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1 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Apr.; 254, ISSN Print ISSN X Online 1 Vector Radiative Transfer Analysis of Backscattering Coefficients of Corn Fields Using the First-Order Vector Radiative Transfer Technique 권순구 황지환 박신명 홍성욱 오이석 Soon-Koo Kweon Ji-Hwan Hwang Sin-myeong Park Sungwook Hong* Yisok Oh 요약 SAR., 1 VRTVector Radiative Transfer /.,,. 1 VRT RMSE Root Mean Square Error VV db, HH db., 1 VRT LAI Leaf Area Index. Abstract In this study, we analyzed the effect of corn growth on the radar backscattering coefficient. At first, we measured the backscattering coefficients of various corn fields using a polarimetric scatterometer system. The backscattering coefficients of the corn fields were also computed using the 1st-order VRTVector Radiative Transfer model with field-measured input parameters. Then, we analyzed the experimental and numerical backscattering coefficients of corn fields. As a result, we found that the backscatter from an underlying soil layer is dominant for early growing stage. On the other hand, for vegetative stage with a higher LAILeaf-Area-Index, the backscatter from vegetation canopy becomes dominant, and its backscattering coefficients increase as incidence angle increases because of the effect of leaf angle distribution. It was also found that the estimated backscattering coefficients agree quite well with the field-measured radar backscattering coefficients with an RMSERoot Mean Square Error of 1.32 db for VV-polarization and 0.99 db for HH-polarization. Finally, we compared the backscattering characteristics of vegetation and soil layers with various LAI values. Key words: Radiative Transfer Model, Corn Field, SAR, Vegetation Canopy. 서론 SAR Department of Electronic Information and Communication Engineering, Hongik University * National Meteorological Satellite Center Manuscript received December 4, 2013 ; Revised January 17, 2014 ; Accepted January 23, ID No Corresponding Author: Yisok Oh yisokoh@hongik.ac.kr 476 c Copyright The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. All Rights Reserved.

2 1 Vector Radiative Transfer SAR. TerraSAR-X TanDEM-X, COSMO-Sky- Med 1 4 RADARSAT-2 SAR, L- SAR ALOS SAR 5 KOMPSAT-5: Korea multi-purpose satellite SAR,, DEM,,,.,,,, [1] [3]. SAR VRTVector Radiative Transfer, [4],[5].,.,. C- : 5.3 GHz VV-, HH-, VH-, HV- 1 VRT, /. VRT lossy dielectric cylinder lossy dielectric disk. 1 VRT I-V-S, -2 I-V-G-S, -3 I-G-V-S, -4 I-G-V-G-S, -5 I-G-S. 1 VRT [7].. 산란계수및지표면정보측정 1 VRT /. HPS: Hongik Polarimetric Scatterometer OMT Horn, VNAVector Network Analyzer [9]. 1., DMMCTDifferential Mueller Matrix Calibration Technique [10].. 1 차 VRT 기법을이용한초목층산란해석 1 VRT [6]. 그림 1. Fig. 1. Scatterometer system. 477

3 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 25, no. 4, Apr 그림 2. Fig. 2. Photos of test sites., Decagon devices EC-5,,,,,,. 1 LAI,.,.. 옥수수산란계수분석 VRT /. 4 5/29 7/11 a a Leaf area index b b Soil moisture c c Surface roughness d d Particle's data 그림 3. Fig. 3. An example of ground truth measurements /5/29, 6/13, 6/ 26, 7/11 4, ,. profilo-meter [11], LAI Decagon devices AccuPAR LP-80 a HH- 2013/5/29 a HH-polarizationMay/29/2013 표 1. Table 1. Ground truth of corn field. 5/29 6/13 6/26 7/11 cm LAI cm cm 3 /cm b HH- 2013/7/11 b HH-polarizationJuly/11/2013 그림 4. HH- 5 Fig. 4. Contribution of the five scattering mechanism for HHpolarization data. 478

4 1 Vector Radiative Transfer 그림 LAI Fig. 5. Variation of total backscattering coefficients by LAI when average of leaf angle is 25 deg. VRT HH- /. 4a, LAI ,. 4b, LAI , VRT a 5/29 b 6/13 a May 29 b June 13 c 6/26 d 7/11 c June 26 d July 11 그림 6. VRT Fig. 6. The result of VRT simulation and measured backscattering coefficients. 479

