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1 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 20 卷第 12 號 2009 年 12 月論文 X- 밴드용완전편파 Scatterometer 설계 Design of a Full Polarimetric Scatterometer for X-Band 황지환 이경엽 박성민 오이석 Ji-Hwan Hwang Kyung-Yup Lee Seong-Min Park Yisok Oh 요약 본논문에서는 X-밴드용완전편파 scatterometer 시스템 (HPS: Hongik Polarimetric Scatterometer) 설계와제작된측정시스템성능검증을위해이론적으로잘알려진점목표물 (point-target) 의주파수응답특성을측정하는연구결과를선보인다. X-밴드용완전편파 scatterometer 시스템은크게 OMT(Orthogonal Mode Transducer)+horn 안테나, 이들의입사각을조절하는입사각제어부분, 네트워크분석기와 X-밴드용주파수변환회로로구성되는송수신기, 이장비들을위한지지용이동식붐대로구성된다. 측정용안테나의수직과수평입사각조절을위해각도센서를이용하며, 모든입사각에서완전편파의데이터를획득할수있도록편파선택용스위치회로를사용한다. 또한, 설계된측정시스템의성능검증을위하여 OMT+horn 안테나를이용한수동반사기 (corner reflector) 의주파수응답특성즉, 완전편파 RCS(Radar Cross Section) 를측정한다. Abstract A full-polarimetric scatterometer(hps: Hongik Polarimetric Scatterometer) for X-band is designed, fabricated, and verified using the theoretically well-known point-targets in this paper. The X-band full-polarimetric scatterometer consists of an OMT(Orthogonal-Mode Transducer)+horn antenna, the angle control part for the OMT+horn antenna, a transmitter/receiver with a network analyzer and a frequency-conversion circuitry, and a movable support of these parts. We use an inclinometer sensor to control the vertical and horizontal incidence angles. The full polarimetric data can be obtained because of the polarization switches and the OMT. The accuracy of the scatterometer system is verified by measuring the polarimetric RCS(Radar Cross Section) of one of the theoretically well-known point-targets, i.e., a corner reflector. Key words : Full-Polarimetric Scatterometer, X-Band, Orthogonal-Mode Transducer(OMT), Angle Control Ⅰ. 서론 Scatterometer 를이용한완전편파 (full polarimetric) 측정데이터는전파산란및마이크로파원격탐사연구분야에서광범위하게사용되어지고있으며 [1]~ [3], 특히위성레이더시스템을이용한측정데이터를비교검증하기위한지상운용시험대 (test bed) 역할을수행한다 [4]. 이에따라전파산란및원격탐 사분야의연구가들에게보다효과적이며, 정확한측정이이루어질수있는자동화된 scatterometer 시스템이필요하게되었으며, 최근연구가활발히진행되고있는 X-밴드 (f 0 =9.65 GHz, BW=500 MHz) 대역에대한관심또한크게높아져이에맞는측정시스템의개발과운영이필요하게되었다 [5],[6]. 많은분야에서다양한형태의 scatterometer를이용하고있으나 [3],[7], 본논문에서는지상운용을목적으로원격 본연구는 2009 년도정부 ( 교육과학기술부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행되었다 (No ). 홍익대학교전자정보통신공학과 (Department of Electronic Information and Communication Engineering, Hongik University) 논문번호 : 수정완료일자 : 2009 년 10 월 20 일 1308

