-lobe 대비 side-lobe 의세기 Side-lobe level Front to back level <Polar-coordinate 나패턴 > <Rectangular-coordinate 나패턴 > 31
32 Antenna parameter 정재파비 (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) : VSWR Transmission Line 에서 antenna 로진행될때매질변화에의한반사파동에의 해생성되는 standing wave 비율 일반적으로 VSWR 2 : 1 이하권장 (2:1 return loss : 10 db) VSWR = V max = 1+ Γ V min 1 Γ Γ Transmission Line Antenna 반사계수 VSWR 상태 Γ = 0 VSWR = 1 Γ = 1 VSWR All incident power is delivered to antenna All incident power is reflected < 매질에따라반사되어발생되는 standing wave> 32
33 Resolution (Resolution) : δ 인접한두물체를구분할수있는거리 임스응답분석 (IRF) 의 half-power width IRF : Peak to side-lobe ratio (PSLR), Integrated side-lobe ratio (ISLR) <PSLR> <ISLR> < 임펄스응답석 : PSLR ( 좌 ), ISLR ( 우 )> IRF : Impulse response function PSLR : Peak to Side-Lobe Ratio ISLR : Integrated Side-Lobe Ratio 33
34 Resolution 방위 (Azimuth resolution) : δ az δ az : L 2 거리 (Range resolution) : δ r δ r : cτ p 2 sin θ i = c 2B Azimuth direction azimuth < 방위과거리 > 34
35 Signal 대역폭 (Bandwidth) : B 최대지점 (peak) 에서 3 db 지점의주파수 대역이넓을수록거리분해능향상 ex) 20 MHz 1초에최대 20 Mbit 전송가능 Magnitude Frequency 1260 MHz 1270 MHz 1280 MHz < 대역폭 > 35
36 Signal 펄스폭 (Pulse width) : τ p 스이좁을수록작은물체탐지가능 R = c τ p / 2 Time 10 ns 1.5 m 분해능 좁은스은구현이어렵고비용상승 Bandwidth = 1/τ p < 대역폭과펄스폭관계 > Chirp 펄스신호 LFM (linear frequency modulation) 의한종류 시간에따라주파수가선형적으로변화 주파수변화이클수록좋은분해능 Time R = c / 2 B 5 μs, 100 MHz 1.5 m 분해능 10 ns 5 μs 500 배 Frequency F 1 Frequency F 2 Bandwidth = F = F 2 F 1 <Chirp 펄스신호에서의대역폭 > 36
37 Pulse repetition frequency 펄스반복주파수 (PRF) : PRF 스를얼마나반복하여송신하는지를의미 스반복주기 (pulse repetition interval) 의역수 PRF ( 주파수, Hz), PRI ( 시간, ms, μs, etc.) Amplitude (Power) PRI τ p 스반복주기 (PRI) = 1 PRF Time τ p < 펄스반복주파수와펄스반복주기 > 37
38 Pulse repetition frequency 최소펄스반복주파수 : PRF min PRF min > 2 v st sin θ az c f c (Doppler frequency, f D ) PRF 값이타겟의도플러주파수보다낮을경우 (if, PRF < f D ) Sampling 부족으로대상의 도탐지불가및 side-lobe 에의한 azimuth ambiguity 발생 Ambiguous placement of target due to ambiguity of Doppler frequency Azimuth ambiguity f ' D Bandwidth -B/2 B/2 0 f p /2 f D Bandwidth < PRF 값에의한샘플링에러 > B : 대역 f D : 도플러주파수 f p : PRF 38
39 Pulse repetition frequency 최소펄스반복주파수 : PRF min PRF min > 2 v st sin θ az c f c ex) (X band) ex2) (L band ) 2(7.56 km/s) sin(0.31 )(9.66 GHz) c 2(7.56 km/s) sin(2.38 )(1.27 GHz) c = Hz < PRF min = Hz < PRF min θ az 수 진행방향 <PRF 최소값제한 방위 ( 진행 ) 방향 side-lobe 유입 > 39
40 Pulse repetition frequency 최대펄스반복주파수 : PRF max PRF max < 1 2 τ p + 2 R f R n / c 최대값이상을선택할경우, 스송신주기가짧음 송수신스간충돌또는 n+1 번째스를수신하여 거리탐지불가및 range ambiguity 발생 Normal transmit and receive Abnormal transmit and receive Transmit pulses Tx1 Tx2 Tx1 Tx2 Tx3 Receive pulses Rx1 Rx2 Rx1 Rx2 Reflector time time <PRF 최대값제한 n+1 번째펄스수신 > 40