5 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 25, no. 4, Apr ,. lossy dielectric disk disk, [12].,. 5 25, 25, LAI. LAI 0.5 5/29 LAI 25, VRT VV- HH-. VH-, HV-, 1 VRT. 4 HH- VV-, 5/29, 6/13 6/26 60, 7/ /29, 5/29, / cm 3 /cm cm 3 /cm 3. 7 C-, HH- LAI. 1 cm,. LAI 그림 7. LAI Fig. 7. Variation of scattering mechanism ratio by LAI.,.. LAI... 결론 1 VRT 1 VRT., 1 VRT RMSE VV db, HH db., 1 VRT., LAI LAI. SAR,. 480

6 1 Vector Radiative Transfer 감사의글. References [1] S. Said, U. C. Kothyari, and M. K. Arora, "Vegetation effects on soil moisture estimation from ERS-2 SAR images", Hydrolog. Sci. J., vol. 57, no. 3, pp , Mar [2] J. F. Paris, "The effect of leaf size on the microwave backscattering by corn", Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 19, no. 1, pp , Feb [3] N. S. Chauhan, "Soil moisture inversion at L-band using a dual-polarization technique: a model-based sensitivity analysis", Int. J. Remote Sens., vol. 23, no. 16, pp , Nov [4] E. P. W. Attema, F. T. Ulaby, "Vegetation modeled as a water cloud", Radio Sci., vol. 13, no. 2, pp , Mar.-Apr [5] F. T. Ulaby, R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Artech House. [6] L. Tsang, J. A. Kong, and R. T. Shin, Theory fo Microwave Remote Sensing, 1st ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, [7] S. -K. Kweon, J. -H. Hwang, and Y. Oh, "Development of a scattering model for soybean fields and verification with scatterometer and SAR data at X-band", Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science, vol. 12, no. 1, pp , Mar [8] Y. Oh, K. Sarabandi, and F. T. Ulaby, "Semi-empirical model of the emsemble-averaged differential mueller matrix for microwave backscattering from bare soil surfaces", IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 30, no. 6, pp , Jun [9],,,, "X- Scatterometer ",, 2012, pp , [10],,,, "X- Scatterometer ",, 214, pp , [11],,,, " ",, 241, pp , [12] T. B. A. Senior, K. Sarabandi, and F. T. Ulaby, "Measuring and modeling the backscattering cross section of a leaf", Radio Sci., vol. 22, no. 6, pp , Dec

7 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 25, no. 4, Apr 권순 구 년 2월: 홍익대학교 전자전기공학부 공학사 년 2월: 홍익대학교 전자정보통신공 학과 공학석사 2009년 3월 현재: 홍익대학교 전자정보 통신공학과 박사과정 [주 관심분야] 전파 산란, 마이크로파 원 격탐사, SAR 영상분석 황지 환 년 월 홍익대학교 전파공학과 공학 사 년 월 홍익대학교 전파통신공학과 공학석사 년 월 년 5월: LG전자 단말연 구소 연구원 2013년 2월: 홍익대학교 전자정보통신공 학과 공학박사 2014년 현재: 국립전파연구소 연구원 [주 관심분야] 전파 산란, 마이크로파 원격탐사, 안테나 : : 박신 명 년 2월: 홍익대학교 전자전기공학부 공 학사 2013년 3월: 홍익대학교 전자정보통신공학 과 공학석사 2011 [주 관심분야] 영상 분석 482 마이크로파 원격 탐사, SAR 홍성 욱 년 2월: 서울대학교 지구과학교육 이 학사 2000년 2월: 서울대학교 물리학 이학석사 2002년 12월: Texas A&M University 대기 과학과 이학석사 2006년 8월: Texas A&M University 대기과 학과 이학박사 2006년 2008년: NOAA미국해양대기청/NESDIS미국기상위 성센터 2008년 2009년: 국립기상연구소 2009년 현재: 국가기상위성센터 [주 관심분야] 위성원격탐사기반 알고리즘 개발, 재해감시, 기 후변화 1997 오이 석 년 월 연세대학교 전기공학과 공학 사 년 월 전기 및 컴퓨터공학과 공학석사 년 월 전기공학 및 컴퓨터과학과 공학 박사 2001년 2008년: 한국전자파학회 상임이사 2006년 2008년: Chair, IEEE GRS Korea Chapter 1994년 현재: 홍익대학교 전자전기공학부 교수 2009년 현재: IEEE Fellow [주 관심분야] 전파 산란, 마이크로파 원격탐사, 레이더, 안테나 : : University of Missouri-Rolla : University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

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