2 X- 밴드용완전편파 Scatterometer 설계 제어가가능한안테나지지대, 네트워크분석기 (Agilent 8753D), 그리고 OMT+horn 안테나 [8] 등으로구성된 X-밴드대역의측정시스템을설계제작하고, 이에필요한시스템검증작업과시험용표적을이용한측정성능확인작업을소개한다. 이때, 완전편파특성을보다빠르고효과적으로측정하기위해서 X-밴드용주파수변환회로에스위칭회로를추가하여측정속도를개선했으며, 시스템성능검증을위하여이론적으로잘알려진점목표물다시말해, 15 cm 크기의수동반사기에대해 OMT+horn 안테나로완전편파응답특성을측정하였다. Ⅱ. X- 밴드 Scatterometer 시스템구성및설계 X-밴드 scatterometer 시스템은크게세부분으로구성된다. 첫번째부분은전체시스템을구성하는지지대몸체와측정용 OMT+horn 안테나및전파입사각제어부분이고, 두번째부분은 X-밴드대역의측정신호를위한 RF 회로및신호 / 데이터처리회로를포함한송수신기부분이며, 마지막으로전체측정시스템을제어하기위한전용소프트웨어로구성된다. 이때, X-밴드전용보조회로는주파수변환및스위칭회로를추가하여완전편파측정및장비운용효율을높일수있었으며, 모든입사각제어 (incidence angle control) 및데이터획득 / 저장 (data acquisition/ saving) 은전용소프트웨어 (GUI: Graphic User Interface) 가탑재된 laptop-pc에의해원격제어된다. 그림 1은제작된 X-밴드 scatterometer 시스템의전체구조를보여주며, 이동의편의성을고려해제작되었다. 전체 scatterometer를구성하는지지대는방 그림 1. X- 밴드 scatterometer 시스템 Fig. 1. Scatterometer system for X-band. 그림 2. X- 밴드 scatterometer 입사각제어부분 Fig. 2. The incidence angle control parts of scatterometer system for X-band. 송장비를차용한것으로입사각제어부분과하단의측정장비수납공간을추가하는개조를거쳤다. 전체길이는약 8.4 m, 지지대중심의높이는 1.7 m 이다. 이번장에서는입사각제어부분의구성요소와신호변환 / 스위칭회로그리고전용시스템제어프로그램등에대해설명한다. 2-1 입사각제어부분 그림 2는 X-밴드용 scatterometer 시스템의안테나입사각제어부분을보여준다. 각도제어부분은 3 개의스텝모터로구성된구동부와입사각도를측정하기위한전자식각도센서 (inclinometer) 그리고 X밴드대역의측정용 OMT+horn 안테나로구성되며, 안테나빔중심각을자동및수동으로변환시켜전파의입사각을조절할수있다. 이때, 안테나의빔중심은스텝모터로구성된구동부에의해서 azimuth( φ) 방향과 elevation(θ) 방향모두조정이가능하며, 각도센서에의하여구동부의각도가실시간으로측정되어설정된입사각과현재상태의각도를비교하여매측정위치에서입사각오차범위를 ±0.2 내로자동보정되도록프로그램되었다. 또한, 전파의송 / 수신을위한측정용안테나는표 1과같은특성을갖는 X-밴드대역용 OMT+horn 안테나가사용되어수평과수직편파의송 / 수신이가능하다. 2-2 신호처리부분 1309

3 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 20 卷第 12 號 2009 年 12 月 표 1. X- 밴드대역 OMT+horn 안테나특성 Table 1. Performance of OMT+horn antenna for X- band. Port 1 (Ver.) Port 2 (Hor.) 주파수 [GHz] 이득 [dbi] HPBW E-plane HPBW H-plane 편파격리도 [db] 본논문에서제안된 X-밴드 scatterometer 시스템은네트워크분석기를기본으로하는측정시스템으로, Agilent 社 8753D 네트워크분석기가이용되었다. 이네트워크분석기의최대주파수는 6 GHz 이므로 X-밴드 scatterometer 시스템을위해주파수변환회로가필요하다. 안테나와송수신기사이의긴 ( 약 8 m 가량 ) RF 케이블에서발생하는전력손실을최소화하기위해낮은주파수대역인 L-밴드 (1.0~1.5 GHz) 대역을이용하였다. 긴 8-m 지지대를이용하여먼거리의목표물을측정할수있기때문에미세한산란전파까지측정하도록증폭회로를추가하였다. 증폭기를사용하는이유로네트워크분석기포트 (port) 는송신과수신전용이되어야하고, 그로인해별도의스위칭회로를구성하였다. 이러한스위치이용편파전환은네트워크분석기의모드전환보다측정속도가빨라져서측정효율을높여준다. 그림 3은주파수변환, 증폭, 스위칭회로들을포함한 X-밴드전용보조회로를위한블록다이어그램이며, 외관은상자모양으로그림 1과 2에서와같이지지대상단의측정용안테나와최대한가까운곳에장착되어운용된다. 주파수변환회로는네트워크분석기의 IF(1~1.5 GHz) 신호를 8.4 GHz의 LO(Local Oscillator) 를이용하여 X-밴드 (9.4~9.9 GHz) 대역의신호로변환하여측정신호를송신하며, 수신신호의경우에는반대의과정을거쳐 L-밴드대역의 IF의신호가네트워크분석기로전달되도록설계되었다. 