41 Pulse repetition frequency 최대펄스반복주파수 : PRF max PRF max < ex) 1 2 τ p + 2 R f R n / c 1 2(30 μs)+2(706 km 673 km)/c = Hz > PRF max [6] τ p (pulse width) = 30 μs 관측각도 샘플링구간 R f 고도 R n R m R f R n 하방 <PRF 최대값제한 송신방향펄스충돌 > W gr [6] M. Y. Chua, V. C. Koo, FPGA-Based Chirp Generator for High Resolution UAV SAR, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 99, pp ,
42 Pulse repetition frequency PRF 송수신 /Nadir 구간충돌시영상왜곡발생 시뮬레이션환경 (MATLAB R2013b) 고도 : 600 km 중심주파수 : 1.27 GHz (L-band) 안테나길이 : 5 m, : 2.6 m 스 : 30 μs Azimuth Range (a) PRF 1500 Hz (b) PRF 2000 Hz (c) PRF 3000 Hz (d) PRF 3500 Hz 42
43 Pulse repetition frequency PRF 송수신 /Nadir 구간충돌시영상왜곡발생 Azimuth ambiguity Azimuth <Azimuth ambiguity in RADARSAT-2> 43
44 Pulse repetition frequency PRF 송수신 /Nadir 구간충돌시영상왜곡발생 Range ambiguity Range <Range ambiguity in RADARSAT-2> 44
45 Ambiguity Azimuth ambiguity AASR (azimuth ambiguity to signal level) 방위방향안테나패턴의 side-lobe 및 PRF 한계 ( 샘플링한계 ) 에의해발생 Azimuth ambiguity arise from finite sampling of the Doppler spectrum at intervals of the PRF Ambiguity energy Main signal energy = m =, m 0 B p 2 G 2 f + mf p df B p 2 B p /2 G 2 f df B p /2 B p : Azimuth bandwidth f p : PRF Power PRF min = 2 v st L Main power frequency f p f p 2 0 B p 2 <AASR> f p 2 f p 45
46 Ambiguity Range Ambiguity RASR (range ambiguity to signal level) Elevation 방향 패턴의영향 RASR = i=1 N Sai i=1 N S i S ai : Range ambiguous in the i th time interval of the data recording window S i : Desired signal powers in the i th time interval of the data recording window N = Total number of time intervals <RASR [4]> 46
47 Swath width Slant range : W r Sampling window length 도에이용 R f R n ~ W gr sin θ i = W r R f R n θ i θ i W r W gr <Slant range, W r > 47
48 Swath width Swath width : W gr 거리방향 (range direction) 관측 γ m 관측범위설정에이용 관측데이터크기계산에이용 h R n R m R n R f W r 1) R e = R e +h sin(γ m ) sin(180 θ i ) = R m sin(α m ) Nadir θ i W nts W gr 2) W r sin(θ i ) ~ α f α n R e = W gr R e R e R e Re α m α f -α n α n α f <Swath width, W gr > 48
49 Signal to Noise Ratio Signal to Noise Ratio 수신신호의세기와잡음세기의차이 도식을이용하여 SNR 기대값을계산하고나머지변수들수정하며설계 이용가능한자원과사용자요구사항간절충으로최종설계마무리 SNR parameters P t : 최대송신전력 Duty cycle : 운용효율 (τ p PRF or P avg /P t ) G t : 안테나송신이득 η : 안테나효율 SNR = P t duty G 2 t η 2 δ r NESZ 2 8π 2 R 3 m λ k T s NF L s v st = δ r : 거리방향분해능 NESZ : Noise equivalent sigma zero k : 볼츠만상수 T r : 시스템온도잡음 (noise) NF : 시스템잡음 (noise figure) L s : 시스템 800 W 10 % (33.12 db) 2 (70 %) m ( 17 db) 2 8π 2 ( m) m 1.38e 23 J/K 300 K 3 db 10 db m/s = db 49
50 Noise Equivalent to Sigma Zero NESZ A measure for the sensitivity of the SAR system 수신된신호세기가시스템잡음과같을때 (SNR = 1일때 ) 의대상의반사도 관측목적에따라시스템의민감도 (sensitivity) 를 NESZ로설정 Ex) NESZ : 0 dbsm 설정 사람 (0 dbsm) 이상의것을관측하겠다 새 ( 20 dbsm) 는관측불가 20 dbsm 새 ( 20 dbsm) 이상의것을관측하겠다 사람 (0 dbsm) 관측가능 벌레 ( 50 dbsm) 는관측불가 NESZ = SNR 1 σ 0 KOMPSAT-5 ( 지구관측 ) : 17 dbsm, ALOS-2 ( 해양관측 ) : 20~ 22 dbsm 50