순환장치 (circulator) 와 RF 스위치로구성된스위칭회로를추가하여네트워크분석기의동작을송 / 수신이고정된특정모드, 즉 P1-송신/ P2-수신 이 그림 3. X- 밴드전용주파수변환및스위치회로 Fig. 3. Frequency converting and switching circuit for X-band. 되도록하는 S 21 측정모드로설정하고도완전편파의구현이가능하도록설계하였다. 이로써, 측정시발생되는불필요한모드변환과시스템안정을위해필요한시간지연을최소화할수있었다. 표 2는 X-밴드전용보조회로의각부품별이득또는손실을나타내며, 완전편파측정을위한편파별스위치동작특성을나타낸다. 주파수변환회로를구성하기위해서 Marki microwave 社의 diode mixer M1-0212를사용하였으며, 주파수변환을위한 conversion loss는약 -11 db이다. 스위칭회로에는 MCLI 社의 RF-switch D2-15/ABS와 CERNEX 社의 circulator가각각사용되었다. 그림 4는 X밴드전용보조회로의송 / 수신경로이득의측정결과를나타내며, 신호발생기 (R&S SG_ 표 2. X- 밴드전용보조회로동작특성 Table 2. Performance of sub circuit for X-band. 주파수변환회로 스위칭회로 Measure Pol. 송신경로 Mix Isolator BPF PA 이득 [db] 수신경로 Isolator Mix LNA - 이득 [db] 구성품 RF-S/W Circulator * 부품특성은 이득 [db] 대역내평균값 SW #1 SW #2 J1 (0 V) J1(0 V) VV HV J2(5 V) VH HH J2 (5 V) * 편파기호 V: Vertical H: Horizontal 1310

4 X- 밴드용완전편파 Scatterometer 설계 (a) 시스템제어전용 GUI (a) The exclusive GUI for system control 그림 4. X- 밴드전용보조회로의송 / 수신경로이득 Fig. 4. Tx/Rx loop gain of sub-circuit for X-band. SMT02) 와스펙트럼분석기 (Agilent 8593A) 를이용하여보조회로의입 / 출력을측정하였다. 이때, 보조회로와측정시스템간의응답지연및이로인한측정장비간의부정확성을낮추기위해서측정장비내의평균값기능과신호발생기의출력신호안정화시간을고려해측정하였다. 또한, 획득되는데이터의정확도를높이기위해서경로이득의측정은 laptop PC에의해제어되는자동측정프로그램을이용하여동일한조건의측정을 10 MHz 단위로반복측정함으로써정확도와신뢰도를높였다. 송 / 수신경로이득의측정결과는장비내평균값을 15번이상, 그리고신호발생기의출력을안정시키기위한지연시간을 15초이상을주어그림 4와같은안정된결과를얻을수있었다. 송 / 수신경로이득은주파수 (Tx 9.4~9.9 GHz/ Rx 1.0~1.5 GHz) 대역내평균값 18.5 db와 16.4 db의송 / 수신경로이득이각각측정되었다. 2-3 시스템제어프로그램그림 5는전체 scatterometer 시스템의동작을원격으로제어하는전용소프트웨어의 GUI를나타낸다. 앞서설명한입사각제어부분과신호 / 데이터처리부분을포함한전체측정시스템을안정적으로운영하기위해서그림 5(a) 와같은통합형제어용 GUI가요구되며, 실제측정상황에서운영효율을높이기위하여모든입사각별측정결과는그림 5(b) 와같은 excel sheet에자동기록되도록설계하였다. (b) Excel 을이용한데이터관리 (b) Data management using excel 그림 5. 측정시스템전용 GUI Fig. 5. The exclusive GUI of the measurement system. 시스템제어용 GUI의화면구성은세부분으로구성된다. 왼쪽부분의설정창은측정장소와날짜등을기록할수있는입력창과측정을위한각도설정과각입사각별네트워크분석기의 gate-time의설정값을입력하는창으로구성된다. 이때, 네트워크분석기의 time-gating 기능은일반적인레이더시스템의 range filter와같은역할을하게되고, scatterometer 시스템의운용시에는안테나높이와입사각에따른측정용 OMT+horn 안테나의 foot print의적절한측정영역을조절하는역할을수행하게된다. 따라서측정하고자하는입사각별 gate-time은안테나높이와입사각을고려한목표물과의거리에의해결정되므로측정작업전에상황에맞는적절한설정값을확인하는절차가필요하다. 두번째로, 우측에는수동자세제어 (manual mode) 용기능과안테나지지대머리부분의 azimuth( φ) 방향회전각도설정을위한입력창이있다. 마지막으로, 중앙부분의그 1311

5 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 20 卷第 12 號 2009 年 12 月 그림 6. 측정시스템제어를위한부분별제어알고리즘 Fig. 6. The control algorithm of each parts for controling measurement system. 래프는측정되어진완전편파의측정결과가출력되며, 다수의측정데이터샘플을획득하기위해서는측정시스템의위치를이동시키며분포목표물을연속적으로측정해야하는데, 이를위해 1회측정에해당하는측정데이터를획득하면 Next 버튼은준비상태로전환되어다음측정장소로이동하기위한시간을제공해주며, 다음측정을연속으로진행하도록하는기능을수행한다. 이때, 측정데이터관리를위한 excel이자동으로실행되어측정결과를기록저장하게된다. 측정결과는그림 5(b) 와같이각입사각별로 file header 부분과함께편파별측정값이실수부와허수부로구분되어기록된다. 그림 6은측정시스템을제어하기위한각부분별제어알고리즘을도식화한것으로, 입사각설정은각도센서로부터측정되는현재각도를기준으로설정값과의편차를줄이는방법으로구동되며, 완전편파의전파특성은특정입사각에서스위칭동작으로편파설정후측정값을 excel sheet에저장하는방식으로운용된다. 이때, 네트워크분석기는초기설정모드에서변화없이동일한측정모드 (S 21 ) 에서만측정을하게된다. 특정장소에서의측정이모두완료되면다음장소로이동한후 Next 버튼을이용해서측정을계속진행할수있게제어된다. Ⅲ. 시스템검증과정 X- 밴드 scatterometer 의각부분별설계를기반으 그림 7. 측정시스템성능검증시험 Fig. 7. The performance verification of the measurement system. 로제작된측정시스템을검증하기위하여이론적으로잘알려진점목표물인 15 cm 크기의수동반사기를이용한후방산란 RCS 측정을시도하였다. 이때, 측정용 OMT+horn 안테나의빔의중심과수동반사기의중심이일치되도록그림 7과같이측정시스템을설치한후빔의중심으로부터상하 / 좌우 ±11 범위로후방산란 RCS를측정하여그측정값의공간상의패턴을분석해보았다. 그림 8(a), (b) 는수동반사기의정규화된동일편파와교차편파의 RCS 패턴특성을나타내며, 그림 8(c) 는동일편파의위상차 ( φ hh - φ vv ) 특성을각각나타낸다. 이상적인수동반사기는정면에서이론적으로는교차편파 (hv-, vh-편파 ) 후방산란이없지만, 수동반사기의불완전제작과 scatterometer의 isolation 특성상교차편파후방산란 RCS가있음을알수있다. 여기서교차편파 RCS와편파간위상차는이 scatterometer가완전편파용 (full-polarimetric) 이기때문에정확하게측정하는것이가능한것이다. 그림 8의측정결과들은입사각별수동반사기의완전편파특성이기도하지만, 한편으로완전편파안테나 (OMT+horn) 의완전편파특성을보여주는것이기도하다. 그림 9는 X-밴드측정용 OMT+horn 안테나방사패턴특성과수동반사기의완전편파응답특성을비교분석한결과이다. 안테나방사패턴측정은측정안테나와피측정안테나사이의 one-way 측정이었고, 수동반사기를이용한안테나특성측정은 two-way(round-trip) 측정이므로, 일반적인안테나의방사패턴을제곱하여정규화하는작업이필요했다. 1312

6 X- 밴드용완전편파 Scatterometer 설계 (a) 정규화된동일편파 RCS (a) The normalized co-polarized RCS 그림 9. OMT+horn 안테나방사패턴과수동반사기에의한편파응답특성비교 Fig. 9. The comparison of the radiation pattern of OMT+ horn antenna and corner-reflector's polarimetric response. (b) 정규화된교차편파 RCS (b) The normalized cross-polarized RCS 차들 ) 을측정할수있게되었다. 여기서는 15-cm 수동반사기의편파별 RCS 패턴과측정값의위상정보를이용하여동일편파위상차 ( φ hh - φ vv ) 와교차편파위상차 ( φ vh - φ vv ) 패턴을얻을수있었다. 그림 8에서는동일편파 (vv-편파) 와교차편파 (hv-편파) 그리고동일편파위상차만을보여준다. Ⅳ. 결론 (c) 동일편파위상차 (c) The co-polarized phase difference 그림 cm 수동반사기의 X- 밴드완전편파응답특성 Fig. 8. X-band full polarimetric response of 15 cm corner reflector. 그림 9에서보는바와같이두개의측정결과가잘일치한다. 설계 / 제작된 scatterometer를이용하여완전편파산란특성들 (vv-, vh-, hv-, hh-rcs들과위상 본논문에서는 X-밴드 scatterometer 시스템의설계 / 제작및성능검증에관한연구결과를보였다. X-밴드전용의보조회로를설계 / 제작하여측정시스템의완전편파측정과운용효율을높일수있었으며, 전용의제어소프트웨어 (GUI) 를이용한운용편의성도높일수있었다. 제작된측정시스템의성능검증시험을통해서측정용 OMT+horn 안테나와수동반사기의 X-밴드대역내의편파응답특성을보여주었다. 본논문에서제안된 X-밴드완전편파 scatterometer 시스템 (HPS) 은점목표물들에대한편파별후방산란 RCS와위상정보를측정할수있을뿐만아니라, 각종지표면들에대한후방산란완전편파산란계수들을측정할수있도록설계되어있어서지구표면원격탐사연구와위성 SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) 데이터의비교연구를위한지상운용시험대로도이용할수있는등, 활용범위가매우 1313