51 Peak to Side-lobe Ratio PSLR Main-lobe 의 peak 값과 side-lobe peak 의비율 PSLR = 10 log 10 I s I m Sinc func. 에서 -13 db 를갖고, 일반적으로 SAR 영상에서 < -13 db 기대 PSLR 약 -43 db <PSLR> <PSLR in MATLAB simulation> Number of Samples 51
52 Integrated Side-lobe Ratio ISLR Main-lobe 와 side-lobe 의에너지비율 High quality image Low ISLR a ISLR = 10 log 10 h τ 2 dτ + b h τ 2 dτ b a h τ 2 dτ a <ISLR> b 52
53 Losses Radar System Losses Transmit Losses Radome Circulator Waveguide Antenna Efficiency Beam Shape Low Pass Filters Atmospheric Quantization Receive Losses Radome Circulator Waveguide Feed Combiner Receiver Protector Transmit / Receive Switch Antenna Efficiency Beam Shape Non-Ideal Filter Quantization Atmospheric 53
54 Downlink Datarate 다운링크통신속도계산 입력변수 변수정의수식값 Quantization 양자화비트수 n b 8 bits/sample Bandwidth 대역 B R 15 MHz Antenna length 안테나길이 L a 5 m Altitude 고도 h 600 km Swath width 관측 W g km Incidence angle 입사각 θ i Sampling frequency 샘플링주파수 f s 42 MHz Oversampling ratio 오버샘플링비율 k os
55 Downlink Datarate 다운링크통신속도계산 도 변수 변수정의수식값 Required minimum slant range swath width Data sampling window duration Number of samples per range line 직거리 (slant range) W s = W g sin θ i 33 km 데이터샘플링윈도우길이 2W τ w ~ s c μs 거리방향 sample 개수 N r = f s τ w 9253 samples Instantaneous data rate 최대통신도 r i = n b f s 336 Mbps 2V Doppler bandwidth 도플러대역 ( 방위방향 ) B D ~ st La 3024 Hz Oversampling factor in azimuth Average real-time downlink data rate 방위방향오버샘플링인수 f p = k os B D 3629 Hz 평균다운링크통신속도요구값 τ r DL = w r i TP 268 Mbps T P : 스간간격, 1 f p 55
56 Downlink Datarate 데이터저장소크기비교 요구되는데이터저장소크기비교 변수도출값 ( 고도 600 km) KOMPSAT-5 ( 고도 550 km) 한반도종단 (1080 km) 관측소요시간 2 분 23 초 ( 위성도 = 7.56 km/s) 2 분 23 초 ( 위성도 = 7.59 km/s) 실시간데이터전송 268 Mbps - 한반도종단관측요구데이터 Gbit - 데이터저장소크기 Gbit 데이터중계기 310 Mbps X-band, up to 310 Mbps 세계각국영상레이더의데이터저장소크기비교 영상레이더 중심주파수 (Spot, Stripmap, Scan) 데이터저장소크기 ALOS-2 L-band 1 / 3 / 100 m 1040 Gbit Sentinal-1 C-band 5 / 20 / 100 m 1410 Gbit RISAT-1 C-band 2 / 6 / 50 m 300 Gbit TerraSAR-X X-band 1 / 3 / 15 m 256 Gbit 56
57 영상레이더관측시뮬레이터 57
58 영상레이더관측시뮬레이터소개 관측시뮬레이터 위성용영상레이더시스템변수사용 시스템설계흐름및변수간관계고려하여코드작성 MATLAB R2013b 버전 시뮬레이션순서 요구사항및 시스템변수입력 관측 시뮬레이션 결과력
59 영상레이더관측시뮬레이터 Constant value 빛의도 지구반지름 볼츠만상수 시스템온도잡음 대역잡음 시스템잡음 시스템 59
60 영상레이더관측시뮬레이터변수 Input parameters (1) - Operational concept 플랫폼고도 플랫폼도 중심주파수 파장 관측각도 Input parameters (2) - Antenna concept 안테나 Elevation 안테나길이 Azimuth 안테나패턴력 안테나이득력 60
61 영상레이더관측시뮬레이터변수 Input parameters (3) - Signal concept 스 대역 오버샘플링비율 운용효율 샘플링주파수 첩률 ( 주파수변화율 ) 샘플링사이클 도플러주파수 PRF PRI Chirp 신호 K r : Chirp rate, the rate of frequency change Chirp 신호에서단위시간내주파수변화정도 61