7 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 20 卷第 12 號 2009 年 12 月 넓을것으로기대된다. 참고문헌 [1] F. T. Ulaby, C. Elachi, Radar Polarimetry for Geoscience Applications, Artech House, Inc., [2] J. Y. Hong, "Microwave radar backscattering models for vegetation canopies", Ph.D. Thesis, Hongik Univ., pp , Appendix, Jun [3] K. Sarabandi et al., "Cross-calibration experiment of JPL AIRSAR and truck-mounted polarimetric scatterometer", IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 32, no. 5, pp , Sep [4] 정구준, 홍진영, 오이석, " 보정된 scatterometer의측정데이터를사용한 SAR 데이터교정 ", 한국전자파학회논문지, pp , 15(2), 2004년 2월. [5] F. Caltagirone et al., "SkyMed/COSMO mission overview", Geoscience and Remote Sensing Proceedings, IGARSS'98, vol. 2, pp , Jul [6] A. Roth, "TerraSAR-X: a new perspective for scientific use of high resolution spaceborne SAR data", 2nd GRSS/ISPRS Joint Workshop, pp. 4-7, May [7] W. Wagner et al, "A study of vegetation cover effects on ERS scatterometer data", IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 37, Issue 2, pp , Mar [8] 오이석, 이진원, 홍진영, "Isolation 특성이좋은 Orthogonal mode transducer 설계와제작 ", 한국전자파학회논문지, 11(6), pp , 2000년 9월. [9] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 황지환 2001년 2월 : 홍익대학교전파공학과 ( 공학사 ) 2003년 2월 : 홍익대학교전파통신공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2003년 4월~2006년 5월 : LG전자단말연구소연구원 2009년 3월~현재 : 홍익대학교전자정보통신공학과박사과정 [ 주관심분야 ] 전파산란, 마이크로파원격탐사, 안테나 이경엽 2008 년 2 월 : 홍익대학교전자전기공학부 ( 공학사 ) 2008 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 홍익대학교전자정보통신공학과석사과정 [ 주관심분야 ] 전파산란, 마이크로파원격탐사, SAR 영상분석 1314

8 X- 밴드용완전편파 Scatterometer 설계 박성민 2009 년 2 월 : 홍익대학교전자전기공학부 ( 공학사 ) 2009 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 홍익대학교전자정보통신공학과석사과정 [ 주관심분야 ] 전파산란, 마이크로파원격탐사 오이석 1982 년 2 월 : 연세대학교전기공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1988 년 12 월 : University of Missouri- Rolla, 전기및컴퓨터공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1993 년 12 월 : University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 전기공학및컴퓨터과학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1997 년 ~2001 년 : 대한원격탐사학회상임이사 2001 년 ~2008 년 : 한국전자파학회상임이사 2006 년 ~2008 년 : Chair, IEEE GRS Korea Chapter 2009 년 ~2010 년 : Stanford University 방문교수 1994 년 ~ 현재 : 홍익대학교전자전기공학부교수 2009 년 ~ 현재 : IEEE Fellow [ 주관심분야 ] 전파산란, 마이크로파원격탐사, 레이더, 안테나 1315

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