62 영상레이더관측시뮬레이터변수 Geometry Parameters Nadir angle Near Middle Far Incidence angle Near Middle Far Core angle Near Middle Far 62
63 영상레이더관측시뮬레이터변수 Range and Swath width Near range Middle range Far range Nadir to swath range Slant range Ground swath Azimuth swath Resolution Slant range resolution Ground resolution Near Middle Far Azimuth resolution 63
64 영상레이더관측시뮬레이터변수 Sampling Window 샘플링윈도우시작시간 샘플링윈도우길이 거리방향샘플개수 Output Parameters 안테나효율 안테나이득 최대전력 ( 입력 ) NESZ SNR 64
65 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션 관측시뮬레이션순서 목표물배치 임의의점목표물을관측지역내배치 목표물배치 관측시작 목표물을관측하고반사되어돌아온신호와송신신호를신호처리하여 RawData 생성 RDA (range-doppler algorithm) 이용하여영상획득 시뮬레이션결과력 SNR, PSLR 값으로영상품질분석 관측시목표물관측신호처리로 RawData 생성거리압축 RCMC 방위압축영상확인 시뮬레이션결과출력 65
66 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션 Arranging Target 타겟을다양하게배치하여관측진행 십자모양배치 특정모양배치 랜덤배치 < 십자배치, 모양배치, 랜덤배치 > 66
67 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션 Start position calc. y : 플랫폼진행방향 타겟의위치를좌표화 관측시작지점 (A) 방위방향 End position calc. 관측마지막지점 (B) 방위방향샘플링간격 방위방향샘플개수 RawData size (B) Azimuth (km) Printed area num_azimuth_samples Range (km) (A) R x y 67
68 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션 Chirp Signal Transmission and RawData Generation R 플랫폼 ~ 타겟거리 theta 플랫폼 ~ 타겟각도 index 관측범위 ( ) 내타겟수 for loop 시간의흐름에따라 ( 플랫폼이동에따라 ) 거리방향 (x 축 ), 방위방향 (y 축 ) 의 RawData idx, p Raw data t = exp(jπk t t 2 ) exp( j2πf c 2R/C) Reference signal Received signal 68
69 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션 Range-Doppler Algorithm 1 SAR 관측 2 RawData 생성 6 Squint angle 보정 (Squnit 관측시 ) 3 거리압축 5 방위압축 4 RCMC RCMC : Range cell migration compensation <RDA 신호처리과정 > 69
70 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션 Range Compression Range FFT 연산량줄이기위해 Fourier transform 이용 FFT length L = 2 n L M + N 1 Range reference func. 기준신호모델링으로거리기준신호도 f_ref : 중심이되는신호 L : FFT length M : 송신신호길이 N : 수신신호길이 No hamming Hamming window f_ref Range IFFT RawData 의거리성분을 FFT 하여주파수성분저장 RawData 거리성분 (f_sig) 와거리기준신호 (f_ref) 의곱 거리방향위치도 p=rawdata 길이 p=1 RawData 의 p 번째줄을 FFT f_sig for 문진행 70
71 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션 Azimuth Compression (1) Azimuth FFT r_max : 가장먼타겟 SAL Synthetic aperture length 합성개구길이 가장먼타겟을관측할때을이용하여계산 SAT Synthetic aperture time 합성개구시간 합성개구길이와도를이용하여계산 FFT length 거리압축된신호를 FFT 하여 rd 에저장 fd : PRF ~ PRF 범위를 FFT length만큼샘플링
72 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션 Azimuth Compression (2) RCMC f d = 2v st λ sin θ = 2v st λ 1 cos 2 θ cos θ = 1 f d 2 λ 2 R S = R cos θ 4v2 st 거리압축된타겟신호 Range cell ΔR R(S) R θ RCMC 후 compensated signal RCMC : Range cell migration compensation V st s Azimuth 72
73 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션 Azimuth Compression (3) Azimuth reference func. 수신신호모델링으로방위기준신호계산 for loop SAL, SAT, PRI를이용 방위방향샘플링 az_ref 방위기준신호생성 No hamming Hamming window Azimuth IFFT SAR_img 생성 73
74 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션결과 Reference Signal 기준신호에 hamming window 를적용하여 PSLR 향상기대 Windowing 신호복원시양끝단에 residual signal 또는 noise 발생가능 신호의불연을막거나주파수스펙트럼의왜곡을막기위해사용 전체 amplitude는감소하나 side-lobe를줄일수있어 main-lobe 강조 <Hamming window 비적용기준신호 > <Hamming window 적용기준신호 > 74
75 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션결과 RawData 영상레이더운용중타겟을관측하여얻은데이터 거리방향, 방위방향으로나누어서신호처리 <Hamming window 비적용 RawData> <Hamming window 적용 RawData> 75
76 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션결과 Range Compression 거리방향압축 Range cell migration 존재 <Hamming window 비적용거리압축이미지 > <Hamming window 적용거리압축이미지 > 76
77 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션결과 Azimuth Compression 거리압축영상에서 RCMC 이용하여 cell migration을보정 최종 SAR 영상 <Hamming window 비적용 SAR 영상 > <Hamming window 적용 SAR 영상 > 77
78 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션결과 Zoomed Images 최종 SAR 영상에서타겟을확대한영상 Hamming window 비적용타겟에서강한 side-lobe 관측됨 <Hamming window 비적용타겟 > <Hamming window 적용타겟 > 78
79 영상레이더관측시뮬레이션결과 PSLR Analysis 획득한영상의품질분석 Hamming window 비적용타겟결과 PSLR 약 -16 db Hamming window 적용타겟결과 PSLR 약 -41 db 임무분석 tool 이용한시스템변수들이용하여시뮬레이션진행되었고영상품질값이기준이상으로도됨 -16 db -41 db <Hamming window 비적용 PSLR> <Hamming window PSLR> 79
80 References [1] Rizki Akbar, P., J. Tetuko SS, and Hiroaki Kuze. A novel circularly polarized synthetic aperture radar (CP-SAR) system onboard a spaceborne platform, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 31, no. 4, pp , [2] E,M 파형태 : [3] I. G. Cumming and F. H. Wong, Digital Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data:Algorithms and Implementation. Norwood, MA: Artech House, Beam width : pp Platform velocity : pp. PSLR -20 db : pp. 61 [4] Curlander, John C., and Robert N. McDonough. Synthetic aperture radar. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Rang ambiguity : pp. 297 System design considerations : pp Downlink Data Rate Reduction Techniques : pp Radar performance measures (PSLR, ISLR) : pp. 256, PSLR -13 db : pp. 88 [5] IEEE New Hampshire Section IEEE AES Society [6] M. Y. Chua, V. C. Koo, FPGA-Based Chirp Generator for High Resolution UAV SAR, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 99, pp ,
81 Thank you! Q & A
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Slide 1
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Ch. 4. Spectral Density & Correlation 4.1 Energy Spectral Density 4.2 Power Spectral Density 4.3 Time-Averaged Noise Representation 4.4 Correlation Functions 4.5 Properties of Correlation Functions 4.6
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